eureka 1985-2015 eureka 1985-2015: innovation impact and global successes foreword glossary...

EUREKA 1985-2015:INNOVATION IMPACT ANDGLOBAL SUCCESSES

FOREWORDGLOSSARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EUREKA’S INNOVATION IMPACT• PATENT CITATION ANALYSIS• INNOVATION INDICATORS• GLOBAL SUCCESS STORIES

TECHNOLOGICAL AREAS• INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT)• LIFE SCIENCES AND MEDICINE• INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES• ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

METHODOLOGICAL NOTE

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“EUREKA must not become the territory of a few hi-tech specialists. Europe’s future, above all, is for its citizens. We must ensure that the concrete benefits of new technologies – and their impact on living and working conditions – are thoroughly explained, and always in the public eye”.– Chancellor Helmut Kohl, Hannover Conference, November 1985.

By any measure, this is a time of unprecedented scientific opportunity, with major research in a number of areas now being driven by advances made on the technology front.

As underscored by Deloitte’s 2015 Tech Trends report, such changes are being driven by a confluence of business and technological forces fueled by innovation. On the technology front, five macro forces continue to drive enormous transformation: digital, analytics, the cloud, the renaissance of core systems,

and the changing role of IT within the enterprise. These forces are not just fueling innovation and giving rise to new business models. They are also enabling historic advances in materials, medical, and manufacturing science, among many other areas.

At the same time, Europe’s economy is facing an ever-growing innovation gap with its global competitors, as the U.S., Japan and South Korea ramp up the digitalisation of their economies, with increasing productivity innovation expected to follow. If Europe does not keep up, we risk missing out on a major boost to competitiveness.

The Internet economy is now truly global and diverse, creating opportunities for people at all levels of society. The Web giants — the “GAFA,” (Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon) — presently monopolise the value of data, including data collected from 500 million Europeans. Despite the combined efforts of our innovators, policymakers and business community, there is no European GAFA to turn to. At the same time, we should not ignore however, that there are a number of software and hardware pioneers, innovators and fast-

FOREWORD

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growing tech startups in exciting spaces all across Europe.

At every stage in its 30 year journey,EUREKA has been ready to adapt to changing conditions in an increasingly fast-paced global market. The organisation is oriented to the future, identifying key trends and indicators that may point towards new areas of interest and highlight new priorities. The future will bring a rapid and forceful move towards the knowledge economy with increasing emphasis on digital technology and services. These technologies have the potential to transform and improve the functioning of our society, economy and everyday life in fundamental ways.

The rising worldwide interest in innovation policy represents the search to answer some important questions: What are the most appropriate and effective ways for governments to help realise this potential? What role should governments play in supporting and creating industries and jobs in today’s high-technology, global economy?

Governments are increasingly wading into the innovation game. It is time to realise that while the price of innovation is steep, so too are the costs of not innovating. As we have seen throughout EUREKA’s history, Europe has not always capitalised as fully as possible upon evolving technological trends. Must EUREKA itself change in order to help the EU meet its ambitious goals? And if so, how can it best face the challenge?

This report brings to light EUREKA’s contribution to the evolution of technological trends in Europe and its recognition of the network’s major achievements and global successes will make it a reference point for ministers and public authorities responsible for innovation budgets.

No single report however can do justice to EUREKA’s impact on the European R&D&I scene. This influence is evident in the diversity of projects currently being supported as well as those that have been completed and are benefitting users all over the world. It is an appropriate tool for a globalised and tech-driven world, given the flexibility of its international cooperation and its openness to new and shifting partnerships.

I would like to conclude with a quote from Bertel Haarder, one of the first ministers involved in the creation of EUREKA, ‘the only alternative to EUREKA is a better EUREKA’.

Pedro de Sampaio NunesHead of EUREKA Secretariat

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CLUSTERS

Initiated by European industry, EUREKA Clusters are long-term and strategically significant initiatives that develop technologies of key importance for European competitiveness. Addressing the needs of both large companies and SMEs, they are the engine for industrial innovation and economic growth. There are currently seven EUREKA Clusters: ACQUEAU, CATRENE1 , Celtic-Plus, EUROGIA2020, EURIPIDES², ITEA 3, Metallurgy Europe

EUROSTARS

Eurostars supports international innovative projects led by research and development- performing small- and medium-sized enterprises (R&D-performing SMEs). Eurostars is a joint programme between EUREKA and the European Commission, co-funded from the national budgets of 34 Eurostars Participating States and Partner Countries and by the European Union through Horizon 2020. In the 2014-2020 period it has a total public budget of €1.14 billion

EUREKA NETWORK

EUREKA is a publicly-funded, intergovernmental network, involving over 40 countries. EUREKA’s aim is to enhance European competitiveness by fostering innovation-driven entrepreneurship in Europe, between small and large industry, research institutes and universities. By doing this, EUREKA concentrates the existing potential of experts, of knowledge, research facilities and financial resources in a more efficient way.

FINAL REPORTS (FIRs)

A form sent to all participants of Network Projects and Eurostars within six months of project completion has been completed. The form contains questions aimed at monitoring participants development and evaluating the impact of project participation, in terms of a range of inputs, activities, outputs and outcomes. Currently different versions are sent out to participants in Eurostars and Network Projects.

GLOSSARY

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MARKET IMPACT REPORTS (MIRs)

Sent to Network Projects participants 2 and 4 years after project end, and Eurostars participants 1 and 3 years after project end. Similar to Final Reports but with an emphasis on commercialisation of project results. This report focuses on data from MIRs in order to assess patent and other impacts some time after project end. Currently different versions are sent out to participants in Eurostars and Network Projects.

NETWORK PROJECTS

Formerly known as EUREKA Individual projects, Network Projects are transnational, market-driven innovative research and development projects. Projects supported by the public administrations and public funding agencies that represent EUREKA in each of its 40+ member countries. Network Projects are market-driven international R&D projects, aiming to develop marketable products, services or processes. To set up a EUREKA Network Project there must be at least two partners from two different EUREKA countries.

UMBRELLAS

Umbrellas are thematic networks within EUREKA which focus on a specific technology area. The main goal of an

umbrella is to facilitate the generation of EUREKA Network or Eurostars projects in its own target area. Umbrella activities are coordinated and implemented by a working group consisting of EUREKA representatives and industrial experts.

51 CATRENE will be replaced at the end of 2015 by a new Cluster, PENTA

Since 1985 EUREKA has contributed to advancements in a wide array of different technological areas through R&D&I activities that led to the design, development and distribution of new and innovative products, services and processes in Europe and beyond. Whereas, in the past, EUREKA reports and academic studies have largely focused on impact on participating organisations in terms of turnover, employment, as well as organizational and behavioural criteria, this report presents an assessment of the technological and innovation impact of EUREKA projects.

The report is structured as follows: Key findings are laid out below, followed by full results based on novel innovation indicators using data collected from EUREKA Final Reports and Market Impact Reports and the EPO’s PATSTAT database. Further evidence of EUREKA’s technological importance is discussed in a series of “Global Success Stories”: case studies based on surveys and interviews. A discussion of EUREKA’s contribution to wider technological development and its innovation impact is then presented under four main technological areas, representing four key overarching sectors in the modern economy – ICT, Life Sciences & Medicine, Energy & Environment and Industrial Technologies. Finally a detailed methodological note clarifies the analytical tools used in the report.

KEY FINDINGS

• Results of a patent citation analysis carried out to analyse the innovation impact of EUREKA’s project outcomes shows that EUREKA project participation is associated with higher technological impact, measured by patent citations, when compared to European patents not associated with EUREKA2 participation. See Fig.1.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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• This conclusion holds for all four technology areas investigated and for three different measures of impact – average citations within the same year, 1-2 years and 5 years after the patent application.IM (Immediacy Index) measures the average number of citations received within the year of patent application.IF (Impact Factor) measures the average number of citations received 1 (EUREKA) or 2 years (non-EUREKA) after a patent application.

IF5 (Impact Factor 5) measures the average number of citations received 5 years after a patent application.

• EUREKA innovation impact in Life Sciences & Medicine, ICT and Industrial Technologies have been high, using all three temporal indicators, when compared to other patents with no relation to EUREKA projects.• An analysis of knowledge spillovers between technological areas found the most

72 See Methodological Note for more details.

FIG. 1: SUMMARY RESULTS OF PATENT CITATION ANALYSIS

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significant spillovers from the Life Sciences sector to Industrial Technologies.These spillovers generally showed a higher overall impact from EUREKA-related patents than from non-EUREKA related patents.

• Further Innovation indicators were developed, based on EUREKA data drawn from Market Impact Reports. The results showed that:

• Projects in Industrial Technologies exhibited the highest proportion of product and/or process innovation (70.0% of respondents)

• Product innovations are more common than process innovations, especially for ICT projects

• High success rate: In each technological area, close to two-thirds of projects were defined as successful by project participants

• Incomplete and at times inconsistent data (e.g. due to differences between Market Impact reports for Network Projects and Eurostars) hindered the authors’ ability to draw any more far-reaching conclusions. The authors suggest that the preliminary conclusions drawn in this report are followed up by further research, including in forthcoming impact assessment work.

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OVERVIEW

The use of patents to measure innovation output remains controversial. Clearly, not all innovations are patented – particularly for areas such as software and the internet economy, where copyright may be a more important form of intellectual property protection. Nevertheless, for some industries such as Life Sciences, patents are considered a good proxy of innovation outputs3. A recent study of the impact of Eurostars programme used an econometric evaluation of patent data to establish a positive and significant impact of the programme on the development of the patent portfolio of funded firms, compared to non-funded programme applicants4.

Put simply, patent citation is similar to bibliographic citation: an innovation may be partly based on an earlier patented

innovation. The inventor is required to disclose all “prior art” related to the patented invention. Therefore particularly novel, or technologically important, patented innovations will be the subject of greater citation5. Citation analysis therefore allows the diffusion of technological knowledge to be traced - where innovations are patented, citations appear to be a robust measure of their innovation or technological impact. Furthermore, strong links have been found between patent citation counts and measures of economic value6. For this report, a patent citation analysis was carried out to analyse the innovation impact of EUREKA’s project outcomes.

The analysis follows a network approach: in the patent citation network, patent applications are considered as the network nodes, and citations between them are the network links. To measure a patent’s impact, the citations that other patents, released at a later time, make to the patent of interest (also known as ‘forward’ citations) are counted. In this temporally evolving network that spans technological areas and geographical locations (e.g. country origin of patenting companies/organisations), three network-based Innovation Metrics are employed that summarise, over time, the impact of patents both within and between EUREKA’s main technological areas: Life Sciences & Medicine, Energy & Environment, ICT and Industrial Technologies.

EUREKA’S INNOVATIONIMPACT

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PATENT CITATION ANALYSIS

3 In Life Sciences industries patents are a crucial tool due to long product lead times requiring expensive research before there is a marketable product. Gollin M.A., “Driving Innovation: Intellectual Property Strategies for a Dynamic World” , Cambridge University Press, 20084 European Commission, “Final Evaluation of the Eurostars Joint Programme”, November 2014

These metrics have been labelled the Immediacy Index (IM), the Impact Factor (IF), and the 5-Year Impact Factor (IF5): the metrics were used to estimate short-term impact (i.e. citations) in the year of application (IM), 1-2 years (IF) and 5 years after application (IF-5).

RESULTS

The results summarized in Table 1 indicate that patents related to EUREKA project participation have a higher technological impact, measured by citations, compared to European patents unrelated with EUREKA participation in

TABLE 1: CITATION SCORES OF EUREKA AND NON EUREKA-RELATED PATENTS

all four technology areas investigated7. This conclusion holds for the three different metrics of impact – IM, IF, and IF5.EUREKA innovation impact in Life Sciences & Medicine, ICT and Industrial Technologies have been high, using all three temporal indicators, when compared to other patents with no relation to EUREKA projects in respective technological areas. Average citations of EUREKA-related patents are highest in Life Sciences & Medicine with an average of 0.12 citations per patent application within the same year (IM), 0.48 citations after 1-2 years (IF) and 0.57 citations after five years (IF5). Overall, the results

105 Marco A.C., “The dynamics of patent citations”, 20066 Trajtenberg M, “A penny for your quotes: patent citations and the value of innovations”, RAND Journal of Economics Vol. 21, No.1 Spring 19907 See Methodological Note for more details.

indicate that participation in EUREKA projects does indeed confer higher levels of technological innovation.

IM (Immediacy Index) measures the average number of citations received within the year of patent application.IF (Impact Factor) measures the average number of citations received 1 (EUREKA) or 2 years (non-EUREKA) after a patent application.

IF5 (Impact Factor 5) measures the average number of citations received 5 years after a patent application.

THE RESULTS ALSO SHOW:

• For Life Sciences & Medicine, ICT and Energy & Environment, the IF5 measure picks up extra citations compared to IF, which is not the case for Industrial Technologies.• Among non EUREKA-related patents, the differences between technological areas are less significant than for EUREKA-related patents.• Compared to other technological areas, patent citations for EUREKA Energy & Environment projects have been relatively low. This may be explained by the importance of scale in these sectors, as well as the well-known volatile nature of investment, which may have led to increased project cancellations8. Specific results of interest are investigated further in the below diagrams, which depict the innovation impacts of EUREKA participation in the difference between the light green and dark green areas.

Fig. 2 shows the innovation impact of EUREKA in Life Sciences & Medicine, as measured by the IM metric. There appears to have been a peak in patenting activity related to EUREKA projects around 2003-2006, which could be explained by the advancements in Genome Research: in the early 2000s the first rough draft of the human genome was completed (cf. the Human Genome Project in which the EUREKA project LABIMAP was a significant contributor together with a few other EUREKA projects, namely 696 Gene Imaging; 2370 Cancer Circuitry and Eurostars E! 4731

118Forbes, “Clean Energy Innovation: An Unstoppable and Volatile Force”, January 2013 www.onforb.es/1hR0AxM

Arrayvolution). More recently, the course of biotechnology research and innovation shifted towards genomics research. Fig. 3 shows EUREKA’s innovation impact in ICT, as measured by the IM metric. Three major peaks in patenting activity over the past 25 years are apparent - before 2000, around 2005 and after 2010 -

coinciding with the following innovations in the ICT sector: • 1997: cable and digital subscriber lines started to make their appearance in homes and broadband connections have started to make their appearance;• 2005: 3G, the third generation of mobile telecommunications technology, were introduced;

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FIG.2: INNOVATION IMPACT ON LIFE SCIENCES & MEDICINE - IM

IMMEDIACY INDEX FOR EUREKA AND NON EUREKA RELATEDEUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATIONS - LIFE SCIENCES & MEDICINE

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• 2012-2013: high-speed mobile network technologies (4G) and mobile computing technologies began to be adopted on global scale.

Given the short-term impact of EUREKA ICT patents (as measured by same-year and two-year patent citations), it can be

surmised that EUREKA projects played an active role in these waves of innovation, a finding which is corroborated further by the success stories discussed in this report.

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IMMEDIACY INDEX FOR EUREKA AND NON EUREKA RELATEDEUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATIONS - ICT TECHNOLOGY

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FIG. 3: INNOVATION IMPACT ON ICT - IM

A number of qualifying factors regarding EUREKA additionality must be taken into account when interpreting the above results:

• Given the nature of innovation ecosystems, where innovative companies often draw on funds and assistance from a number of sources, usually no single funding body or organisation can claim sole paternity for an innovation. However each of these funding sources can play a crucial role in bringing a new product or process to fruition.

• The differences between results for EUREKA and non EUREKA-related patents may be due to differences in the companies applying for EUREKA projects compared to other companies generating patents, and therefore not be directly caused by EUREKA funding. Nevertheless, Final and Market Impact Reports provide some evidence of additionality given that patents are explicitly mentioned as having been developed in the course of the funded project

Given the above, the findings needs to be explored further, if possible using counterfactual analysis, in order to draw definite conclusions regarding EUREKA additionality9.

SPILLOVERS

The industrial knowledge spillovers between the different technological areas on a European level, were also explored.

The results obtained show:

• The most significant spillovers from the Life Sciences sector were to Industrial Technologies. These spillovers showed a significantly higher overall impact from EUREKA-related patents than from non-EUREKA related patents

• Industrial Technologies’ most significant spillovers were in the Energy & Environment area,

• Energy & Environment projects most important and cumulative spillovers were reported on Industrial Technologies, and

• ICT’s most important spillovers were recorded for Industrial Technologies. The immediate impact of these spillovers was significantly higher for EUREKA-related patents. Moreover, EUREKA’s impact in terms of ICT knowledge spillovers shows a sizeable increase in recent yearsWith respect to scientific and innovation spillovers from ICT to other technological areas (Biotechnology, Industrial Manufacturing, Energy/Environment), it appears that knowledge spillovers between ICT and Industrial Technologies has been of high overall impact, showing a sizeable increase over the years.

14 9 Technopolis Group, “Evaluation Reference Model. For TAFTIE’s Taskforce Benchmarking Impact, Effectiveness and Efficiency of Innovation Instruments”, January 2014

TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION

Aside from patent citation analysis a number of other innovation indicators were developed to explore the results

of projects funded by EUREKA and the impact of its funding on participating organisations. The data is drawn largely from EUREKA Market Impact Reports, completed by participants in EUREKA

Network Projects and Eurostars projects. Market10 Impact Reports provide data on outcomes 1-4 years after the end of the project, allowing time for the early innovative results to develop11.

TABLE 2: CITATION SCORES OF EUREKA AND NON EUREKA-RELATED PATENTS

1510 See Methodological Note for further details.N= number of participant replies11 Conversely, assessments based on Final Impact Reports (completed upon project finalisation) tend to underestimate project outputs due to their immediacy

INNOVATION INDICATORS

Among the different forms of innovation, following the OECD, those related to product or process innovations can be described as technological innovations12.

EUREKA Network and Eurostars projects show a higher level of technological innovation (product + process innovations) 1-4 years after project completion in Industrial Technologies (70.0%) and ICT (68.0%), compared with Energy & Environment (63.8%) and Life Sciences & Medicine13 (59.0%). Long lead times, trials and regulatory hurdles in Life Sciences innovation may help to explain the latter result.

While each technological area shows a similar level of product innovation, the results indicate a higher level of process innovation in the Energy & Environment and Industrial Technologies areas. This may indicate that project participants in these technological areas are more likely to be operating in markets characterised by a “dominant design”, or de facto standard, leading companies to focus more on process and organisational innovation14 , compared with ICT or Life Sciences.

Another explanation for differing levelsof product and process innovation could be sought in the extent to which economies of scale are present in different markets. Existing research indicates that, for firms which achieve competitive advantage by exploiting economies of scale, innovation is more product than process orientated15.

This suggests that more scale-intensive industries will have a higher level of product innovation. However, this is difficult to verify with the available results, as each technological area corresponds to numerous sectors and markets (see the network graphs in section “Technological Areas”).

ICT projects score noticeably higher in terms of the proportion of sales tonewly-developed or improved products. This may be due to the ICT featuring a higher proportion of younger companies, in comparison the other three technological areas, with relatively low sales of existing products and services.

It is encouraging to note that in each technological area, diffusion of innovation i.e. the proportion of organisations who have reported to have accomplished good or excellent commercial impact because of their participation is uniformly high (60 to 65%) across the technological areas.

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12 “Technological innovations comprise new products and processes and significant technological changes of products and processes. An innovation has been implemented if it has been introduced on the market (product innovation)”. OECD Frascati Manual, Sixth edition.13 It is important to underline that a major source of EUREKA ICT projects, EUREKA Clusters, are not included in this analysis.14 Teece D., “Profiting from technological innovation: implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy”, Research Policy 15 (pp. 285-305), 1986. Utterback J., “Mastering the dynamics of innovation”, 1994 A dominant design refers to a de facto standard in an industry. 15 Pyka M, Fonseca M., (eds), “Catching Up, Spillovers and Innovation Networks in a Schumpeterian Perspective”, Springer 2011.

With its bottom-up approach, EUREKA supports the development of innovative and rapidly marketable products, processes and services that help improve the daily life of everyday people. Their commercialisation has added billions of euros to national economies.

This section of the report identifies key innovations deriving from projects and initiatives funded by EUREKA which have shaped the evolution of various technologies, contributed significantly to European competitiveness and innovation capacity, and had a profound impact on the way we live.

The self-contained case studies which follow provide clear evidence of EUREKA’s achievements in promoting R&D&I investment and global technological development in Europe and worldwide.

The analysis includes projects which have been completed throughout EUREKA’s 30-year history. Global success cannot be demonstrated yet for the more recent projects; nevertheless, some of the best prospects for global success have also been identified.The ‘global’ success stories were selected according to worldwide economic and

technological impact. Information such as market size, position and share was taken into account.

However, it is important to note that the success stories presented here have been selected not only because of their significant global impact, but also because infor mation could be collected to verify impact in the time-frame dedicated to this study.

Other projects, which may have been equally successful, but where impact has not yet been similarly assessed, shall be investigated in subsequent studies.

I-STARS “Thanks to EUREKA, we can save fuel and reduce CO emissions”The “i-StARS” project started in 2006 and ran for 48 months. The partners invested in research and development to develop a new technology which would extend the “Stop-Start” functionality for high-volume cars at low cost.

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GLOBALSUCCESSSTORIES

Market size: 90% of the market (2015)

Cost: €9.85m

Company impact: Thei-StARS project helped Valeo become a leader in belt-driven systems, in 12 and in 48V for stop-start and mild hybrid cars.

Societal and economic impact: The ramp-up of i-StARS and alternators in the Etaples plant (Pas de Calais, France), have safeguarded and even increased employment in the area.

This solution provides all car drivers with a fuel savings or CO2 reduction of up to 4% in the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) cycle, with consequent reduction of air pollution.

Technological impact: i-StARS helped to make the “Stop-Start” system a standard for car manufacturers. This technological breakthrough was also essential for the launch of the High Efficiency Generator, which uses the same technology. The i-StARS system is becoming a standard for belt-driven stop-start systems, and other automotive equipment manufacturers are starting to sell systems based on the technology.

PROJECT IMPACT

The Stop-Start system automatically switches the engine off when the vehicle is at a standstill and restarts the engine immediately, as soon as the driver lifts his foot off the brake or disengages the clutch, leading to a significant reduction in CO2 emissions16 (up to 4%). The automotive supplier Valeo has achieved a #1 world position in the “Stop-Start” system, with a market share of 90% in 2015. Today, the system is implemented at Peugeot-Citroën, Mercedes, Smart, Nissan and Suzuki; in Europe, Japan and India. Additional volumes will equip new models as of 2017 in Europe, North America and Japan. Additionally, i-StARS operates on full hybrid vehicles as a starter generator in combination with an electric traction motor at BMW, Subaru and Audi.

The production of i-StARS with integrated electronics started in 2010, and it will be marketed until at least 2024.

SUMMARY:

Project name: iStARS

Year: 2006-2010

Countries: France, Belgium, Germany

Main beneficiary: Valeo

Market share position: #1 (2015)

Technological area: automotive

18 16 www.valeo.com/en/our-activities/powertrain-systems/technologies/systems-stop-start-48.html

PROMETHEUS“Thanks to EUREKA, we can drive our cars more safely”The “Prometheus” project started in 1987 and ran for more than 11 years. More than 200 partners and public authorities invested €749 million in research and development to create concepts and solutions for a cleaner, safer and more efficient road traffic system.Project impact: A significant proportion of the technology currently applied by automotive manufacturers can trace its origins to Prometheus. Every auto currently on the market owes something to this project.

SUMMARY:

Project name: Prometheus

Year: 1987-1995

Countries: UK, Sweden, Norway, The

Netherlands, Italy, France, Finland,

Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Austria

Main beneficiary: Daimler AG

Technological area: automotive

Cost: €749mP

Technological impact: ROMETHEUS is to date the biggest R&D project on driverless cars ever undertaken.

Its main objective was to use IT to improve the safety and efficiency of traffic. Ultimately, the project aimed to create vehicles that could communicate with surrounding infrastructure and lead to more autonomous driving.

PROMETHEUS was a pioneering initiative which gave birth to a new technological era. Between 1994 and 1995, the project was responsible for developing two of the earliest autonomous driving systems capable of covering large distances without human intervention.

For the duration of the project, the consortium was so productive that many of the industry’s current technological developments are derived from the outcomes of PROMETHEUS – although the project itself did not realise all of these innovations, due to technological constraints.

A number of breakthrough innovations did come well ahead of their time, including the ACC system, the navigation system and digital map design - all products of PROMETHEUS brought to market in subsequent years. The automotive industry in Europe is still getting to grips with some of the discoveries made under PROMETHEUS.

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Thanks to EUREKA and the 100GET project, the telecommunications company Alcatel-Lucent achieved global leadership in January 2012 in 100 Gb/s optical transmission systems and reached a market share of 70%. Alcatel-Lucent has been improving its approach towards higher bit rates and in 2014 it was the only supplier having deployed 200 Gb/s systems with 13.5%of the global market share17. When the first product was launched, market size was €270m and growth was much higher than expected: forecasts from January 2012 were indicating a total market of €720m for 2013 and 1.3bn for 2014, while the actual figures reached €2.2bn in 201318 and €3.7bn the following year19.

SUMMARY:

Project name: 100GET

Years: 2007-2010

Countries: Germany, France, Sweden,

Finland, Spain

Main participant: Alcatel-Lucent

Market share position: #1 (2012), only

supplier with 200 Gb/s products (2014)

Market size: €3.7 billion (2014)

Technological area: Telecommunications

Cost: €65 million

Societal impact: As shown by the growth of telematics services which provide traffic information and management, PROMETHEUS technology is used by all road users, operators and service providers today.

CELTIC-PLUS 100GET“Thanks to EUREKA, we can enjoy immediate access to data-heavy Internet applications such as video and cloud computing”The “100GET” EUREKA Celtic-Plus project started in 2007 and ran for three years. 41 Partners and public authorities invested €65 million in research and development to enable, identify and test the next generation of telecommunications products able to reach the “100 Gigabit per second” transmission speed. Project impact: Everyone can enjoy 10x faster access than before this technology was deployed.

2017 ACG Research18 Dell’Oro19 Ovum

Societal impact: This solution allows all Internet users to experience much faster rates of data transfer (10x) when transferring large quantities of data. It does not apply to a specific application; however the most striking benefits include video streaming and massive data exchange related to cloud computing.

Technological impact: This product was a technological breakthrough. The new concept allowed breaking a barrier that prevented optical transmission equipment to exceed a capacity of 10 Gb/s, or 40 Gb/s at a limited distance. It has also served as the basis for the subsequent versions which will be able to transfer data at rates of up to 400 Gb/s, reaching 1000 Gb/s in the short-to-medium term.

Alcatel-Lucent was able to commercialise its product two years ahead of competition, obtaining an important commercial advantage.

This type of equipment represents today a large part of the investments made by telecommunications operators and this technology allows them to offer a service where the transfer of video and access to data stored in the cloud is ten times faster than was previously possible.

ITEA DIGITAL CINEMA“Thanks to EUREKA, we can all watch 3D movies and very high quality digital movies at our local cinema”The ITEA “Digital Cinema” project started in 2001 and ran for 30 months. Nine partners and public authorities invested €11.9 million in research and development to define and develop a system solution covering digital film production, distribution, storage and replay, including alternative uses for digital infrastructure.

Project impact: The new system developed during the project allowed 3D movies to achieve commercial success. Thanks to the Digital Cinema project, by 2012, Barco took a leading market position with a close to 30% share. Annual capture rates of around 50% have strengthened Barco’s number #1 position. With over 50,000 projectors deployed, Barco now has a market share of over 40%.Globally, Barco has achieved market shares in China and Latin America of 60% and higher, around 40% in Europe and a strong position in US and the rest of the world of between 25 and 35%.

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SUMMARY:

Project name: ITEA Digital Cinema

Year: 2001-2003

Countries: Belgium, Finland, Germany,

the Netherlands, UK

Main beneficiary: Barco

Market share position: #1 worldwide

with a market share of 60% and higher in

China and Latin America; 40% in Europe;

market shares between 25% and 35% in

US and in the rest of the world.

Technological area: Multimedia

Cost: €12.5 million

Economic impact: With digital cinema and associated technologies such as hard drives and satellite streaming, the distribution of 35mm movies has become much cheaper. These innovations generated significant savings for the studios and have led to the development of new value chains and business models. Current technology now supports services such as streaming live shows (music, sport events) or company presentations, enabling theatres to be operational outside the usual time slots of movie projection.

Societal Impact: Digital cinema provides moviegoers with vastly improved image quality, wherever the movie is being watched. 3D movies were made possible thanks to digital cinema. “Avatar” was a trigger for industry to invest into 3D projectors, a market with a bright future. Barco is now developing a new range of 3D projectors based on laser technology.

Employment impact: More than 350 additional people were hired by Barco to cope with the demand created by digital cinema. Thanks to the results of digital projection, the production including the digital projectors has reached up to 1,500 digital projectors per month, requiring more people in production.A “digital service community” including new service companies was created to respond to the new services required to support and operate digital cinema, creating even more employment.

Environmental Impact: Digital cinema has had a positive impact on the environment, with chemical products no longer needed for the fabrication of 35mm movies. Existing large production plants gave way to smaller high-tech factories which produce less waste.

Policy impact: The digital cinema sector joined forces to produce specifications for image quality and presentation, and enforce security and content protection for the distribution of the digital copies. All of this was brought together in the DCI specification.

22

demand of data protection: today, all citizens’ personal information is on the Internet and the companies need to reinforce more and more their security capabilities. Thanks to the SIEM market, companies can match compliance regulations to develop and protect the privacy and security of organisations and their users.

AlienVault achieved a #1 position in the mid-size worldwide SIEM market (composed of SMEs), with more than 65 % year-over-year sales growth; and a #3 position in the global SIEM market (including also large companies). AlienVault is the largest independent20 vendor in the SIEM market.

The AlienVault tool is sold in 180 countries, with customers from a broad range of sectors.

SUMMARY

Project name: AlienVault ESC

Year: 2008-2010

Countries: Spain, France

Main beneficiary: AlienVault

Market share position: #1 mid-size

market; #3 global market (2015)

Technological area: Information

Technology


The technological impact of Digital Cinema: The project has generated significant technological breakthroughs in terms of image quality and the construction of simple and reliable projectors with a longer product life (up to 10 years).

ALIENVAULT“Thanks to EUREKA, we can protect and secure our personal data”The “AlienVault ESC” project started in 2008 and ran for 21 months. Two partners and public authorities from Spain and France invested €1.2 million in research and development to create a new software product called AlienVault Enterprise Security Console (AlienVault ESC), adding innovative intelligence risk measurement algorithms, high performance and legal reinforcement to the open source leader SIM OSSIM.

Project impact: Today, vast quantities of personal information are stored on the Internet, and advanced security capabilities are required to enforce data protection. SIEM (Security Information and Event Management), the market sector for AlienVault™ products, did not exist when AlienVault started its activities in 2003. The market is now worth €2 billion and is the fastest growing in the security field. The SIEM market responds to the growing

2320 In this context, “independent” refers to all companies which are not public and which are not part of any consulting company.

DAB“Thanks to EUREKA, we can listen to our favourite music wherever we are”The “DAB” project started in 1987 and ran for 13 years. 17 partners and public authorities invested €89.2 million in research and development to bring radio broadcasting in line with the most recent advances in digital recording technology.

SUMMARY:

Project name: DAB

Year: 1987-2001

Countries: United Kingdom, The

Netherlands, France, Germany and

Finland

Main beneficiary: Fraunhofer IIS,

Technicolor (formerly Thomson)

Technological domain: information

technologies


Thanks to the DAB project, the German research institute Fraunhofer IIS and the French electronics maker Thomson (now Technicolor) have an important portfolio of patents related to MP3. Most of the €26.1 billion in license fees that

24

Economic impact: AlienVault’s growth has been remarkable. From a start-up it has now become an established company with offices in the US and throughout Europe. This success has created new jobs in the US, UK, Ireland, Germany and Spain, where the engineering team is based.AlienVault shows how European start-ups can become global vendors, competing on a par with Silicon Valley while maintaining and creating engineering jobs in Europe.

Societal impact: Thanks to this EUREKA product, companies can secure and protect citizens’ personal data. In addition, tens of thousands of Universities, schools, SMEs and Governments are using AlienVault’s free Open Source tool, providing free security capabilities for everyone.

Technological impact: AlienVault increased speed ten-fold compared to existing solutions, by analysing huge volumes of data generated by the hardware and software assets of companies, as well as improving the detection of attacks. The ALIENVAULT project helped position the eponymous company as a benchmark in its sector. Thanks to EUREKA, the company developed security software that is now not only a reference in the field but also an essential line of defence in modern cyber-wars.

Policy impact: AlienVault products allow companies to comply with regulations and industry requirements concerning security and protection of data.

21 www.nytimes.com/2005/03/09/technology/09iht-btfraun.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0

25

Fraunhofer received in 200421 came from the series of patents for MP3 filed by Fraunhofer and Thomson/Technicolor.

Project impact: DAB’s innovation did not end with digital broadcasting. Three of the project partners went on to develop MPEG-1 Audio Layer 2, the audio format better known as MP2. It was this format that gave rise to the de facto standard of audio encoding MP3, which has been and still is the most widely used standard for listening to music on portable devices.Technological impact:

The project took more than ten years to complete, but it achieved and exceeded its aims, developing a new broadcasting standard that has been hailed as “the most significant advance in radio technology since the introduction of FM stereo”. Today, DAB is used in more than 30 countries worldwide, mostly within the Europe and Asia-Pacific regions.

26

HIGH POTENTIAL PROJECTS“Thanks to EUREKA, the next few years may see important breakthroughs in areas such as life sciences, information technology and security. Early results from very promising EUREKA projects will be monitored in coming years for important innovations in domains such as biotechnology, medicine and drugs, information technology, security and energy”Most of the projects described in this section were funded under the Eurostars programme, where a large number of projects have recently been completed and the first global results will be visible soon.

EUROSTARS PROJECT E! 6851 BLISK: ENABLING LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF MICROFLUIDIC CARTRIDGES

The BLISK project started in 2012 and ran for 23 months. Two partners (Axxicon Moulds Eindhoven B.V and Biosurfit, SA) and public authorities from The Netherlands and Portugal invested €1.6 million in R&D to develop a novel lab on disk devices capable to perform a wide variety of multi-parameter blood tests for near patient diagnostics as well as developing large scale production methods. The project has submitted six patents, and devices are currently being manufactured at pilot level, aiming to lead to a larger scale production.

EUROSTARS PROJECT E! 5069 NEWBONE: DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL TESTING OF A NOVEL OSTEOCONDUCTIVE SYNTHETIC BONE GRAFT SUBSTITUTES

The NewBone project started in 2010 and ran for 36 months. The partners and public authorities from Norway and Spain invested €2.2 million in R&D. NewBone is implanted into the bone in order to assist the healing and repair of damaged bones. It aims to overcome all the risks of disease transmission, product degradation during storage and mechanical instability as well as lowering production costs. Greater mechanical strength has already been achieved and there are very promising in vitro and in vivo results.

EUROSTARS PROJECT E! 6121 ReBAT: Development of a Bispecific therapeutic antibody for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer

The ReBAT project started in 2010 and ran for 35 months. The project partners developed a fully human bi-specific antibody (Biclonic™) production technology platform to be applied for generating a therapeutic candidate for breast cancer. The development of a scalable and economic purification process for bi-specific antibodies is one of the key achievements of the project. With five patents, the project has already generated a new technology used to generate a first in class drug candidate that limits the appearance of treatment resistant tumours, reduces treatment toxicity, and that is potentially effective in a broader patient population.

SUMMARY:

Project name: BLISK

Year: 2012-2013

Countries: The Netherlands, Portugal

Main beneficiary: Axxicon

Achieved: Six patents, pilot

manufacturing

Aiming at: Large scale production, IPR/

licensing

Technological area: Biotech


Project name: NewBoneYear: 2010-2013Countries: Norway, SpainMain beneficiary: CorticalisAchieved: One pending patent, in vivo and in vitro experiments, two PhDsAiming at: partnering with large industry playersTechnological area: BiotechCost: €2.2 million

Project name: ReBATYear: 2010-2013Countries: The Netherlands, SwitzerlandMain beneficiaries: Merus, ChromaConAchieved: Five patents, enhancements to existing platforms, €23 million additional VC investmentAiming at: Large scale productionTechnological area: BiotechCost: €1.77 million

27

EUROSTARS PROJECT E! 6687 FIIA: Forensic Image Identifier and Analyzer

The FIIA project started in 2011 and ran for 31 months. Three partners and public authorities invested €1.2 million in R&D to create an innovative software service for the forensic market that automatically identifies and analyses the content of images on web sites and seized computers. Videntifier subsequently closed a deal with Interpol to bring the technology into the International Child Sexual Exploitation Database. One of the goals of this project is to allow police forces from around the world to share and identify known child abuse content and verify if the offender has already been discovered and eventually caught.

SUMMARY:

Project name: FELLOWSHIP

Year: 2007-2010

Countries: Germany, Sweden

Main beneficiary: Det Norske Veritas A/S

(Dnv)

Achieved: Highly innovative HotModule

fuel cells

Aiming at: Commercial sales

Technological area: Energy, Environment

Cost €11.7 million

NETWORK PROJECT E! 3636 FELLOWSHIP: Fuel cells for low emission ships

The FELLOWSHIP project started in 2007 and run for 34 months. The partners and public authorities from Germany and Norway invested €11.7 million in R&D to develop and demonstrate fuel cell power packs especially suitable for marine and offshore use, which will vastly improve the energy efficiency of ships, subsequently reducing running costs and the vessels’ impact on the environment. The FELLOWSHIP team has developed highly innovative HotModule fuel cells that take advantage of recent developments in the fields of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC).

EUROSTARS PROJECT E! 4258 ISTAR: Injection System for Transderm Administration of dRugs

The ISTAR project started in 2008 and ran for 16 months. Two partners (Hirtenberger Automotive Safety GmbH & Co KG and CrossJect) and public authorities from Austria and France invested €3.6 million in research and development to design, test and validate on human skin a needle free drug delivery injector ready to be produced and put on the market. The medical community sees self-injection as a safe and reliable solution especially adapted to the treatment of chronic diseases such as hepatitis or arthritis.

28

Project name: ISTARYear: 2008-2010Countries: Austria, FranceMain beneficiary: CrossJectAchieved: 400+ patents, pilot testsAiming at: Large scale production(150 million units sold as soon as 2015)in a mass market of 12 billion injections per yearTechnological area: BiotechCost: €3.6 million

Project name: FIIAYear: 2011-2014Countries: UK, Iceland, FranceMain beneficiary: VidentifierAchieved: Turnover doubled, ten employees hired, contract with Interpol, internationalisation of the activitiesAiming at: Sales into the multimedia sector Technological area: Information TechnologyCost: €1.2 million

29

30

TECHNOLOGICALAREAS

1. INFORMATION ANDCOMMUNICATIONSTECHNOLOGY

31

EUROSTARSNETWORK PROJECTSCLUSTERS

5500

5000

6500

5000

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

19851989

19901994

19951999

20002004

20052009

20102014


500

550

450

400

350

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

19851989

19901994

19951999

20002004

20052009

20102014

ICT

32,3%

36,2%

ELECTRONICS, MICROELECTRONICSSOFTWARE & SYSTEMSMULTIMEDIACOMMUNICATIONS & NETWORKSOFTWARE FOR HEALTH,TOURISM AND TRANSPORT

8,4%

11.5%

11,7%

PROJECTINVESTMENT (€M)

NUMBER OF PROJECTS

PROJECT INVESTMENTBY TECHNOLOGY

12,5%

46,9%

11,3%2,7%

26,6%

SMELARGE COMPANYUNIVERSITYRESEARCH INSTITUTEOTHER

PARTICIPATIONBY ORGANISATION TYPE

PROJECT INVESTMENTBY MARKET APPLICATIONS

ELECTRONICSCONSUMER PRODUCTS & SERVICESCOMMUNICATIONSOTHER COMPUTER RELATEDTRANSPORTATIONINDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS / MANUFACTURINGMEDICAL / HEALTHOTHER

6,0%

17,1%

6,3%

5,3%

27,7%

15,4%

8,9%

13,3%

PATENT ACTIVITY

*Eurostars projects only, as reported up to 3 years after project end.

PATENTS GRANTED 17,8%PATENTS APPLIED/PENDING 33,3%PATENTS RESEARCHED 10,0%NO ACTIVITY 38,9%

Over EUREKA’s 30-year presence more than 2000 projects focused on developing ICT have been funded with close to 7000 participating organisations, and nearly €23.7 billion of public-private investment.

The ICT (Information and Communications Technology) sector is a significant component of the Europe’s economy in its own right, accounting for 5.6% of Europe’s GDP (€670 billion) and 5.3% of employment22. ICT R&D and innovation are key to the advancement of Europe’s economic and wider well-being.

Moreover, ICT has become fully integrated into our daily lives - mobile broadband subscriptions reached 2.3 billion globally in 201423 - becoming embedded in processes, products and services in almost every sector of the economy – from Manufacturing (e.g. via the use of sensors) to Consumer goods, Health & Medicine, and Energy (e.g. smart grids).

Since 1985 ICT has seen three important life cycles, each of them, during their initial phase, disrupting existing markets and heralding a new wave of competition. In the 1980s, the PC became a leading product, establishing a new market segment and conditioning the evolution of the whole ICT sector, while opening the door for the Internet. In the mid-1990s mobile telephony took the lead. The evolution of digital systems towards 3G (UMTS) and later 4G provided new opportunities for market and usage expansion, while at the same time giving an impulse to convergence with the Internet. Since

2000, consumer electronics have seen a wave of innovation, with the success of videogames, digital cameras, digital television and other home-based ICT products focused on leisure.

For decades, the pace of change in ICT has been driven by underlying advances in electronics. Here, EUREKA can claim to have been at the forefront of European and global innovation, with early investment via the JESSI Cluster, later followed by MEDEA and CATRENE24. The CATRENE EXEPT project focused on developing photolithography and EUV technology, commercialized by ASML, is a recent example of EUREKA generating commercial success in the electronics sector.

EUREKA has also been central to the development of European telecommunications and network technology, notably via the CELTIC and CELTIC PLUS Clusters. For example, the WINNER+ project developed systems, concepts and simulations to test and validate ideas for broadband mobile communications, which are now being exploited for global standards. As can be seen in Fig.1 below, communications technology has been a primary focus of EUREKA projects since the 1980s - with clear benefits to the European industry. In telecoms equipment, in 2013 Europe was home to the leading manufacturer (Ericsson) and claimed three of the top ten places by revenue, equal to the US, ahead of China (2) and Japan (1). The trajectories of technological development in other sectors have also

33

22 www.ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/ict/competitiveness/ict-brief/index_en.htm23 www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2014/23.aspx

been clearly shaped by EUREKA funding. The Digital Cinema project, developed via the ITEA Cluster has proved to be a major success, helping to make Belgian company BARCO a global leader in digital cinema projectors. The Section on Global Success Stories analyses EUREKA successes in the fields of network technologies (100GET), digital radio (DAB) and web security (ALIENVAULT), with the latter a clear example of European success in an increasingly core sector for the internet economy.

EUREKA has also assisted the embedding of ICT into the Industrial sphere, with ground-breaking high-tech projects such as PROMETHEUS and i-StARS (See Global Success Stories).

In recent years, the main trends have seen Network and Eurostars project investment increasing steadily since 2008 in the areas of Data Management, Processing and Protection, with investment in running projects reaching €250 million in 2015. While funding of various domains of electronics and network technologies via Network and Eurostars projects has declined in recent years, there have been continued larger investments in Clusters focusing on these domains (see Global Success Stories). Project investment in semantics and human language technologies have seen an increase in 2014, reaching close to €20 million.

As depicted in Fig. 2, EUREKA’s Eurostars and Network projects in ICT since

2000 have been dedicated largely to Information Processing and Information Systems (19%), Telecommunications (7%), IT and Telematics (6%), Microelectronics (6%) and Multimedia (3%). Predictably, given ICT’s role as an enabling technology, these projects have had market diffuse applications, beyond Computer Software (16%), Data Communications (5%) and Electronic Components (3%) to Leisure and Recreation (4%), Industrial Automation (3%) and a long tail of 55 other market areas25.

34

24 Of the seven currently running EUREKA Clusters, four are dedicated to themes closely related to ICT: ITEA 3 (Software-intensive Systems & Services), CELTIC-PLUS (Telecommunications, New Media, Future Internet), EURIPIDES² (Smart Electronic Systems) and CATRENE (Semiconductors).

25 Some are depicted (in red) in Fig.2, although many are excluded for clarity.

3526 McKinsey Global Institute, “Internet matters: The Net’s sweeping impact on growth, jobs, and prosperity”, May 2011 http://bit.ly/1oyMmjT

The diagram shows the major

technological areas developed in

EUREKA projects (blue) and their market

applications (red). The darker the arrow,

the more projects represented by this

connection. The diagram shows the

wide variety of market applications

deriving from EUREKA project funding

of ICT technologies, in areas as diverse

as retail, finance, transport, leisure and

recreation.

THE INTERNET ECONOMY – IMPLICATIONS FOR EUREKA

The Internet has transformed our daily lives over the past decade and has fundamentally changed the way we stay in touch with friends and relatives, search for and purchase products and services, and entertain ourselves. It has also transformed the way we do business. A significant and increasing portion of economic growth in Europe and elsewhere is attributable to the Internet with some countries such as the UK and Sweden leading the way internationally with over 6% of GDP derived solely from the Internet26. While challenges remain, in the coming decade the Internet promises to fuel economic growth and improve well-being. With the Internet expected to reach half of the world population

36

in 2016, its importance for European economies can only grow.

Taken as a whole, Europe has been a follower, rather than a leader in the global Internet economy, slower to develop and capture its full benefits. In terms of global competition, the most successful Internet economies are the United States, South Korea and to some extent China, countries which have spawned the most successful and popular global leaders in this sector (Google, Apple, Samsung, Facebook, Tencent etc.27) while Europe, with some notable exceptions, is lagging behind. Although there are many European web start-ups, they rarely grow into global players.

Key reasons accounting for the sector’s slower development in Europe include:

• Market and regulatory fragmentation: The EU’s single market exhibits less homogeneity than the US, particularly in terms of language and culture. Inconsistencies between member states abound both in terms of sectoral legislation (eg. regulation of the internet, licensing, authorisations, IPRs) as well wider policies such as corporate taxation. Addressing a range of regional or national specificities, increases the time, cost and risk of launching a new product or service. As a result it is more difficult for European companies to rapidly move into new promising business areas or to successfully enter a new market.

27 Recent figures show that seven of the top ten global smartphone manufacturers are from China, two from South Korea and Apple. http://bit.ly/1PJKcxM

37

• Unbalanced distribution of facilities and resources across Europe: Ecosystems to support the creation and scaling of enterprises in the internet economy are not common to all EU countries.

• Differences in the provision of infrastructure: Fragmented broadband and a lack of pan-European internet service providers has contributed to the slower diffusion of advanced online services in the pastClearly, the principal reasons for the slow development of the sector in Europe have a structural character. Therefore, European governments should join forces and collaborate in order to reduce these structural gaps, following a single market approach - as envisaged in the EU’s Digital Single Market Strategy.

EUREKA’S ROLE

Although in its early stages, the importance of promoting Europe’s ICT

TABLE 3: EUREKA ICT PROJECTS PER DECADE AND NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS

sector was at the forefront of EUREKA’s projects from 1985. The network mobilised considerable resources for the development of the sector. EUREKA has continually focused on creating and expanding networks and boosting synergies by supporting projects involving organisations from two or more different countries. This has addressed some of the structural barriers which impede the creation of a European digital market.

In this way EUREKA enhanced knowledge sharing and supported the implementation of trials and business exploitation activities in countries with different cultural, legal and economic environments.

However, what is still needed are policy measures that will preserve and extend the openness of the Digital Single Market initiative and help the European Internet industries to overcome their

38

fragmentation. EUREKA can contribute to the EU Digital Single Market initiative by continuing to support multinational projects in the internet economy as well intensifying market experimentation activities in different environments.

39

2. LIFE SCIENCESAND MEDICINE

42

Overall, throughout EUREKA’s 30 year presence, over 900 projects have been funded in the area of Life Sciences & Medicine, with more than 2,900 participating organisations and over €2.5 billion in public and private investment.

With the population of the Western world and Europe in particular ageing dramatically, the impact of a higher number of elderly citizens, longer healthy life expectancy, and fewer numbers of working-age individuals will have an increasing effect on our economy and society in the years to come. Technology derived from the life sciences is therefore likely to have an ever more central role in the European and world economy.

Innovation in the life sciences is a very complex and expensive undertaking, often involving numerous actors from the public and private sectors. A high risk of failure is accompanied by the need for long-term investments – for example, clinical trials mean that players need to invest for many years before seeing ROI. At each stage of the innovation cycle, many social and economic factors can affect the development, uptake or diffusion of new technologies. For these reasons, public funding has been proved to play a crucial role in bringing new products and services to market28.

Furthermore, as emphasised in a recent report from Deloitte, “innovation strategies founded on collaboration, networking and asset acquisitions continue to grow in importance and impact…the ability to engage in and

subsequently manage strategic alliances effectively is a critical success factor in life sciences R&D29”

In drug development and other areas, with externalisation of R&D remaining a persistent strategy to cope with the scientific, regulatory and commercial uncertainty, SMEs are expected to continue to play a central role. Nevertheless it remains extremely difficult for SMEs to move from idea to market alone, especially when the intended market is international – here the EUREKA model of collaborative innovation proves its worth.

In pharmaceuticals, the decline of an existing business model – based on the blockbuster drug – is closely linked to the structural shift in R&D activity towards an ecosystem including smaller players30. This is reinforced by the rising importance of diagnostics, which reinforces the need for a more flexible R&D model aimed at personalising patient care. It is such synergies between previously separate areas of the sector which reinforce and reestablish EUREKA’s collaborative model.

Looking at its historical project portfolio, 62% of EUREKA projects in the sector have been dedicated to developing Medical Technology, while a further 29% have addressed Biology/Biotechnology. The major areas of market application have been Diagnostics (30%), Therapeutics (29%) and Pharmaceuticals (24%). Focusing on the sub-sector of Biotechnology, the same three areas

43

of market application dominate, although diagnostic applications are less important (15%) than for the Life Sciences projects as a whole.

28 IMD Working Paper 2013-01 http://bit.ly/1UjPr9w29 Deloitte Centre for Health Solutions, “Measuring the return from pharmaceutical innovation 2014. Turning a corner?”, p.4 http://bit.ly/1wcpM5b30 A. Kandybin, V. Genova, “Big Pharma’s Uncertain Future”, strategy+business, Spring 2012 http://bit.ly/1IDFTtZ

(The diagram shows the major


EUREKA projects (blue) and their

market applications (red). The

darker the arrow, the more projects

represented by this connection. The

major markets are equally split between

Therapeutics, Pharmaceuticals and

Diagnostics. This reflects the major

trends in medical R&D&I in the last 30

years. The widespread applications of

biotechnological innovation can be seen,

with market areas including Consumer

Products and Agriculture/Agrofood

sectors. The diagram depicts EUREKA

Network and Eurostars Projects)

EUREKA project investment in Life Sciences & Medicine reached over €465 million from 2010 to 2014 with 314 projects funded, mainly via the Eurostars programme. This compares to 141 projects for the period 2005 to 2009. Average project investment was €1.5 million in 2014 (€2.7 million since 1985). Diagnostic technologies have seen significant growth in EUREKA project investment with total running project costs increasing from €25m in 2008 to almost €90m by 2014.

44

This reflects a market in which segments such as cancer diagnostics (including high-tech genomics screening) and the use of biomarkers in early-stage clinical development are leading the way.

45

3. INDUSTRIALTECHNOLOGIES

INDUSTRIALTECHNOLOGIES


400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

19851989

19901994

19951999

20002004

20052009

20102014

1900

2000

1500

1000

600

300

200

1700

1300

800

400

2100

1800

1400

900

500

1600

1200

1100

700

100

0

19851989

19901994

19851989

19901994

19951999

20002004

20052009

20102014

67,1%

INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURNG,AND TRANSPORTATIONCHEMICAL, PHYSICAL AND EXACT SCIENCESMEASUREMENTS AND STANDARDSOTHER INDISTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES

10,1%

14.0%

8,6%


NUMBER OF PROJECTS


13,9%

41,9%

12,3%2,1%

29,7%

SMELARGE COMPANYRESEARCH INSTITUTEUNIVERSITYOTHER



INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTSTRANSPORTATIONMEDICAL/HEALTHCONSUMER PRODUCTS & SERVICESENERGYCONSTRUCTION / BUILDING PRODUCTELECTRONICS RELATEDOTHER

9,3%

4,3%

24,8%

4,8%

37,8%

9,2%

6,2%

3,6%

PATENT ACTIVITY




46

Over EUREKA’s 30 year presence more than 1750 projects in the Industrial Technologies domain have been funded, with around 6,400 participating organisations and total public-private investment of nearly €6.2 billion.

Today it is estimated that industry and manufacturing in Europe generate 25% of all private sector jobs, 80% of private sector R&D, and 75% of exports in Europe. Europe is a global heavy-weight in advanced manufacturing technologies.

Despite its successes, the challenges facing Europe’s manufacturing industry over the past decade have become more pronounced: competition with low-cost countries producing low-to-medium technology products; high manufacturing costs accompanied by chronic low productivity, and thirdly the “low investment - low productivity – low growth” trap due to enduring economic uncertainties and problems in accessing31 finance . To meet these challenges, Europe needs to continue to invest in innovation to revolutionise manufacturing and enable re-industrialisation.

Manufacturing is back at the top of the innovation policy agenda32, with leading economists engaged in debate over the economic and social benefits of supporting and developing a domestic manufacturing base, and reflecting on the need for an “Entrepreneurial State”33. Indeed, according to McKinsey “manufacturing remains a vital source of innovation and competitiveness, making

outsized contributions to research and development, exports, and productivity growth34” .

However, to succeed in a new era of advanced manufacturing, companies from advanced and developing economies will have to be highly agile and networked, delivering products and services to diverse global markets. In particular, advances in ICT continue to revolutionise manufacturing processes, creating global supply chains, and furnishing new forms of intelligence -for example via data-gathering sensors in production machinery and logistics35.

Early proof of the emphasis given by EUREKA to advanced industrial technologies can be seen in the FAMOS Umbrella project (1986-1995), which aimed to boost Europe’s industrial competitiveness by developing flexible automation. FAMOS foreshadowed later initiatives to re-shore Europe’s manufacturing base and was followed by successive Umbrellas in the manufacturing domain36, most recently ProFactory+ (2011-2015).

In terms of technological domains, of those which feature strongly in Fig. 5, transport and materials boast some of the clearest examples of EUREKA’s success.

PROMETHEUS became not only a model for subsequent EUREKA projects and Clusters, but also one of the most influential endeavours in transport technology that the world has ever

48

31 www.cecimo.eu/site/publications/magazine0/advanced-manufacturing/32 See the European Commission’s 2014 Communication, For a European Industrial Renaissance33 Mazzucato M., “The entrepreneurial state : debunking public vs. private sector myths”, Anthem Press, 2014.

seen. The 150 participants aimed to develop new ways to make the most out of existing traffic networks by augmenting communication between drivers, traffic managers and other road users. A pioneering initiative, the project developed two of the earliest autonomous driving systems capable of covering large distances without human intervention.

The project I-STARS led to the development of a compact, fully integrated and low-cost start-stop system for cars to replace conventional alternators in mass production and represented a perfect example of the profitable synergies created through EUREKA’s collaborative projects. Project leader Valeo took the responsibility for the assembly of the mechatronics unit, while its partners provided expertise in microelectronics. The resulting STARS system already fulfils global demands for more energy-efficient vehicles and can cu fuel consumption by as much as 25 percent.

Materials has also seen significant investment via EUREKA projects, in fields ranging from textiles to metals and alloys (see Fig.6). The recent Eurostars project IM-ITSHT allowed main partner RocTool to perfect its technique to realise complex mouldings without any apparent joints. The technology developed allows components to be produced in just two minutes; a reduction of 90%. The company’s primary market is now Asia, where it licensed the technology to the manufacturer of iPhone shells.

49

The successful LRF project, generated under the ProFactory+ Umbrella, focused on developing lightweight carbon fibre technology for installing roof fixtures, one of the core processes when assembling a vehicle. Swedish SME FlexProp, which partnered with Audi in the project, now has deadls with major companies in the automotive and aerospace sectors.

In recent years, EUREKA’s influence on advanced manufacturing systems has also continued via projects such as Eurostars OPTITUNE, which developed new optical filters allowing life-threatening diseases to be diagnosed at an earlier stage and at lower cost. The project helped Danish SME DELTA to challenge US-based rivals in the market for variable filters.

As shown in Fig. 5, EUREKA Industrial projects have been dedicated to innovations such as Composite Materials (5%), Design and Modelling technologies (5%), Metals and Alloys, Process Control and Logistics, Moulding, Textiles and Road Vehicles technologies.

The main applications of EUREKA Industrial technological advancements have been in Motor Vehicles (10%), Chemicals and Materials (10%), Transportation Equipment and Parts (10%), Aircrafts and Aerospace (3%).

34 McKinsey, Manufacturing the future: The next era of global growth and innovation, November 2012.35 Ibid36 “Results of the EUREKA FAMOS Research Programme: A European Contribution to Manufacturing Technology”. Robotics & Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Vol. 10, No. 1/2, pp. 13-19, 1993




applications (red). The darker the arrow,

the more projects represented by this

connection. The diagram shows the

importance of materials – in particular,

metals - and transport as technological

and market areas where EUREKA

projects have made a significant

contribution. Industrial design

technology also features strongly, in

particular related to automotive design.

The diagram depicts EUREKA Network

and Eurostars projects).

Recent years have confirmed the importance of transport technologies in EUREKA’s portfolio. EUREKA Network and Eurostars projects have seen an increasing investment in Road Transport Technology and Traffic Control (€90 million in running projects in 2014), Composite Materials (at least €45 million), and Sensors (€35 million, not including significant funding via Clusters projects).

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4. ENERGY ANDENVIRONMENT


250

300

200

150

100

50

0

19851989

19901994

19951999

20002004

20052009

20102014


500

400

300

200

900

800

700

600

100

0

19851989

19901994

19951999

20002004

20052009

20102014

ENERGY ANDENVIRONMENT

37,1%

15,9%

15,3%

ENERGYENVIRONMENTAGRICULTURE & MARINEAGROFOOD

31,8%


ENERGYAGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHINGCONSUMER PRODUCTS & SERVICESINDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS/MANUFACTURINGTRANSPORTATIONOTHER

17,9%

18,1%

9,1%

9,6%

28,5%

16,9%


NUMBER OF PROJECTS


PATENT ACTIVITY

19,0%

SMELARGE COMPANYRESEARCH INSTITUTEUNIVERSITYOTHER

16,2%

41,0%14,2%

3,5%

25,1%




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EUREKA has participated actively in bringing technologies in these sectors to market with almost 1200 Energy & Environment technology projects funded, around 6400 participating organisations, and total public-private investment of €3.5 billion.

The progress of energy and environmental technologies will be essential for finding sustainable solutions to humanity’s most pressing challenges, including a growing global population, climate change, depletion of natural resources, waste disposal, water and air pollution. Despite the well-known difficulties surrounding the propagation of GM food, innovation in the agricultural sector is fundamental to sustainably feed 9 billion people in 2050. Economic growth and changing consumption patterns will place increasing demands on the primary sector.

As the OECD recently underlined, technological innovation, while no panacea, continues to play a key role in addressing these challenges, and much progress has been made in recent decades.

Indeed, Europe is a world leader in environmental and energy technology, with more than two million people working in its eco-industries. Energy and environmental technologies in Europe account for about one third of the global market and are growing by around 5% a year. European companies are particularly strong in renewable power generation and waste

management / recycling, where they have a global market share of 40% and 50% respectively37.

Despite this, considerable uncertainties surround investment in energy and environmental technology, linked to fluctuations in the price of oil as well as a shifting regulatory landscape. The most efficient policy instruments are therefore “those which are able to reduce the market uncertainty, without second-guessing future market demand38” . The bottom-up, market-driven approach of EUREKA helps to fill this gap.

Indeed, EUREKA has funded a significant number of projects in the areas of renewables and energy efficiency which contribute to the overall aims of CO2 emissions reduction and increasing the share of energy coming from renewable sources.

EUREKA’s energy Cluster EUROGIA+ has been the crux of sustainable energy research within the Network. The Cluster has scored particular successes in energy management and storage, including the ILIS project, which developed Europe’s first battery to store clean energy, paving the way for the use of renewable energy in grids. Following ILIS’ successful pilot, participating companies Acciona Energia and SAFT are talking to potential customers from all over the world, with high demand from the US.

The RENERSTA project, which started in 2010, aimed to design and test a fullly

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modular autonomous and compact energy station using only renewable energies, integrating different existing energy sources and energy storages controlled by a single management system. The technology is now central to the success of French startup Powidian, which has attracted equity finance to support its growing business in autonomous energy solutions.

In terms of technological areas, EUREKA Network and Eurostars projects, have been dedicated primarily to developing Agricultural technology (16%), Environmental Technology (15%), Renewables (13%), and Waste Management (12%). Within the category of Agricultural Technology, nearly a third of projects involved animal husbandry, while half of the Environmental Technology projects have concerned water pollution or treatment.

The main market applications of EUREKA technological advancements have been in Renewable and Nuclear Energy (15%), Food & Beverages (13%), Pollution and Recycling (9%), and Utilities (7%).

37 European Environment Agency, “Energy and Environment in the European Union”, 2006Labat, A., Kitous, A., Perry, M., Saveyn, B., Vandyck, T., and Vrontisi, Z. (2015). “GECO2015. Global Energy and Climate Outlook. Road to Paris”, JRC Scientific and Policy Reports, EUR 27239 EN.38 European Commission Directorate General Environment , “Bridging the Valley of Death: public support for commercialisation of eco-innovation”, 2009




applications (red). The darker the

arrow, the more projects represented

by this connection. For Energy &

Environment, Waste Management, Food

and Renewables have been among the

most common technological areas, while

Renewable & Nuclear Energy, Pollution

& Recycling and Food & Beverages are

the most common markets. The diagram

depicts EUREKA Network and Eurostars

projects).

Once again, focusing on Network Projects and Eurostars, photovoltaics and solar energy, as well as other renewable and alternative energies, and water pollution and treatment projects have seen a significant increase in funding since 2009. Investment between 2010-13 in running solar projects was worth €35 million, while investment in running energy efficiency projects recently climbed to €50 million.

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METHODOLOGICAL NOTE

SOCIAL NETWORK GRAPHS

These graphs are used on pages xx, xx, xx, and xx to illustrate the connections between projects in terms of technological and market area. The arrows in the graphs represent funded projects; the darker the arrow, the more projects it represents. The size of the bubbles indicate the number of projects funded in that technological and/or market area.

EUREKA uses technological area to define the technological innovation of a project, and market area to define its market application. Although a project may develop a technology with more than one market application, project officers (Network Projects) or participants (Eurostars) choose the single most appropriate technological and market for the project, at a one, two and three digit level (see Annex 1 of the pdf version of this report for the complete lists of market and technological areas). The graphs depict EUREKA Network Projects since 2001 (projects were not previously tagged with technological and market area), and Eurostars projects since 2008. Clusters projects have not yet been tagged and therefore were not included in this analysis.

The graphs were developed with NodeXL, the open source network visualisation and analysis tool available as an add-on for MS Excel. The graphs’ layout has

been designed with clarity in mind. In particular, for Industrial Technologies a filter has been applied to reduce the number of arrows (links between technological and market areas below a certain number of projects).

INNOVATION IMPACT

Innovation has been explored using the definition provided in the Oslo Manual39 of OECD: “An innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations… An innovative firm is one that has implemented an innovation during the period under review”.

The underlying data for this section are drawn from Market Impact Reports for Network / Umbrella Projects (sent to participants 2 and 4 years after project end) and in some cases Eurostars projects (1 year). Where, due to inconsistencies between the reports, it was not possible to integrate the data from Eurostars and Network Projects, data from the latter has been used.99% of EUREKA Network Projects Market Impact Report (MIR) data relates to projects approved in the period 2000-2010. For this period, 12.3% of organisations returned at least one MIR. For Eurostars projects, 37% of organisations returned a MIR.

The average return rate has been close to 20%. As with all survey data, results will

5939 OECD/Eurostat (2005), Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition, The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities, OECD Publishing, Paris.

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be affected by (e.g. self-selection) bias40. The results obtained in this section have therefore a descriptive purpose and are aimed at providing a first indication of EUREKA project results based on Market Impact Reports. It is worth noting that the bottom-up nature of EUREKA Network and Eurostars projects helps to avoid some of the problems of selection bias inherent with other, thematic funding instruments.

Indicators were calculated for each main technological area, which were formulated by merging more detailed

project technological areas as follows:20%. As with all survey data, results will be affected by (e.g. self-selection) bias.

The results obtained in this section have therefore a descriptive purpose and are aimed at providing a first indication of EUREKA project results based on Market Impact Reports. It is worth noting that the bottom-up nature of EUREKA Network and Eurostars projects helps to avoid some of the problems of selection bias inherent with other, thematic funding instruments.

40Ibid

Indicators were calculated for each main technological area, which were formulated by merging more detailed project technological areas as follows41:

A. INNOVATION INDICATORS

Technological innovation indicator = Number of participants reporting having achieved a new or improved product and/or process / Number of participants’ responses42.

Information was drawn from EUREKA Network Projects and Eurostars projects.

Product innovation indicator = Number of participants reporting having achieved a new or improved product / Number of participants’ responses43.

Information was drawn from EUREKA Network Projects only.

Process innovation indicator = Number of participants reporting having achieved a new or improved process / Number of participants’ responses44.

Information was drawn from EUREKA Network Projects only.

Diffusion of Innovation Indicator = Number of participants reporting

having accomplished good or excellent commercial impact because of their participation / Number of participants’45 responses . Information was drawn from EUREKA Network Projects only.

Data was cleaned to avoid double counting of 2 and 4-year MIRs for the same participant/project.

B. PATENT CITATION ANALYSIS

A quantitative assessment of the innovation impact of EUREKA projects was made by patent citation analysis, based on matching EUREKA patent data to data retrieved from PATSTAT.

From the information contained in EUREKA’s Network Projects and Eurostars Final and Market Impact Reports databases, a total of about 1250 project participants were identified to have performed some form of patenting activity relevant to the topic of the EUREKA project to which they participated. Identification was based on combining information from the relevant variables present in the associated Reports.

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41 For more information on EUREKA Technological and Market areas, please see Annex 1 of the pdf version of this report.42 Market Impact report question: From the following list of possible achievements, please indicate by ticking the appropriate box(es) which were part of your initial objectives, which have been achieved and which are expected to be achieved within 2/4 years?)43 Market Impact report question: From the following list of possible achievements, please indicate by ticking the appropriate box(es) which were part of your initial objectives, which have been achieved and which are expected to be achieved within 2/4 years?)

Mining of EUREKA related patents in PATSTAT was based on the following information: This information was matched with relevant PATSTAT fields,

located in different parts (files) of the database with a variety of association/binding keys. PATSTAT fields searched included:

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44 Market Impact report question: From the following list of possible achievements, please indicate by ticking the appropriate box(es) which were part of your initial objectives, which have been achieved and which are expected to be achieved within 2/4 years?)45 Market Impact report Question: “Please rate your overall commercial achievements”) / Q’s overall technological area’s population

For this task existing text search/mining algorithms and custom made algorithms/routines built in R and Intel Fortran were used, operating iteratively on a word-by-word search and combining the findings.

Patent applications corresponding to EUREKA’s participants were identified. For smaller companies with focused R&D and fewer patent applications it was possible to identify the exact patents that correspond to their EUREKA participation. For participants with larger size (e.g. Blaupunkt, Thomson, Renault, BBC, EADS, etc.) a large number (family) of patents that are closely related to the topic of their EUREKA-funded R&D activity were identified and were included in the analysis with a weight assigned to correct for biases arising from their large number.

Having identified the set of patent applications that are associated with EUREKA participants and patent applicants within each technological area, the next step was to build a network describing associations between EUREKA and non-EUREKA related patents in PATSTAT according to:

• Time period• Cross-sectoral influences (spillovers)• Spatial dimension. Associations were defined using patent citations.

Relevant information was extracted from PATSTAT and the required datasets for network analysis have been built. The analysis has produced average values

for an Immediacy Index (IM), the Impact Factor (IF) and the 5-Year Impact Factor (IF5) for each technological area, defined as follows:

1. IMMEDIACY INDEX (IM)

A measure of the immediate impact of a set of items (e.g. EUREKA and non-EUREKA -related patent applications). For a set of applications made at year i, it is defined as the average number of citations per item received within the same year. Formally,

Nij = Number of times patent applications from subpopulation j made at year i were cited at the same year i

Tij = Number of patent applications from subpopulation j made at year i

IMij = Immediacy Index (same year) of subpopulation j at year i

IMij = Nij / Tij

j = 1,2 (1 = EUREKA, 2 = non-EUREKA)

2. IMPACT FACTOR (IF)

For a set of applications made at years i-1 and i-2, defined as the average number of citations per item received in year i.

For a set of applications made at years i-1 and i-2, it is defined as the average number of citations per item received in year i. Formally,

Nij = Number of times patent

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applications from subpopulation j made at years i-1 and i-2 were cited at year i

Tij = Number of patent applications from subpopulation j made at years i-1 and i-2

IFij = Impact Factor of subpopulation j at year i

IFij = Nij / Tij

j = 1,2 (1 = EUREKA, 2 = non-EUREKA)

3. 5-YEAR IMPACT FACTOR (IF5)

Defined as (2) with the basis of calculations the set of applications made at years i-1 to i-5

Values were computed for each year from 1985 (start year of the EUREKA programme) to 2014, for the main technological areas - Life Sciences, Industrial Manufacturing, Energy/Environment and ICT), for EUREKA and non-EUREKA related patents. The analysis generated a time series that allowed for a comparison of their impact within each technological area. As the main focus is on Europe, the analysis was restricted to cited patents originating from Europe.

It is important to note factors which may have impacted the level and timing of the patenting activity (applications and/or citations) analysed in this study:

• The global financial crisis (2007-8) and subsequent Eurozone crisis , which had a negative impact on the total number of patent applications.

• The time lag between the filing and the granting of a patent (According to EPO, the average time between the filing of a patent and its publication is around 3,5 years).

• Administrative burdens and the costs associated with filing a patent until the advent of the European patent

• The time required for patents to build citations.

• The timing of the patent publication, as patents published in the beginning of a calendar year have more chances of being cited in the same year.

C. KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS

The temporal order and number of links between patents produced by EUREKA projects and other non-EUREKA originated patents were analysed. Network metrics were computed that allow for the comparative assessment of non-EUREKA and EUREKA-associated patents’ impact within and between broad technological areas over time. To compare the impact of EUREKA-related patenting activity with other European patenting activity in each of the four technological areas under review, the metrics computed in the Patents Analysis (IM, IF, IF5) were computed again using the PATSTAT network, restricted to cited patents that originate from Europe only. Spillovers from each technological area to the other three technological areas were measured by the citations that patents in the former area have received from patents in the latter three. EUREKA

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GLOBAL SUCCESS STORIES

The purpose of identifying EUREKA’s global Success Stories has been to locate those EUREKA projects that had a significant impact on European competitiveness and innovation capacity, while paying particular attention to EUREKA’s contribution to the development of Europe’s digital champions.

The methodological approach to identify EUREKA success stories was twofold:

• In-depth desk research to identify major future technological trends and the projects which demonstrated significant scientific / innovation impact on the European technological and economic arena.

• Contact with EUREKA NPCs (current and former), HLRs, Clusters and Umbrellas representatives, and several members of ESE to spot the global EUREKA success stories among the many EUREKA projects that have been funded over the 30 year lifespan of EUREKA. “Success” was understood to mean any project and/or an organisation which participated in a project that led to a major economic/technological development/breakthrough or caused significant socio-economic impact at European and global level. The selected projects representatives were contacted in person and personal interviews were held based on a semi-structured questionnaire, so as to identify the impacts and value-added of EUREKA in their technological and innovation achievements.

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Data annexes are available with the electronic version of this report

The report was coordinated by ViLabs and elaborated in collaboration with InterInnov and SYSTASI Consulting as well as individual experts from the fields of impacts evaluation (Prof. N. Vonortas) and data mining (Prof. C. Emmanouilides).

The authors would like to thank all the individuals from within and beyond the EUREKA network for their contributions to this study, and in particular those who answered questions for the section “Global Success Stories”.

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