BEGINNINGS TO 1763

THEMES OF AMERICAN HISTORY xxviiiSTUDENT GUIDE TO THE CALIFORNIA STATE STANDARDS xxxSTRATEGIES FOR TAKING TESTS S1

Part 1: Strategies for Studying History S2Part 2: Test-Taking Strategies and Practice S6

WORLD ATLAS A1

GEOGRAPHY HANDBOOK The Landscape of America 2Themes of Geography 4Map Basics 6Physical Geography of the United States 10Human Geography of the United States 16

CHAPTER Beginnings–1500

The World in 1500 24INTERACT WITH HISTORY What happens when different societies meet? 25

1 Crossing to the Americas 27TECHNOLOGY OF THE TIME The Mound Builders 30

2 Societies of North America 32

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCE The Iroquois Great Law of Peace 38

3 Societies of West Africa 394 Societies of Europe 445 Early European Explorers 49

HISTORY WORKSHOP Create and Decode a Pictograph 56

CHAPTER 1492 –1700

European Exploration of the Americas 58INTERACT WITH HISTORY Would you join a voyage of exploration? 59

1 Spain Claims an Empire 61ECONOMICS IN HISTORY Mercantilism 62

2 European Competition in North America 673 The Spanish and Native Americans 714 Beginnings of Slavery in the Americas 76

1

2

viii

ix

CHAPTER 1585–1732

The English Establish 13 Colonies 82INTERACT WITH HISTORY What dangers would you face as a settler? 83

1 Early Colonies Have Mixed Success 85INTERDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE Report from the New World 90

2 New England Colonies 92

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCES The Mayflower Compact/The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 98

3 Founding the Middle and Southern Colonies 100

CHAPTER 1700 –1753

The Colonies Develop 106INTERACT WITH HISTORY Would you settle on a farm or in a town? 107

1 New England: Commerce and Religion 1092 The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities 1143 The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery 119

GEOGRAPHY IN HISTORY Differences Among the Colonies 1244 The Backcountry 126

CHAPTER 1689–1763

Beginnings of an American Identity 132INTERACT WITH HISTORY What do you have in common

with other British colonists? 133

1 Early American Culture 1352 Roots of Representative Government 141

CITIZENSHIP TODAY The Importance of Juries 1423 The French and Indian War 146

WRITING ABOUT HISTORY Biographical Narratives 153A

3

4

5

Pontiac

x

1763 – 1791

CHAPTER 1763 –1776

The Road to Revolution 156INTERACT WITH HISTORY Would you join the protest? 157

1 Tighter British Control 1592 Colonial Resistance Grows 163

INTERDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE

Fight for Representative Government! 1683 The Road to Lexington and Concord 170

LITERATURE CONNECTIONS Johnny Tremain 1744 Declaring Independence 176

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCE The Declaration of Independence 182

HISTORY WORKSHOP Raise the Liberty Pole 188

CHAPTER 1776 –1783

The American Revolution 190INTERACT WITH HISTORY What would you sacrifice to win freedom? 191

1 The Early Years of the War 193CITIZENSHIP TODAY Exercising Free Speech 198

2 The War Expands 2003 The Path to Victory 206

TECHNOLOGY OF THE TIME Artillery of the Revolution 2084 The Legacy of the War 211

ECONOMICS IN HISTORY Free Enterprise 214

6

7

George Washington

xi

CHAPTER 1776 –1791

Confederation to Constitution 218INTERACT WITH HISTORY How do you form a government? 219

1 The Confederation Era 221GEOGRAPHY IN HISTORY The Northwest Territory 226

2 Creating the Constitution 2283 Ratifying the Constitution 234

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCES The Federalist, “Number 51”/Objections to the Constitution 238

CONSTITUTION HANDBOOK The Living Constitution 242Seven Principles of the Constitution 244

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCE

The Constitution of the United States 248

CITIZENSHIP HANDBOOK 280The Role of the Citizen 280Building Citizenship Skills 284Practicing Citizenship Skills 287

WRITING ABOUT HISTORY Response to Literature 287A

8

CHAPTER 1789 –1800

Launching a New Republic 290INTERACT WITH HISTORY What kind of person would you

choose to help you govern? 291

1 Washington’s Presidency 293ECONOMICS IN HISTORY How Banks Work 296

2 Challenges to the New Government 298CITIZENSHIP TODAY Obeying Rules and Laws 300

3 The Federalists in Charge 303

CHAPTER 1800 –1816

The Jefferson Era 310INTERACT WITH HISTORY What dangers will you face

on an expedition west? 311

1 Jefferson Takes Office 3132 The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration 318

GEOGRAPHY IN HISTORY Native Americans on the Explorers’ Route 324

3 Problems with Foreign Powers 3264 The War of 1812 330

HISTORY WORKSHOP Making Explorers’ Field Notes 336

CHAPTER 1800 –1844

National and Regional Growth 338INTERACT WITH HISTORY How will new inventions

change your country? 339

1 Early Industry and Inventions 341INTERDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE Run a Mill Town 346

2 Plantations and Slavery Spread 3483 Nationalism and Sectionalism 354

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCE James Monroe, The Monroe Doctrine 360

WRITING ABOUT HISTORY Research Reports 363A

xii

9

10

11

1789 – 1844

Image not available foruse on this CD-ROM.Please refer to theimage in the textbook.

CHAPTER 1824 –1840

The Age of Jackson 366INTERACT WITH HISTORY What qualities do you

think make a strong leader? 367

1 Politics of the People 369CITIZENSHIP TODAY Exercising the Vote 372

2 Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans 3743 Conflicts over States’ Rights 379

ECONOMICS IN HISTORY How Tariffs Work 3804 Prosperity and Panic 384

CHAPTER 1810–1853

Manifest Destiny 390INTERACT WITH HISTORY What might you gain

and lose by going west? 391

1 Trails West 393INTERDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE Survive the Oregon Trail! 398

2 The Texas Revolution 4003 The War with Mexico 4064 The California Gold Rush 412

TECHNOLOGY OF THE TIME Surface Mining 415

CHAPTER 1820–1860

A New Spirit of Change 420INTERACT WITH HISTORY What reforms do you think will

most benefit American society? 421

1 The Hopes of Immigrants 423CITIZENSHIP TODAY Becoming a Citizen 427

2 American Literature and Art 4293 Reforming American Society 433

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCE Dorothea Dix, Report to the Massachusetts Legislature 438

4 Abolition and Women’s Rights 440GEOGRAPHY IN HISTORY The Underground Railroad 446HISTORY WORKSHOP Pack Your Trunk 450

WRITING ABOUT HISTORY Persuasive Writing 451A

1810 – 1860

12

13

14 California gold miner

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper

CHAPTER 1846 –1861

The Nation Breaking Apart 454INTERACT WITH HISTORY How would you keep the nation together? 455

1 Growing Tensions Between North and South 457ECONOMICS IN HISTORY Trade 458

2 The Crisis Deepens 4623 Slavery Dominates Politics 466

CITIZENSHIP TODAY Debating Points of View 4694 Lincoln’s Election and Southern Secession 471

CHAPTER 1861 – 1862

The Civil War Begins 478INTERACT WITH HISTORY How might a civil war be

worse than other wars? 479

1 War Erupts 481LITERATURE CONNECTIONS Across Five Aprils 486

2 Life in the Army 488TECHNOLOGY OF THE TIME Ironclads 492

3 No End in Sight 493

CHAPTER 1863 –1865

The Tide of War Turns 500INTERACT WITH HISTORY What would inspire you to keep fighting? 501

1 The Emancipation Proclamation 5032 War Affects Society 5073 The North Wins 512

GEOGRAPHY IN HISTORY Battle of Gettysburg 5144 The Legacy of the War 520

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCES Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address (1863)/Second Inaugural Address (1865) 524

HISTORY WORKSHOP Create a Medal of Honor 528

CHAPTER 1865 –1877

Reconstruction 530INTERACT WITH HISTORY How would you rebuild the Union? 531

1 Rebuilding the Union 533INTERDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE Rebuilding Richmond 538

2 Reconstruction and Daily Life 5403 End of Reconstruction 545

WRITING ABOUT HISTORY Business Writing 551A

xiv

17

18

16

15

1846 – 1877

Abraham Lincoln

xv

CHAPTER 1860 –1900

Growth in the West 554INTERACT WITH HISTORY How might your life change

in the West? 555

1 Miners, Ranchers, and Cowhands 5572 Native Americans Fight to Survive 5623 Life in the West 568

INTERDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE Stage a Wild West Show! 5724 Farming and Populism 574

ECONOMICS IN HISTORY Supply and Demand 576

CHAPTER 1860–1914

An Industrial Society 582INTERACT WITH HISTORY Would you join the strike?

Why or why not? 583

1 The Growth of Industry 5852 Railroads Transform the Nation 5903 The Rise of Big Business 594

GEOGRAPHY IN HISTORY Industry in the Midwest 5984 Workers Organize 600

CHAPTER 1880–1914

Changes in American Life 606INTERACT WITH HISTORY How will you make a home

in your new country? 607

1 Cities Grow and Change 609CITIZENSHIP TODAY Community Service 612

2 The New Immigrants 614LITERATURE CONNECTIONS Dragonwings 618

3 Segregation and Discrimination 620

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCES Ida B. Wells, Crusade for Justice /Kee Low, Like Country Pretty Much 624

4 Society and Mass Culture 626HISTORY WORKSHOP Create an Exhibit 632

WRITING ABOUT HISTORY Technical Writing 633A

1860 – 1914

19

20

21

CHAPTER 1890 –1920

The Progressive Era 636INTERACT WITH HISTORY How would you solve

one of these problems? 637

1 Roosevelt and Progressivism 639GEOGRAPHY IN HISTORY The National Parks Movement 644

2 Taft and Wilson as Progressives 646ECONOMICS IN HISTORY Types of Taxes 647

3 Women Win New Rights 650

CHAPTER 1880 –1917

Becoming a World Power 656INTERACT WITH HISTORY When should you get involved in

the affairs of another country? 657

1 The United States Continues to Expand 6592 The Spanish-American War 662

CITIZENSHIP TODAY Detecting Bias in the Media 6643 U.S. Involvement Overseas 668

TECHNOLOGY OF THE TIME How the Panama Canal Works 671

CHAPTER 1914 –1920

World War I 676INTERACT WITH HISTORY How will you support the war effort? 677

1 War Breaks Out in Europe 679INTERDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE Survive Trench Warfare 684

2 America Joins the Fight 6863 Life on the Home Front 6914 The Legacy of World War I 695

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCE

Woodrow Wilson, The Fourteen Points 699

HISTORY WORKSHOP Campaign for Liberty Bonds 702

xvi

1880 – PRESENT

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24

22

Queen Liliuokalani

xvii

CHAPTER EPILOGUE 1919 – PRESENT

The United States Since 1919 704INTERACT WITH HISTORY How do you think the 21st century

will differ from the 20th century? 705

1 Prosperity and the Great Depression 7072 The Rise of Dictators and World War II 7123 The Cold War 7174 Life in America Since 1945 722

INTERDISCIPLINARY CHALLENGE Protecting the Environment 728

WRITING ABOUT HISTORY Research Reports 731A

SPECIAL REPORT: Terrorism and the War in Iraq 732

HISTORIC DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT 738

REFERENCE SECTION

Buzz Aldrin

25

Skillbuilder Handbook R1Facts About the States R34Presidents of the U.S. R36Gazetteer R39

Glossary R43Spanish Glossary R57Index of Content and Skills R71Acknowledgments R95

from Johnny Tremain by Esther Forbes 174from Across Five Aprils by Irene Hunt 486

from Dragonwings by Laurence Yep 618

Create and Decode a Pictograph 56Raise the Liberty Pole 188Making Explorers’ Field Notes 336Pack Your Trunk 450

Create a Medal of Honor 528Create an Exhibit 632Campaign for Liberty Bonds 702

The Iroquois Great Law of Peace 38The Mayflower Compact 98The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 98The Declaration of Independence 182The Federalist, Number 51, James Madison 238Objections to the Constitution, George Mason 239The Constitution of the United States 248

Report to the Massachusetts Legislature, Dorothea Dix 438

The Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln 524Second Inaugural Address, Abraham Lincoln 525Crusade for Justice, Ida B. Wells 624Like Country Pretty Much, Kee Low 625The Fourteen Points, Woodrow Wilson 699

The Mound Builders 30Artillery of the Revolution 208Surface Mining 415

Ironclads 492How the Panama Canal Works 671

Differences Among the Colonies 124The Northwest Territory 226Native Americans on the Explorers’ Route 324The Underground Railroad 446

Battle of Gettysburg 514Industry in the Midwest 598The National Parks Movement 644

Report from the New World 90Fight for Representative Government! 168Run a Mill Town 346Survive the Oregon Trail! 398

Rebuilding Richmond 538Stage a Wild West Show! 572Survive Trench Warfare 684Protecting the Environment 728

xviii

Interdisciplinary CHALLENGE

GEOGRAPHY in HISTORY

Technology OF THE Time

Literature Connections

HISTORY WORKSHOP

INTERACTIVE PRIMARY SOURCES

The Monroe Doctrine, James Monroe 360

xix

Kachina Dances 35Names and Occupations 116The School of Manners 138Women and Protest 164Camp Life in Winter 202Spirituals 351Dinner on the Trail 396

Immigrant Culture 426Drill Sessions 489Inflation in the South 509Life of a Cowhand: The Roundup 560Railroad Camps 591The “Television War” 719

The Importance of Juries 142Exercising Free Speech 198Obeying Rules and Laws 300Exercising the Vote 372

Becoming a Citizen 427Debating Points of View 469Community Service 612Detecting Bias in the Media 664

Deganawida 37Christopher Columbus 50Hernando Cortés 64Montezuma 64Pocahontas 88William Byrd II 121Benjamin Franklin 140Samuel Adams 166John Adams 166Thomas Jefferson 181George Washington 194John Paul Jones 205James Madison 230Alexander Hamilton 295John Marshall 316Meriwether Lewis 321

William Clark 321Nat Turner 353John Quincy Adams 370Andrew Jackson 370Jim Beckwourth 394Juan Seguín 404Sam Houston 404Horace Mann 436Dorothea Dix 436Frederick Douglass 441Elizabeth Cady Stanton 444Stephen A. Douglas 461Abraham Lincoln 482Jefferson Davis 496Clara Barton 510Ulysses S. Grant 516

Robert E. Lee 516Andrew Johnson 534William Jennings Bryan 578John D. Rockefeller 595Andrew Carnegie 595Jane Addams 613W. E. B. Du Bois 622Theodore Roosevelt 643Queen Liliuokalani 661Luis Muñoz Rivera 667Woodrow Wilson 696Franklin Delano Roosevelt 711Dwight D. Eisenhower 716Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 723

Mercantilism 62Free Enterprise 214How Banks Work 296How Tariffs Work 380

Trade 458Supply and Demand 576Types of Taxes 647

St. Augustine 68The First Thanksgiving 94The Log Cabin 101Acadians to Cajuns 149The First Flag 199Independence Hall 229Religious Freedom 237Washington, D.C., and Benjamin Banneker 305

Freedom of the Press 307The Star-Spangled Banner 332Political Parties 386Remember the Alamo! 402The Gettysburg Address 513Black Colleges 541Ragtime 629

CITIZENSHIP TODAY

Economics in History

America’s HERITAGE

daily life

A M E R I C A’ S HISTORY MAKERS

xx

Pepper Millionaires 45Blackbeard the Pirate 112The First Combat Submarine 204Hamilton-Burr Duel 314Adams and Jefferson 371Santa Anna’s Lost Leg 409

Gifts on Poe’s Grave 432Preston Brooks’s Cane 465Deadlier Than Bullets 490Wilmer McLean 519Fence-Cutting Wars 561From President to Chief Justice 648

Literature: Phillis Wheatley 178World History: Eyewitness to Revolution 301World History: Toussaint L’Ouverture 319Literature: “Civil Disobedience” 431World History: Expanding Slavery 459Math: Costs of the Civil War 521Literature: Walt Whitman 522Literature: Laura Ingalls Wilder 571

Science: Sod Houses 575Science: Iron vs. Steel 587Science: American Inventors, 1870–1900 588Art and Music: Railroad Heroes 593Literature: Women Outside the Home 651Literature: Literature of World War I 689Math: Military Deaths in World War I 690

African Heritage 42Native American View

of Columbus 52Killer Bees 75The Lumbee and the

Lost Colonists 86Backcountry Sports Today 128Patriots’ Day 173Battle Tactics 207

Preserving the Constitution 233The President’s Cabinet 294The Supreme Court Today 317Cherokee People Today 375Mexican Land Rights 411Levi’s Blue Jeans 414Third-Party Candidates 467African Americans in

the Military 506

African Americans in Congress 546The West in Popular Culture 571Modern Benefits Won by Unions 603Late 20th-Century Immigration 617Big Business and Competition 640Globo Cop? 673The Flu Epidemic 694U.S.S. Arizona Memorial 714

School of Athens by Raphael 47Sugar: the greatest gift of the Old World to

the New by Theodore de Bry 73The Trial of George Jacobs, August 5, 1692

by T. H. Matteson 97An Overseer Doing His Duty by Benjamin

Henry Latrobe 122Interior of an 18th-century one-room

schoolhouse (anonymous drawing) 137The Declaration of Independence, 4 July

1776 by John Trumbull 180Signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 by

Benjamin West 212Late 18th-century engraving of the

Hamilton campaign 236Cinque-Têtes, or the Paris Monster: Political

cartoon of 1798 on the XYZ Affair 306

The Trail of Tears by Robert Lindneux 377The Battle of the Alamo by Frederick C. Yohn 403White Swallow (advertisement) 413Kindred Spirits by Asher Durand 430The Tragic Prelude by John Steuart Curry 470Photograph by Mathew Brady 518His First Vote by Thomas Waterman Wood 536Custer’s Last Stand by Edgar S. Paxson 564Detail of Going to the Opera—Family Portrait

by Seymour Guy 596Room in a Tenement Flat by Jessie Tarbox Beals 596Photograph by Lewis Hine 611Roosevelt and the Rough Riders 666The Migration of the Negro by Jacob Lawrence 693Construction of the Dam by William Gropper 710

HISTORY through ART

Now and then

Connections TO

STRANGE but True

Chapter 1Solveig Turpin, quoted in In Search of Ancient

North America 27Rebecca González, quoted in “New Light

on the Olmec,” National Geographic 29Dr. George MacDonald, at Bill Reid’s memorial

service, March 24, 1998 32Navajo Blessing Way, quoted in America in 1492 33al-Bakri, quoted in The Horizon History of Africa 39Olfert Dapper, quoted in Centuries of Greatness 43Christopher Columbus, letter to King Ferdinand and

Queen Isabella 51Christopher Columbus, quoted in Columbus and

the Age of Discovery 52

Chapter 2Antonio Pigafetta, quoted in The Discoverers 63Aztec poet, quoted in Seeds of Change 65Henry Hudson, quoted in Discoverers of America 67Huamán Poma, Letter to a King 71Bernardino de Sahagún, quoted in Seeds of Change 75Olaudah Equiano, quoted in Great Slave Narratives 78

Chapter 3John White, The New World 85William Bradford, quoted in The Pilgrim Reader 92John Winthrop, “Model of Christian Charity” 94Peter Stuyvesant, quoted in Peter Stuyvesant

and His New York 100

Chapter 4Peleg Folger, quoted in The Sea-Hunters 109An observer in 1713, quoted in A History

of American Life 113Elizabeth Ashbridge, Some Account . . . of the

Life of Elizabeth Ashbridge 114Peter Kalm, quoted in America at 1750 116George Mason, quoted in Common Landscape

of America 119Edward Kimber, quoted in White over Black 123John Fontaine, quoted in Colonial Virginia 126A visitor to the Backcountry, quoted in A History

of American Life 128

Chapter 5Sarah Kemble Knight, The Journal of Madam

Knight 135Jonathan Edwards, “Sinners in the Hands of

an Angry God” 139Increase Mather, quoted in The Last American

Puritan 141Magna Carta, translated in A Documentary

History of England 142New-York Weekly Journal, quoted in

Colonial America, 1607–1763 145George Washington, “Journey to the French

Commandant” 148Major General Jeffrey Amherst, quoted in

The Conspiracy of Pontiac 151

Chapter 6James Otis, Jr., quoted in James Otis: The Pre-

Revolutionist by J. C. Ridpath 159William Pitt, quoted in Patriots by A. J. Langguth 162John Dickinson, quoted in A New Age Now

Begins by Page Smith 164George Hewes, quoted in A Retrospect

of the Boston Tea-Party 167Patrick Henry, quoted in Patriots by A. J. Langguth 172Abigail Adams, quoted in Abigail Adams:

Witness to a Revolution by Natalie S. Bober 176Thomas Paine, Common Sense 179Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration

of Independence 181

Chapter 7Thomas Paine, The American Crisis 196Benjamin Franklin, letter to his daughter Sally 200Marquis de Lafayette, quoted in Valley Forge:

Pinnacle of Courage 202James P. Collins, quoted in The Spirit of Seventy-Six 209Joseph Plumb Martin, quoted in

The Revolutionaries 211Elizabeth Freeman, quoted in Notable Black

American Women 215

xxi

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

These, with the pictures, busts [sculptures of the head and shoulders],and prints (of which copies upon copies are spread everywhere), havemade your father’s face as well known as that of the moon.

Benjamin Franklin,letter to his daughter Sally

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

The land is the finest forcultivation that I ever in my life set foot upon, and it alsoabounds in trees of everydescription.

Henry Hudson, quoted inDiscoverers of America

xxii

Chapter 8Felix Walker, quoted in The Life and Adventures

of Daniel Boone 221Edmund Randolph, quoted in Edmund Randolph:

A Biography 228James Madison, The Federalist “Number 51” 230John Dickinson, quoted in Mr. Madison’s

Constitution 231Samuel Huntington, quoted in Original Meanings 234Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist “Number 1” 235

Chapter 9Charles Thomson, quoted in Washington’s Papers,

Library of Congress 293Little Turtle, quoted in The Life and Times

of Little Turtle 298Alexander Hamilton, The Works of Alexander

Hamilton 301George Washington, Farewell Address 303

Chapter 10James Callender, quoted in American Aurora 313Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address 315Meriwether Lewis, quoted in Undaunted Courage 322Stephen Decatur, 1816 326Tecumseh, quoted in Tecumseh and the Quest

for Indian Leadership 328Dolley Madison, from a letter sent to her sister 330Francis Scott Key, The Star-Spangled Banner 332

Chapter 11“Letters from Susan,” quoted in the Lowell

Offering 342Robert Fulton, quoted in Robert Fulton and the

“Clermont” 344Catherine Beale, quoted in Slave Testimony 348

Wes Brady, quoted in Remembering Slavery 351Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of

Frederick Douglass 352Nat Turner, quoted in Nat Turner by Terry Bisson 353Henry Clay, quoted in The Annals of America 354Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland

(1819) 356John Quincy Adams, speech before House of

Representatives, July 4, 1821 359

Chapter 12Margaret Bayard Smith, The First Forty Years of

Washington Society 369Daniel Webster, Correspondence 372Anonymous traveler, quoted in the Advocate 374John G. Burnett, quoted in The Native Americans,

edited by Betty and Ian Ballantine 377John C. Calhoun, quoted in John C. Calhoun:

American Portrait by Margaret L. Coit 379Daniel Webster, a speech in the U.S. Senate,

January 26, 1830 382Nicholas Biddle, from a letter to Henry Clay,

August 1, 1832 384Andrew Jackson, veto message, July 10, 1832 385

Chapter 13Jim Clyman, quoted in The West by

Geoffrey C. Ward 393Catherine Sager, quoted in The West by

Geoffrey C. Ward 396William Travis, “To the People of Texas and all

the Americans in the World” 403John O’Sullivan, United States Magazine and

Democratic Review 407Frederick Douglass, The North Star,

January 21, 1848 409Marching Song 409Louise Clappe, quoted in Frontier Women 414

Chapter 14Gjert Hovland, letter to Torjuls Maeland,

April 22, 1835 423Charles Dickens, quoted in To Seek America 426Washington Irving, “Rip Van Winkle” 429Henry David Thoreau, Walden 431Anne Newport Royall, Letters from Alabama 433Harriet Hanson, quoted in A People’s History of

the United States 434Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, “The Slave Mother” 440Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments and

Resolutions, 1848 444Sojourner Truth, quoted by Marius Robinson,

convention secretary 445

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

I do not recollect of[remember] ever seeing mymother by the light of day.She was with me in thenight. She would lie downwith me, and get me tosleep, but long before Iwaked she was gone.Frederick Douglass,Narrative of the Life ofFrederick Douglass

xxiii

Chapter 15Alexis de Tocqueville, Journey to America 457Daniel Webster, quoted in The Annals of America 461Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin 463Detroit Tribune, quoted in The Origins of the

Republican Party 466Abraham Lincoln, Springfield, Illinois,

June 16, 1858 468Murat Halstead, Caucuses of 1860 471Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address 475

Chapter 16Emma Holmes, The Diary of Emma

Holmes 1861–1866 481Major Peter Vredenburgh, Jr., quoted in Upon

the Tented Field 488William Keesy, quoted in The Civil War

Infantryman 490General George McClellan, quoted in Civil War

Journal: The Leaders 493John B. Gordon, quoted in Voices of the Civil War 497

Chapter 17Frederick Douglass, quoted in Battle Cry

of Freedom 503Abraham Lincoln, from the Emancipation

Proclamation 504Agnes, quoted in Reminiscences of Peace and War 507Union officer, quoted in The Civil War 510Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, quoted in

The Civil War 512Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs 519Booker T. Washington, quoted in his

autobiography, Up from Slavery 521Walt Whitman, This Dust Was Once the Man 522

Chapter 18George Julian, quoted in Grand Inquests 537Mill and Jule, quoted in We Are Your Sisters 540Bayley Wyat, quoted in Reconstruction:

America’s Unfinished Revolution 542Robert B. Elliott, quoted in The Glorious Failure 545Joseph Rainey, quoted in The Trouble They Seen 546

Chapter 19Nat Love, The Life and Adventures of Nat Love 557Mark Twain, Roughing It 558Buffalo Bird Woman, quoted in Native American

Testimony, edited by Peter Nabokov 562Abigail Scott Duniway, in her autobiography,

Path Breaking 568Olaf Olsson, quoted in The Swedish Americans

by Allyson McGill 574William Jennings Bryan, Democratic Convention

speech, July 8, 1896 578Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the

American Frontier” 579

Chapter 20Thomas Edison, quoted in Edison by

Matthew Josephson 587Maxine Hong Kingston, China Men 590John Rodgers, quoted in Passage to Union 592

T. Thomas Fortune, testimony to a Senate committee, 1883 597

Mary Harris Jones, Autobiography of Mother Jones 600A railroad worker, quoted in the Philadelphia

Inquirer, July 23, 1877 601

Chapter 21Carl Jensen, quoted in A Sunday between Wars 609Edward Corsi, In the Shadow of Liberty 614Sarah L. Delany and A. Elizabeth Delany,

Having Our Say 620W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk 622Mary Ellen Chase, quoted in The Good Old

Days—They Were Terrible! 626

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

The red coat was changed for one of blue and buff, a sword was held in the hand instead of a sceptre [staff of authority], the head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was painted in large characters, GENERAL WASHINGTON.

Washington Irving,“Rip Van Winkle”

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

From the time of the Chicago fire Ibecame more and more engrossed[interested] in the labor struggle and Idecided to take an active part in theefforts of the working people tobetter the conditions under whichthey worked and lived.

Mary Harris Jones,Autobiography of Mother Jones

xxiv

Chapter 22Nellie Bly, quoted in Nellie Bly: Daredevil,

Reporter, Feminist 639Theodore Roosevelt, speech on April 5, 1905 641Theodore Roosevelt, quoted in Yellowstone 643Eugene V. Debs, quoted in The Annals of America 646Lillian Wald, quoted in Always a Sister 650Jane Addams, quoted in Women and

the American Experience 651

Chapter 23A. T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power

upon History, 1660–1805 659José Martí, quoted in José Martí, Mentor

of the Cuban Nation 662From the Platform of the American

Anti-Imperialist League 667Commodore Matthew Perry, Personal Journal 668Theodore Roosevelt, from a letter sent to his son 670

Chapter 24Woodrow Wilson, message to Congress,

April 2, 1917 683Eddie Rickenbacker, Fighting the Flying Circus 686William John Mason, quoted in The Lost

Generation of 1914 690Carrie Fearing, quoted in Women, War, and Work 691Oliver Wendell Holmes, Schenck v. United States,

1919 693Henry Cabot Lodge, speech to the Senate,

February 28, 1919 695Woodrow Wilson, speech in Pueblo, Colorado,

on September 25, 1919 696

Chapter 25 EpilogueLouis Armstrong, quoted in Louis: The Louis

Armstrong Story by Sandford Brown 707Franklin D. Roosevelt, Inaugural Address, March 4,

1933 710Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union speech,

January 6, 1941 714George C. Marshall, speech at Harvard University,

June 5, 1947 717Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., from “I Have a Dream” 723

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

I have a dream that my fourlittle children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,“I Have a Dream,” August 28, 1963

A VOICE FROM THE PAST

[I was determined] to adopt an entirely contrary plan of proceedings from that of all others who had . . . visited Japan on the same errand.

Commodore Matthew Perry,Personal Journal

xxv

Rand McNally AtlasHuman Emergence on Earth A2–A3World: Political A4–A5World: Physical A6–A7North America: Physical A8South America: Physical A9Africa: Physical A10Australia and Oceania A11Europe: Physical A12–A13Asia: Physical A14–A15Mexico, Central America,

and the Caribbean: Political A16–A17

Native America A18–A19United States: Political A20–A21United States: Physical A22–A23U.S. Outlying Areas A24–A25North America 1783 A26The United States 1775–1800 A27U.S. Territorial Expansion A28–A29Slavery in the United States

1820–1860 A30Secession 1860–1861 A31Western Frontiers 1860–1890 A32The Civil War A33U.S. Industries 1920 A34The Great Depression

1929–1939 A35Immigration 1820–1870 A36Immigration 1880–1920 A36Immigration 1960s–1990s A36Immigration’s Impact 1910 A37African American Migration

1940–1970 A38U.S. Population Density A39

Geography HandbookRegions of the United States 2–3The Town of Boston, 1722 4The War of 1812 7Maps of Hemispheres 8Maps of Projections 9Land and Resources 11Climate 12Destruction of Original Forests 17Americans on the Move, 1970s 18Major League Sports in

Southeast Cities 20California: Cross section at 38° N 21

Unit 1Early Migration to the Americas 28North America, 1500 33West African Empires, 800–1500 40Exploration Leads to New Sea

Routes, 1487–1504 51Columbus’s First Voyage, 1492 55European Exploration of the

Americas, 1500–1550 63Hudson’s Voyages 67Spain’s American Empire, 1700 72The Columbian Exchange 74Early English Settlements,

1585–1607 87

New England Settlements,1620–1636 95

The 13 English Colonies, 1732 102The New England Colonies,

1750 110Triangular Trade, 1750 111The Middle Colonies, 1750 115The Southern Colonies, 1750 120Differences Among the Colonies 125Backcountry, 1750 127Claims in North America, 1750 131French and Indian War,

1754–1763 148European Claims in North America,

1754 and after 1763 150French Explorers on

the Mississippi 153

Unit 2The Revolution Begins, 1775 172United States and Britain, 1776 187War in the Middle States,

1776–1777 195War in the North, 1777 197War on the Frontier, 1778 203War in the South, 1778–1781 209Postwar Boundaries, 1783 213Battle of Yorktown, 1781 217Western Land Claims, 1781 223The Land Ordinance of 1785 226Ratification in Middle States,

1790 241Electoral College (1990 Census) 256

Unit 3The Trans-Appalachian West,

1791–1795 299Plan for Washington, D.C. 305United States, 1800 to 1816 312The Louisiana Purchase and

Explorations, 1804–1807 320Native Americans on the

Explorers’ Route 325The War of 1812 331The Cotton Kingdom, 1840 350Major Canals, 1840 355U.S. Boundary Settlements,

1818 and 1819 357The Missouri Compromise,

1820–1821 358Independence in Latin

America, 1830 363

Unit 4Removal of Native Americans,

1820–1840 376Trails West, 1850 395The Oregon Trail 398Coahuila and Texas 401The Texas Revolution, 1836 405Oregon, 1846 407The War with Mexico,

1846–1847 408Growth of the United States,

1783–1853 410Settlement of Texas 419

Immigration and Settlement,1820–1860 425

The Underground Railroad 447

Unit 5Free and Slave States and

Territories, 1820–1854 464The Election of 1860 473Secession, 1861 477The States Choose Sides, 1861 483The Civil War, 1861–1862 494Anaconda Plan, 1861 499Battle of Gettysburg 514–515The Civil War, 1863–1865 517Siege of Vicksburg, 1863 527Election of 1876 551

Unit 6The Western Frontier,

1850–1890 558Native American Lands in

the West, 1850–1890 563Western Cattle Trails 581Railroads of the

Transcontinental Era,1865–1900 592

Industry in the Midwest 598

Unit 7The National Parks Today 645Woman Suffrage, 1919 652Alaska, 1867 & Hawaii, 1898 660The Spanish-American War:

War in the Philippines 665The Spanish-American War:

War in the Caribbean 665Imperialism in Asia, 1900 669Panama Canal 670U.S. in Latin America,

1898–1917 672A Divided Europe,

Summer 1914 680The Western Front, 1914–1918 688Postwar Europe, 1919 697Great Migration, 1910–1920 701

EpilogueWorld War II in Europe and

Asia, 1942–1945 715Cold War Hot Spots,

1945–1990 731

Special Report: Terrorismand the War in Iraq

Flight Path of the Hijacked Airliners, September 11, 2001 732

xxvi

ChartsCause and Effect: Causes of Exploration 48Slaves Imported to the Americas, 1601–1810 81Cause and Effect: King Philip’s War, 1675–1676 96Colonial Social Ranks 136Colonial Government 144Cause and Effect: Growing Conflict

Between Britain and America 171U.S. Government, 1776–1787 224The Great Compromise 232Federalists and Antifederalists 235Federalism 245Goals of the Preamble 248Federal Office Terms and Requirements 250Federalism 262Process for Amending the Constitution 263The Five Freedoms 266Reconstruction Amendments 271Responsibilities of a Citizen 283The First Political Parties 304Financial Problems, 1789–1791 309Effects: Exploration of the West, 1804–1807 323Causes of the War of 1812 329The Effects of the War 333Cause and Effect: U.S. Expansion, 1846–1853 416Free African Americans in the North and South 442Resources, 1860 484

Cause and Effect: The Civil War, 1861–1865 523Reconstruction: Civil Rights Amendments and Laws 549Population of Western Cities 569The Business Cycle 586Growth of Cities, 1880–1910 631The Progressive Amendments, 1909–1920 653Effects of World War I on Europe 697Cause and Effect: The Cold War, 1945–1991 720The American People 727Terrorism: A Global Problem 734

Impressment of U.S. Citizens

Interference with American

shipping

British supportof Native-Americanresistance

Causes of the War of 1812

CONNECTIONS TO MATH

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

AmericansHessiansBritish

Nu

mb

er

of

death

s*

Military Deaths in the American Revolution

American Deaths

Sources: World Book Encyclopedia; An Outline History of the American Revolution

* These figures are estimates.No figures available for French deaths.

10,000 died in camp(of starvation, exposure, or disease)

8,500 died in British prisons

7,200 died in battle

GraphsSlaves Imported to the Americas, 1493–1810 77Population of the Colonies 105The Middle Colonies, 1750 117U.S. Slave Population 120Choosing Sides 193Military Deaths in the American Revolution 213Foreign Trade, 1800–1812 335Voter Participation, 1824 & 1828 Elections 389Sources of Immigration, 1820–1860 425Immigration to the United States, 1821–1860 425

School Enrollment, 1840–1870 449Costs of the Civil War 521U.S. Patents Issued, 1860–1909 589U.S. Rails Produced, 1860–1909 605U.S. Immigration, 1841–1900 615Election of 1912 655U.S. Trade Expansion, 1865–1915 675Military Deaths in World War I 690Stock Prices, 1925–1933 709

Time LinesChapter 1 25Chapter 2 59Chapter 3 83Chapter 4 107Chapter 5 133Chapter 6 157Chapter 7 191Chapter 8 219Amendments 276

Chapter 9 291Chapter 10 311Chapter 11 339Chapter 12 367Chapter 13 391Chapter 14 421Chapter 15 455Chapter 16 479Chapter 17 501

Chapter 18 531Chapter 19 555Chapter 20 583Chapter 21 607Chapter 22 637Chapter 23 657Chapter 24 677Chapter 25 Epilogue 705Steps to World War II,

1920-1939 713

xxvii

InfographicsThe Rise and Decline of Feudalism 46Bostonians Paying the Taxman 162How a Bill Becomes a Law 252The Elastic Clause 254Roles of the President 258Judicial Review 260Checks and Balances 261Steps in the Naturalization Process 281Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Process 285The Talented Jefferson 315New England Textile Mill 343The Cotton Gin 349

Changes in Ideas About Democracy—JeffersonianDemocracy and Jacksonian Democracy 373

Push–Pull Factors of Immigration 424Reformers’ Hall of Fame 443The Sharecropper Cycle of Poverty 543Native American Leaders 565Legends of the Old West 570American Inventors, 1870–1900 588Building a Skyscraper 610Steps to World War I 680New Technology of War 681Convoy System 687Celebrities of the 1920s 708

The Rise and Decline of Feudalism

Then many peasants ran away to towns, where they

could live more freely. Feudalism declined.

Trade continued to grow.

In feudalism, nobles offered to protect peasants

from invaders. In return, the peasants farmed

the nobles’ lands.

Feudalism made people feel safe enough to travel.

Trade increased and towns grew.