european school of governance dr. thomas r. henschel
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european school of governance
Dr. Thomas R. Henschel European School of Governance
The role of mediation in international relations:
„call for peaceful conflict resolutions in globalization“
culture meets culture03.-06. Mail 2006, EUROAPHAUS WIEN
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content
Trends in Society and international relations
Democratization
Global society world and international conflicts
International conflicts and conflict prevention
Concepts of multilateral peace keeping
Mediation: a concept for international peace keeping
Conclusion and perspective
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Trends in Society
Economic development and prosperity:1871: more than 50% in agriculture2000: less than 3.2% in agriculture
GDP1830: 2000:
~130.-€ ~ 25.000.- €
Lifetime: doubled Better education and access to
information
48
3,20
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1871 2000
0,13
25
0
5
10
15
20
25thousands EUR
1830 2000
t
People in agriculture
GDP
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Today’s elite has no longer the monopoly of access to information - in the best case they have a little advantage of time
The radical change of the social structure, the revolution in the education and information sector has initiated a change in government:
democratization
„The Democratic Revolution is the most important trend at the end of the 20th
century“ (Samuel Huntigton)
Trends in Society
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Democratization Increasing welfare leads to growing
demands for democratic participation Globalization promotes democratization Welfare and development needs the
autonomic and innovative citizen, who participates in decision making
0
22
58 65
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1900 1940 1980 2001
Number of people in % living in democratic societies
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The global society world
The emerging of the „society world“ (E.-O. Czempiel) has almost eliminated the classical international war between states
In 2001 the UN registered 105 violent conflicts and wars, all of them „new wars“ (intra-state-wars)
Main issue of those conflicts: political and economic Participation
Challenge of the 21th century: how to deal with these conflicts in an alternative and non-violent way that answers the demand for participation?
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International conflict and conflict prevention 1945: United Nations
Multilateralism institutionalized Consensus building as a principle in
international politics and peace keeping Rule of international law and international
government under the control of the United Nations
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International conflict and conflict preventioncrisis of classical crisis-management
Collapse of security policy: The crisis in Yugoslavia, Somalia and Rwanda made the collapse of the
classical crisis-management obvious Deadly conflicts, failed states, civil war, violence of human rights,
genocide – the international community seemed to be almost helpless
A massive conceptional gap in security and peace policy This became even more true after 9/11
Spending of Resources: millions of Dollar where spent for re-active crisis management (military
forces, humanitarian aid, recovery programs)
Development policy became a repair workshop
The international community is in need of a concept for maintaining security in the new emerging world order
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Prevention before a deadly conflict and Consolidation after such a conflict became important, conceptional aspects for new forms of appropriate, effective and cheaper security strategies
Development policy aspects and security aspects (peace building) merged to the new concept of peace-consolidation (UN/OSCE)
International conflict and conflict preventionsearch for new concepts of constructive conflict management
Development Policy Security Policy
Peace Consolidation
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Concepts of multilateral peace keeping
Peace Consolidation (UN / OSCE)A systematic and long-term oriented process to deal with the sources of violent conflicts and to build the framework, the institutions and structures for a society to live in together in peace
Three phases of Peace Consolidation (UN / OSCE)
I.
Preventing deadly conflicts
Preventing escalation
Preventing rebirth of conflict
II.
III.
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A change in paradigm in Security Policy stresses the “culture of Prevention” (Carnegie Commission 1997) and pledges for a coherent conflict prevention strategy development (UN 1/2001)
“Prevention is the only appropriate security policy.” (Ernst-Otto Czempiel)
International conflict and conflict preventiona change in paradigm
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Concepts of multilateral peace keeping
The current model of peace Consolidation:
Peace Consolidation
Experts:
Operative Prevention
•Early warning and intervention•Preventive diplomacy•Economic measures (Sanctions, Benefits)•Enforcement measures
Structural prevention•Security (in and between states)•Well-Being (i.e. social justice,
political participations, sustainableDevelopment)
•Rule of law and just society (in and between states)
short term mid term long term
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Current model of UN and OSCE: Experts are analyzing the conflict, its structure
etc. and developing strategies for peace building
Experts are doing the job and they are trying to bring peace to the people
Concepts of multilateral peace keeping
A good model for de-escalation of deadly conflicts by force,but
also the best model for a sustainable peace building?
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Problems of the current concept
Peace Consolidation is basically seen as a technological project concerning resources, technical support, capacities, methods of external actors to act most effective according to the operational needs on the ground
Gap between early warning and early action Lack of co-ordination coherent approaches between
state and non-state actors One track classical diplomacy Almost non bottom-up information flow and network High-tech military warning systems not suited to the
prevailing of new wars
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Empowering civic society by empowering the people
Mediation is an approach that empowers the civil society by empowering the people itself.
conflict owners and experts The conflict groups and partners are experts
for their problems and conflicts they could be experts for peace building
Mediation: an approved process approach and tool
Mediation is an additional approved instrument for sustainable peace building
When people participate, it enhances the acceptance of the result
Sustainability is a result of the process itself
Mediation: a concept for international peace keeping
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supports the conflict parties in understanding their conflict:
Methods to stimulate the exchange about differences Mapping the conflict by using visualization techniques
creates a room for the differences and for the mutual acceptances of those differences
Helps the conflict parties to find optimal regulations for their situations based on a better understanding of the interests and needs of everybody involved in the conflict
Conducts the creation of a contract and ensures – if needed - that a third party overlooks and guards the implementation process
Mediation: a concept for international peace keepingHow mediation could be useful
Mediation
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Where mediation could make a difference:
Phase I: Prevention: transferring preventive diplomacy into
early mediation processes (by professional mediators and not diplomats, only)
Support of early mediation approaches by economic measurements (sanctions or benefits)
Phase III: Sustainable Peace-building Establishing sustainable structures for
peace keeping through the participations of the conflict parties in the strategy development process
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Mediation: an instrument for all phases and on all political levels in the process of peace building Mediation could help to overcome structural gaps in the
current concept of peace building: Definition of Interest of the conflict parties, politicians etc. activation of resources (from non-action to effective action) Coherence building of actors in all fields of politics Better coherence and co-operation in foreign policy,
security and development policy in an complex and multilevel environment (regional and national governments, international organizations, NGO`s)
Better co-operation of government and private sector Effective support oriented at the needs and interests of the
people on the ground Humanitarian assistance and development local capacities
for peace could be forstered and their capacity could be strengthened
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Challenges for Mediation
In new wars the conflict parties are not so easy to identify Each intervention has its own advantages and risk
Lack of impact assessment tools and methodology International Organizations such as EU, UN or states such
as the US or India have their own agenda and interests Working without a concept could be after all not such a
bad concept (process more import than concepts) Demands long term stay on the ground Requires a new self-consciousness of Mediation Needs conflict sensibility (Ursula König)
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Mediation
UN and OSCE should promote the integration of Mediation as a complementary instrument and approach for conflict prevention
Mediation supports the parties, the responsibility for the content stays with the conflict parties
Mediation fosters the civic society by empowering the people itself and giving them back the responsibility for their conflicts and conflict-resolution strategies
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Conclusion Most important trend: democratization Democratization demands participation of the citizin and a
strong civic society Democratization and the growing global society has ended the
classical international war between states Today deadly conflicts are civil wars and terrorist acts The UN / OSCE model is an approved - however imperfect it
may be - instrument to de-escalate deadly conflicts Peace building would profit from mediation in three
aspects: Early prevention (preventive mediation etc.)I Continuous prevention (developing sustainable structures
and regulations for peace building and keeping) Mediation is a key resource for all aspects of peace
building
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Perspective
In a more and more complex and dynamic world, in which one men could destroy the whole world, we need mediation as a sufficient approach and tool to deal in a peaceful and participative way with international conflicts.
An approach that empowers the civil society by empowering participation and the citizens itself.An approach that is dialog and process orientated and leaves the responsibility with the people.Within the states and between the states.
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Contact
Dr. Thomas R. HenschelEuropean School of Governance, BerlinIm Palais am Festungsgraben Am Festungsgraben 110117 Berlin
Tel.: +49 (0)30 20 61 62 57FAX: +49 (0)30 20 61 62 92
Email: [email protected] www.eusg.de