evaluation of pollutant release from construction products

Evaluation of pollutant release from construction products

Maria LUPSEA1,2, Nicoleta SCHIOPU1, Ligia TIRUTA-BARNA2

CONTACT : [email protected]

1 Université Paris-Est; CSTB – France 2 Université de Toulouse; INSA; UPS; INP; LISBP, INRA;CNRS – France

2

The problematic

processing

transport & distribution

use stage

end of life

raw material

extraction

disposal

recycling

Product

Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs)

Water & soil pollution

Water emissions during use stage:

Either: underestimated (0 emissions)

Or: overestimated (100% of Total Content)

U

s

e

s

t

a

g

e

Maria LUPSEA | WASCON 2012 | Gothenburg

3 Maria LUPSEA | WASCON 2012 | Gothenburg

Regulatory context

Basic Requirement no. 3 “Hygiene, health and environment”

Construction Products Directive (CPD, 89/106/EC) /

Construction Products Regulation (CPR, 305/2011)

Horizontal approach Product independent (across different TC)

Harmonisation of leaching test methods Same tests in all EU MS

marking

Standardisation Mandate M/366 (2005): “Dangerous substances”

CEN/TC 351: Construction Products – Assessment of release of dangerous substances

WG 1 : Release to soil, surface water and ground water

WG 2 : Emission into indoor air

4

Developing a methodology for the evaluation of pollutant release

from construction products exposed to water contact during use stage,

based on leaching tests and modelling.

2 main issues:

1.Only few data on leaching behaviour of classical construction

products available

→ How to prove the innocuousness of products?

2. How to couple leaching data with LCA data?

Research scope


5

Approach

► Selection criteria

► Leaching tests

► Modelling & simulation

► Elements for coupling leaching & LCA data


1. Data on classical construction products

2. Couple leaching data with LCA data

6

Selection

criteria

► Identifying the main construction products, used for the buildings’ envelope, which

come in contact with water

► Market research:

• main products used in Europe (common products on the market or increased

trend)

• products containing a priori dangerous substances for the environment

• products which are susceptible of leaching when brought in contact with water

selection of five products for preliminary leaching tests

► Preliminary static test

• leachate: demineralised water

• test duration: 48h

• liquid to solid ratio (mL/g or mL/cm²) as low as possible

• screening analysis (about 30 metals and more than 700 organics)




7

Selected

products

Bitumen membrane


CBA treated wood



composite material made of: cement (80%), reinforcing

fibres (PVA fibres 2%, cellulose fibres 5%)

cellulose fibres are susceptible to biodecay and rot attack

Biocidal treatment?

non porous, water repulsive material

composite material: bitumen, mineral fillers and polymers

roofing products for buildings with flat roofs

What about organic release?

frequent choice for construction projects

Pinus sylvestris treated with copper-boron- tebuconazole

Preservatives release ?!

Fibre-cement roof sheets

8

Target

substances

CBA treated wood Fibre-cement roof

sheets

Bitumen membrane

Cations B, Ca, Cu, K, Zn Ca, Na, K, Al, B, Fe, Si, Cr,

Cu, Mo, Ni, Sr

Ca, Na, K, Al, B, Fe, Si,

Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Sr

Anions Cl-, NO2

-, Br-, NO3-, PO4

3-,

SO42- Cl-, SO4

2- Cl-, NO3-, SO4

2-

Organiques DOC, Formic acid, Acetic

acid, Maleic acid,

Tebuconazole

DOC, Terbutryn

COT, Naphthalene,

MCPP

Note: in red substances from the RDS list

[DS 041/051 rev.10, 2011]




triazole fungicide, well

known to be used for the

treatment of wood

belongs to the class of

triazines; widely used in the

construction products’

industry in renders

herbicide used in several

treatment products applied

on bitumen membranes

against root growth

9

Leaching tests

Some deviations from the standardized tests !

► Static test (ANC test - Acid/base Neutralization Capacity test) ─ based on XP CEN/TS 14429

─ aims to describe the pH dependency of leaching for different components

─ provides information on the influence of pH on pollutant release, acid/base

neutralization capacity and physico-chemical stability of the material.

─ in tests on treated wood and bitumen membrane: HNO3 was replaces with HCl

─ to prevent microbial activity an inhibitor was used: NaN3 or HgCl2 when HCl

was added

►Dynamic tests (DSLT - Dynamic Surface Leaching Test) ─ used to describe time dependency of leaching of different components

─ on fibre-cement sheets and bitumen membrane: cf. TS 2 from CEN/TC 351

with stirring during the whole duration of the test

─ on treated wood cf. OECD 313

─ inhibitor used for fibre-cement sheets and bitumen membrane : NaN3




10

Results ANC - treated wood




Chemical characterisation of ANC eluates

- ANC on CBA treated and untreated wood

- Cu: 25% of its TC; B: 30% of its TC ; Tebuconazole: 17% of its TC

- focus on organic matrix in eluates (GCMS, FTIR, elemental analysis)

- quantification of several carboxylic acids, e.g. formic acid, acetic acid,

maleic acid, ...

- quantification of carboxylic and phenolic groups

0.00E+00

2.00E-06

4.00E-06

6.00E-06

8.00E-06

4 6 8 10

-OH

[m

ol/

mL

]

pH

0.00E+00

1.00E-02

2.00E-02

3.00E-02

4.00E-02

4 6 8 10

-CO

OH

[m

ol/

L\]

pH

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

-1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50

pH

H+ [mol/L]

Legend:

Untreated wood

Treated wood

11

Results ANC – fibre-cement

sheets




Typical cement-based product, with organic biocidal treated structure

- cement-type specific behaviour

- high amounts of heavy metals, and potentially hazardous species

e.g. Cu, B, Cr, Mo, ...

- terbutryne concentration is constant with pH

2

4

6

8

10

12

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50

pH

H+ [mol/L]

1.00E-10

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

2 5 8 11

C [

mo

l/L

]

pH

Terbutryne

Legend:

ANC1

ANC2

ANC3

Detection limit

1E-08

1E-07

1E-06

1E-05

0.0001

2 5 8 11

C [

mo

l/L

]

pH

Cu

12

Results ANC - bitumen

membrane




2

4

6

8

10

12

-0.05 -0.03 -0.01 0.01 0.03

pH

H+ [mol/L]

1.00E+01

1.00E+02

1.00E+03

4 6 8 10 12

C [

µg

/L]

pH

Heavy hydrocarbons

Legend:

Experimental

Detection limit

Leaching behaviour of a non porous, water repulsive material

- difficulties in crushing the product

- high amount of heavycarbons

- leaching of organic biocides (MCPP, naphthalene) doesn’t depend on pH

1.00E-10

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

5 7 9 11

C [

mo

l/L

]

pH

MCPP

13

Results DSLT


treated wood and fibre-cement sheets : all substances found in ANC test have

been also identified in DSLT eluates

bitumen membranes: organic biocides identified during preliminary and ANC

tests (MCPP and naphthalene) have not been found in eluates from DSLT =>

undetectable due to high liquid to solid ratio (2.5 to 5 times higher than in ANC

test)

CBA treated wood

(29 days)

Fibre-cement sheets

(35 days)

Bitumen membrane

(65 days)

Substance mg/m² Substance mg/m² Substance mg/m²

DOC 29138 DOC 1146 DOC 540

Cu 692 B 13.64 MCPP 0

B 329 Cr 3.49 Naphthalene 0

Tebuconazole 24.10 Cu 0.94

Mo 0.37

Sr 128

Terbutryn 0.09



14

Modelling &

simulation




Case study for fibre-cement sheets

Mechanistic model : coupled chemical and

transport phenomena

Geochemical code PHREEQC and MINTEQ

thermodynamic database

Approach based on ANC and DSLT

15

Modelling &

simulation




5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

11.00

12.00

13.00

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00

pH

Days

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00

C [

mo

l/L

]

Days

Mo

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

1.00E-06

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00

C [

mo

l/L

]

Days

Cr

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00

C [

mo

l/L

]

Days

Cu

1.00E-07

1.00E-06

1.00E-05

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00

C [

mo

l/L

]

Days

B

Case study for fibre-cement sheets

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

1.00E-06

1.00E-05

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00

C [

mo

l/L

]

Days

Sr

Legend:

Experimental

Simulation

Blank

Detection limit

1.00E-10

1.00E-09

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00

C [

mo

l/L

]

Days

Terbutryne

16 Maria LUPSEA | WASCON 2012 | Gothenburg

Coupled methodology (LCA and leaching assessment) → counting the

emissions towards the identified target compartments (i.e. soil and water) and

their use as inventory data for the impacts calculation

1. Considering that the whole initial content of the product leaches during the use phase

2. Considering the leaching data obtained by ANC tests

3. Using dynamic leaching data from laboratory tests (e.g. DSLT tests, emissions as mg/m2)

4. Leaching tests at pilot scale carried out during limited natural exposure duration

5. Modelling leaching behaviour at pilot scale

6. Modelling over the whole typical life time of the product (e.g. 50 years of use)


2. Couple leaching data with LCA data Methodology R

elev

an

ce

Ex

pertise

17 17 Maria LUPSEA | WASCON 2012 | Gothenburg


2. Couple leaching data with LCA data Practical

issue

18

Conclusions & Perspectives


Treated wood (organic porous product): the target substances were the biocides used for

preservation treatment (Cu, B, tebuconazole)

Fibre-cement sheets (cement based porous product ): one biocide (terbutryn) has been

identified along with other toxic species (Cu, B, Sr, Cr, Mo)

Bitumen membrane (organic non-porous product): although preliminary leaching and

ANC tests permitted to identify some organic biocides (MCPP and naphthalene), these have

not been found in eluates from DSLT => for this type of products (non porous, water repulsive

material) the dynamic test should be adapted

The modelling approach applied for fibre-cement sheets is satisfactory for representing the

leaching behaviour observed at laboratory scale. Extrapolation at real scales is possible by

taking into account particular exposure conditions for product/water contact

More research is needed in order to define the best way to couple the two approaches: LCA

and leaching assessment → ongoing research

Evaluation of pollutant release from construction products

Maria LUPSEA, Nicoleta SCHIOPU, Ligia TIRUTA-BARNA

Thank you for your attention!

CONTACT : [email protected]

This study was partially carried out at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und – prüfung (BAM) Research

Institute in Berlin (Germany), with the financial support of Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD).

Special acknowledgments to the members of the Divisions 4.1, 4.3 and 1.3 at BAM.

evaluation of pollutant release from construction products

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