Europe: FeudalismEmerging Europe and the Byzantine

Empire

Background• Roman Empire

o 3rd and 4th Century Pope o Martyrs

Peter Inspiration

o Barbarians Constant threat Roman Man’s Duty

o Apostates and Apologistso Emperor Diocletiano Constantine

Successor Vision Sun God – Mithras Edict of Milan Byzantium

• Constantinople

• Threats

Background• Arius of Alexander

o Heresyo Council of Nicaeao St. Nicholas

• Splito Western and Eastern Roman Empireo 476 AD

• Gothic Tribeso Ostrogothic King o Emperor in Constantinopleo Western part of the empire

Allowed Barbarians to occupy Taxes

o Ostrogoth’s Theodoric Pope Conversion

I. The New Germanic Kingdoms

A. Destroy all that is "Roman" a. Visigoths b. Roman Govt.

II. The Kingdom of the Franks

A.Long-lastingB.Clovis

a. Conversion

III. Germanic Society

A.Family B.Wergild

a. "money for a man"C. Ordeal

a. trial by Cold Waterb. trial by Hot Ironc. trial by Hot Waterd. trial by Host (if defendant was a priest)

IV. The Role of the Church

A.Organization of the Churcha. Priestb. Bishop (dioceses)c. Archbishop (Bishop of Rome)

B.Gregory I a. Papal States

C. The Monk and Missionsa. St. Benedictb. Ora et Labora

D. Monasteries a. abbotb. Monks = heroes of Christian

Civilization

V. Charlemagne

A.Downfall of the Frankish Kingdoma. Pepin

B.The Carolingian Empire C.Roman Emperor D.An Intellectual Renewal

Section 2Feudalism

I. Invaders

A.The Carolingian Empire Falls ApartB. Invasions

a. Muslimsb. Magyarsc. Vikings

i. love of adventure and warii. Dragon Ships

II. Feudalism

A.DevelopmentB.Knights & Vassals

a. fief C.Feudal Contract

a. relationship between lord and vassalD.The Nobility of the Middle Ages

a. love of warfareb. chivalry

E.Aristocratic Women

Section 3The Growth of European

Kingdoms

I. England in the Middle Ages

A.Angels & SaxonsB.The Norman Conquest

a. October 14, 1066b. William of Normandy

i. Battle of Hastingsii. Bayeux Tapestry iii. Domesday Book

C. Henry IIa. Common Law Systemb. Conflict with Thomas a' Becket c. Magna Cartad. Parliament

II. The French Kingdom

A.The Capetian Dynasty a) Hugh Capet

B.Philip II Augustus a. Estates General

1. Clergy 2. Nobles3. Everyone else

III. Holy Roman Empire

A.Otto I a. Defeted the Magyars in 955b. "Emperor of the Romans” – Pope John XII

B.Struggles in Italya. Frederick I and Frederick II

C.Effect on the Empire

IV. Central & Eastern Europe

A.Slavic People B.Western Slavs

a) Poland and Bohemian Kingdomsb) Christianity

C.Southern & Eastern Slavsa. Cyril and Methodius b. Orthodox Christianityc. Glagolitic Alphabet - Cyrillic

V. Develoment of Russia

A.Viking Influencea) Named Rulers “Rus”

B.Kievan Rusa) Viking leader Olegb) Settled in Kievc) Orthodox Christianityd) 1169- civil war and invasion

C.Mongol Rule a) 13th Century Mongolsb) Alexander Nevsky – Khan - Moscow

Section 4: The Byzantine Empire & the

Crusades

I. The Reign of Justinian

A.Constantinoplea) Old eastern part of the Roman Empireb) Survived – Islamic Forces

B."Reestablish" the Roman Empirea) Justinianb) Empire – Italy, Spain, Asia Minor,

Palestine, and SyriaC.The Body Civil Law

a) Codification of Roman Law b) Sole Source of Law

II. From Eastern Roman Empire to Byzantine Empire

A. Justiniana) Problems with the Empire

B. Threat from Arabs a) Rise of United Arab groups

C. Transition to Byzantine Empirea) Eastern Roman Empire – Balkans and Asia Minorb) Both Christian and Greekc) Orthodox Church/ Emperor - Control

D. Life in Constantinople a. Tradeb. Building c. Hagia Sophia "The Church of Holy Wisdom"

Hagia Sophia

III. New Heights and New Problems

A. The Macedonians a) Ruled from 867-1081b) Trade

B. 1054a) Split Eastern Ortodox and Roman Catholicb) Pope Leo IX and Michael Cerularius

C. Seljuk Turksa) 1071 – Manzkert – Alexius I

D. Crusadesa. Background to Conflict

a. Pope Urban IIb. Holy War – Religion, Fame and Fortune

IV. The Crusades