evaluation of potential methane generation in the ... · vol. 33, no. 04, pp. 723 - 731, . ). . ),
TRANSCRIPT
ISSN 0104-6632 Printed in Brazil
www.abeq.org.br/bjche
Vol. 33, No. 04, pp. 723 - 731, October - December, 2016 dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.20160334s20150264
*To whom correspondence should be addressed This is an extended version of the work presented at the XI Latin American Symposium on Anaerobic Digestion (DAAL-2014), Havana, Cuba.
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering
EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL METHANE GENERATION IN THE INVESTIGATION OF AN ABANDONED CONTAMINATED LANDFILL IN
SANTIAGO, CHILE
I. Cortés1* and S. Montalvo2
1Centro Nacional del Medio Ambiente, Larraín 9975, La Reina, Santiago, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
2Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Santiago de Chile.
(Submitted: April 26, 2015 ; Revised: August 30, 2015 ; Accepted: August 31, 2015)
Abstract - This study presents the environmental evaluation of an abandoned and potentially contaminated landfill using analyses for the presence of heavy metals and for methane generation potential. The site is located in the city of Santiago, Chile, and was used as a rural landfill for domestic, industrial and construction waste until 1978, but is now in a heavily urbanized area and surrounded by houses. Analyses performed on 24 samples taken in and around the site show Potential Methane Generation (PMG) values between 1.6% and 11.3% of maximum projected levels. These low values, compared to those of an active landfill, indicate that waste material stored in the site has a low capacity to generate methane. Concentrations of heavy metals in the surface and deep soil are similar to typical levels for these metals in normal soil, according to international USEPA standards, and do not present imminent risk to human health. The use of the PMG test technique for the study of the health risk of an abandoned landfill is a new contribution to the Chilean evaluation methodology and management program for Abandoned Sites with Potential Presence of Contaminants (SAPPC). As part of the environmental management strategy for the site, two of the five operable units studied were transformed into a park after this study. Keywords: Abandoned landfill; Methane; Solid waste; Contaminated sites.
INTRODUCTION
Studies related to the potential presence of con-taminants in soils at a site are varied and usually develop as a prior and fundamental step in the evalu-ation of remedial alternatives, recovery of the site for different uses, or both, depending on the characteris-tics of the location. However, there is no definitive, common methodology applied to all situations. To deal with this limitation, several comparative models have been developed to establish the presence of abnormal levels of contaminants at a specific site under study (Aslibekian and Moles, 2003; Muhlba-
chova et al., 2015; Rodríguez et al., 2015; Wen et al., 2015; Khan et al., 2008). For example, since 1995 in the United Kingdom it has been known that soils within 1 to 3 km of metal smelters may contain up to 15 times the natural values of Pb in the soil and also may present high concentrations of Cd at distances as far as 40 km from the originating industrial activ-ity (Aslibekian and Moles, 2003).
In polluted soils, interactions between heavy met-als, organic matter content and microorganisms have been correlated (Muhlbachova et al., 2015). Increas-ing concentrations of metals in the urban environ-ment have been studied, wherein concentrations of
724 I. Cortés and S. Montalvo
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering
Cd, Ni and Cr measured in plant leaves in 2012 ex-ceeded those reported in 1941 for the same species by factors of 10, 13 and 16, respectively (Rodríguez et al., 2015). The increase of these pollutants in the urban atmosphere was related to human activity changes during a period of more than 70 years. The anaerobic biodegradation of domestic and industrial waste in landfill sites goes through a complex pro-cess and therefore it is not easy to estimate the bio-logical conversions involved. Measurements at these sites must be performed carefully taking into account different waste sources such as pharmaceutical resi-dues, plastic products, antibiotics, and complex or-ganic compounds (Wen et al., 2015; Khan et al., 2008; Kumar et al., 2004; Aguilar-Virgen et al., 2011; Aguilar-Virgen et al., 2012; Angelidaki and Sanders, 2004; Stergar and Zagorc, 2002; ISO 11734, 2012; Kolstad et al., 2012; Gartiser et al., 2007; El-Mashad et al., 2012; Angelidaki et al., 2006).
Human activities in Chile have generated loca-tions known as Abandoned Sites with Potential Pres-ence of Contaminants (SAPPC), such as old land-fills, uncontrolled dumpsites, or industrial waste sites. When abandoned, these sites may be converted to new land uses without additional regulation. Stud-ies of contaminants in soils at these and other sites have been performed considering the type and extent of pollutants in the involved area (Romero et al., 1999; Ginocchio et al., 2004; Molina et al., 2009; Escudey et al., 2007; Badilla-Ohlbaum et al., 2001; Palma-Fleming et al., 2000). The systematic evalua-tion of SAPPC in Chile began only 5 years ago, in 2010, and has targeted defined areas that have been environmentally impacted by one or more potentially polluting activities, which ended at some point with-out a proper site closure process.
In 2012, the Chilean Government began to apply a national methodology (Chilean Government, 2012) to identify and confirm the presence of contaminants at these sites. This methodology contains an ordered sequence of activities whose first step is the applica-tion of criteria to identify and prioritize SAPPC sites within each region. Subsequently, in step two, the Preliminary Investigation collects and analyses site historical information. In step three, the Confirma-tory Investigation collects and analyses site samples. See Figure 1.
The Confirmatory Investigation of the SAPPC methodology, as shown in Figure 2, is designed to determine representative concentrations of pollutants present at the potentially contaminated site, which are then compared with reference criteria to confirm whether or not the suspected contaminant levels pose a preliminary risk to potential receptors.
Figure 1: Illustration of the Chilean SAPPC. Evaluation Methodology developed and conducted by the Ministry of Environment.
Figure 2: Flow Diagram for the SAPPC Confirma-tory Investigation.
Suitable methods of analysis for this study were selected for quantifying the presence of heavy metal contaminants. To evaluate an abandoned landfill un-der the SAPPC methodology, it is crucial to establish the levels of landfill gas (biogas, consisting of CH4,
Regional level:identification, prioritization, ranking
Specific site level:preliminary investigation
Confirmatory Investigation
Gather detailed activity and pollution history of the site
Compare with reference values
Develop concentration statistics
for each contaminant
Form hypothesis about the distribution of potential contaminants
Execute Sampling, Analysis of Water, Wastes, Soil, and Gas
Do the concentrations represent preliminary risk?
Communicate results. Execute preventative management
of environmental risks.
No
Yes Develop a risk assessment
Cmes
evinlaPgm
Cd1ficitebAcethpco
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CO2, H2S, N2methodology stablish these
This papevaluation ofn the Confirandfill in the
PMG as a meas levels is a
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The SAPPChile, had an
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After the cloeled out andhe constructiected that soontain heavy
The test araking into acach sector. 3dentified throint consistieep soil zone
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Characteristico USEPA Teource Conse
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al Methane Gener
Journal of Chem
the current Contain details
a case studyMethane Genestigation ofntiago, Chilefor determincontribution
PC Evaluation
THODS
s La Cañamehectares andonstruction deposited thd in the soutsing a rudimclude the usepecial protec
landfill, thefferent objecdential housidfill such as and other poded into six ifferent usesative samplie area, withace zone, a trmples and 24evaluation o
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Figure 3
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Chilean SAPs about how
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3: Experimen
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in Santiago, Chil
mber, 2016
he Chilean r
e characterizemestic and inf methane ornd can mani-surface trashnerating gas
e presence ofmental persiontaining waces. neration was scribed in theNTC4233 “Ety. Evaluatiodability of . Method by with some
evaluation.he anaerobicbatch react
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croorganismsPereda et al.,perimental prr. To achievor, the systemminutes befoy eliminatingent in the reas adjusted wion during d
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Figure 4: Vitatically cont
Potential MPMG(%) = (V
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Figures 5 ults tables foable includesse for the unayer accordin-Unconsolid
Trash, Layer nclude the pHnd range of ration range
displacemeng 35 days oethane volumoretical volumt the amountuld be 170 Ld work withexpected to g7 L. The Pott was expresalue. and H2S leve
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ESULTS AND
to 9 containor the operabs a short descnit and the thng to the fo
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robic reactor(35 ºC).
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D DISCUSS
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SION
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scription: Laerial, Layer
abulated resuange of PMGe metal conclts observed
Cortés and S. Mo
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arcel 5, showcity to decomunt that therceived wasteere is not expaerobic degre site.
At the end ethane and hg biogas waaction variedydrogen sulfie detection lion in sanitaryher studies. ncentration orbon monoxogas was veeir study. Jaf
ydrogen sulfiogas was vhemelis and Ul biogas has hile Nikiemahe low propounicipal solintrations (Z15).
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of each samhydrogen sulas determined between 5de volume frimit of 0.02%y landfill bioDesideri et of hydrogen
xide (0–500 ery small anffrin et al. (
fide concentrery low at Ulloa (2007)an H2S volu
a et al. (2007ortion of suld waste exphou et al.,
nd 4 (Figure ithin Aband
but are simnits.
n 24 of the of degradat
40 and 370 cound at the fill boundaryanalysed, the
ating that in tstabilized.
were betweMG value fthe characterndustrial gared stabilizat
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dfill. This indanced state ocapacity to
onditions. Thtudies conducy similar to t
(2009) in thhe garbage h
important toevidence that
35 years agoany further i
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mple digestiolfide contented. The me50% and 55fraction was %. The low Hogas has beeal. (2003) f
n sulfide (0–ppm) in sa
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) stated that ume fraction7) found a levlfur compounplains these
2014; Hla
7), and Operoned Landf
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alues are lodicates that thof degradatio
generate mhese results acted at the sithose reportehe area callehad a low co take into at La Cañameo and, as sucincrease in thbage stored
on process, tht of the resuethane volum5% while thgenerally ne
H2S concentren reported found that th200 ppm) an
anitary landfnegligible ffound that th
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For all theNi, V, Se, As,st concentra
when comparnconsolidate
This is becauontain metal
uation of Potentia
Brazilian
e metals teste, Ba, B, Co,
ations were fred to the ced solid suruse domestic llic compone
F
al Methane Gener
Journal of Chem
ed (Cd, Zn, Mo, Mn, Fefound in theconcentrationface and deand industri
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Figure 5: L
Figure 6: Lo
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Cr, Cu, Pb, , Hg), the hi
e garbage layns found in eep soil layeial wastes of
Location and
ocation and r
stigation of an Ab
g Vol. 33, No. 04,
Al, igh-yer, the ers. ften
layThceeeanbyin
d Results for
results for Op
bandoned Contam
, pp. 723 - 731,
The garbagyer of filler he concentrated either then soils or th
y the United Sits Superfund
Ta
Thickn(cm)pH
PMG (%H2S (%
Cd mg/Zn mg/Cr mg/As mg/Cu mg/Pb mg/Al mg/Se mg/Ni mg/V mg/
Ba mg/Co mg/Mo mg/
B mg/Fe mg/
Mn mg/Hg mg/
Operable Un
Table
Thickn(cm)pH
PMG (%H2S (%
Cd mg/Zn mg/Cr mg/As mg/Cu mg/Pb mg/Al mg/Se mg/Ni mg/V mg/
Ba mg/Co mg/Mo mg/
B mg/Fe mg/
Mn mg/Hg mg/
perable Unit
minated Landfill i
October - Decem
e layer in thsoil approx
tions of heave natural mete human heaStates Envirod Site Remed
able 1: Range of VaLayer 1
ness ) 40–70
6.57–7.53%) - %) - /kg <0.06–0.8/kg 18.1–148/kg 13.4–28/kg <2.39–22/kg 44.4–128/kg 10.9–28/kg 3159–1607/kg <1/kg <0.38–18/kg 198.9–18/kg 10–50/kg 11.8–29/kg <0.31–1.3/kg <0.46–99/kg 9288–5752/kg 232–87/kg 0.04–59
nit Parcel 5.
e 2: Range of valueLayer 1
ness )
9–10
7.65–7.99%) - %) - /kg 1.38–2.5/kg 551–71/kg 122–23/kg 5.31–19/kg 359–241/kg 301–80/kg 4610–950/kg 7.81–18/kg 25.9–43/kg 83.9–116/kg 20.3–57/kg 15.7–25/kg 9.71–16/kg 100–29/kg 25693–4656/kg 487–64/kg 0.60–2.8
Current Park
in Santiago, Chil
mber, 2016
he site was cximately onevy metals foutal concentraalth risk stanonmental Agediation progr
alues for Operable1 Layer 2
0 40–280
3 6.65–7.980–6.<0.0
85 <0.06–2.68.2 341–1158.3 10.9–420.2.8 <2.39–23.8,1 242–1088.8 102–14776 4924–1856
1.8 <1.8.0 <0.38–29.82 74.4–138.0.1 24.9–249.9 11.8–24.32 1.29–9.99.4 <0.46–144.23 8025–766271 339–99
9.7 0.41–12.
es for Operable Un1 Layer 2
0 120–190
9 7.48–7.730–5.<0.0
51 0.78–1.913 587–8336 43–46
9.9 5.06–9.811 99–23107 30.4–10801 5536–736
8.2 6.87–16.3.0 13.6–63.6.2 62.6–102.7.5 43.6–48.5.3 11.6–22.6.5 2.64–4.197 114–2469 30547–404740 567–62288 0.65–65.
k.
e 7
covered withe meter thicund did not eations in Chndards defineency (USEPA
ram.
e Unit Parcel 5 Layer 3
0 40–210
6.85–7.230 - 2 - 3 <0.06–0.646 29.6–5156 11.2–2533 <2.39–12.65 49.5–3928 15.2–243.42 4729–117648 <1.80 <0.38–21.38 95.1–198.29 26.6–59.25 12.9–30.74 <0.31–3.358 1.98–180.49 1655–414670 307–8447 0.05–1.07
nit Current Park Layer 3
0 80– 20
7.69–7.948 - 2 - 3 <0.06–1.248 87.7–2808 25.5–79.43 <2.39–5.292 66.4–2212 <0.27–1047 3610–796636 4.56–14.92 10.0–17.13 92.6–120.47 15.4–292.54 14.8–19.21 <0.31–1.631 75.5–150.47 20766–406027 413–865,84 0.12–32.0
727
h a ck. ex-il-ed A)
4 5
6 2 4 4 8
2 2 7 5 4 7 4 7
4 0 4 9
4
9
4 5 2
4 2 8 0
72
5 wchmlaola
28
At presentand Actual P
while maintaihimneys ins
methane gas ayer. The lather sectors ater dates du
t, the operabPark have beining the co
stalled for mthat may b
and-use chaof the site,
ue to differin
Fig
ble units ideneen transformontained garb
monitoring thbe released ange manageis planned f
ng legal and
Figure 7
gure 8: Loca
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7: Location o
ation and resu
Cortés and S. Mo
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rcel ark, ave
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Unit Parcels
Table 3
Thickn(cm)pH
PMG (%H2S (%
Cd mg/Zn mg/Cr mg/As mg/Cu mg/Pb mg/Al mg/Se mg/Ni mg/V mg/
Ba mg/Co mg/Mo mg/
B mg/Fe mg/
Mn mg/Hg mg/
rable Unit Pr
ments. obtained in
ral principleaminated site000). TherefoMethane Genadded to the t of contamin
3 and 4.
3: Range of values Layer 1
ness ) 70–170
7.03–7.54%) - %) - /kg <0.06–0.4/kg 72.9–130/kg 21.9–32/kg <2.39–8/kg 52.3–95/kg 15.4–44/kg 7211–793/kg <1/kg <0.38–17/kg 124–13/kg 27.9–52/kg 16.4–20/kg 0.51–2.9/kg 87.6–17/kg 21199–2978/kg 265–42/kg 0.06–0.1
roperty Reser
n this study es discussed es (WHO Reore, this testineration (PMe standard menated soils in
for Operable Unit1 Layer 2
0 120–230
4 6.36–6.92.3–11.
<0.045 <0.06–9.0
0.4 264–1312.6 101,7–853.8.0 <2.39–15.5.7 199.6–1319.4.4 178.5–360.30 4961–2708
1.8 <1.7.0 <0.38–21.31 68.7–108.
2.4 46.1–166.0.1 9.5–16.92 3.9– 5.76 20–14
89 32322–413528 520–6818 0.65–1.1
rve.
are consisteby the WH
egional Offiing shows th
MG) methodoethodology fn Chile.
t Property ReserveLayer 3
0 80–130
6 6.85–8.163 - 2 - 2 <0.063 49.5–1093 19,1–34.84 <2.39–7.05 56.9–60.87 5.69–35.85 6376–117888 <1,85 <0.383 121–146.22 35–451 15.1–18.44 <0.31–1.631 25.6–146.80 19998–394905 303–4016 0.12–0.68
ent HO
ce hat ol-for
e
6 9 8 0 8 8 8 8 8 2 5 4
8
8
P2vwacmap
telaanso
tilaimfocomb
A
Evalu
Study devPMG values
4 garbage saalues are lo
which indicatchieved an a
maintains a loppropriate co
Concentraerial layer thayer do not rnd do not eoils.
The usefulion (PMG) tandfill sites mportant conor evaluationompletion of
ment plan forle units studi
Aguilar-Virgezález, P. anconstants
uation of Potentia
Brazilian
Figure 9
CONCL
velopment anbetween 1.6amples takenow comparetes that the advanced staow capacity onditions.
ations of heavhat covers threpresent immexceed the n
lness of the test for riskhas been d
ntribution ton and managf this study, r the site tranied into a par
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en, Q., Ojedand Quinterok and Lo of
al Methane Gener
Journal of Chem
9: Location o
LUSIONS
nd analyses 6% and 11.3n at the landed with an trash stored ate of degradto generate
vy metals in e trash and iminent risk tnormal level
Potential Mk assessmentdemonstratedo the Chileagement of SA
the environmnsformed twrk.
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era-ned an
ogy the
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Gon-the
e in
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