European Cultural HistoryEuropean Cultural History

Mr. Johnson

World Geography IB

First EuropeansFirst EuropeansFirst EuropeansFirst EuropeansAbout 80 percent of About 80 percent of Europeans arose from Europeans arose from primitive hunters who arrived primitive hunters who arrived about 40,000 years ago, about 40,000 years ago, endured the long ice age and endured the long ice age and then expanded rapidly to then expanded rapidly to dominate the continent, a new dominate the continent, a new study shows. study shows. Researchers analyzing the Y Researchers analyzing the Y chromosome taken from chromosome taken from 1,007 men from 25 different 1,007 men from 25 different locations in Europe found a locations in Europe found a pattern that suggests four out pattern that suggests four out of five of the men shared a of five of the men shared a common male ancestor about common male ancestor about 40,000 years ago.40,000 years ago.

A research team co-directed A research team co-directed by Erik Trinkaus, professor by Erik Trinkaus, professor of anthropology at of anthropology at Washington University in St. Washington University in St. Louis, has dated a human Louis, has dated a human jawbone from a Romanian jawbone from a Romanian bear hibernation cave to bear hibernation cave to between 34,000 and 36,000 between 34,000 and 36,000 years ago. That makes it the years ago. That makes it the earliest known modern earliest known modern human fossil in Europehuman fossil in Europe..

Christian churchesChristian churches appeared first in the major cities of the appeared first in the major cities of the Empire and spread only gradually into the countryside, in Empire and spread only gradually into the countryside, in part, due to the establishment of monasteries.part, due to the establishment of monasteries.

CharlemagneCharlemagneCharlemagneCharlemagne “ “He was six feet four He was six feet four inches tall, and built to inches tall, and built to scale. He had beautiful scale. He had beautiful white hair, animated eyes, a white hair, animated eyes, a powerful nose ... a powerful nose ... a presence "always stately presence "always stately and dignified." He was and dignified." He was temperate in eating and temperate in eating and drinking, abominated drinking, abominated drunkenness, and kept in drunkenness, and kept in good health despite every good health despite every exposure and hardship.”exposure and hardship.”

— Eginhardt describing Eginhardt describing CharlemagneCharlemagne

The Silk RoadThe Silk RoadThe Silk RoadThe Silk Road

The The Silk Road was the caravan trade route that crossed was the caravan trade route that crossed Asia into Asia Minor and the Mediterranean Sea, with two Asia into Asia Minor and the Mediterranean Sea, with two routes bypassed either north or south of the Takla Makan routes bypassed either north or south of the Takla Makan desert, north via Karashahr and Aksu andsouth via desert, north via Karashahr and Aksu andsouth via Cherchen and Yarkand; the route then climbed the Pamirs Cherchen and Yarkand; the route then climbed the Pamirs into Afghanistan, and trailed across Persia to Antioch, in into Afghanistan, and trailed across Persia to Antioch, in Syria, with offshoots from Bactria to Turkestan and Syria, with offshoots from Bactria to Turkestan and

India. It linked ancient China with the West, India. It linked ancient China with the West, especially Rome, and later with especially Rome, and later with

ByzantiumByzantium

Cultural Cultural exchangeexchangeCultural Cultural

exchangeexchangeUnder Mongol protection, Under Mongol protection, the Silk Roads flourished, the Silk Roads flourished, and during the and during the Pax Pax MongolicaMongolica under Chingis under Chingis Khan's successors, people Khan's successors, people commonly traveled the commonly traveled the full length of the Silk full length of the Silk Roads, greatly increasing cultural exchange. In Roads, greatly increasing cultural exchange. In this atmosphere Europeans such as Marco Polo this atmosphere Europeans such as Marco Polo traveled to the East and returned with tales of traveled to the East and returned with tales of the Mongol empire.the Mongol empire.

Unfortunately, the Silk Unfortunately, the Silk Roads also allowed Roads also allowed diseases to spread. diseases to spread. The bubonic plague The bubonic plague traveled from Yunnan traveled from Yunnan and Burma eastward and Burma eastward to China and to China and westward to Europe westward to Europe along the roads of the along the roads of the Mongol empire.Mongol empire.

Marco PoloMarco PoloMarco PoloMarco PoloChina and Europe were China and Europe were strangers in AD1265. strangers in AD1265. The Himalaya Mountains The Himalaya Mountains and the Gobi Desert and the Gobi Desert were natural boundaries were natural boundaries that were difficult to that were difficult to cross. Niccolo and cross. Niccolo and Maffeo Polo were two Maffeo Polo were two Italian merchants from Italian merchants from Venice. They made the Venice. They made the five year journey along five year journey along the Silk Road to China.the Silk Road to China.

RenaissaRenaissance nce

RenaissaRenaissance nce

In the 12th cent. a rediscovery In the 12th cent. a rediscovery of Greek and Roman literature of Greek and Roman literature occurred across Europe that occurred across Europe that eventually led to the eventually led to the development of the humanist development of the humanist movement. movement.

Leonardo da Leonardo da VinciVinci

Leonardo da Leonardo da VinciVinci

From 1485 to 1490, Leonardo From 1485 to 1490, Leonardo produced studies on nature, flying produced studies on nature, flying machines, geometry, mechanics, machines, geometry, mechanics, municipal construction, canals and architecture. His municipal construction, canals and architecture. His studies from this period contain designs for advanced studies from this period contain designs for advanced weapons, including a tank and weapons, including a tank and other war vehicles, various other war vehicles, various combat devices, and submarines.combat devices, and submarines.

Moorish influenceMoorish influenceMoorish influenceMoorish influenceThe Muslims of the The Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula, Iberian Peninsula, who ruled Spain who ruled Spain between 711 and between 711 and 1492 C.E., are 1492 C.E., are commonly known commonly known as the Moors.as the Moors.

AstrolabeAstrolabe, , an extremely an extremely important important navigation navigation tool was one tool was one of the technologies introduced of the technologies introduced by the Moors. by the Moors.

The influence of North The influence of North Africa is to be seen Africa is to be seen throughout Southern Spain throughout Southern Spain with this modern example of with this modern example of decoartive ceramic tiling decoartive ceramic tiling maintaining the connection maintaining the connection with Moorish art and designwith Moorish art and design..

They called their land Andalus which in the early They called their land Andalus which in the early period of their history also included Portugal and period of their history also included Portugal and southern France and in the last period only the southern France and in the last period only the Kingdom of Granada.Kingdom of Granada.

The arches of red-and-white stripes inside the "La Mezquita" in Córdoba, Spain represent some of the pinnacles of the Moorish architectures.

Martin LutherMartin LutherMartin LutherMartin LutherMartin Luther (1483 – 1546) was a German Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) was a German theologian and an Augustinian monk theologian and an Augustinian monk whose teachings inspired the Protestant whose teachings inspired the Protestant Reformation and deeply influenced the Reformation and deeply influenced the doctrines of Lutheran, Protestant and doctrines of Lutheran, Protestant and other Christian traditions. His call to the Church to return to other Christian traditions. His call to the Church to return to the teachings of the Bible resulted in the formation of new the teachings of the Bible resulted in the formation of new traditions within Christianity and his teachings undoubtedly traditions within Christianity and his teachings undoubtedly impacted upon the Counter-Reformation in the Roman impacted upon the Counter-Reformation in the Roman Catholic Church. Luther's translation of the Bible helped to Catholic Church. Luther's translation of the Bible helped to develop a standard version of the German language and develop a standard version of the German language and added several principles to the art of translation. Luther's added several principles to the art of translation. Luther's hymns sparked anew the development of congregational hymns sparked anew the development of congregational singing in Christianity. His marriage on June 13, 1525 to singing in Christianity. His marriage on June 13, 1525 to Katharina von Bora began the tradition of clerical marriage Katharina von Bora began the tradition of clerical marriage within several Christian traditions. within several Christian traditions.

RomanticismRomanticismRomanticismRomanticism

Romanticism was an artistic Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that and intellectual movement that originated in late originated in late 18th century Western Europe. It stressed Western Europe. It stressed strong emotion, imagination, strong emotion, imagination, freedom within or even from freedom within or even from classical notions of form in classical notions of form in art, , and overturning of previous and overturning of previous social conventions, social conventions, particularly the position of the particularly the position of the aristocracy. There was a aristocracy. There was a strong element of historical strong element of historical and natural inevitablism in its and natural inevitablism in its ideas, stressing the ideas, stressing the importance of "nature" in art importance of "nature" in art and language.and language.

Wanderer over the Sea of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich

Age of EnlightenmentAge of EnlightenmentAge of EnlightenmentAge of Enlightenment•The Age of Enlightenment refers to the The Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th century in European philosophy, and is often thought of as part of a larger period which includes the Age of Reason.

•The term also more specifically refers to an intellectual The term also more specifically refers to an intellectual movement, "The Enlightenment," which is described as movement, "The Enlightenment," which is described as being the use of being the use of rationality to establish an authoritative ethics, aesthetics, and knowledge. This movement's leaders viewed themselves as a courageous, elite body of intellectuals who were leading the world toward progress, out of a long period of irrationality, superstition, and tyranny which began during a historical period they called the "Dark Ages". This movement provided a framework for the American and French Revolutions, as well as the rise of capitalism and the birth of socialism.

Steam engineSteam engineSteam engineSteam engineJames Watt was a Scottish inventor and mechanical James Watt was a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, born in Greenock, who was renowned for his engineer, born in Greenock, who was renowned for his improvements of the steam engine. Watt's 1769 improvements of the steam engine. Watt's 1769 design soon became the dominant design for all modern steam engines and helped bring about the Industrial Revolution.

First workable steam locomotive, George Stephenson’s rocket.

Social changesSocial changesSocial changesSocial changesAcceleration of technical and Acceleration of technical and economic development that economic development that took place in Britain in the took place in Britain in the second half of the 18th century. second half of the 18th century. The traditional agricultural economy was replaced by one The traditional agricultural economy was replaced by one dominated by machinery and manufacturing, made possible dominated by machinery and manufacturing, made possible through technical advances such as the steam engine. This through technical advances such as the steam engine. This transferred the balance of political power from the landowner to transferred the balance of political power from the landowner to the industrial capitalist (for example, a factory owner) and the industrial capitalist (for example, a factory owner) and created an urban working class. As the created an urban working class. As the first country to have an industrial first country to have an industrial revolution, Britain for a while was the revolution, Britain for a while was the ‘‘workshop of the world’. workshop of the world’.

James Hargreaves’ spinning jenny (right) replaced the centuries-old spinning wheel (above) as the primary means of weaving fabric into textiles.

IndustrialIndustrialRevolutionRevolutionIndustrialIndustrialRevolutionRevolution

Britain changed more Britain changed more during this era than at any during this era than at any other time. People moved other time. People moved from the countryside to the from the countryside to the new towns and cities. The new towns and cities. The way people worked way people worked changed, as did they way changed, as did they way they lived - not always for they lived - not always for the better. Britain became the better. Britain became the world's biggest the world's biggest superpower with the huge superpower with the huge increase in industrial increase in industrial production, and imperial production, and imperial expansion. expansion.

Child LaborChild LaborChild LaborChild LaborWhen the industrial revolution first When the industrial revolution first came to Britain and the U.S., there came to Britain and the U.S., there was a high demand for labor. was a high demand for labor. Families quickly migrated from the Families quickly migrated from the rural farm areas to the newly rural farm areas to the newly industrialized cities to find work. industrialized cities to find work. Once they got there, things did not look as bright as they Once they got there, things did not look as bright as they did. To survive in even the lowest level of poverty, families did. To survive in even the lowest level of poverty, families had to have every able member of had to have every able member of the family go to work. This led to the family go to work. This led to the high rise in child labor in the high rise in child labor in factories. Children were not factories. Children were not treated well, overworked, and treated well, overworked, and underpaid for a long time before underpaid for a long time before anyone tried to change things anyone tried to change things for them.for them.

T T mm

e ie ix l x l

t lt liillee

T T mm

e ie ix l x l

t lt liillee

This demonstrates how textile production has changed as a result of This demonstrates how textile production has changed as a result of industrialization. In this modern textile mill, many machines whir busily industrialization. In this modern textile mill, many machines whir busily in an initial stage of processing fiber into fabric. The process is almost in an initial stage of processing fiber into fabric. The process is almost entirely coordinated and controlled by computer, with a small staff of entirely coordinated and controlled by computer, with a small staff of managers, inspectors, and technicians to ensure quality and efficiency. managers, inspectors, and technicians to ensure quality and efficiency.

Ironbridge GorgeIronbridge GorgeIronbridge GorgeIronbridge Gorge

The world’s first castiron bridge, spanning the Severn at Coalbrookdale, was built in 1779 using iron from furnaces owned by Darby; its scallops and intricate curves were designed by architect Thomas Pritchard.

Ironbridge Gorge, considered the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, had all the necessary ingredients for industrialization: coal, clay, ironstone, and limestone exposed at the surface; the Severn River, a vital transport link to major cities; and the ingenuity of men such as Abraham Darby. This area boasted more furnaces and forges along two miles of riverbank than any such stretch anywhere.

Soana layoutSoana layout

A map from 1761 illustrates in very fine detail, a group of buildings settled on the right bank of the Soana torrent.By the mid-1700s, the blood-red skies above the gorge meant power and success to the pioneering industrialists. But the water was so polluted that it wasn’t fit to drink, life expectancy was low, and many of the children never made it out of infancy. Darby himself died at 39.

Factory PollutionFactory PollutionFactory PollutionFactory Pollution

IronIronIf textiles fueled the Industrial Revolution, iron was the scaffolding on which it was constructed.Without iron, there could have been no meaningful industrialisation. It was needed everywhere, from the framework of spinning mules to the boilers and cylinders of steam engines, from the railway lines that criss-crossed the country to the metal skeletons of a thousand cotton mills and eventually, the iron ships that carried Britain's manufactured goods around the globe.

ColonizationColonizationColonizationColonizationDuring the 19th century, new ethnic groups were created by European colonial governments in order to facilitate ruling their new indigenous subjects.  This was the case in Australia and over much of Western North America where there had been small, independent bands of foraging societies.  The bands were combined into larger political units by government officials in order to simplify the control of them.  Indigenous leadership positions, such as chiefs, were created for peoples who previously did not have the concept of a leader who could act and speak for their societies.

When Sir Edmund Andros arrived in Boston in 1686, he set himself to enforcing England's Navigation Acts on the traders who used the port of Boston.

French French RevolutionRevolution

French French RevolutionRevolution

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionThe French RevolutionThe French RevolutionThe image on the previous slide represents the The image on the previous slide represents the three estates during the French Revolution. The three estates during the French Revolution. The man holding the big rock represents the third man holding the big rock represents the third estate which were the majority of the people, estate which were the majority of the people, the the armored man represents armored man represents the noble class which made the noble class which made up only about five percent up only about five percent of the population, and the of the population, and the man with the fancy clothing man with the fancy clothing represents the clergy which represents the clergy which was the first estate and was the first estate and only had about two percent only had about two percent of the populace.of the populace.

Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette. Both were beheaded during the Reign of Terror.

French RevolutionFrench RevolutionFrench RevolutionFrench Revolution

La GuillotineLa GuillotineLa GuillotineLa Guillotine

Designed by Dr. Joseph Designed by Dr. Joseph Guillotine, a man described Guillotine, a man described as kindly and who wanted as kindly and who wanted to make execution more to make execution more humane, the guillotine humane, the guillotine quickly became a symbol of quickly became a symbol of tyranny during the tyranny during the French Revolution. Victims were placed on a bench, face down, and their necks positioned between the uprights.

An estimated 40,000 people travelled on the tumbrils through Paris to die under Madame Guillotine.

Madame GuillotineMadame GuillotineMadame GuillotineMadame Guillotine

YugoslaviaYugoslaviaYugoslaviaYugoslavia

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia is created is created at the end at the end of World of World War II as a War II as a communist communist republic republic when a when a federation federation of six of six communist states replaces the monarchy. communist states replaces the monarchy. Marshal Josip Broz Tito, (left) a resistance Marshal Josip Broz Tito, (left) a resistance fighter who led the underground against fighter who led the underground against Nazi occupation, takes charge of the new Nazi occupation, takes charge of the new republic -- a tenure that will last until his republic -- a tenure that will last until his death in 1980. death in 1980.

Eastern BlocEastern BlocEastern BlocEastern BlocDuring the During the Cold War, the Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) comprised the following Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Albania, the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia. The Eastern Bloc is also often equated with the Warsaw Pact.

The industrial revolution The industrial revolution did not affect all parts of did not affect all parts of the world uniformly, nor is the world uniformly, nor is it doing so today. Based it doing so today. Based on per capita income data on per capita income data estimated is one way of estimated is one way of illustrating the origins and illustrating the origins and the diffusion of the the diffusion of the industrial revolution. industrial revolution.

To construct the figure, regions of the world were organized into 5 groups, ordered by their current per capita income levels. The huge increases in the post-WWII period were even more dramatic in Japan and Europe as the United States’ Marshall Plan helped rebuild these war-torn economies.

World economic growthWorld economic growthWorld economic growthWorld economic growth

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