european influence 1. russian exploitation 1733-1867 a. enslaved aleut & alutiiq peoples b....

European InfluenceEuropean Influence

1. Russian Exploitation 1733-1867

a. Enslaved Aleut & Alutiiq Peoples

b. Native Populations Declined 80% 1740-1800

c. Main Focus: Furs from Sea Otter later Fur Seal

d. Introduction of Russian Orthodox Christianity

e. Russian Headquarters

1784-1790. Three Saints Bay SE Kodiak Island

1790-1804. Kodiak, Kodiak Island

1804-1867. Sitka, Baranof Island

1. Russian Exploitation 1733-1867

a. Enslaved Aleut & Alutiiq Peoples

b. Native Populations Declined 80% 1740-1800

c. Main Focus: Furs from Sea Otter later Fur Seal

d. Introduction of Russian Orthodox Christianity

e. Russian Headquarters

1784-1790. Three Saints Bay SE Kodiak Island

1790-1804. Kodiak, Kodiak Island

1804-1867. Sitka, Baranof Island

Citadel Watchtower SitkaCitadel Watchtower Sitka

St. Michael’s Church SitkaSt. Michael’s Church Sitka

American Influence IAmerican Influence I

1. US buys Alaska from Russians 1867 586,412 sq. mi. a. Senate Ratifies Treaty April 9, 1867 b. House Finally Appropriates Funds July, 1868 c. Cost: $7,200,000 or 1.9¢ per acre d. Population i. Russians & Mixed Race ~ 2,500 ii. Native Alaskan under Russian Influence ~ 8,000

iii. Native Alaskans Not Under Russians ~ 50,000 iv. Total ~ 60,500 ~ 9.7 sq. miles per person ,

or ~ 0.1 people per sq mile.

1. US buys Alaska from Russians 1867 586,412 sq. mi. a. Senate Ratifies Treaty April 9, 1867 b. House Finally Appropriates Funds July, 1868 c. Cost: $7,200,000 or 1.9¢ per acre d. Population i. Russians & Mixed Race ~ 2,500 ii. Native Alaskan under Russian Influence ~ 8,000

iii. Native Alaskans Not Under Russians ~ 50,000 iv. Total ~ 60,500 ~ 9.7 sq. miles per person ,

or ~ 0.1 people per sq mile.

Salmon & American InfluenceSalmon & American Influence

1. Klawok Salmon Cannery (southeast AK) 1878 Multiple Alaska Canneries by 1892 2. Alaska Packers Association (APA) formed 1892. Political Control in Alaska Until Statehood3. Salmon Traps i. Allow Escapement then Open Traps ii. Caught Almost Every fish - No Extra Escapement iii. Populace Limited to Wage Earner Status iv. Economics Determined Escapement Allowed4. Statehood Approved 1959.

1. Klawok Salmon Cannery (southeast AK) 1878 Multiple Alaska Canneries by 1892 2. Alaska Packers Association (APA) formed 1892. Political Control in Alaska Until Statehood3. Salmon Traps i. Allow Escapement then Open Traps ii. Caught Almost Every fish - No Extra Escapement iii. Populace Limited to Wage Earner Status iv. Economics Determined Escapement Allowed4. Statehood Approved 1959.

Pre-Statehood Salmon Traps IPre-Statehood Salmon Traps I

Pre-Statehood Salmon Traps IIPre-Statehood Salmon Traps II

Pre-Statehood Salmon Traps IIIPre-Statehood Salmon Traps III

Construction Details Salmon TrapConstruction Details Salmon Trap

Salmon Trap Catch ISalmon Trap Catch I

Salmon Trap Catch IISalmon Trap Catch II

Pewing the Salmon CatchPewing the Salmon Catch

Barge Loaded with Trap FishBarge Loaded with Trap Fish

Early Alaskan Salmon Cannery IEarly Alaskan Salmon Cannery I

Early Alaskan Salmon Cannery IIEarly Alaskan Salmon Cannery II

Early Alaskan Salmon Cannery IIIEarly Alaskan Salmon Cannery III

Early Alaskan Salmon Cannery IVEarly Alaskan Salmon Cannery IV

Early Alaskan Salmon Cannery VEarly Alaskan Salmon Cannery V

19th Century Salmon Cannery19th Century Salmon Cannery

Karluk Salmon Cannery IKarluk Salmon Cannery I

Karluk Cannery Kodiak Island

Karluk Salmon Cannery IIKarluk Salmon Cannery II

Karluk Cannery Kodiak Island

Kake Salmon Cannery Kake Salmon Cannery

Ketchikan Salmon Cannery Ketchikan Salmon Cannery

Interior Cannery IInterior Cannery I

Interior Cannery IIInterior Cannery II

Interior Cannery IIIInterior Cannery III

Interior Cannery IVInterior Cannery IV

Interior Cannery VInterior Cannery V

Interior Cannery VIInterior Cannery VI

Interior Cannery Iron ChinkInterior Cannery Iron Chink

Cased Salmon for ExportCased Salmon for Export

Early Canned Salmon LabelsEarly Canned Salmon Labels

19th Century Alaskan Salmon Can19th Century Alaskan Salmon Can

Pre-Statehood Salmon CansPre-Statehood Salmon Cans

Pre-Statehood Salmon CatchPre-Statehood Salmon Catch

Fish Wheel Tanana RiverFish Wheel Tanana River

Fishing Issues at StatehoodFishing Issues at Statehood

1. Salmon Harvests Low - Bad Fed Management

2. Salmon Traps a. Extremely Efficient - Virtually all Fish Caught

b. Insufficient Escapement to Insure Future Runs

c. Traps Owned by Absentee Landlord Canneries

3. New Mobile Technology

a. Invention of Power Block made Seining Realistic

b. Inexpensive Diesels were Robust

1. Salmon Harvests Low - Bad Fed Management

2. Salmon Traps a. Extremely Efficient - Virtually all Fish Caught

b. Insufficient Escapement to Insure Future Runs

c. Traps Owned by Absentee Landlord Canneries

3. New Mobile Technology

a. Invention of Power Block made Seining Realistic

b. Inexpensive Diesels were Robust

Kodiak Salmon SeinerKodiak Salmon Seiner

Powerblock Lifts Seine PursePowerblock Lifts Seine Purse

Powerblock & SeinePowerblock & Seine

Fisheries Management andHarvesting Regulations




Commercial Fish Harvesting in Alaska

1. ~ 2,000,000 mt annually (4.4 billion pounds)

2. Walleye Pollock ~ 1.0 Mmt annually

3. ~ 80 other species - total ~ 1.0 Mmt annually

Commercial Fish Harvesting in Alaska

1. ~ 2,000,000 mt annually (4.4 billion pounds)

2. Walleye Pollock ~ 1.0 Mmt annually

3. ~ 80 other species - total ~ 1.0 Mmt annually



Alaska’s Fisheries Management Controlled by:

1. North Pacific Fisheries Management Council

2. Alaska Department of Fish & Game

3. Alaska Board of Fisheries

4. International Pacific Halibut Commission

Alaska’s Fisheries Management Controlled by:

1. North Pacific Fisheries Management Council

2. Alaska Department of Fish & Game

3. Alaska Board of Fisheries

4. International Pacific Halibut Commission

North Pacific Fisheries ManagementCouncil (NPFMC)


1. Mandated by Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries

Management & Conservation Act 1976.

2. 1 of 8 Regional Fish Management Councils

3. Council, Advisory Panel, SSC & Staff

4. Staff Generate Fisheries Management Plans

(FMP) that must be approved by Secretary of

Commerce

1. Mandated by Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries

Management & Conservation Act 1976.

2. 1 of 8 Regional Fish Management Councils

3. Council, Advisory Panel, SSC & Staff

4. Staff Generate Fisheries Management Plans

(FMP) that must be approved by Secretary of

Commerce



Controls Federal Water Fisheries: 3 mi - 200 mi

Council has 11 Voting, 4 Non-Voting Members Voting: 6 Alaska, 3 WA, 1 OR, 1 Federal.

Nonvoting: USCG, USFWS, PSMFC, US State Dept.

Council: 15 Staff in Anchorage

Works Closely with NMFS (NOAA Fisheries)

Responsibility: Both Management and Allocation

Controls Federal Water Fisheries: 3 mi - 200 mi

Council has 11 Voting, 4 Non-Voting Members Voting: 6 Alaska, 3 WA, 1 OR, 1 Federal.

Nonvoting: USCG, USFWS, PSMFC, US State Dept.

Council: 15 Staff in Anchorage

Works Closely with NMFS (NOAA Fisheries)

Responsibility: Both Management and Allocation

NPFM Council Advisory PanelNPFM Council Advisory Panel

Brings Different Perspectives to Council

Council Appoints Membership Every Year

Size Varies from 20-23 members

Representing All Aspects of Alaskan Fisheries:

Seafood Processing Industry

CDQ Groups & Other Regional Voices

Environmental Interests,

Commercial & Recreational Fishermen

Brings Different Perspectives to Council

Council Appoints Membership Every Year

Size Varies from 20-23 members

Representing All Aspects of Alaskan Fisheries:

Seafood Processing Industry

CDQ Groups & Other Regional Voices

Environmental Interests,

Commercial & Recreational Fishermen

NPFM CouncilScientific & Statistical Committee

NPFM CouncilScientific & Statistical Committee

Membership Appointed by Council Yearly

Composed of Fishery and Other Biologists, Economists,

Sociologists, Anthropologists etc.

Charge: To Recommend Policy to the Council Based on

Best Available Scientific Information.

Also Review: Stock Assessments & Fishery Evaluations

to assess scientific validity of stock assessments,

include: assumptions, methods, results & conclusions

Membership Appointed by Council Yearly

Composed of Fishery and Other Biologists, Economists,

Sociologists, Anthropologists etc.

Charge: To Recommend Policy to the Council Based on

Best Available Scientific Information.

Also Review: Stock Assessments & Fishery Evaluations

to assess scientific validity of stock assessments,

include: assumptions, methods, results & conclusions

NPFMC Fishery Management Plans (FMP)NPFMC Fishery Management Plans (FMP)

1. Bering & Aleutians (BSAI) Groundfish FMP

2. Gulf of Alaska (GOA) Groundfish FMP

3. BSAI King & Tanner Crab FMP

4. Alaska Scallop FMP

5. Federal Waters Salmon FMP

1. Bering & Aleutians (BSAI) Groundfish FMP

2. Gulf of Alaska (GOA) Groundfish FMP

3. BSAI King & Tanner Crab FMP

4. Alaska Scallop FMP

5. Federal Waters Salmon FMP

NPFMC Management ToolsNPFMC Management Tools

1. Set Seasons & Quotas

2. Identify Prohibited Species

3. Rationalization by Vessel Limitation

Bering Sea Crab, American Fisheries Act

4. Rationalization by IFQ eg. Halibut IFQ,

Blackcod IFQ

5. Conservation Measures Other Species

6. Stock Assessments

1. Set Seasons & Quotas

2. Identify Prohibited Species

3. Rationalization by Vessel Limitation

Bering Sea Crab, American Fisheries Act

4. Rationalization by IFQ eg. Halibut IFQ,

Blackcod IFQ

5. Conservation Measures Other Species

6. Stock Assessments

NPFMC Management ToolsNPFMC Management Tools

1. Gear Limitations

2. Closed Areas

3. Allocative Decisions

4. Observer Program

5. Utilization Requirements

6. Recordkeeping & Reporting

Requirements

7. Updating FMPs

1. Gear Limitations

2. Closed Areas

3. Allocative Decisions

4. Observer Program

5. Utilization Requirements

6. Recordkeeping & Reporting

Requirements

7. Updating FMPs

Alaska Department of Fish & GameAlaska Department of Fish & Game

Division of Commercial FisheriesAlaska has authority for salmon, herring,

& shellfish fisheries,

NPFMC has authority for groundfish fisheries,

except those within 3 nm of shore.

ADF&G follows Council FMPs for salmon,

crab & scallops.

Responsibility: Management - No Allocation.

Division of Commercial FisheriesAlaska has authority for salmon, herring,

& shellfish fisheries,

NPFMC has authority for groundfish fisheries,

except those within 3 nm of shore.

ADF&G follows Council FMPs for salmon,

crab & scallops.

Responsibility: Management - No Allocation.

ADF&GADF&G

Mission Statement: To protect, maintain, To protect, maintain, and improve the fish, game, and aquatic and improve the fish, game, and aquatic plant resources of the state, and manage plant resources of the state, and manage their use and development in the best their use and development in the best interest of the economy and the well-being interest of the economy and the well-being of the people of the state, consistent with of the people of the state, consistent with the sustained yield principle.the sustained yield principle.

Mission Statement: To protect, maintain, To protect, maintain, and improve the fish, game, and aquatic and improve the fish, game, and aquatic plant resources of the state, and manage plant resources of the state, and manage their use and development in the best their use and development in the best interest of the economy and the well-being interest of the economy and the well-being of the people of the state, consistent with of the people of the state, consistent with the sustained yield principle.the sustained yield principle.

ADF&GADF&G

1. Manage for the Benefit of All Alaskan Citizens

2. Manage for Sustained Yield

3. Allocative Decisions Referred to Board of Fish

4. Work Closely with Other Agencies

1. Manage for the Benefit of All Alaskan Citizens

2. Manage for Sustained Yield

3. Allocative Decisions Referred to Board of Fish

4. Work Closely with Other Agencies

ADF&G management ToolsADF&G management Tools

1. Use In-season Management1. Use In-season Management

2. Require Limited Entry Permits (Salmon)2. Require Limited Entry Permits (Salmon)

3. Work with Limited Entry Commission3. Work with Limited Entry Commission

4. Set Guideline Harvest Levels4. Set Guideline Harvest Levels

5. Monitor Escapement (Salmon)5. Monitor Escapement (Salmon)

6. Conduct Pertinent Research6. Conduct Pertinent Research

1. Use In-season Management1. Use In-season Management

2. Require Limited Entry Permits (Salmon)2. Require Limited Entry Permits (Salmon)

3. Work with Limited Entry Commission3. Work with Limited Entry Commission

4. Set Guideline Harvest Levels4. Set Guideline Harvest Levels

5. Monitor Escapement (Salmon)5. Monitor Escapement (Salmon)

6. Conduct Pertinent Research6. Conduct Pertinent Research

ADF&G CrabADF&G Crab

1. BSAI Management by ADF&G and NMFS1. BSAI Management by ADF&G and NMFS

2. GOA Management by ADF&G only.2. GOA Management by ADF&G only.

3. Restrictions by Season, Size, Sex, Permit3. Restrictions by Season, Size, Sex, Permit

4. 1/3 to 1/2 all US Crab landed in Alaska4. 1/3 to 1/2 all US Crab landed in Alaska

5. 7 Major Species, 3 King Crab, Tanner, Snow,5. 7 Major Species, 3 King Crab, Tanner, Snow,

Dungeness & Hair Crab.Dungeness & Hair Crab.

1. BSAI Management by ADF&G and NMFS1. BSAI Management by ADF&G and NMFS

2. GOA Management by ADF&G only.2. GOA Management by ADF&G only.

3. Restrictions by Season, Size, Sex, Permit3. Restrictions by Season, Size, Sex, Permit

4. 1/3 to 1/2 all US Crab landed in Alaska4. 1/3 to 1/2 all US Crab landed in Alaska

5. 7 Major Species, 3 King Crab, Tanner, Snow,5. 7 Major Species, 3 King Crab, Tanner, Snow,

Dungeness & Hair Crab.Dungeness & Hair Crab.

ADF&G ScallopsADF&G Scallops

1. Management: 1. Management:

ADF&G Cooperation with NMFMCADF&G Cooperation with NMFMC

2. Weathervane Scallop 2. Weathervane Scallop Patinopecten caurinusPatinopecten caurinus

3. FMP Requires Observers on Board3. FMP Requires Observers on Board

Facilitate Data Gathering Facilitate Data Gathering

Improve Regulatory ComplianceImprove Regulatory Compliance

4. Observers: Effort, Area, Vessel Number4. Observers: Effort, Area, Vessel Number

Observer Coverage, Crab/Halibut Bycatch,Observer Coverage, Crab/Halibut Bycatch,

Discarded and Retained Scallop Catch.Discarded and Retained Scallop Catch.

1. Management: 1. Management:

ADF&G Cooperation with NMFMCADF&G Cooperation with NMFMC

2. Weathervane Scallop 2. Weathervane Scallop Patinopecten caurinusPatinopecten caurinus

3. FMP Requires Observers on Board3. FMP Requires Observers on Board

Facilitate Data Gathering Facilitate Data Gathering

Improve Regulatory ComplianceImprove Regulatory Compliance

4. Observers: Effort, Area, Vessel Number4. Observers: Effort, Area, Vessel Number

Observer Coverage, Crab/Halibut Bycatch,Observer Coverage, Crab/Halibut Bycatch,

Discarded and Retained Scallop Catch.Discarded and Retained Scallop Catch.

Alaska Board of FisheriesAlaska Board of Fisheries

1. Seven Members, Serve 3 Year Terms.1. Seven Members, Serve 3 Year Terms.

2. Governor Appoints, Confirmed by Legislature2. Governor Appoints, Confirmed by Legislature

3. Board Charged with Allocative Decisions3. Board Charged with Allocative Decisions

eg. Dividing Quota Between Gear Typeseg. Dividing Quota Between Gear Types

4. Sets Policy & Direction for Management4. Sets Policy & Direction for Management

1. Seven Members, Serve 3 Year Terms.1. Seven Members, Serve 3 Year Terms.

2. Governor Appoints, Confirmed by Legislature2. Governor Appoints, Confirmed by Legislature

3. Board Charged with Allocative Decisions3. Board Charged with Allocative Decisions

eg. Dividing Quota Between Gear Typeseg. Dividing Quota Between Gear Types

4. Sets Policy & Direction for Management4. Sets Policy & Direction for Management


Alaska Supreme Court Mandated Criteria for Alaska Supreme Court Mandated Criteria for Board of Fisheries Allocative Decisions.Board of Fisheries Allocative Decisions.

a. history of each fisherya. history of each fishery

b. character and number of participantsb. character and number of participants

c. opportunity personal & family consumptionc. opportunity personal & family consumption

d. availability of alternative fisheries resourcesd. availability of alternative fisheries resources

e. importance to state’s economye. importance to state’s economy

f. importance to regional economyf. importance to regional economy

Alaska Supreme Court Mandated Criteria for Alaska Supreme Court Mandated Criteria for Board of Fisheries Allocative Decisions.Board of Fisheries Allocative Decisions.

a. history of each fisherya. history of each fishery

b. character and number of participantsb. character and number of participants

c. opportunity personal & family consumptionc. opportunity personal & family consumption

d. availability of alternative fisheries resourcesd. availability of alternative fisheries resources

e. importance to state’s economye. importance to state’s economy

f. importance to regional economyf. importance to regional economy


The board uses the biological and socio-economic information provided by ADF&G, public comment received from inside and outside the state, as well as guidance from the Alaska Department of Public Safety and the Alaska Department of Law when creating regulations that are sound and enforceable.

The board uses the biological and socio-economic information provided by ADF&G, public comment received from inside and outside the state, as well as guidance from the Alaska Department of Public Safety and the Alaska Department of Law when creating regulations that are sound and enforceable.

european influence 1. russian exploitation 1733-1867 a. enslaved aleut & alutiiq peoples b....

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