evaluation of calotropis procera as a biomonitor of soil

International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences

ISSN 0973-6077 Volume 12, Number 4 (2017), pp. 643-660

© Research India Publications

http://www.ripublication.com

Evaluation of Calotropis procera as a biomonitor of

soil pollution in Mysore and Periyapatna.

Prakruthi. T. R1, and Dr. Raju N. S2

1Department of Environmental Science, Yuvaraja’s college, University of Mysore

2DOS in Environmental Science, Manasa Gangotri, University of Mysore

Abstract

The increase in population in the few last decades has caused uncontrolled and

unplanned industrialization and urbanization. The main source of pollutants in

the environment is from traffic and industrial establishments. In the present

study soil pollution has been assessed using the plant Calotropis procera. The

concentration of nutrients (Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, S, Tot N and Org C) and heavy

metals(B, Ni, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) were analyzed in the leaves of C.

procera and soil collected from Mysore and Periyapatna roadsides of traffic

area as per following the APHA 2012 standards. In C. procera of both the

areas Iron is most dominant followed by Manganese and Zinc. Higher

concentration of some physico chemical parameters were observed in Pre-

monsoon followed by Post-monsoon and in Monsoon seasons. The results

showed that C. procera can be used as a bio-monitor of soil pollution.

Keywords: Heavy metals, Calotropis procera, biomonitoring, biomonitor and

soil pollution

Corresponding author: *Prakruthi. T. R, Assistant Professor,

Yuvaraja’s college, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India.

e-mail: [email protected]

Co-author : Dr. N. S. Raju, Assistant Professor, DOS in Environmental Science,

Manasa Gangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India.

644 Prakruthi T.R. and Dr. Raju N.S.

INTRODUCTION

The increase in population in the last few decades has caused uncontrolled and

unplanned industrialization and urbanization. The pollutants in the urban areas are

mainly from traffic and industrial establishments. The pollution can be assessed using

plants as biomonitors. Biomonitors are the organisms which provide quantitative

information on environmental quality (Bargagli, 19981; Markert etal., 20032).

Biomonitors provide site – specific information on the soil quality as they incorporate

local environment (Wright and Welborn, 20023). Analysis of soil does not give the

information about the availability status of elements for the living organisms.

Therefore the availability of metals can be assesed simultaneously by analyzing soil

and plant samples (Bargagli, 19981). Both leaf and soil analysis are required for

assessing the extent of pollution or otherwise the quality of environment and hence it

should be treated as complementary to each other. (Ross 19944, Pilgrim and Huges,

19945; Kabata- Pendias and Pendias, 19926). The extent of accumulation of heavy

metal depends on the growing plant species and even heavy metal which will be

observed (Sesli, 20047; Ozturk et.al, 20088). In the last few decades the use of plant

leaves as Biomonitors of pollution in the environment has been increasing.

Determination of environmental pollution using Bioindicators and Biomonitors is a

cheap, simple and reliable method. It is observed that the presence of heavy metals in

the soil will be reflected by vegetation growing in it. (Butcher 19929, KabatPendias

and Pendias 19926, Badri and Springuel, 199410). Therefore plants can be used as

Biomonitors of heavy metals and it is also documented in literature (Ernst, 199311).

The aim of the present study is to determine the concentration of heavy metals and

other elements in soil and in plant leaves of C. procera.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Calotropis procera is a large shrub belongs to the family Apocynaceae and grows to a

height of 3-6 ft. The stems are waxy and leaves are greyish green colored and contain

milky sap. They are native to Western and Southern Asia, Africa and Indochina. C.

procera is considered as an indicator of disturbed and overgrazed lands in arid and

semiarid regions (Tezara etal 201112). It helps in soil binding and can act as a nursing

crop for other species in afforestation programs (Orwa etal 200913). And it is also

used as green manure in paddy fields (Orwaetal 200913, Banta etal 198414).

Samples of soil and C. procera were collected from roadsides of Mysore and

Periyapatna in three different seasons; pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon.

Mysore is the second largest city in Karnataka, India. It is spread across an area of

128.42 sq Km and is located at 120 181 N 760 391 E 12.300 N 76.650 E. Periyapatna is

a taluk in Mysore district. It is located at 120201N 760061E/ 12.340N

76.10E/12.34;76.1. The study areas are situated on National Highway 275. In each

Evaluation of Calotropis procera as a Biomonitor of Soil Pollution... 645

area, leaves were collected from 5 trees of C. procera randomly at a distance of

0 to 3 mts away from roads having high traffic density of Mysore and P. Patna.

Samples were mixed together to get a composite sample and packed in muslin bags.

They were brought to the laboratory and washed with distilled water to remove

adhering dust and soil particles. The leaves were shade dried followed by oven drying

at 65-700C for 48 h. They were grounded using homogenizer with stainless steel

blades (mixers), after grinding, the samples were mixed thoroughly and dried again at

700 C to remove moisture and passed through 1.5 mm sieve. Plant samples were

stored in screw type plastic bottles for further use. The soil samples were collected

from the top 10 cm using stainless steel trowel around the C. procera which has been

sampled. It was air dried and passed through 2 mm sieve and stored in self – sealing

plastic bags for analysis. Samples were analyzed for some physico chemical

parameters using standard analytical procedures (APHA 201215). The heavy metal

concentrations were detected using ICP (Perkin Elmer Optima 8000).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1: Physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals concentration (mg/kg) in soil

collected from roadsides of Mysore traffic area.

Sl. No Parameters PRM MON POM Min Max Ave

1 pH 7.41 7.42 7.51 7.41 7.51 7.45

2 EC 100.2 96.4 98.2 96.4 100.2 98.27

3 Ca 11.43 8.67 10.12 8.67 11.43 10.07

4 Mg 9.21 5.85 6.18 5.85 9.21 7.08

5 Na 0.81 0.78 0.81 0.78 0.81 0.80

6 K 5.24 5.26 4.72 4.72 5.26 5.07

7 T. Phosphate 0.62 0.48 0.52 0.48 0.62 0.54

8 Sulphate 15.6 12.52 13.26 12.52 15.6 13.79

9 Tot N 6.46 4.36 4.34 4.34 6.46 5.05

10 Org C 0.32 0.34 0.29 0.29 0.34 0.32

11 Tot Cr 62.3 39.8 52.3 39.8 62.3 51.47

12 Boron BDL BDL BDL 0 0 0.00

13 Ni 58.6 39.6 47.8 39.6 58.6 48.67

14 Fe 5213 3972 4783 3972 5213 4656.00

15 Mn 362.3 284.5 353.2 284.5 362.3 333.33

16 Zn 94.5 69.4 86.2 69.4 94.5 83.37

17 Cu 51.8 28.3 45.6 28.3 51.8 41.90

18 Pb 22.4 11.23 18.32 11.23 22.4 17.32

19 Cd 1.2 1.8 4.36 1.2 4.36 2.45

BDL: Below detectable level PRM: Pre-monsoon

MON: Monsoon POM: Post-monsoon


Table 2: Physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals concentration (mg/kg) in soil

collected from roadsides of Periyapatna traffic area.


1 pH 7.68 7.74 7.52 7.52 7.74 7.65

2 EC 98.3 92.4 94.3 92.4 98.3 95.00

3 Ca 10.83 8.53 10.23 8.53 10.83 9.86

4 Mg 7.13 4.16 8.23 4.16 8.23 6.51

5 Na 0.92 0.58 0.72 0.58 0.92 0.74

6 K 6.14 4.56 5.86 4.56 6.14 5.52

7 T. Phosphate 0.61 0.51 0.53 0.51 0.61 0.55

8 Sulphate 16.21 10.12 13.8 10.12 16.21 13.38

9 Tot N 5.86 5.27 5.82 5.27 5.86 5.65

10 Org C 0.61 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.61 0.49

11 Tot Cr 37.4 28.3 33.6 28.3 37.4 33.10


13 Ni 44.6 32.14 44.3 32.14 44.6 40.35

14 Fe 4234 3721 4023 3721 4234 3992.67

15 Mn 222.4 140.4 203.4 140.4 222.4 188.73

16 Zn 71.86 53.2 72.4 53.2 72.4 65.82

17 Cu 30.2 21.4 28.6 21.4 30.2 26.73

18 Pb 12.2 6.21 12.2 6.21 12.2 10.20

19 Cd BDL BDL BDL 0 0 0.00

Table 3: Physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals concentration (mg/kg) in the

leaves of C. procera collected from roadsides of Mysore traffic area.


1 pH 6.91 6.41 6.56 6.41 6.91 6.63

2 EC 91.3 90.4 89.8 89.8 91.3 90.50

3 Ca 6.95 4.45 5.23 4.45 6.95 5.54

4 Mg 0.88 1.21 0.85 0.85 1.21 0.98

5 Na 0.58 0.61 0.62 0.58 0.62 0.60

6 K 0.78 0.62 0.63 0.62 0.78 0.68

7 T. Phosphate 0.64 0.5 0.51 0.5 0.64 0.55

8 Sulphate 0.78 0.54 0.82 0.54 0.82 0.71

9 Tot N 3.92 3.52 3.54 3.52 3.92 3.66

10 Org C 0.34 0.45 0.32 0.32 0.45 0.37

11 Tot Cr 10.46 8.6 11.68 8.6 11.68 10.25


13 Ni 3.61 2.74 5.81 2.74 5.81 4.05


14 Fe 410.4 321.6 386.4 321.6 410.4 372.80

15 Mn 192.4 163.8 189.3 163.8 192.4 181.83

16 Zn 61.4 34.2 54.3 34.2 61.4 49.97

17 Cu 21.3 18.21 20.5 18.21 21.3 20.00

18 Pb 10.6 3.88 7.28 3.88 10.6 7.25

19 Cd BDL BDL 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57

Table 4: Physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals concentration (mg/kg) in the

leaves of C. procera collected from roadsides of Periyapatna traffic area.


1 pH 6.63 6.92 6.63 6.63 6.92 6.75

2 EC 80.32 73.4 81.3 73.4 81.3 77.94

3 Ca 4.12 3.84 3.63 3.63 4.12 3.87

4 Mg 0.92 0.64 0.81 0.64 0.92 0.79

5 Na 0.69 0.49 0.63 0.49 0.69 0.60

6 K 0.66 0.53 0.54 0.53 0.66 0.58

7 T. Phosphate 0.72 0.48 0.68 0.48 0.72 0.62

8 Sulphate 0.68 0.54 0.52 0.52 0.68 0.59

9 Tot N 4.12 3.72 3.71 3.71 4.12 3.88

10 Org C 0.56 0.37 0.46 0.37 0.56 0.46

11 Tot Cr 5.23 3.43 4.86 3.43 5.23 4.44


13 Ni 2.63 0.92 3.23 0.92 3.23 2.19

14 Fe 342.4 201.8 334.7 201.8 342.4 284.62

15 Mn 344.7 44.2 108.4 44.2 344.7 177.24

16 Zn 40.6 15.5 36.2 15.5 40.6 29.68

17 Cu 12.4 4.21 11.2 4.21 12.4 8.88

18 Pb 5.4 2.23 6.32 2.23 6.32 4.50

19 Cd BDL BDL BDL 0 0 0

Soil

Soil samples pH ranged from 7.41-7.51 in Mysore and 7.52-7.68 in P.patna. In the

three seasons tested pH of soil remained alkaline in both places. EC was maximum in

PRM and low in Monsoon season in both Mysore and P.patna. The average organic

carbon concentration was 0.32% and 0.49 % in Mysore and P.patna respectively. The

average concentration of nutrients (mg/kg) and heavy metals (mg/kg) in Mysore soil

were 10.07(Ca), 7.08(Mg), 0.80(Na), 5.07(K), 0.54(P), 13.79(S), 5.05(Tot.N),

51.47(Cr), 48.67(Ni), 4656(Fe), 333.33(Mn), 83.37(Zn), 41.90(Cu), 13.72(Pb) and


2.45(Cd). The concentration of nutrients (mg/kg) and heavy metals (mg/kg) in P.

patna soil were 9.86(Ca), 6.51(Mg), 0.74(Na), 5.52(K), 0.55(P), 13.38(S),

5.65(Tot.N), 33.10(Cr), 40.35(Ni), 3992.67(Fe), 188.73(Mn), 65.82(Zn), 26.73(Cu)

and 10.20(Pb). Cadmium was absent in P.patna soil and Boron was below detectable

limit in both places in all the seasons.

The source of contamination of soil by heavy metals may be as a result of industrial

activity and traffic density and also their natural presence in the soil as they are non-

degradable (Nriagu 199016, Adeyeye 200517). The heavy metals concentration in soil

was in the order Fe>Mn>Zn>Cr>Ni>Cu>Pb>Cd, and it was higher in soil as

compared to plant. The accumulation level of elements depends on the type of plant

and kind of heavy metal being studied (Alloway 199618).

Calotropis procera

pH variation was from 6.41 to 6.91 and from 6.63 to 6.92 in Mysore and Periyapatna

plants respectively. EC ranged from 89.8 to 91.3 dS/m and from 73.42 to 81.3 dS/m.

Average values for calcium, magnesium and Sulphate were 5.54 mg/kg, 0.98 mg/kg

and 0.71mg/kg respectively in Mysore and 3.87 mg/kg, 0.79 mg/kg and 0.59 mg/kg

respectively in Periyapatna. In both places Ca and Mg contents in C. procera were

above the prescribed values (GKVK Manual 201019). Average Sodium and Organic

carbon were 0.6 mg/kg and 0.46 mg/kg in Mysore and 0.6 mg/kg and 0.37 mg/kg in

Periyapatna. Potassium and Total N were within the recommended values (GKVK

Manual 201019) in all the seasons in both areas. Phosphate ranged from 0.48 to 0.72

mg/kg in Mysore and 0.5 to 0.64 mg/kg in Periyapatna, and it was above the

prescribed limit (GKVK Manual 201019) in PRM and POM seasons in both areas.

Chromium is known as a toxic element. In the present study total Cr ranged from 8.6

to 11.68 mg/kg and 3.43 to 5.23 mg/kg in Mysore road side and Periyapatna road side

respectively. High contents of Cr were observed in Mysore city area compared to

Periyapatna. In both the places Cr concentrations were high compared to prescribed

limits (Burke et al 200020). Boron was below detectable limit in both places. Nickel is

essential in minute quantity for organisms as it plays an important role in insulin

production, and it varied from 3.61 to 5.81 mg/kg and 0.92 to 3.23mg/kg in Mysore

and Periyapatna respectively. Both areas had Ni content within permissible limits

(Allen 198921, Kabata Pendias & Pendias 200122) except in POM season in Mysore.

The average values of Iron, Manganese, Zinc and Copper in C.procera were 372.8

mg/kg, 181.83 mg/kg, 49.97 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg respectively in Mysore road side.

In Periyapatna the average values of Iron, Manganese, Zinc, and Copper were 284.62

mg/kg, 177.24 mg/kg, 29.68 mg/kg and 8.88 mg/kg respectively. All these parameters

were within the recommended values (Kabata Pendias & Pendias 199423). Lead is the

most toxic element for the living organisms; main source for lead pollution is


vehicular smoke. Both areas had Pb content within prescribed limits (Kabata Pendias

& Pendias 19926) except in PRM season (10.6 mg/kg) in Mysore. Cadmium enters

into the environment mainly due to vehicular exhaust and industrial activities. It

showed its presence only in Mysore in POM season and its content was above the

recommended level (Kabata Pendias & Pendias 199423).

Graphical Representation of Variations in Physico Chemical Parameters and

Heavy Metals :

7.27.37.47.57.67.77.8

PRM MON POM

pH

Seasons

pH variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna

6

6.5

7

PRM MON POM

pH

Seasons

pH Variations in C. procera

Mysore

P. patna

889092949698

100102

PRM MON POM

EC d

S/m

Seasons

EC variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna


0

50

100

PRM MON POM

EC d

S/m

Seasons

EC Variations in C. procera

Mysore

P. patna

0

5

10

15

PRM MON POM

Ca

mg/

kg

Seasons

Ca variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna

0

2

4

6

8

PRM MON POM

Ca

mg/

kg

Seasons

Ca Variations in C. procera

Mysore

P. patna

0

2

4

6

8

10

PRM MON POM

Mg

mg/

kg

Seasons

Mg variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna


0

0.5

1

1.5

PRM MON POMM

g m

g/kg

Seasons

Mg Variations in C. procera

Mysore

P. patna

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

PRM MON POM

Na

mg/

kg

Seasons

Na variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

PRM MON POM

Na

mg/

kg

Seasons)

Na Variations in C. procera

(Mysore)

P. patna

0

2

4

6

8

PRM MON POM

K m

g/kg

Seasons

K variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

PRM MON POM

K m

g/kg

Seasons

K Variations in C. procera

Mysore

P. patna

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

PRM MON POM

PO

4m

g/kg

Seasons

Total PO4 variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

PRM MON POM

PO

4m

g/kg

Seasons

Total PO4 variations in C. procera

Mysore

P. patna

0

5

10

15

20

PRM MON POM

SO4

mg/

kg

Seasons

SO4 variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

PRM MON POM

SO4

mg/

kg

Seasons

SO4 variations in C. procera

Mysore

P. patna

0

2

4

6

8

PRM MON POM

Tota

l N m

g/kg

Seasons

Total N variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna

3

3.5

4

4.5

PRM MON POM

Tota

l N m

g/kg

Seasons

Total N Variations in C. procera

Mysore

P. patna

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

PRM MON POM

Org

C %

Seasons

Org C variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

PRM MON POMO

rg C

%

Seasons

Org C variations in C. procera

Mysore

P. patna

0

20

40

60

80

PRM MON POM

Tot

Cr

mg/

kg

Seasons

Tot Cr variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna

0

5

10

15

PRM MON POM

Tot

Cr

mg/

kg

Seasons

Tot Cr variations in C. procera

Mysore

P. patna

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

PRM MON POM

Ni m

g/kg

Seasons

Ni variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

PRM MON POM

Ni m

g/kg

Seasons

Ni variations in C. procera

Mysore

P. patna

0

2000

4000

6000

PRM MON POM

Fe m

g/kg

Seasons

Fe variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna

0

100

200

300

400

500

PRM MON POM

Fe m

g/kg

Seasons

Fe variations in C. procera

Mysore

P. patna

0

100

200

300

400

PRM MON POM

Mn

mg/

kg

Seasons

Mn variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna


0

100

200

300

400

PRM MON POMM

n m

g/kg

Seasons

Mn variations in C. procera

Mysore

P. patna

0

20

40

60

80

100

PRM MON POM

Zn m

g/kg

Seasons

Zn variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna

0

20

40

60

80

PRM MON POM

Zn m

g/kg

Seasons

Zn variations in C. procera

Mysore

P. patna

0

20

40

60

PRM MON POM

Cu

mg/

kg

Seasons

Cu variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna


0

5

10

15

20

25

PRM MON POMC

u m

g/kg

Seasons

Cu variations in C. procera

Mysore

P. patna

0

5

10

15

20

25

PRM MON POM

Pb

mg/

kg

Seasons

Pb variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna

0

5

10

15

PRM MON POM

Pb

mg/

kg

Seasons

Pb variations in C. procera

Mysore

P. patna

0

1

2

3

4

5

PRM MON POM

Cd

mg/

kg

seasons

Cd variations in soil

Mysore

P. patna


CONCLUSION

In the present study nineteen parameters have been considered from C. procera and

soil samples in Mysore and P. Patna study area. Their levels varied from element wise

and from location wise. Variations may be due to differences in anthropogenic

activities of that region especially traffic density. In both areas Iron is most dominant

followed by Manganese and Zinc. Higher contents of elements were evident in PRM

season followed by POM and Monsoon seasons. This is mainly due to leaching of

nutrients and heavy metals during precipitation. The results provide baseline

information for biomonitoring of soil pollution. The study also recommends the use of

C. procera as an effective biomonitor. And also further studies can be done to know

the variations in uptake between different plant species.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

One of the author (Prakruthi. T.R.) is thankful to DST, Ministry of Science and

Technology, Government of India for INSPIRE Fellowship.

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