Europe in the Postclassical EraEurope in the Postclassical Era

I. The Byzantine Empire**: Eastern EEurope

Byzantine HallmarksByzantine Hallmarks

• Caesaropapism**:Caesaropapism :– Began with

Constantine– Emperor involved in

religious affairsCouncil of Nicaea– Council of Nicaea (325)

– Highly centralized & g ybyzantine bureaucracy

East vs West: Religious splitEast vs. West: Religious split

• Roman Catholic • Greek OrthodoxRoman Catholic Church**:– Latin language

Greek Orthodox Church**:– Greek language

– Reject secular interferenceR li i i

– Emperors as superior– Iconoclasm

– Religious images encouraged

– Celibate priesthood

– Married priesthood

Celibate priesthood

Mutual Excommunication in 1054CE

Justinian** and Roman LawJustinian and Roman Law

Justinian and Theodora The Hagia Sophia**

Byzantium and Eastern EuropeByzantium and Eastern Europe

Byzantine Missionary EffortsByzantine Missionary Efforts

• Conversion toConversion to Orthodox Christianity by Slavs

• Cyrillic** alphabet

Saints Cyril and Methodius

Russia: Kingdom of Kiev**Russia: Kingdom of Kiev

Prince Vladimir

II. Western Europe: the Middle AAges

Feudalism**Feudalism

Feudalism (cont )Feudalism (cont.)

• In absence of centralIn absence of central authority

• Local military and ypolitical relationships

• Lords and “retainers”/vassals supported by surplus

i l f fagriculture of serfs who get security

Manorialism**Manorialism

• With decline of townsWith decline of towns and trade

• Subsistence agriculture

• Subdivision of a fief• Worked by serfs• Lord of manor o d o a o

provides security, government, justice

The High Middle Ages (c.1000-1300CE)1300CE)

• Boom in agricultureBoom in agriculture via crops and technology

• Variation in diet• Rapid population p p p

growth: from 29m in 800 to 79m by 1300

• Revival of towns and trade

High Middle Ages: towns and tradeHigh Middle Ages: towns and trade

• Supported by foodSupported by food surplus

• Artisans, merchants, , ,professionals

• Centers of trade linked to Mediterranean and b dbeyond . . .

Medieval TradeMedieval Trade

The Hanseatic League**The Hanseatic League

The Guild System**The Guild System

• Form of self-Form of selfgovernance

• Goals??• Is it capitalism??

Women in late Middle AgesWomen in late Middle Ages

Christine de Pisan**

The Roman Catholic Church & P li i l P Th F kPolitical Power : The Franks

Baptism of Clovis Coronation of Charlemagne**

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne s Empire

The Church and Power: the Holy R E i **Roman Empire**

Church and HRE (cont )Church and HRE (cont.)

• Pope Gregory VII**Pope Gregory VII and “lay investiture”

• Showdown with Emperor Henry IV**

Monasticism**Monasticism

• Origins in EgyptOrigins in Egypt• Rule of St.

Benedict (6thBenedict (6th

Century)C lib t• Celibacy, poverty, obedience to abbot

• Monasteries as central to social and cultural life

The Church and EducationThe Church and Education

• Demand for educatedDemand for educated individuals

• Cathedral schools• Academic guilds• The first universities:The first universities:

Bologna, Paris, Salamanca, Oxford, etc.

The Church and AristotleThe Church and Aristotle

Anselm of Canterbury**Thomas Aquinas**

The Crusades**The Crusades

• Goal of recapturingGoal of recapturing Palestine and Jerusalem

• Only the 2nd is successful

• Cultural and commercial consequences

The Black Death** (Bubonic l )plague)

• From SW China andFrom SW China and along trade routes

• Appears in Europe pp pduring “little ice age”

• Population declinep• Social/economic

effects

Europe in Postclassical: key terms && concepts

• Byzantine Empire • Feudalismy p• Caesaropapism• Roman Catholic vs.

• Manorialism• Hanseatic League

Greek Orthodox ChurchJ ti i

g• Guild• Christine de Pizan

• Justinian• Hagia Sophia• Cyrillic

• Charlemagne• Holy Roman Empire

• Cyrillic• Kingdom of Kiev

• Pope Gregory VII & Emperor Henry IV

Key terms (cont )Key terms (cont.)

• Thomas AquinasThomas Aquinas• Anselm of Canterbury

C d• Crusades• Black Death