evaluation of surface water resources

8/13/2019 Evaluation of Surface Water Resources

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INTRODUCTIONThe term water resource is used in a broad sense in scientific literature

Physical, Chemical and Biological characteristics of water ,as well as Social,Politicaland EconomicConsiderations may constitute the scope of water resource.

When a water resources project is designed all of these features are taken

into account.


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MANAGEMENTMODELING

SOCIOLOGI

CALMODELING

WATER RESOURCESMODELING

POLITICALMODELING ECONOMICMODELING

BIOLOGICA

LMODELING

CHEMICALMODELINGPHYSICALMODELING

TECHNOLOGICALMODELING

WATER RESOURCES MODELING


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GROUND AND SURFACE WATER RESOURCES

As the nations concerns over water resources and the Environment increase, the

importance of considering ground water and surface water as a single resources has become

increasingly evident.

The interaction of ground water and surface water has been shown to be a significant

concern in many of these issues.

For Example: Contaminated aquifers that discharge of streams can result in longterm

contamination to surface water; conversely , streams can be a major source of contamination

to aquifers.

Surface water commonly is hydraulically

connected to ground water ,but the interactions

are difficult to observe and measure


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SURFACE WATERSurface wateris watercollecting on the ground or in a stream, river,lake,wetland,

or ocean; it is related to water collecting asgroundwateror atmospheric water.

Surface water is naturally replenished byprecipitationand naturally lost through

discharge to evaporationand sub-surface seepageinto the groundwater.

Important for transportation, irrigation, water supply, hydropower, etc.


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SURFACE Water ResourcesHydrography:

The rivers, streams, lakes and ponds located in any surface watershed area.

Known wild trout areas:

Streams where year-round populations of native wild trout are known to exist.

Indicators of high quality cold water aquatic habitat.

Basins and sub-basins (watersheds):

The total land area draining into a given water body or system.


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GROUNDWATERGroundwateris waterlocated beneath the ground surface in soilporespaces and in

the fracturesof lithologic formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an

aquiferwhen it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces orfractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table.

Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipaland industrialuse by

constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of

groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.


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GROUND WATER RESOURCESStratified drift deposits:

Course grained alluvial deposits of sands and gravels with the potential to supplysignificant amounts of clean water for future residential or commercial use. The deeper the

deposit, the greater the water yield is likely to be.


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GROUND WATER RESOURCES EVALUATION UNDERPROVED CATEGORY

Groundwater Resources of an area can be distinguished under two categories :

(A)Dynamic Water resources

(B) Static Water Resources


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Dynamic Water resources

Dynamic Groundwater Resources is that amount of water which is found in an

aquifer due to Groundwater recharge. Total dynamic Groundwater recharge of the area can

be estimated by assessing the various components of the following equation :

RT = Rr + Rs + Ri + Si + Rc

Where

RT = Total Recharge,

Rr = Recharge from rainfall,

Rs = Recharge from irrigation due to surface water,

Ri = Recharge from irrigation due to groundwater,

Si = Recharge due to influent seepages from steams/canals,Rc = Recharge to confined aquifer


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Total groundwater Draft

Total Groundwater draft in the area can be estimated by assessing the various components of

the following equation :

DT = Di + Dd + Din + Do + Det

Where,

DT : Total Groundwater discharge/draft,

Di : Groundwater draft for irrigation,

Dd : Groundwater draft for domestic use,

Din : Groundwater draft for industrial use,

Do : Groundwater discharge by way of natural outflow,

Det : Groundwater discharge by way of evapotranspiration.


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Static Groundwater ResourcesStatic Groundwater resource is the Groundwater occurring in the permanently

saturated zone available below the natural water level fluctuation. These reserves can be

utilized for emergency water needs during period of draught.

Utilizable Groundwater resourcesUtilizable groundwater resources are worked out for long term sustainment. Total

dynamic groundwater resourcesTotal Groundwater draft (Brought on average rainfall) Static

reserves are kept for emergency use and estimates are given for utilization of this component;

When there is practically inadequate recharge in the years of deficient rainfall or drought.


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IMPACT OF GROUNDWATER USAGE ON SURFACE

WATER RESOURCES:

Surface water and groundwater systems often treated differently.

In many states the laws for each are different.

In many states the agencies regulating the two systems are separate.

Surface water and groundwater are intimately tied to one-another and can not be

separated and treated independently of each other.

Ultimately, all surface waters and all groundwater are tied to precipitation.

All groundwater ultimately comes from surface water and often ends up as

surface water.


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Altering the flows in surface systems will directly impact the recharge to aquifer

systems.

Groundwater pumping will eventually impact flows in surface water systems.

Timing of the impacts may be on the order of days, weeks, months, years, or even

centuries.

Adequate understanding of the local surface water and groundwater systems, and

the interactions between them, and the interdependency between them, are critical to attempts

to utilize, develop, or manage systems

Surface water systems are generally better studied and understood than the

groundwater systems.


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MANAGEMENT APPROACHES:

Historic Separation of Management:

Often came about as a result of practices in place as territories became states.

Can lead to major economic and social problems as demands increase and supplies

dwindle.

Integrated Management Approach:

Many states and agencies are adopting an integrated approach.

Understanding the surface water system, the groundwater system, and the

interrelationship and interdependency between them is a critical component.

Adoption of an integrated approach will not be quick nor will it be possible in

many areas due to the lack of basic knowledge.


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Management Methodology:

Physically-based methodology is critical.

Physically-based methodology relies on real-world conditions.

Physically-based methodologies are compatible with both a historical separation

approach and an integrated approach.

Role of Modeling:

Groundwater and surface water systems can be, and usually are complex systems.

Dealing with both systems and the interactions and interdependencies between

them makes for very complex evaluations.

Numerical models are ideally suited for complex systems with multipleparameters.

Degree of complexity of the numerical model depends upon the questions being

addresses, the level of detail required of the answers, and the limitations of the available data.


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Role of Modeling (cont):

Numerical models can be designed to evaluate limited situations or to address

specific questions; or designed to evaluate a broad range of situations and to address a wide

range of possible questions.

Models are usually stand-alone tools; separate models can be linked to operate

together where results from one model are used as inputs for another model or models.

The best numerical modeling tool may be an integrated model; water and

groundwater systems are within the same model.

An integrated model ensures that the same data bases are being used for both

systems and that the results are internally consistent.

Integrated models usually require a greater amount of field data and takesignificant amounts of time and resources to build, test, and calibrate.


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Role of Technical Committee:

There can be a significant amount of technical and historic data that needs to be

evaluated and processed.

Much of the technical data that is critical to the settlement process is complex and

the evaluation of that data requires a high level of technical expertise in multiple disciplines.

A technical committee is ideally suited for the evaluation of complex technical

information.

The technical committee should be composed of technical experts representing all

the involved parties.

It is absolutely critical that the technical committee operate in a completely

transparent and open environment .

The technical committees responsibility is to evaluate the existing information,

address the technical aspects of issues raised in the settlement process, and provide non-

partisan and unbiased recommendations to the settlement parties.
http://www.westgov.org/wswc/talbot.pdfhttp://www.westgov.org/wswc/talbot.pdfhttp://www.westgov.org/wswc/talbot.pdf


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