european supremacy and modern european thought chapter 23-24
TRANSCRIPT
European Supremacy and Modern European Thought
Chapter 23-24
Second Ind. Revolution
Focused on steel, chemicals, electricity and oil First-R.R. and expansion
Electricity
Supply power anywhere Improve quantity and quality of work Growth of cities Transportation-subways
The Tube-Gr. Br. 1882
Automobile
1880’s Wealthy toy Henry Ford
Assembly line Car affordable Demand other goods increases
Impact
Competition increases Technology-goods from other countries
Refrigeration Food prices drop Department stores-Sears Roebuck
Growth of Cities
England People living in cities of 20,000 or more
1801 – 1.5 million – 17% 1851 – 6.3 million – 35% 1891 – 15.6 million – 54%
Way more than most other places
Conditions
Space is at a premium – houses built wall to wall
No Yards 10 people one room Unsanitary – sewers left open Bathrooms-are you kidding?
Edwin Chadwick
British Administrator
disease caused poverty
Closed sewers picked up garbage
Led to first public health laws
Louis Pasteur
Miasmatic theory vs. germ theory
Germs can be controlled by heat
development of vaccines and antiseptic
Money, Money, Money
Distribution of income Huge gap between
rich and poor Rich have a smaller
tax burden
Europe Reads
Primary education Newspapers, books explode Literacy opening up opportunities
Middle Classes
Many occupations, political beliefs – trying to become new aristocracy
Buying second homes in the country Began to marry into noble family Upper middle class – very successful
industrialists Middle middle class – Dr.’s, lawyers, merchants Lower middle class – shopkeepers, small trader
Middle Class Culture (Expenses)
Home life focus-food buy homes, not rent Education for children – books, music, travel Code of behavior hard work self discipline personal achievement
Working Classes
4 out of 5 people Physical labor – farm or factory Three divisions 1) Highly Skilled-engineers 2) Semiskilled-carpenters 3) Unskilled-house servants
Unskilled workers
Domestic servants – 1 out of 7 people in GB
Majority are women – 1 out of 3 women
Low pay live with bosses
Working Class Leisure
Alcohol – a problem Sport – horse racing
and soccer Music – new music
halls constructed; wide variety of music
Decline in church attendance
Marriage
Economic consideration Families protect daughters
a virgin is “worth more” Illegitimacy explosion
1 of 3 births out of wedlock Prostitution – “The oldest profession in the
world”
Contagious Disease Acts
Prost. Take medical exams Discrimination against women Push to legalize Prost. Victim or Criminal? Wanted gov’t support for children Vital to society Contraception-Better society
Gender Roles
Farm – men and women work together Industrial Rev. – move up in social status
women expected to stay home Separate spheres –
Women home men work
Women did work Less money and discrimation
Once married, a husband takes over a wife’s legal rights “In law husband and wife are one person, and
the person is the husband.” Many women rebelled – went to work 1882 – women given full property rights Many women become leaders in the
socialist movements
Women control the money Husbands get an allowance All major economic decisions were made
by the wife Also expected to pamper her husband
Child Rearing
Infant mortality-high Mother’s try not to get to attached This changes mid-19th C. 1860 – avg of 6 children 1890 – avg of 4 children 1920 – avg of 2.5 children Why is the rate decreasing?
Children no longer an economic asset Parents can now afford to provide a more
expensive education Parents expect more from children
European Jews
Discriminated against-middle ages Identified with money and banking Dreyfus Affair
Dreyfus Affair
A. Dreyfus-French Jewish officer Gave secrets to Germans Life On “Devils Island” Not Guilty French and C.C. not want to be
embarrassed
Press goes nuts Retried and found guilty again Eventually Dry. Pardoned Fr. Not talk about it. Pushes France to the left Conservatives defend actions
Zionism
Theodor Herzl- “The Jewish State” 1896 Separate state for Jews Appealed to poor Jews from ghettos
Charles Darwin 1808-1882
“On the Origin of Species” Did Not originate concept of evolution Natural Selection
Species changed or evolved over time Fit will survive “natural selection” “might makes right”
The Descent of Man-1871
Natural Selection applied to humans Man’s moral nature Religious sentiments Physical makeup Developed over time in order to survive We fit into our enviornment
Thomas Huxley 1893
Defends Darwin Argued against Spencer How society should not act
Friedrich Nietzsche 1844-1900
Germany-Christianity is a useless sacrifice of flesh and spirit….
“War and courage have accomplished more great things than love of thy neighbor…”
Many leave church Can now live without it…..
Herbert Spencer 1820-1903
Society better through competition Weak are protected-society fails “Might makes right”
Christianity Attacked
1835-David Friedrich Strauss “The Life of Jesus” Bible-story of Jesus
Myth Created by people of that time What they wanted in a good story No proof Educated move away from religion
Morality
Question the cruelty and unpredictablity God-sacrifices own son Perfect human being Personal satisfaction Conflict teaching
R.C. and the Modern World
Pope Pius IX 1864 Intimidated by Liberals and unification of
Italy “Syllabus of Errors” Church against contemporary science,
philosophy and politics. 1910-priests take anti-modern oath
Social sciences
Thinkers apply scientific methods to the study of society
August Comte – “Father of Sociology” Study of social interactions “Nature vs. nurture”
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis Modern Psychology New generation Challenges old ways
of thinking Understand human
behavior Question why?
Impressionism
Began late 19th C. Paris Name given by an art critic as an insult Ordinary subject matter Visible brush strokes Changing qualities of light (passage of
time) Movement
Monet, Impression, Sunrise, 1872
Monet, Water Garden and Japanese Footbridge,1900
Degas, Blue Dancers,1895
Degas, losing his vision
Renoir, Dance at Moulin de la Galette, 1876
Renoir, Girl with a Watering Can, 1876
Post-Impressionism
Very similar to impressionists Distortion of forms Unnatural, arbitrary colors
Seurat, Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1884-6
Seurat, La Parade (detail), 1889
Van Gogh, Room at Arles, 1889
Van Gogh, Sunflowers, 1889
Van Gogh, Wheatfield with Crows, 1890