evaluating industry synergies to incresase power … · 4.0 integrate renewables with adeguate...

Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February

EVALUATING INDUSTRY SYNERGIES

TO INCRESASE POWER PLANTS

FLEXIBILITY

By : G. Dodero

I.P.G. Industrial Project Group Srl Milan Italy

President

[email protected]


INDEX

1.0 Facing up the problems, getting down the solutions

2.0 Introduction

3.0 Where is moving the energy sector ?

4.0 Integrate Renewables with adeguate Energy Storage Plants

5.0 The role of CO2 Utilization : Chemistry of Carbon Dioxide

6.0 Opportunities to convert captured CO2 emissions from Industrial Sources into Useful Products

7.0 Evaluating the existing and future technologies to allow the synergies between petrochemical plant

and a coal fired power generation plant including the utilization of CO2 ( CCU )

8.0 Could coal become a primary petrochemical feedstock jointly with CO2 ?

9.0 Could we utilize CO2 within an advanced biorefinery ?

10.0 Could we utilize CO2 within a steel plant ?

11.0 Developing cross cooperation among these three industries

12.0 Overcoming critical barriers in adopting CO2 Utilization (CDU) Technologies and Projects

13.0 What could slow down this CDU option ? Political or technical.

14.0 Conclusions


1.0 Facing up to the problems, getting down to the solutions ( A) :

REFINERIES

POWER

GENERATION

PLANTS

STEEL PLANTS CROSS COOPERATION

INCLUDING

INCREASE OF POWER

PLANTS FLEXIBILITY &

CO2 UTILIZATION

This cross cooperation could allow to :

mitigate the ongoing challenges of these three industries due to the strong

impact of renewable

Operate power plants at full load for long time avoiding cycling and stop

of these plants during week ends due to the impact of renewables.


1.0 FACING UP THE PROBLEMS : ENERGY SECTOR WILL FACE WITHIN

NEAR FUTURE IMPORTANT CHALLENGES ( B) .

NOT EASY TO FORESEE WHAT WILL HAPPEN, BUT JOINT ACTIONS ARE

NEEDED INCLUDING THE STEEL PLANTS.

HERE THE LIST OF MAIN

BARRIERS AND CHANGES :

• ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

• IMPACT OF RENEWABLES

• EFFICIENCY INCREASE

• SHALE GAS

• IMPACT ON GEOPOLITICS OF

THESE CHANGES

• ECONOMIC RECESSION

WITHIN WESTERN AREAS

• GLOBALIZATION

? End of an era ? From fossil

to renewables: the new energy

challenges………..

IN THIS FRAMEWORK IS STILL A MUST THE CO2 REDUCTION ?


1.0 Facing up the problems : Power Grid Control ( C) :

If the wind and/or solar energy penetration in Your balancing area is rising over 40%

and coal units are retired, fossil power plants operators are compelled to play a very

difficult game.

The main actors of this game are :

Fossil power plants operators

Electricity Grid Dispatching center

Natural Gas Dispatching center

Weather Forecast Center

Authorities Regulators

The key means of this game are :

Gas turbines and combined cycles flexibility

Energy Storage

Grid Interconnection and smart grid

Conclusion : Could this proposed Synergy Help ?

Load Shedding relays

Integrated Grid Protection System

Telecomunication

http://www.google.it/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hofesh.fr%2Fexcursion-exterieure%2F&ei=SBFGVeSnGcmvaYTzgagC&bvm=bv.92291466,d.d24&psig=AFQjCNEmf0LU6Y7gHHaQIjTqmbhrB3XV3w&ust=1430741696553911


2.0 Introduction ( A ) :

The two main required actions to save the human kind are the technology improvement

and the related environment protection.

Unlikely due to the competition among different solutions and to the difficulty to select the

best choices, technology improves slowly and often some technical options estimated

very interesting within their first approach had no development due to scaling up problems

or to a change of the boundary situation.

To understand more about industrial progress ( Ref. 1 ) , it is important to underline

two basic definitions :

Technology is defined as the complex mix of methods to achieve a practical purpose.

Technology is not only a composite of accumulated scientific knowledge, technical skills,

implementation, logical habits, and material output, but it is also information, logic, and

things.

•Techniques are defined as the mode and criteria in which technical details are

treated, or the skill required for the mastery of a subject.

Other main forces in the industrial-evolution battlefield are science, politics, and capital

gains.


2.0 Introduction ( B ) :

Thus, the transformation of scientific principles in a technological setting is moved by

politics and capital, and assisted by techniques. As a consequence, modern

technology in America and Europe was and is, the domain of manufacturers rather

than the kingdom of science. Modern science-derived technology was, and is,

characterized by the imperative of profit and competition.

Today, technology looks like nothing more than a vehicle to transform scientific ideas

into capital accumulation, applying physics and chemistry to the processes of

commodity production.

Here a short overview of the situation within the energy sector including environment :

Reduction of CO2 and CH4 emissions is today a priority to avoid a dramatic impact

on the climate

To reduce CO2 emissions of fossil fired plants, stakeholders, supported by

authorities, proposed the carbon capture storage ( CCS ), but unlikely the

opportunity to equip with CCS the fossil units operating in cycling mode, due to the

strong impact of renewables into the generation mix, becomes not competitive and

impractical.

CCS could be applied for EOR ( enhanced oil/gas recovery ) and in the world areas

where the impact of renewables is negligible mainly for climate reasons.


2.0 Introduction ( C)

Shale gas as substitute of coal in power generation looks an option ,

but it is important to take in due account the gas emissions to

atmosphere during the upstream of shale gas extraction cycle. Methane

concentrations are 25 times radiatively effective as an absorber of

terrestrial radiations.

The share of renewables within the generation mix will increase in

developed countries, but coal fired plants will remain the main power

source in many underdeveloped countries.

( Solar by 2050 : PV ( 16 % ) + Solar Concentrating ( 11% ) ( IEA Data)

So a further increase of concentration of atmospheric CO2 is expected.

But it is important to take in due consideration also the CO2 emissions

from the iron and steel industry ( see slide n. 32 ).

For the above mentioned reasons studies relating to carbon dioxide

utilization are welcome and important to turn wasted CO2 into

profitable, commercially viable opportunities.


3.0 WHERE IS MOVING ENERGY SECTOR ? ( A )

The main reason of the difficulty to structure the electricity sector is that

electricity must be produced at the same time is consumed.

Italy : 16 June 13 from 1 to 3 p.m. : Electricity price moved to zero.

Also in Germany we have observed several days, in which power generation from

renewables provided 100% of the load for hours. Similarly, negative (!) prices at the

power exchange have been observed. Technical as well as regulatory solutions are

urgently required.

Due to this situation ( similar also in the other EU countries ) the EU electricity

systems could move to instability phases creating a negative impact also on

the economy of the EU countries.


3.0 WHERE IS MOVING ENERGY SECTOR ? (B)

To integrate renewables into the generation mix many options are under study.

Basing on the fact that the impact of renewables into the generation mix

could reduce the opportunities to equip the fossil plants with CCS and that the contribution of CCU to solve the CO2 mitigation could limited within existing

power generation sector, we propose to evaluate synergies between refineries and

power generation including in future also steel plants.

This option could have the following main advantages :

Operation of power plants at full load for long time avoiding cycling

due to the impact of renewables

Combined CO2 utilization within dedicated reactors ( reducing fuel

supply and by products cost )

Refinery familiarity concerning the design and operation of

plants suitable to recover CO2 could help.

Renewables jointly with energy storage integrated within the refinery


Sun

Wind

Hydro

CO2 CAPTURE

Atmosphere

O2 CO2

Natural

Gas, oil &

biomass

Coal ,

biomass

& Nuclear

Industrial uses EOR Enhanced

Oil

Recovery

Oil O2

CO2 displaces trapped oil within wells

CO2 displaces CH4

from coal

CO2 stored in depleted oil/gas wells

CO2 stored in Saline Formations

Electrical

grid

Energy

Storage

( hydro,

Chemical

,etc )

Power Plants

Chemical plants

& refineries

CO2

ElectricitY

y

Plastics from CO2

3.0 Where is moving the electricity sector ?

Overview of energy sector including CCS and CCU ( C) :

http://www.google.it/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=figure+electricity+generation&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=XFJOOSNs8jrCPM&tbnid=uYtifZk5pNnnFM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoearth.org%2Farticle%2FGreenhouse_gas&ei=-lN6UZ6dLYaPO924gbAG&bvm=bv.45645796,d.ZWU&psig=AFQjCNGDi-Spb0pq9dz1s7Vz1AhBMcUQSQ&ust=1367057754038234

http://www.google.it/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=immagines%20electricity%20grids&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Ju_gQqLW7W6IFM&tbnid=L81pSL4KeVaA2M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leonardo-energy.org%2Fmini-course-future-electricity-grids-session-12&ei=jxVUUebpGofeOrOdgYAO&bvm=bv.44342787,d.ZGU&psig=AFQjCNEMOj7dbYjD3FGskpYzg1SLIikkMQ&ust=1364551427134978

http://www.google.it/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=c8lD0at1xSdfSM&tbnid=M5aYyF2akaVmYM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.machineryandequipment.com%2Ffeatured%2Fused_chemical_equipment.html&ei=WVV6UcjPIKiN7Aa644GoBQ&psig=AFQjCNFy9R1fzV-K2peANmy7qIgDPov8Bw&ust=1367058137578730

http://www.google.it/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunmoksha.com%2Fimages%2Fsm_energy_storage.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunmoksha.com%2Fenergystorage%2F&docid=P1e5DtBK8xakBM&tbnid=97364AiHlyuT8M%3A&w=1521&h=1002&ei=6692UYWaBanX7Aan_YCwAw&ved=0CAIQxiAwAA&iact=ricl

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http://www.google.it/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=IS48oF8dZ3ok6M&tbnid=LDTMDSuaFJfeNM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwoodmagic.vt.edu%2Fhtml%2FActivities%2Ftree.htm&ei=YFh6UfrHH7KO7QaMlYCABg&psig=AFQjCNHWw65JtGIjuOVgttOm89z-a_5dNA&ust=1367058912559580


3.0 Where is moving the electricity sector ? ( D )

The differences between the past and present structure of electricity sector, that

are becoming day by day more remarkable, are evident comparing this figure (

past ) vs the next figure ( present /future ).


3.0 Where is moving the electricity sector ? ( E )

COAL OTHER FUELS

GAS OIL

FUEL OPTIMISATION SYSTEM

INTERNAL

ELECTRICITY &

HEAT USE

Renewables HEAT

GENERATION

COGENERATION PLANT

Distribution Grids EMS

Optimal fuel

selection

Factories NEW TECHNOLOGIES Solar

Large

Power Gen Plants

Solar

Nuclear

Long

distance

Transmission

Grids Electricity Export & Import

CCS & CCU Large

Energy

Storage

Battery

Scada VESS Heat

Exports Chemical Product

Note : * VESS : Virtual Energy Storage System

* EMS : Energy Management System

* SCADA : Supervisory Control And Data

Acquisition

Users

Grid

Energy

Storage

Users

Energy

Storage


Dr. Dodero papers presented at Power Gen 2014 and published by Impiantistica

Italiana Magazine.

3.0 Where is moving the electricity sector ? ( F )


4.0 Integrate Renewables with adeguate Energy Storage Plants ( A ) :

Since most renewable sources are intermittent in nature , the integration of

renewable energy resources into the fossil and nuclear

Power generation and distribution grid infrastructures is becoming today a

challenging task.

It is evident that the speed at which intermittent renewable resources have

penetrated into grid could create also security problems within electrical

networks operation, if adequate actions are not taken.

Unlikely electricity has to be produced and supplied at the same time that the

consumer demands it , but wind can generate power only when the wind blows

and some time it is not easy to predict when wind stops.

In addition energy flows through the grid in accordance to physical laws which

are not easily controllable by the grid and power plants operators.

This gives rise to mutual influence between systems and creates a series of

problems of control and security which call, in case of the increase of

renewable units connected to the grid, for the establishment of additional

regulations in the management of the networks and of the fossil power plants.


4.0 Integrate Renewables with adeguate Energy Storage Plants ( B )

This figure indicates the usual applications of the energy storage systems within a

grid where are connected also many different types of renewables plants


4.0 Integrate Renewables with adeguate Energy Storage Plants ( C ) : Here different EES (Electrical Energy Storage) and the duration of their operation.


100 1000 2000 3000

10000

1000

100

10

Pumped

Hydro

High

Power Fly

Wheels ?

Diabatic

CAES &

Cryog.

Gravity

Hydro

Lead Acid

Battery

Hydrogen Storage

Sodium

Nickel

Chloride

Sodium

Sulphur

Battery

Lithium

Iones

Battery

Super

Capacitors

?

Capital Cost per Unit Power - $/kW

LC

OE

-

$/M

Wh

SMES ?

Flow Batteries

Zinc- Air

Batteries

4.0 Integrate Renewables with adeguate Energy Storage Plants ( D ) :


4.0 Integrate Renewables with adeguate Energy Storage Plants ( E ):

ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS : POTENTIAL OPERATIONAL USES : Grid location Duration of Energy Output :

Generation

Micro

Grids

Transmission

Distribution

End

Users

Short < 2 min Medium : ( 2 min -1 hour ) Long ( from 1 hour )

1) Provide spin/non Spin

2) Help ramping

3) Provide frequency regulation services

11) Improve performance

12) Provide system inertia

6) Shift energy

5) “Firm” renew. output

4) Provide Capacity ( Note 1)

8) Provide black start

7) Avoid dump energy

10) Smooth intermittent resource output

13) Avoid congestion fees

14) Defer system upgrades

15 ) Improves Transmission System Reliability

Note 1 : Mainly from large hydro storage Note 2 : VEES : Virtual Energy Storage System

9) Provide in-basin gener.

16) Improve power quality 18) Defer System Upgrade

19) Mitigate Local outage including VEES ( Note 2 )

21) Integrate Intermittent distributed Generation

22) Optimize retail rates

20) Maintain Power Quality

23) Shaving peak load , manage voltage and frequency response of the variable

renewable output ( solar and wind ), provide back up power in emergencies

17)Load Leveling


5.0 Chemistry of Carbon Dioxide ( A) :

The well known reaction of carbon

with oxygen can be summarized as

follows :

C + O2 CO2 DeltaH = - 94.0

kcal/mole

Delta H defines the heat content of

the products minus the heat content

of the reactants.

Chemical reaction are reversible. If a

molecule of CO2 acquires enough

energy during a collision with another

molecule, this CO2 molecule can break

to form carbon and oxygen. The energy

barrier to be crossed is higher, but a

catalyst lowers this energy barrier.


5.0 Chemistry of Carbon Dioxide ( B) : Enzymes :

Chemical reactions in the living system are catalyzed by an enzyme, a very

complex three-dimensional protein. Each enzyme catalyzes only a particular

chemical reaction, but is an extremely efficient catalyst for that reaction.

In the photosynthetic process, plants use light energy to convert two

stable, low-energy molecules ( carbon dioxide and water ) into an unstable,

energy-rich system consisting of organic matter and free oxygen.

The photosynthetic formation of glucose can be represented by the following

chemical formula :

6CO2 + 6H2O ( CH2O) + 6 O2 DeltaG = + 684 kcal/mole

In photosynthesis, Energy is supplied by light quanta ( photons ) whose

energy content depends upon the frequency or wavelength of the light. In

red light, one photon provides about 40 kcal of energy. To provide the 114

kcal needed to combine a mole of CO2 with a mole of H2O, at least three

photons are needed.

There is a small probability that 3 photons would happen to strike as the

2 molecules collided; so usually 8 photons are needed by the plant.


6.0 Opportunities to convert captured CO2 emissions from Industrial Sources

into Useful Products ( A ) :

Converting captured CO2 into products such as chemicals, carbonates, plastics,

fuels, building materials, and other commodities is an important aspect of carbon

capture technology. Converting CO2 into useful forms can help reduce carbon

emissions in areas where long-term storage of CO2 is not practical.

It is anticipated that large volumes of CO2 will be available from fossil fuel-based

power plants and other CO2-emitting industries are equipped with CO2 emissions

control technologies.

Within the following table is indicated a list of CO2 conversion opportunities (

not including EOR )

Evaluating the capital cost, O & M, availability and flexibility of the plant

including the chain of interconnected processes :

The analysis and careful examination of the complete chain of the

interconnected processes including the CO2 utilization unit is very important.

For example in case of a fossil fuel fired unit it is very important to evaluate its

operation mode, its plant flexibility and its minimum load.


6.0 Opportunities to convert captured CO2 emissions from Industrial Sources into

Useful Products ( B ) :

Final Product Reaction chemistry &

Conversion unit

Reactive or catalyst Utilization Notes

Petroleum products Reactor supplied with

fuel and CO2

Magnetite that could be

Recycled Fuel products Reactor can be supplied

also with micronized coal

Methane and water Sabatier reaction combines

CO2 and hydrogen

Nickel replaced by TiO2,

SiO2, MgO and Al2O3

Methane The high cost of hydrogen

could reduce the

opportunities of this

process

Solid carbonates and/or

bicarbonate materials

Scrubber is supplied by

waste heat from the fossil

power plant

Sodium hydroxide pulling

CO2 out to form sodium

bicarbonate

Building material Skyonic Corporation

developed SkyCycle process

removing heavy metals &

acid gases

Polycarbonate products (

plastics ) for use in

packaging industry

PPC polymers created

through the co-

polymerization of CO2 and

chemicals called

epoxides

Novomer’s catalyst

technology

Bottles

Films

Laminates

This Novomer process

reduces the use of fuel by

50%

Soluble bicarbonate and

carbonates

Scrubber system featuring

an enzyme

catalyst

Alcalyne clay, a byproduct

of aluminum

Refining

Construction fill

material

Soil amendments

Green feltilizer

Alcoa pilot-scale process

is demonstrating this

conversion

Open pond Algae

Production technology

Algae pond surface

covered by a phase change

material to regulate daily

temperature and reduce

evaporation

---------------------

Extracted lipids from

harvested algae converted

to bio-fuel and residual

biomass to methane

Pilot test by Touchstone

Research Laboratory Ltd

Solid carbonates Scrubber is supplied by

waste heat from the fossil

power plant

CO2 to carbonate binding

it with Ca and Mg

Building material Calera Corp. process

removes also heavy metals

& acid gases


7.0 Evaluating the existing and future technologies to allow the synergies

between petrochemical plants and power generation plants including the

utilization of CO2 ( CCU ) ( A ):

To integrate a refinery with fossil fuel power generation plants including CCU we

envisage to erect these plants nearby to the petrochemical units so to reduce

CO2 transportation costs and to use fossil fuel facilities both for power generation

and refinery feedstock.

Important also to develop within near future a cross cooperation among Refineries,

Iron & Steel plants and Power Generation.

The CO2 utilization could be finalized as follows :

Conversion of fuel jointly with carbon dioxide to petroleum products

though a reactor using a catalyst ( magnetite or other )

Conversion of CO2 to CH4 though the Sabatier process


7.0 Evaluating the existing and future technologies to allow the synergies between

petrochemical plants and a coal fired power generation plant including the utilization

of CO2 ( CCU ) : example ( B ):

Acetylene

Coal

Lime

Isoprene

Vynil Acetate

Acetic anhydride

Acrylonitrile

Vynil chloride

Acetaldehyde

Polyisopropene

Polyvynilacetate

Acrylic polimer

Neoprene

Polyvynil chloride

Acetic acid

Methanol

Butadiene

Air

Separation

Unit

Oxygen

Oxy-coal

Fired

power unit CO2

Calcium

Carbide CO

Syngas

Ammonia

Urea Ammonium

nitrate

Gasifyer

Reactor

Catalyst

recycle

Methanol Aromatics

Fischer-T.

Liquids

Petroleum

products

•Acetic Acid

• Olefins

* Formaldeyde

Others

utilizations

TO

pp

in

g Refinery

plants

Crude

oil

By products

Gasoline


8.0 Could coal become a primary petrochemical feedstock jointly with CO2 ?

(A)

While the modern petrochemical industry moved from coal to cheaper

feedstock, coal could be in future taken in due consideration as a high-value

hydrocarbon feedstock jointly with CO2 in competition with crude oil and

natural gas.

Asia looks interested to use new technologies to produce chemicals from

coal and also in this country an utilization of CO2 jointly with coal as carbon

feedstock could be taken in due consideration.


8.0 Could coal become a primary petrochemical feedstock jointly with CO2

Example (B) ?


9.0 Could we utilize CO2 within an advanced biorefinery ( A ) ?

The members of IEA Task 42 have agreed on the following definition for a

biorefinery:

“Biorefinery is the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable products

(food, feed, materials, chemicals) and energy (fuels, power, heat)”.

This means that a biorefinery can be a concept, a facility, a process, a plant, or

even a cluster of facilities.

A biorefinery can use all kinds of biomass including wood & agricultural crops,

forest residues, organic residues (both plant and animal derived), aquatic

biomass (algae & sea weeds) and industrial wastes.

A biorefinery is not a completely new concept. Many of the traditional biomass

converting technologies such as the sugar, starch and pulp and paper industry

are connected with the biorefinery approach. ( see next figure )


9.0 Could we utilize CO2 within an advanced biorefinery ( B ) ?

Biorefinery and its role in the transformation of biomass ( IEA report ).


9.0 Could we utilize CO2 within an advanced biorefinery : example ( C ) ?

Organic

Residue

s

Starch

crops

Sugar

crops

Lignocellulos

ic

crops

Lignocellulosic

residues Oil

Crops

Marine

Biomass

e

Bio

Fired

power unit

Pyrolysis

Lignen

Aneorbic

digestion

Grasses

Pyrolytic

liquid

Oil

based

residues

Other Various Processes : Steam reforming, Chemical

reactions,Fermentation,Hydrogenation/upgrading,Estherification, etc

C5 & C6

sugars

Fermentatio

n

Syngas

Sabatier

process CO2

H2

CH4

Fertiliz

er Biomaterial

s

Chemica

ls

Fertiliz

er

Bioethan

ol

Glyceri

n

Polymers

& resins

Biodiese

l

Electricity

And Heat

Electrolysis Electricity

CO2

Storage

Grid

http://www.google.it/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=e5LE9brNNKIwCM&tbnid=PdmzSM7lZ-ImlM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http://www.windpowerninja.com/wind-power-news/south-dakota-wind-turbine-plant-announces-lay-offs-21583/&ei=8uR7UeXeNIjA7Aa_qoCQCg&psig=AFQjCNHgrdINKsbgLTEFPFaTi7QOAEpW7g&ust=1367160434909041

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10.0 Could we utilize CO2 within a steel plant ? : Blast Furnace : the

heart of a steel plant ( A )


million

tonnes (Mt)

2014 2013 %2014/2013

Europe 312.9 313.2 -0.1

of which:

EU (28) 169.2 166.3 1.7

CIS 105.3 108.3 -2.8

North

America

121.2 118.9 2.0

of which:

United States 88.3 86.9 1.7

South

America

45.2 45.8 -1.4

Africa 15.9 16.1 -0.7

Middle East 28.5 26.5 7.7

Asia 1 132.3 1 116.1 1.4

of which:

China* 822.7 815.4 0.9

Japan 110.7 110.6 0.1

Australia/Ne

w Zealand

5.5 5.6 -1.8

World ** 1 661.5 1 642.2 1.2

10.0 Could we utilize CO2 within a steel plant ? : Crude Steel Production and

its CO2 Emission on world wide basis ( B ) ( by World Steel Association files )

World Steel Production by country :

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

World Crude Steel Production

CO2 emission

Years

Tons

Of CO2

And

Tons

Of

Crude

Steel

(millions)


10.0 Could we utilize CO2 within a steel plant ? : Primary and

Secondary steel production routes ( C )

Raw

Material

Preparation

Steel

Production

Iron

Production

Primary Steel Production

Secondary

Steel

Production

BLAST

FURNACE (BF)

Pellet

Iron Ore Sintered Limestone

Ore

Coke

Fuel Oxygen

Open Heart

Furnace

Basic

Oxygen

Furnace

Oxygen Air Recycled

steel

Electric

Arc

Furnace

Recycled

steel Electric

Arc

Furnace

Rotary Kiln

Furnace

Shaft

Furnace

Recycled Steel

Direct

Reduced

Iron

Crude Steel ( CS )

Coal Fuel

Recycled

Steel

Lump Ore Line Ore

E

M

I

S

S

I

O

N

S


11.0 Developing cross cooperation among these three industries :

Coke Oven Gas Treatment

Blast Furnace (

BF)

Basic Oxygen

Furnace ( BOF )

Plate/Stripmill

Air

Separation

Plant

O2

O2

Gas Treatment

CO, CO2, N2

Iron Pellets Coke

Iron

Steel

Oil/Gas

CO2 CO2

CO2

Transfer to Refinery or Chemical plant

( cross cooperation )

Coal

Power Plant

Production of

Chemicals & Fuels

Steel Plant

Pipeline


12.0 Overcoming critical barriers in adopting CO2 Utilization (CDU)

Technologies and Projects:

The main problem to overcome critical barriers in adopting CO2 Utilization

( CDU ) Technologies and Projects is the difficulty to integrate different

industries whose owners have poor relationships one with each other.

What stops an industry from using a new technology?

Barriers to successful technology adoption could have difficulties inside and

outside a single industry. Internal barriers may be summarized as the difficulty

to accept a new technology for many reasons including negative reactions of

company employee.

External obstacles include the availability and accessibility of necessary

information (process, machinery and software ), the presence of technical

personnel and institutional support, and a program for staff development and

skill building.

Obviously the assistance of authorities including financing is very important

to the success of an innovative technology.


13.0 What restraints could slow down this CDU option ? Political or technical.

Decisions relating to the environment protection are influenced by potential

instability and lack of adequate actions of the governments and of the

international community .

When firms perceive that the regulatory initiatives are unstable, their specific

investments appear more risky.

Utilities will be not interested to invest in advanced technologies when they

perceive that the future operation of these assets will be not protected by

adequate regulations.

14.0 Conclusions :

The development of CO2 utilization ( CCU ) technologies could be an interesting

integration to CCS ( carbon capture storage ).

Strong cooperation from stakeholders and authorities will be required in order

to optimize resources, avoid duplication and maximize synergies.

A form of a public-private partnership also in Europe could be required in order

to accelerate the development and demonstration of these innovative technologies

on a large scale.


Thank You for Your Attention

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Main References :

1 ) 1997 Italian Energy Handbook coordinated by G.Dodero, ENEL Spa and published by Power and Electric

Power International Magazines

2) 1989 Italian Chemical Engineering and Processing Handbook Coordinated by G.Dodero ENEL ( Italian Power

Authority ), A. Sernia – Vice President ENICHEM S.p.A. in collaboration with Montedison S.p.A. ( Ferruzzi Group )

3) Integrating Energy Storage systems into Electricity Transmission and Distribution Networks : comparing the

technology and the Italian Case by G.Dodero presented at POWER GEN 2014 Cologne and published by Impiantistica

Italiana Magazine.

4 ) CO2 Capture and Storage for Gas : Sustainable, low-carbon power for Europe By ZEP Zero Emission Platform

June 2014

5) Where is moving the electricity sector and how are Electric Industry Investment Decisions Influenced by Potential

Instability in the Regulatory Environment presented at POWER GEN 2014 Cologne

6) Integrating Carbon Capture Technologies into the Generation mix :

Future developments and cost comparisons by G.Dodero 13th International Downstream Technology & Strategy

Conference Dubrovnik, Croazia 14-17 May 2013

7) Co-Firing of Biomass and RDF with Coal Within Large Conventional Power Generation Units Track 4 : Coal Fired Power

Plants, Biomass Combustion and Waste to Energy Power Gen 2012 Cologne 13 June 2012

8) World Steel Association and IEA Coal Centre : Profiles and Papers on CO2 abatement in the iron and steel

industry

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