Europe in the 19Europe in the 19thth CenturyCentury

The Beginnings of Modern The Beginnings of Modern EuropeEurope

Europe in 1814Europe in 1814

Napoleon had been exiled to Elba.Napoleon had been exiled to Elba.Delegates met in Vienna to restore Delegates met in Vienna to restore

order and stability to Europe after 25 order and stability to Europe after 25 years of war. This meeting was years of war. This meeting was called the Congress of Vienna.called the Congress of Vienna.

The main countries were Austria, The main countries were Austria, England, Russia, and France.England, Russia, and France.

Goals of the Congress of Goals of the Congress of ViennaVienna

Redrawing the Map of Europe.Redrawing the Map of Europe.France returned the lands it had captured France returned the lands it had captured

under Napoleon.under Napoleon.Payment of indemnities to other countries.Payment of indemnities to other countries.The establishment of “buffer states” around The establishment of “buffer states” around

France to control future expansion. These France to control future expansion. These states would be neutral.states would be neutral.

Dividing Prussia up between Russia and Dividing Prussia up between Russia and Prussia.Prussia.

Map of Europe - 1815Map of Europe - 1815

DelegatesDelegates

Many of the delegates to the Many of the delegates to the congress were reactionaries. They congress were reactionaries. They want to return Europe to the way it want to return Europe to the way it was in 1789.was in 1789.

The group that opposed them were The group that opposed them were the liberals. They wanted the spread the liberals. They wanted the spread of enlightened thought and reform to of enlightened thought and reform to continue.continue.

The reactionaries resisted the The reactionaries resisted the nationalists that wanted self rule.nationalists that wanted self rule.

AlliancesAlliances

Countries that wanted to stop the Countries that wanted to stop the spread of nationalism formed spread of nationalism formed alliances.alliances.

They believed that nationalism would They believed that nationalism would lead to revolution.lead to revolution.

The countries of Great Britain, The countries of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia form the Austria, Prussia, and Russia form the Quadruple Alliance to enforce the Quadruple Alliance to enforce the directives of the Congress of Vienna.directives of the Congress of Vienna.

Concert of EuropeConcert of Europe

For the next 30 For the next 30 years, Austrian, years, Austrian, Count Metternich Count Metternich used the alliance to used the alliance to further his own further his own political goals.political goals.

Many times, alliance Many times, alliance soldiers were used to soldiers were used to put down nationalist put down nationalist movements in movements in Europe.Europe.

Unification of ItalyUnification of Italy

In 1815, there were many small In 1815, there were many small kingdoms on the Italian Peninsula. kingdoms on the Italian Peninsula. The desire for independence and The desire for independence and economic freedom lead to a economic freedom lead to a nationalist movement.nationalist movement.

The earliest movement was The earliest movement was RisorgimentoRisorgimento, meaning resurgence , meaning resurgence or revival.or revival.

Italy (Con’t)Italy (Con’t)

The most effective The most effective speaker was speaker was Guisseppe Mazzini. Guisseppe Mazzini. He believed in the He believed in the idea of a nation-idea of a nation-state.state.

In January 1848, In January 1848, Mazzini inspired Mazzini inspired nationalists claimed nationalists claimed the island of Sicily.the island of Sicily.

Revolutions of 1848Revolutions of 1848

In 1848, there were revolutions in In 1848, there were revolutions in France and Austria. This caused the France and Austria. This caused the Italian nationalists to rise up and Italian nationalists to rise up and claim Northern Italy.claim Northern Italy.

The support of Mazzini nationalist The support of Mazzini nationalist movement in the north was affected movement in the north was affected by the withdrawal of the Pope’s by the withdrawal of the Pope’s armies.armies.

The nationalists then caused the The nationalists then caused the Pope to flee Rome.Pope to flee Rome.

18481848

The nationalists declared Rome a The nationalists declared Rome a republic and summoned Mazzini to republic and summoned Mazzini to head the new government.head the new government.

The Catholic countries of Austria, The Catholic countries of Austria, France, and Spain then sent troops France, and Spain then sent troops into Rome to restore the Pope.into Rome to restore the Pope.

This caused many Italians to This caused many Italians to abandon the revolutionary ways of abandon the revolutionary ways of Mazzini.Mazzini.

Count Cavour and Northern Count Cavour and Northern Italy Italy

In 1849, Victor In 1849, Victor Emmanuel II Emmanuel II became king of became king of Sardinia.Sardinia.

In the next few In the next few years, he tried to years, he tried to keep popular keep popular support for Italian support for Italian unity alive.unity alive.

He enlisted the He enlisted the support of Count support of Count CavourCavour

War with AustriaWar with Austria

Cavour was convinced that Sardinia would Cavour was convinced that Sardinia would need foreign help to rid Northern Italy need foreign help to rid Northern Italy from Austria.from Austria.

Sardinia allied itself with Great Britain and Sardinia allied itself with Great Britain and France against the Russians during the France against the Russians during the Crimean War.Crimean War.

After the war, Cavour met with the leader After the war, Cavour met with the leader of France for help in ridding Northern Italy of France for help in ridding Northern Italy of Austria.of Austria.

By April 1860, the King of Sardinia was in By April 1860, the King of Sardinia was in control.control.

Garibaldi and Southern ItalyGaribaldi and Southern Italy

Southern Italy was isolated from the Southern Italy was isolated from the nationalist movement in the north.nationalist movement in the north.

The death of Ferdinand II changed The death of Ferdinand II changed that. The Young Italy movement was that. The Young Italy movement was ready for revolution.ready for revolution.

Their commander was an adventurer Their commander was an adventurer named Giuseppe Garibaldi.named Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Young ItalyYoung Italy

As a young man, As a young man, Garibaldi was Garibaldi was forced into exile in forced into exile in south America.south America.

It was here that he It was here that he learned guerilla learned guerilla tactics.tactics.

He put these He put these tactics to good use tactics to good use once he returned once he returned to Italy in 1860.to Italy in 1860.

Italy in 1858Italy in 1858

Unification - 1871Unification - 1871

By October 1860, Garibaldi and By October 1860, Garibaldi and Cavour’s forced met and Garibaldi gave Cavour’s forced met and Garibaldi gave up his lands to Victor Emmanuel.up his lands to Victor Emmanuel.

Italy had become an independent Italy had become an independent nation but there were some problems:nation but there were some problems:Where to locate the capital?Where to locate the capital?Sardinia’s customs and laws?Sardinia’s customs and laws?Threat of civil war?Threat of civil war?

The Unification of GermanyThe Unification of Germany

Germany was the last European Germany was the last European nation to become unified.nation to become unified.

The Congress of Vienna created the The Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation to act as a German Confederation to act as a buffer nation to protect Europe buffer nation to protect Europe against future threats from France.against future threats from France.

The most powerful of these German The most powerful of these German states was Prussia. states was Prussia.

German ConfederationGerman Confederation

PrussiaPrussia

Prussia had a well organized Prussia had a well organized government and strong economy.government and strong economy.

Political power was in the hands of a Political power was in the hands of a powerful aristocratic group called the powerful aristocratic group called the Junkers.Junkers.

There was a small but increasingly There was a small but increasingly vocal middle class that wanted to vocal middle class that wanted to participate in the government.participate in the government.

Trade Agreement of 1834 & Trade Agreement of 1834 & Revolutions of 1848Revolutions of 1848

In 1834, the German states eliminated In 1834, the German states eliminated trade barriers and established a trade trade barriers and established a trade union called union called Zollverein.Zollverein.

The trade union strengthened the The trade union strengthened the power of Prussia.power of Prussia.

In 1848, revolutions swept across In 1848, revolutions swept across Europe. The Prussian military stepped Europe. The Prussian military stepped in and seized power and put down in and seized power and put down street riots.street riots.

Rise of BismarckRise of Bismarck

In 1861, William I In 1861, William I became ruler of became ruler of Prussia. He Prussia. He wanted to build the wanted to build the military but was military but was opposed by the opposed by the Prussian assembly.Prussian assembly.

William appointed William appointed Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck as Prime Ministeras Prime Minister

Realpolitik and “Blood and Realpolitik and “Blood and Iron” Iron”

Bismarck was a member of the Bismarck was a member of the JunkersJunkers and believed that a nation had the and believed that a nation had the right to do anything for it’s advantage.right to do anything for it’s advantage.

In September 1861, Bismarck stated In September 1861, Bismarck stated that “the great issues of the time that “the great issues of the time would not be decided by speeches and would not be decided by speeches and majority decisions, but by blood and majority decisions, but by blood and iron.”iron.”

He then began to tax the population to He then began to tax the population to strengthen the military.strengthen the military.

Three WarsThree Wars

Bismarck once said, “Show me an Bismarck once said, “Show me an objective worthy of war and I’ll go objective worthy of war and I’ll go along with you.”along with you.”

To unite all the German speaking To unite all the German speaking peoples, Prussia went to war three peoples, Prussia went to war three times in the period 1863-1870.times in the period 1863-1870.War with Denmark for Schleswig and War with Denmark for Schleswig and

Holstein.Holstein.Seven Weeks’ War against Austria.Seven Weeks’ War against Austria.Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War

Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War

In 1870, Bismarck moved to add the In 1870, Bismarck moved to add the southern German states of Bavaria southern German states of Bavaria and Württemberg.and Württemberg.

France was a major obstacle to France was a major obstacle to German unification.German unification.

The question of Spanish succession The question of Spanish succession of 1868 gave Bismarck the of 1868 gave Bismarck the opportunity to act.opportunity to act.

Spanish SuccessionSpanish Succession

William I offered a member of his William I offered a member of his family (Hohenzollern) as monarch of family (Hohenzollern) as monarch of Spain. France objected.Spain. France objected.

France demanded that a France demanded that a Hohenzollern sit on the Spanish Hohenzollern sit on the Spanish throne. throne.

The French ruler, Napoleon III feared The French ruler, Napoleon III feared a Prussian-Spanish alliance.a Prussian-Spanish alliance.

Ems TelegramEms Telegram

In July 1870, William sent a telegram to In July 1870, William sent a telegram to Bismarck. The telegram told Bismarck of Bismarck. The telegram told Bismarck of William’s conversation with the French William’s conversation with the French ambassador.ambassador.

Bismarck rewrote the telegram and Bismarck rewrote the telegram and deliberately insulting the French. deliberately insulting the French.

The telegram was released to the press.The telegram was released to the press. The French were outraged and declared The French were outraged and declared

war on Prussia. The French were quickly war on Prussia. The French were quickly defeated.defeated.

Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War

Bismarck’s military had built a secret Bismarck’s military had built a secret weapon that enabled the armies to weapon that enabled the armies to move across the country quickly.move across the country quickly.

As a result of the French defeat, they As a result of the French defeat, they lost the provinces of Alsace and lost the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. These areas were rich in Lorraine. These areas were rich in both iron ore and coal deposits.both iron ore and coal deposits.

German Unification - 1871German Unification - 1871

German UnificationGerman Unification

In January 1871, William assumed the title In January 1871, William assumed the title of Kaiser or emperor of a united Germany.of Kaiser or emperor of a united Germany.

Bismarck took the title of Chancellor.Bismarck took the title of Chancellor.Although Germany was united, there were Although Germany was united, there were

economic, cultural, and social problems.economic, cultural, and social problems.Germany began to rapidly industrialize.Germany began to rapidly industrialize.One of the greatest challenges to One of the greatest challenges to

Bismarck was from the Catholic Church.Bismarck was from the Catholic Church.

KulturkampfKulturkampf

The struggle between the Protestants and The struggle between the Protestants and Catholics.Catholics.

Bismarck believed the Catholics were anti-Bismarck believed the Catholics were anti-nationalists and supported the Protestants.nationalists and supported the Protestants.

The Pope, Pius IX, battled Bismarck’s The Pope, Pius IX, battled Bismarck’s attempts to limit the power of the Church.attempts to limit the power of the Church.

In 1872, the government passed the May In 1872, the government passed the May Laws, that severely limited the power of Laws, that severely limited the power of the Catholic Church.the Catholic Church.

Bismarck and the SocialistsBismarck and the Socialists

As Germany began to rapidly industrialize, As Germany began to rapidly industrialize, the workers carried the wealthy middle the workers carried the wealthy middle and upper classes.and upper classes.

As more machines were introduced, As more machines were introduced, worker pay and benefits decreased.worker pay and benefits decreased.

German workers turned towards a new, German workers turned towards a new, more democratic, government that would more democratic, government that would address their concerns. They began to address their concerns. They began to support a socialist named Ferdinand support a socialist named Ferdinand Lassalle.Lassalle.

Bismarck and SocialismBismarck and Socialism

Lasalle did not advocate revolution Lasalle did not advocate revolution but political action to address the but political action to address the injustices of capitalism.injustices of capitalism.

Bismarck believed that the socialists Bismarck believed that the socialists were a threat to German unity. He were a threat to German unity. He attempted to show the workers that attempted to show the workers that the government, not the socialists the government, not the socialists had their best interests at heart.had their best interests at heart.

Bismarck’s ReformsBismarck’s Reforms

Bismarck acted to blunt the Bismarck acted to blunt the socialists’ claims that the socialists’ claims that the government was only concerned with government was only concerned with money.money.

He directed several laws through the He directed several laws through the legislature that provided the workers legislature that provided the workers with some comfort and security.with some comfort and security.Sickness Insurance Law (1883)Sickness Insurance Law (1883)Old Age Insurance Law (1889)Old Age Insurance Law (1889)

Bismarck’s Fall from PowerBismarck’s Fall from Power

In 1888, William died and was In 1888, William died and was succeeded by his son, Frederick. succeeded by his son, Frederick.

Frederick was more liberal-minded Frederick was more liberal-minded than his father and had opposed than his father and had opposed much of what Bismarck had done to much of what Bismarck had done to unite Germany.unite Germany.

However, Frederick died 100 days However, Frederick died 100 days after becoming Kaiser and power after becoming Kaiser and power passed to his son, William II.passed to his son, William II.

William II and BismarckWilliam II and Bismarck

William II was militaristic and supported a William II was militaristic and supported a powerful military.powerful military.

He believed that the Kaiser was the absolute He believed that the Kaiser was the absolute authority in Germany. This brought him into authority in Germany. This brought him into immediate conflict with Bismarck.immediate conflict with Bismarck.

One of Bismarck’s favorite tactics was to One of Bismarck’s favorite tactics was to threaten to resign as Chancellor. When threaten to resign as Chancellor. When William and Bismarck began to disagree, he William and Bismarck began to disagree, he offered his resignation and it was accepted offered his resignation and it was accepted by William.by William.

Bismarck’s power had ended.Bismarck’s power had ended.

GermanyGermany

Under Bismarck, Germany had Under Bismarck, Germany had become a major power in Europe.become a major power in Europe.

However, his strict rule kept However, his strict rule kept Germany from developing a Germany from developing a democratic government.democratic government.

After Bismarck, Germany continued After Bismarck, Germany continued to become one of the world’s to become one of the world’s industrial and military powers.industrial and military powers.