evaluate the modulus of elasticity of concrete with partial...

“Evaluate the Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete with Partial Replacement of

Cement by Thermal Industry Waste and Paper Industry Waste”

Author: SAnitha

Co-author: Prof. S Govindhan.

Department of civil engineering,

SembodaiRukmaniVaratharajan Engineering college,Sembodai, Vedaranyam, Tamil Nadu, India.

[email protected]

Abstract -The use of fly ash in replacing cement to certain percentage is accepted in recent years. It saves

cement, consumes industrial waste and makes durable concrete. Coal fly ash is a widely used byproduct material.

It has been in use as a concrete additive for more than two decades. It is beneficial to relieve from disposal

facilities. It reduces cost for both the fly ash producers and users. Out of the total ash produced, Fly ash

contributes to a small percentage, majority being Pond ash and bottom ash. In the past, fly ash for the most part

was given off into the air. Now, with new techniques particulate material can be collected for reuse. Other waste

material paper mill sludge is a major economical an environmental problem for the paper and board industry. To

produce low cost concrete by replacing cement with hypo sludge. To reduce disposal and pollution problems

due to hypo sludge it is most essential to develop profitable materials used for mankind from it. The innovative

use of hypo sludge and fly ash in concrete formulations as a supplementary cementations material was tested as

an alternative to conventional concrete. The cement has been replaced by hypo sludge and fly ash accordingly in

the range of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by volume for M-25 and M-40 mix. Concrete mixtures were

produced, tested and compared in terms of modulus elasticity with the conventional concrete. The test was

carried out to evaluate the modulus of elasticity after 56 days. This study includes different concrete mixtures

which were produced to determine the influence of hypo sludge derived from J.K.Papers mill Pvt.Ltd, plant

near Songadh, Tappi District and Maize Products (A division of Sayaji Industries Ltd) Power plant near

kathwada, Ahmedabad District in Gujarat State referring to the Modulus of Elasticity. The modulus of elasticity

of concrete is a very important mechanical parameter reflecting the ability of the concrete to deform elasticity.

For concrete material, the secant modulus is defined as the slope of the straight line drawn from the origin of

axis to the stress-strain curve at 1/3 of the ultimate strength.

KEYWORDS: Hypo-sludge, Fly ash, Modulus of elasticity, Supplymentary Cementitious Material

(SCMs).

I. INTRODUCTION

India at present produces around 120 Million Tonnes of Ash per annum. Energy requirements of the country

are rapidly increasing with increase in growth of the industries. India depends on Thermal power as its main

source of energy; as a result the quantity of Ash produced shall also increase. This creates big problems to utilize

the ash. For the economic development of the country “to save energy” is the backbone of nation’s progress.

Well-developed technologies by producing carbon credit are the key to development of any nation. Conversion

of waste into a resource material is an age-old practice of Indian civilization. The Pozzolanic property of fly ash

makes it a resource for making cement and other ash based products.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH EXPLORER

VOLUME 5, ISSUE 9, September/2018

ISSN NO: 2347-6060

Page No:19

The advancement of concrete technology can reduce the consumption of natural resources and energy sources.

In recent years, many researchers have established that the use of supplementary cementations materials (SCMs)

like fly ash (FA), blast furnace slag, silica fume, metakaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA), hypo sludge etc. can,

not only improve the various properties of concrete - both in its fresh and hardened states, but also can

contribute to economy in construction costs.

It is agreed that one of the most important elastic properties of concrete for design of plain, reinforced, and

prestressed concrete required to be defined is a modulus of elasticity. This is to assess for the performance of

the structure, serviceability concrete members, and then to calculate the deflection and stresses under short-term

and long-term loading.

The modulus of elasticity is considered as a function of compressive strength of concrete, therefore all the

parameters that have influence on the properties of concrete should necessarily have its effects on the value of

the modulus of elasticity. These parameters should take accounts of water to cement ratio, properties and

proportions of fine and coarse aggregates, age of concrete, rate of loading, and other factors.

The major challenges of our present society are to protect the environment. Some important elements are to

reduce the consumption of energy and natural raw materials. This research is getting considerable attention

under sustainable development nowadays. The use of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition

wastes is showing positive application in construction as alternative to natural aggregates. It conserves natural

resources and reduces the space required for the landfill disposal. In order to determine the effect of this

recycled aggregate on Modulus of Elasticity of concrete, different concrete mixtures were produced. The test

samples differ in the type and amount of the aggregate. As reference, a concrete sample containing 100% natural

dense aggregate was used. In different aggregate mixtures, the natural dense aggregate was partly replaced by

recycled aggregate. The experience shows, that in general the Modulus of Elasticity from concrete made of

recycled aggregate is lower than the modulus of elasticity of concrete made with natural dense aggregate. The

research of this study is to investigate the Modulus of Elasticityof concrete made with recycled aggregate

Industrialization is key to success for every country. It helps in strengthening of economic sector which is hence

developing the country. But to unlock this success, country should be efficient to overcome its consequences

too. The main problem regarding industrialization is disposal of waste produced from industries, which is again

a challenging job. Rapid industrialization plays an important role in polluting the environment and causes severe

degradation in hydrosphere and atmosphere. Water used in industries creates a waste that has potential hazard

for our environment because of the introduction of various contaminants such as heavy metals into soil and

water resources.

Paper making generally produces a large amount of solid waste. This paper mill sludge consumes a large

percentage of local landfill space for each and every year. To reduce disposal and pollution problems from these

industrial wastes, it is most essential to develop profitable building materials from them. The amount of sludge

generated by a recycled paper mill is greatly dependent on the type of furnish being used and end product being

manufactured. Hypo sludge contains, low calcium and maximum calcium chloride and minimum amount of

silica. Hypo sludge behaves like cement because of silica and magnesium properties. This silica and magnesium

improve the setting of the concrete. Paper sludge consists of cellulose fibres, calcium carbonate and china clay

and residual chemicals bound up with water. Hypo sludge contributes beneficial properties to the concrete while

helping to maintain economy.



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The environmental aspects involved in the production of and use of cement, concrete and other building

materials are of growing importance. Producing one ton of cement results in the emission of approximately one

ton of CO2. SO2 emissions is also very high, but is dependent upon the type of fuel used .Energy consumption is

also very high at 90-150 KWT/ton of cement produced. It is costly to erect new cement plants. Substitution of

waste materials will conserve resources, and will avoid environmental and ecological damages caused by

quarrying and exploitation of the raw materials for making cement. While the developed, industrialized countries

are called upon to reduce pollution of the environment and their share of the usage of the world’s resources,

including energy, the developing countries need to avoid the mistakes of the past. This problem is particularly

acute, since cement production as well as fly ash generation in China and India are expected to increase

significantly in the next few decades. There is an increasing demand for concrete worldwide, estimated to double

within the next 30 years. This demand can be met without a corresponding increase in greenhouse gases by

using supplementary cementitious materials to replace a maximum amount of the cement in concrete; we can

reduce energy and resource consumption, reduce CO2 emissions, and reduce the negative environmental

impact. There is a further environmental benefit in that most commonly used supplementary cementitious

materials (such as hypo sludge, fly ash) are waste products and would otherwise end up in landfills. Paper

making generally produces a large amount of solid waste. It means that the broken, low-quality paper fibers are

separated out to become waste sludge. This paper mill sludge consumes a large percentage of local landfill space

every year and also contributes to serious air pollution problems. To reduce disposal and pollution problems

emanating from these industrial wastes, it is most essential to develop profitable building materials from them.

This report concisely explains the technical and environmental benefits of supplementary cementitious materials

use, as well as the limitations, applications and specifications.

This research work describes the feasibility of using the thermal industry waste in concrete production as partial

replacement of cement. The use of fly ash and hypo sludge in concrete formulations as a supplementary

cementations material was tested as an alternative to traditional concrete. Modulus of elasticity of concrete is a

very important property to determine the deflection of the structural elements. This study includes different

concrete mixtures were produced to determine the influence of hypo sludge derived from J.K.Papers mill

Pvt.Ltd, plant near Songadh, Tappi District and Maize Products (A division of Sayaji Industries Ltd) Power

plant near kathwada, Ahmedabad District in Gujarat State referring to the Modulus of Elasticity. The cement

has been replaced by fly ash and hypo sludge accordingly in the range of 0% (without fly ash and hypo sludge),

10%, 20%, 30% & 40% by weight of cement for M-25 and M-40 mix. Concrete mixtures were produced, tested

and compared in terms of modulus of elasticity with the conventional concrete for 56 days water curing.

II. MATERIALS ANS METHOD

The materials used for the project are cement, coarse aggregate, Fine aggregate, Fly ash, and Hypo sludge.

A. i)Cement

The important property that when mixed with water a chemical reaction (hydration) takes place.

Hydration produces a very hard and strong binding medium for the aggregate particles. The cement to be used

in a particular concrete or mortar will be selected on the basis of the particular properties required.

ii)Ordinary Portland Cement:

Ordinary Portland cement is a controlled blend of calcium silicates, aluminates and ferrate, which is

ground to a fine powder with gypsum and other materials. After 1987 OPC was divided into 3 types based on

the strength obtained at 28 days



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1. OPC 33 grade:-strength not less than 33N/mm2 at 28 days



Portland cement gets its strength from chemical reactions between the cement and water. The process is

known as hydration. This is a complex process that is best understood by first understanding the chemical

composition of cement.

B. Water

It is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of

Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms. Its chemical formula is H2O,

meaning its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms that are connected by covalent bonds.

Strictly speaking, water refers to the liquid state of a substance that prevails at standard ambient temperature and

pressure; but it often refers also to its solid state (ice) or its gaseous state (steam or water vapor).

C. Fine Aggregate

The river sand, passing through 4.75 mm sieve and retained on 600μm sieve, conforming to Zone II as

per IS 383-1970 was used as fine aggregate in the present study. The sand is free from clay, silt and organic

impurities. The aggregate was tested for its physical requirements such as gradation, fineness modulus, specific

gravity and bulk modulus in accordance with IS: 2386-1963.

D. Coarse Aggregate

Throughout the investigations, crushed coarse aggregates of 20mm procured from the local crushing plants

were used. The aggregate was tested for its physical requirements such as gradation, fineness modulus, specific

gravity and bulk density etc. in accordance with IS:2386-1963 and IS:383-1970

E. Fly ash

Fly ash is defined in cement and concrete terminology as the ‘finely divided residue resulting from the

combustion of ground or powdered coal, which is transported for the fire box through the boiler by flue gases’.

Fly ash is fine glass powder, the particles of which are generally spherical in shape and range in size from 0.5 to

100um. Fly ash is classified into two types according to the coal used. Anthracite and bituminous coal produces

fly ash classified as class F. Class C fly ash is produced by burning lignite or sub-bituminous coal. Class C fly

ash has self cementing properties.

F.Hypo Sludge

The preliminary waste from paper industry is named as hypo sludge. The hypo sludge contains, low

calcium, maximum calcium chloride and minimum amount of silica. Hypo sludge behaves like cement because

of silica and magnesium properties. This silica improves the setting of the concrete. The sludge which used in

present investigation is brought from Vamsadhara paper mills Ltd. at Madapam.

III. TESTING

MIX PROPORTIONS: Based on the Indian standard guidelines the mix proportions of concrete were prepared

for M25 and M40 grade.

A. Compressive strength test

In order to find the mechanical properties compressive strength tests were conducted at 28 days of cube

(150mm X 150mm X 150 mm) specimens. For each combination, two specimens were tested.



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Fig 1:Chat for Compressive strength of fly ash and hypo sludge concrete

Fig 2:

B.Spilt tensile strength test

In order to find the split tensile strength of concrete 28 days of cylinder ( 150mm X 300mm )

specimens are cast. For each combination two specimens were tested.

Fig 3:

C. Flexural strength test

In order to find the Flexural strength of concrete 28 days of cylinder

100mm) specimens are cast. For each combina

0

5

10

15

20

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Chat for Compressive strength of fly ash and hypo sludge concrete

Fig 2:Chat for Flexural strength test



Fig 3: Chat for split tensile strength test

find the Flexural strength of concrete 28 days of cylinder


0

5

10

15

20

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

7 days

28 days

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

140

%

10

%

20

%

30

%Avg

% change

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0%

10

%

20

%

30

%

40

%

Avg

% change

Chat for Compressive strength of fly ash and hypo sludge concrete.


find the Flexural strength of concrete 28 days of cylinder (500mm X 100mmX



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D. Compressometer test

i) Testing the modulus of elasticity

Modulus of elasticity of concrete is very important to determine the deflection of the structural elements.The

testing is just carried out after 56b days of casting. The resting specimen was 150mm diameter and 300mm

height.

Fig 5: Chat for %

E.Sorptivity test

The sorptivity can be determined by the measurement of the capillary rise absorption rate on reasonably

homogeneous material. Water was used of the test fluid. The cylinders after casting were immer

90 days curing. The specimen size 100mm dia x 50 mm height

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0

1

2

3

4

Fig 4:Chat for flexural strength test



: Chat for % replacement of fly ash and hypo sludge


homogeneous material. Water was used of the test fluid. The cylinders after casting were immer

90 days curing. The specimen size 100mm dia x 50 mm height

Fig 6: Chat for sorptivity test

0% 10% 20% 30%

Average

% change

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

0%

10

%

20

%

30

%

40

%

Amount of replacement of cement by fly ash and hypo sludge versus

modulus of elasticity(Mpa)

M25

M40

0

1

2

3

4

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

M25

M40



replacement of fly ash and hypo sludge


homogeneous material. Water was used of the test fluid. The cylinders after casting were immersed in water for



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F. Water absorption test

The 100mm dia x 50 mm height cylinder after casting were immersed in water for 90 days curing. These

specimens were then oven dried for 24 hours at the temperature110°C until the mass became constant and again

weighed. This weight was noted as the dry weight (W1) of the cylinder. After that the specimen was kept in hot

water at 85°c for 3.5 hours. Then this weight was

absorption = [(W2– W1) / W1] x 100

Where, W1 = Oven dry weight of cylinder in grams W2 = After 3.5 hours wet weight of cylinder in grams.

Fig 5: Chat for water absorption test

Based on limited experimental investigation

drawn:

• Modulus of elasticity decreases with % replacement of fly ash and hypo sludge.

• Use of fly ash and hypo sludge in concrete can save the disposal costs and produces a

construction.

• For M40 grade10% replacement with fly ash and hypo sludge gives modulus of elasticity same as M40 grade

traditional concrete

• This research concludes that fly ash and hypo sludge can be used as Construction Material where less strength is

required.

REFERENCES

1. A. Oner , S. Akyuzb, R. Yildiza,(2004)“An experimental study on strength development of concrete containing fly ash and

optimum usage of fly ash in concrete” Cement and Concrete Research , Vol.35, Issue 6, pp 11651171.

2. A. Oner , S. Akyuzb, R. Yildiza,(2004)“An experimental study on str


3. Ali Ergun (2011), “Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of

properties of concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), pp 806812.

4. Ali Ergun (2011), “Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of cement on the mechanic


5. Bhatty, JI., J Gajda, PE., Botha, F. and MM Bryant, PG. 2006. Utilization of Discarded Fly Ash as a Raw Material in the

Production of Portland cement.Journal of ASTM International, Vol. 3,

6. Bhatty, JI., J Gajda, PE., Botha, F. and MM Bryant, PG. 2006. Utilization of Discarded Fly Ash as a Raw Material in the

Production of Portland cement.Journal of ASTM International, Vol. 3, No. 10.

7. Gambhir M.L. “Concrete Technology” Tata McGraw Hill


then oven dried for 24 hours at the temperature110°C until the mass became constant and again


water at 85°c for 3.5 hours. Then this weight was noted as the wet weight (W2) of the cylinder. % water


Fig 5: Chat for water absorption test

IV. CONCLUSION

limited experimental investigation concerning the modulus of concrete, the following conclusions are

Modulus of elasticity decreases with % replacement of fly ash and hypo sludge.

Use of fly ash and hypo sludge in concrete can save the disposal costs and produces a

For M40 grade10% replacement with fly ash and hypo sludge gives modulus of elasticity same as M40 grade

esearch concludes that fly ash and hypo sludge can be used as Construction Material where less strength is

,(2004)“An experimental study on strength development of concrete containing fly ash and


A. Oner , S. Akyuzb, R. Yildiza,(2004)“An experimental study on strength development of concrete containing fly ash and


Ali Ergun (2011), “Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of


Ali Ergun (2011), “Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of cement on the mechanic

”, Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), pp 806812.

Bhatty, JI., J Gajda, PE., Botha, F. and MM Bryant, PG. 2006. Utilization of Discarded Fly Ash as a Raw Material in the

Production of Portland cement.Journal of ASTM International, Vol. 3, Page. No. 10.


Production of Portland cement.Journal of ASTM International, Vol. 3, No. 10.

Gambhir M.L. “Concrete Technology” Tata McGraw Hill Company, New Delhi.

0

1

2

3

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

M25

M40


then oven dried for 24 hours at the temperature110°C until the mass became constant and again


noted as the wet weight (W2) of the cylinder. % water


concrete, the following conclusions are

Use of fly ash and hypo sludge in concrete can save the disposal costs and produces a ‘greener’ concrete for

For M40 grade10% replacement with fly ash and hypo sludge gives modulus of elasticity same as M40 grade

esearch concludes that fly ash and hypo sludge can be used as Construction Material where less strength is

,(2004)“An experimental study on strength development of concrete containing fly ash and


ength development of concrete containing fly ash and


Ali Ergun (2011), “Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of cement on the mechanical

Ali Ergun (2011), “Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of cement on the mechanical





ISSN NO: 2347-6060

Page No:25

8. Gambhir M.L. “Concrete Technology” Tata McGraw Hill Company, New Delhi.

9. Ganesan K., Rajagopal K., Thangavelu K., “Effects of the Partial Replacement of Cement with Agro Waste Ashes on Strength

and Durability of Concrete.” Proc.ofInternat. Conf. on Recent Adv. in Concrete a. Constr. Technol., organised by Dept. of Civil

Engg , S.R.M. Engg. College, Chennai, Dec. 7-9, 2005.

10. Ganesan K., Rajagopal K., Thangavelu K., “Effects of the Partial Replacement of Cement with Agro Waste Ashes on Strength

and Durability of Concrete.” Proc.ofInternat. Conf. on Recent Adv. in Concrete a. Constr. Technol., organised by Dept. of Civil

Engg , S.R.M. Engg. College, Chennai, Dec. 7-9, 2005.

11. IS 10262:2009 “Code of concrete mix proportioning – guidelines (first revision)”.

12. IS 10262:2009 “Code of concrete mix proportioning – guidelines (first revision)”.

13. IS 456:2000 “Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (fourth revision)”.

14. IS 456:2000 “Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (fourth revision)”.

15. Kulkarni V R (2007) Roll of fly ash in sustainable development, FAUACE.

16. Kulkarni V R (2007) Roll of fly ash in sustainable development, FAUACE.

17. Malhotra.V.M., and P.K.Mehta. High- Performance, High Volume Fly Ash Concrete. Supplementary Cementing Materials for

Sustainable Development, Inc., Ottawa, Canada 2002, 101pp.

18. Malhotra, V.M., and P.K.Mehta. High- Performance, High Volume Fly Ash Concrete. Supplementary Cementing Materials for

Sustainable Development, Inc., Ottawa, Canada, 2002, 101pp.

19. MalhotraV.M.andA.A.Ramezanianpour, 1994, “Fly Ash In Concrete”, published by Canadian centre for mineral and energy

technology (CANMET).

20. MalhotraV.M.andA.A.Ramezanianpour, 1994, “Fly Ash In Concrete”, published by Canadian centre for mineral and energy

technology (CANMET).

21. Murlidharrao (2007) Utilization of fly ash at Raichur Thermal power station of Karnataka power Corporation Ltd, FAUACE.

22. Murlidharrao (2007) Utilization of fly ash at Raichur Thermal power station of Karnataka power Corporation Ltd, FAUACE.

23. Prof. J R Pitroda, Dr L B Zala, Dr F S Umrigar (2012),“Hypo Sludge Management: Opportunities For Developing Low Cost

Concrete With Glass Fibres” International Journal Global Research Analysis, (GRA), Volume: 1, Issue: 7, Dec

24. Prof. J R Pitroda, Dr L B Zala, Dr F S Umrigar (2012),“Hypo Sludge Management: Opportunities For Developing Low Cost

Concrete With Glass Fibres” International Journal Global Research Analysis, (GRA), Volume: 1, Issue: 7, Dec.



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evaluate the modulus of elasticity of concrete with partial...

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