EUROPEAN MONARCHSChapter 18

Royal Theories ABSOLUTE MONARCH: A ruler with

COMPLETE control DIVINE RIGHT: God hand-picks those

who rule and therefore Monarchs should have complete control – because they are God’s choice

SPAIN CHARLES I (Charles V)

Hapsburg Territory included Spain, Low Countries of

Belgium, Netherlands, land in Americas 1519: Holy Roman Emperor “Charles V”

Works closely with RCC, Protestants a direct threat Declares Martin Luther an Outlaw Years of War against Protestants

Spain PEACE OF AUGSBURG: 1555, each

German prince right to decide Protestant or Catholic

Spain Splits Empire 1556: Divides empire between brother

and son Brother took over old Hapsburg holdings in

Austria Son (Phillip II) rules Netherlands, Spain,

Sicily, and American colonies Charles lives rest of life in monastery

SPAIN

1550 – 1650: Golden Age of Art El Greco Diego Velázquez Miguel de Cervantes

SPAIN

PHILLIP II Devout Catholic, leader of

Counter Reformation Married to Mary I of

England Clashed with Protestants in

Low Countries (Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg)

Spain 1560’s: Revolt! Dutch refuse to declare

allegiance “COURT OF BLOOD” with Duke of Alba1609: Seven northern provinces become

Netherlands, southern remain in Spain’s hands

SPAIN England assists Dutch in Revolt SPANISH ARMADA: Spain’s fleet of

ships sent to invade England Fire Ships! After loss, several more ships lost on

trip around England

Spain loses power due to Phillip’s government too centralized

Trusted no one No industries – only money from New

World Bankrupt 4 times

How did Spain vast empire affect the varied people they controlled? How did Phillip II trying to maintain power affect the People?

Think…

FRANCE HUGUENOT: French protestant Henry of Navarre = HENRY IV

Wedding in Paris leads to SAINT BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY

MASSACRE 10,000-70,000 Huguenots killed

Henry of Navarre lives! Escaped death by denying

religion “Paris is well worth a mass”

HENRY IV EDICT OF NANTES: right to

worship, hold office, rule where Huguenots are in majority

FRANCE

Young Louis XIII weak leader Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister and most trusted adviser

Determined to strengthen monarchy

Edict & Revocation of NantesRead the Edict of Nantes and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

Answer guided Questions

To strengthen Monarchy Richelieu…

Cut off Port city of LA ROCHELLE 14 months, until starving citizens

surrendered Ordered walls to be torn down Turn all churches Catholic

Punished Nobles for Revolts Sided with Protestants in 30 Years war to

undermine Hapsburg power

La Rochelle’s defeat was a signal to all Protestants to GET OUT of

France!

FRANCE LOUIS XIV

“I am the State” (didn’t need Cardinal’s help)

Sun King ABSOLUTE POWER:

Louis in charge of all military, political, economic initiatives

I can’t talk very loud so I need you to be quiet so I can talk and you can hear me.

Today’s agenda:1. Watch “Elizabeth” clip2. View page 539, answer question3. Read pages 540-544

1. Answer Reading checks, Cardinal Richelieu, Economics, 1-3

I lost my voice

How did Louis XIV deprive Nobles power?

Deprived Nobles of influence Versailles (forced Nobles to

come to him) Influenced dress, dining and

gambling to bankrupt nobles Revokes Edict of Nantes,

outlaws Protestantism 200,000 Huguenots flee

WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION

1701 Spanish King died, Louis wants throne for

his son Other monarchs didn’t want this

connection England, Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire

fought France TREATY OF UTRECHT:

Louis’s Grandson gets throne, but France and Spain can’t be ruled by same monarchs

How did French Monarchs try to maintain power, and how did this affect the People? Huguenots? Nobles?

Think…

ENGLAND Elizabeth I & Parliament

Parliament passed laws favoring Protestantism

Parliament pressured her to marry

Allowed MP’s speak their minds without fear of punishment

Called 10 times in 45 years

Still an absolute ruler Robert DudleyQueen’s Favorite

Duke of AnjouPossible Marriage

ENGLAND Elizabeth died with no heir

Mary Queen of Scots (Elizabeth’s cousin) was put to death for trying to overthrow Elizabeth

Her son was King of Scotland James I

First Stuart to rule Believed firmly in DIVINE

RIGHT and ABSOLUTE MONARCHY

Trouble with Parliament Country in debt, viewed as

“outsider” from Scotland

James I PURITANS: strict

Calvinists demanding further reform from Church of England, take power away from Church officials

James I sees Puritans as threat

Refuses most requests of reforms

Puritans flee to New World (Pilgrims!)

ENGLAND Charles I

Popular until marrying a Catholic Princess

Requested money from Parliament

Parliament refuses unless Charles I signs: PETITION OF RIGHT: placed

limits on king’s power King can not levy taxes

without consent of Parliament Direct Challenge to:

Charles I Taxed without

permission Dismisses Parliament

when they become outraged

1629: Charles will rule without Parliament (example of Absolute

Monarchy)

ENGLAND 1640: Charles I in debt

thanks to rebellions in Scotland Has to reconvene

Parliament to ask for money

“LONG SESSION” did not disband for many years After being ignored for 11

years MPs demanded Parliament be called at least once every 3 years

ENGLAND Puritans moved to abolish the appointment of

bishops in Anglican Church Charles I led troops into House of Commons to

arrest Puritan leaders for Treason Already escaped

Charles’ intentions shown: to take back power Parliament rises up against king Charles I supported by people 1642: Civil War began!

English Civil War ROYALISTS: nobles

who supported king ROUNDHEADS:

supporters of Parliament Puritans, Merchants,

some upper classes Led by: OLIVER

CROMWELL

ENGLAND Royalist Army

outmatched 1646, surrender

Oliver Cromwell dismisses all Parliament members who disagree with him RUMP

PARLIAMENT

English Civil War

Label and analyze the Map of the English Civil War

Answer guided questions

ENGLAND Rump Parliament tries

Charles I for treason Charles refuses to

recognize Parliament’s authority

Found guilty, Executed in front of own palace

Lord Protector Cromwell

House of Commons outlaws House of Lords and Monarchy

England becomes a COMMONWEALTH

Cromwell: “LORD PROTECTOR of England, Scotland, Ireland” Demanded complete

obedience

ENGLAND RESTORATION

Cromwell dies, son, Richard, weak leader

Parliament reconvenes and vote to bring back monarchy

1660: Parliament invites Charles’ son to be king

Restoration & Charles II Charles II

Supported religious toleration

Habeas Corpus Act of 1679

“may you have body” Guarantees right to

appear in court to see if accused should be held or released

1665: Bubonic Plague returns, killing 100,000+

Charles being presented the first pineapple grown in England

Columbian Exchange!

ENGLAND JAMES II

Charles II brother Married to a catholic whose

Catholic sons outrank James’ protestant daughters

GLORIOUS REVOLUTION 1688: Nobles invited James’

daughter Mary and her husband William to become King & Queen

Glorious Revolution

William and MaryHad to sign:

ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS: prevents monarchs from levying taxes without Parliament’s consent

Creating a:CONSTITUTIONAL

MONARCHY: monarchy limited by law

The Glorious Revolution

Read about William & Mary and the Glorious Revolution

Answer Guided Questions

ENGLISH MONARCHS

How did English monarchs’ willingness or unwillingness to work with Parliament affect the People? English Civil War? English Bill of Rights?

Think…

RUSSIA

1500’s Russia far behind western Europe in technology, centralized government

Run by church officials and boyars BOYARS: landowners 1546: Young prince claims title

CZAR CZAR: (version of Caesar)

Emperor

Ivan IV Early Reforms:

general council included merchants and lower level nobles

promoted military officers on merit

reduced Boyars power Expanded borders and

increased trade

Ivan IV TERRIBLE! Ivan the Terrible

1560s: Ivan changes Became suspicious of his closest

advisors Created a private police force to

punish opposition 1565: seized land from 12,000

boyars Killed thousands in Novgorod,

suspected they wanted to separate from Russia

1581: killed his own son

Russia “TIME OF TROUBLES”

many rulers because of lack of heir

1613: Michael crowned czar– first Romanov

RUSSIA Peter I

1682: became czar as child, sister ruled until he was 17

Labored side-by-side with thousands of carpenters building a navy Takes Azov from Turks with

navy

Peter the Great Realizes Russia needs to

Modernize WESTERNIZATION:

bringing elements of the western culture to Russia

1697: journeyed to Europe in disguise to learn hands-on skills and recruit experts to Russia

RUSSIA Reforms:

brought Church under state control

Built up Russian industry Started first newspaper Sponsored new schools Modernized the calendar Promoted officials based

on service Early 1700s: fights

Sweden for a warm-water port ST. PETERSBURG Becomes new capital

RUSSIA 1761: Peter III becomes Czar

His wife, Catherine grew angry at his weak rule

Peter III murdered Catherine II becomes

“Czarina” Catherine the Great’s

Reforms: Removed restrictions on trade Updated Russia’s legal and

education system Promoted Science and Arts

Catherine the Great War and revolt led

Catherine to strengthen the authority of the monarchy Reorganized local

governments Put administration in hands

of landowners and nobles Reduced taxes as thank you,

and gave them absolute control

How different it must have been to be a Russian under Ivan, Peter, or Catherine. How would each experience be different?

Think…

30 YEARS WAR Holy Roman Empire

Made up most of Central Europe Ruled By Hapsburgs Dozens of Small states trying to stay

independent 1618: official of HRE orders 2 protestant

churches shut down Local Protestants throw HRE representatives

out window (into garbage… they were fine) Nobles in Austria, Bavaria revolt against HRE

30 YEARS WAR (1618-1648)

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

SPAIN

BAVARIA AUSTRIA FRANCE

(CATHOLIC – BUT ALSO SPAIN’S RIVAL)

DENMARK SWEDEN

CATHOLIC SIDE PROTESTANT SIDE

•Eventually included all of Europe•One of the longest, most destructive wars in European History•Mostly Protestants v. Catholics•Destroyed Germany, brought famine and disease to Europe

THIRTY YEARS WAR

TREATY OF WESTPHALIA: Ended the war, extended toleration, reduced the power of the Holy Roman Empire, strengthened the rulers within it

BIG WINNERS OF TREATY

Hapsburg 1740 HRE Emperor

Charles VI dies without male heir

“PRAGMATIC SANCTION:” Female can rule

Maria Theresa

Hohenzollerns Frederick II “The

Great” Took Silesia from

Austria Offered Maria

Theresa an alliance– she refuses

AUSTRIA PRUSSIA

Maria Theresa

Read about Maria Theresa’s life

Answer guided questions

AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA 1740: War of Austrian

Succession France & German states

enter on Prussia’s side hoping to gain territory

1748: Maria Theresa asks for peace hoping to rebuild new alliances – she DID

Prussia keeps Silesia Prussia’s victory

intensified rivalry between Austria & Hungary

Seven Years War (1756-1763)

Continuation of Austrian Succession

Prussia (best army)& Great Britain (best navy)

Austria, France, Russia hate Prussia & GB

Fighting extended to North America & India over colonies French & Indian War

Rivalries will continue…

George Washington rose to fame in the F&I War

Collins Type III What was the cause of the Thirty Years

War, the War of Austrian Succession, and the Seven Years War?

What effects did these wars have? FCA 1: Written neatly, in pen FCA 2: Correct Spelling and Capitalization FCA 3: Answer question completely in 2 ¶