EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases References chapter 28 1. Salvarani C, Cantini F, Hunder GG (2008) Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. Lancet 372; 234-45. 2. Gonzalez-Gay MA (2004). Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: two different but often overlapping conditions. Semin Arthritis Rheum 33;289-93. 3. González-Gay MA, García-Porrúa C, Vázquez-Caruncho M (1998). Polymyalgia rheumatica in biopsy proven giant cell arteritis does not constitute a different subset but differs from isolated polymyalgia rheumatica. J Rheumatol 25;1750-5. 4. Chuang TY, Hunder GG, Ilstrup DM, Kurland LT (1982). Polymyalgia rheumatica: a 10-year epidemiologic and clinical study. Ann Intern Med 97;672-80. 5. Healey LA (1984). Long-term follow-up of polymyalgia rheumatica: Evidence for synovitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 13;322-8. 6. Bird HA, Esselinckx W, Dixon AS, Mowat AG, Wood PH (1979). An evaluation of criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis 38;434-9. 7. Jones JG, Hazleman BL (1981). Prognosis and management of polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis 40;1-5. 8. Dasgupta B, Salvarani C, Schirmer M, et al.(2008). Developing classification criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica: comparison of views from an expert panel and wider survey. J Rheumatol.35;270-7. 9. Hunder GG, Bloch DA, Michel BA, et al (1990).The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 33;1122-8. 10. Gonzalez-Gay MA (2005). The diagnosis and management of patients with giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 32;1186-8. 11. Salvarani C, Cantini F, Boiardi L, Hunder GG (2002). Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med 347;261-71. 12. Levine SM, Hellmann DB. Giant cell arteritis (2002). Curr Opin Rheumatol 14;3-10. 13. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C (2001). Epidemiology of the vasculitides. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 27;729-49.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 14. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Miranda-Filloy JA, Lopez-Diaz MJ, et al (2007). Giant cell arteritis in northwestern Spain: a 25-year epidemiologic study. Medicine (Baltimore) 86;61-8. 15. Boesen P, Sorensen SF(1987). Giant cell arteritis, temporal arteritis, and polymyalgia rheumatica in a Danish county: a prospective investigation, 1982-1985. Arthritis Rheum 30;294-9. 16. Petursdottir V, Johansson H, Nordborg E, Nordborg C (1999). The epidemiology of biopsy-positive giant cell arteritis: special reference top cyclic fluctuations. Rheumatology (Oxford) 38;1208-12. 17. Franzen P, Sutinen S, von Knorring J (1992). Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in a region of Finland: an epidemiologic, clinical and pathologic study, 1984-1988. J Rheumatol 19;273-6. 18. Bas-Lando M, Breuer GS, Berkun Y, Mates M, Sonnenblick M, Nesher G (2007). The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Jerusalem over a 25-year period: annual and seasonal fluctuations. Clin Exp Rheumatol 25(1 Suppl 44);S15-7. 19. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Rivas MJ, Rodriguez-Ledo P, Llorca J. (2001) Epidemiology of biopsy proven giant cell arteritis in northwestern Spain: trend over an 18 year period. Ann Rheum Dis 60;367-71. 20. Salvarani C, Gabriel SE, O´Fallon WM, Hunder GG (1995). The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota: Apparent fluctuations in a cyclic pattern. Ann Intern Med 123;192-4. 21. Gran JT, Myklebust G (1997). The incidence of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in the county of Aust Agder, south Norway: a prospective study 1987-94. J Rheumatol 24;1739-43. 22. Baldursson O, Steinsson K, Björnsson J, Lie JT (1994). Giant cell arteritis in Iceland. An epidemiologic and histopathologic analysis. Arthritis Rheum 37;1007-12. 23. Haugeberg G, Paulsen PQ, Bie RB (2000). Temporal arteritis in Vest Agder County in southern Norway: incidence and clinical findings. J Rheumatol 27;2624-7. 24. Machado EB, Michet CJ, Ballard DJ, et al. (1988). Trends in incidence and clinical presentation of temporal arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1950-1985. Arthritis Rheum 31;745-9.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 25. Salvarani C, Crowson CS, O´Fallon WM, Hunder GG, Gabriel SE (2004). Reappraisal of the epidemiology of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, over fifty-year period. Arthritis Rheum 51;264-8. 26. Gonzalez-Gay MA, García-Porrua C (1999). Systemic vasculitis in adults in Northwestern Spain, 1988-1997: Clinical and epidemiologic aspects. Medicine (Baltimore) 78;292-308. 27. Barrier J, Pion P, Massari R, Peltier P, Rojouan J, Grolleau JY (1983). Approche épidémiologique de la maladie de Horton dans le département de Loire-Atlantique: 110 cas en 10 ans (1970-1979). Rev Med Interne 3 ;13-20. 28. Salvarani C, Macchioni P, Zizzi F, et al (1991). Epidemiologic and immunogenetic aspects of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in northern Italy. Arthritis Rheum 34;351-6. 29. Sonnenblick M, Nesher G, Friedlander Y, Rubinow A (1994). Giant cell arteritis in Jerusalem: a 12-year epidemiological study. Br J Rheumatol 33;938-41. 30. Smith CA, Fidler WJ, Pinals RS (1983). The epidemiology of giant cell arteritis. Report of a ten-year study in Shelby County, Tennessee. Arthritis Rheum 26;1214-9. 31. Pamuk ON, Dönmez S, Karahan B, Pamuk GE, Cakir N (2009). Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in northwestern Turkey: Clinical features and epidemiological data. Clin Exp Rheumatol 27;830-3. 32. Watts RA, Scott DG (1997). Classification and epidemiology of the vasculitides. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 11;191-217. 33. Kobayashi S, Yano T, Matsumoto Y, et al (2003). Clinical and epidemiologic analysis of giant cell (temporal) arteritis from a nationwide survey in 1998 in Japan: the first government-supported nationwide survey. Arthritis Rheum 49;594-8. 34. Mader TH, Werner RP, Chamberlain DG, Doornbos D (2009). Giant cell arteritis in Alaska natives. Can J Ophthalmol 44;53-56. 35. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, Lopez-Diaz MJ, et al (2009). Epidemiology of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Arthritis Rheum 61;1454-61. 36. Elling P, Olsson AT, Elling H (1996). Synchronous variations of the incidence of temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in different regions of Denmark; association with epidemics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. J Rheumatol 23;112-9.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 37. Schaufelberger C, Bengtsson BA, Andersson R (1995). Epidemiology and mortality in 220 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Br J Rheumatol 34;261-4. 38. Salvarani C, Gabriel SE, O'Fallon WM, Hunder GG (1995). Epidemiology of polymyalgia rheumatica in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1970-1991. Arthritis Rheum 38;369-73. 39. González-Gay MA, García-Porrúa C, Vázquez-Caruncho M, Dababneh A, Hajeer A, Ollier WE (1999). The spectrum of polymyalgia rheumatica in northwestern Spain: incidence and analysis of variables associated with relapse in a 10 year study. J Rheumatol 26;1326-32. 40. Gabriel SE, Espy M, Erdman DD, Bjornsson J, Smith TF, Hunder GG (1999). The role of parvovirus B19 in the pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis: a preliminary evaluation. Arthritis Rheum 42;1255-8. 41. Duhaut P, Bosshard S, Calvet A, et al (1999). Giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and viral hypotheses: a multicenter, prospective case-control study. Groupe de Recherche sur l'Arterite a Cellules Geantes. J Rheumatol 26 ;361-9. 42. Helweg-Larsen J, Tarp B, Obel N, Baslund B (2002). No evidence of parvovirus B19, Chlamydia pneumoniae or human herpes virus infection in temporal artery biopsies in patients with giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 41 ;445-9. 43. Regan MJ, Wood BJ, Hsieh YH, et al (2002). Temporal arteritis and Chlamydia pneumoniae: failure to detect the organism by polymerase chain reaction in ninety cases and ninety controls. Arthritis Rheum 46;1056-60. 44. Salvarani C, Farnetti E, Casali B, et al (2002). Detection of parvovirus B19 DNA by polymerase chain reaction in giant cell arteritis: a case-control study. Arthritis Rheum 46;3099-101. 45. Rodriguez-Pla A, Bosch-Gil JA, Echevarria-Mayo JE, et al (2004). No detection of parvovirus B19 or herpesvirus DNA in giant cell arteritis. J Clin Virol 31:11-5. 46. González-Gay MA, Amoli MM, Garcia-Porrua C, Ollier WE (2003). Genetic markers of disease susceptibility and severity in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Semin Arthritis Rheum 33;38-48. 47. Dababneh A, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Hajeer A, Thomson W, Ollier W (1998). Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica can be differentiated by distinct patterns of HLA class II association. J Rheumatol 25;2140-5.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 48. Mattey DL, Hajeer AH, Dababneh A, et al (2000). Association of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica with different tumor necrosis factor microsatellite polymorphisms. Arthritis Rheum 43;1749-55. 49. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Rueda B, Vilchez JR, et al. (2007). Contribution of MHC class I region to genetic susceptibility for giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46;431-4. 50. Gonzalez-Gay MA (2001). Genetic epidemiology. Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Arthritis Res 3;154-7. 51. Rueda B, Lopez-Nevot MA, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Garcia-Porrua C, Martín J, Gonzalez-Gay MA (2005). A functional variant of vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with severe ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 32;1737-41. 52. Salvarani C, Casali B, Boiardi L, et al (2000). Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene polymorphisms in polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis: association with disease risk and severity. J Rheumatol 27;1215-21. 53. Amoli MM, Shelley E, Mattey DL, et al. (2002). Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene polymorphisms in isolated polymyalgia rheumatica. J Rheumatol 29;502-4. 54. Machado EBV, Gabriel SE, Beard CM, Michet CJ, O’Fallon WM, Ballard DJ (1989). A population-based case-control study of temporal arteritis: evidence for an association between temporal arteritis and degenerative vascular disease? Int J Epidemiol 18;836-41. 55. Duhaut P, Pinede L, Demolombe-Rague S, et al (1998). Giant cell arteritis and cardiovascular risk factors. A multicenter, prospective case-control study. Arthritis Rheum 41;1960-5. 56. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Piñeiro A, Gomez-Gigirey A, et al (2004). Influence of traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis in the development of severe ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis. Medicine (Baltimore) 83;342-7. 57. Salvarani C, Della Bella C, Cimino L, et al (2009). Risk factors for severe cranial ischaemic events in an Italian population-based cohort of patients with giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 48;250-3. 58. Weyand CM, Hicok KC, Hunder GG, et al. (1994). Tissue cytokine patterns in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Ann Intern Med 121;484-91. 59. Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ (2003). Giant-cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Intern Med 139;505-15.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 60. Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ (1999). Arterial wall injury in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 42;844-53. 61. Weyand CM, Ma-Krupa W, Pryshchep O, Gröschel S, Bernardino R, Goronzy JJ. (2005). Vascular dendritic cells in giant cell arteritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1062;195-208. 62. Ma-Krupa W, Kwan M, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM (2005). Toll-like receptors in giant cell arteritis. Clin Immunol; 115;38-46. 63. Pryshchep O, Ma-Krupa W, Younge BR, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Vessel-specific Toll-like receptor profiles in human medium and large arteries. Circulation 2008; 118;1276-84. 64. Weyand CM, Tetzlaff N, Bjornsson J, et al. (1997). Disease patterns and tissue cytokine profiles in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 40;19-26. 65. Weyand CM, Ma-Krupa W, Goronzy JJ (2004). Immunopathways in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Autoimmun Rev 3;46-53. 66. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Hajeer AH, Dababneh A, et al. (2004). Interferon-gamma gene microsatellite polymorphisms in patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis and isolated polymyalgia rheumatica. Clin Exp Rheumatol 22(Suppl 36);S18-20. 67. Meliconi R, Pulsatelli L, Uguccioni M, et al. (1996). Leukocyte infi ltration in synovial tissue from the shoulder of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Quantitative analysis and infl uence of corticosteroid treatment. Arthritis Rheum 39;1199–207. 68. Salvarani C, Cantini F, Macchioni P, et al. (1998). Distal musculoskeletal manifestations in polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective followup study. Arthritis Rheum 41;1221-6. 69. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Miranda-Filloy JA, Martin J (2006). Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: pathophysiology and management. Drugs Aging 23;627-49. 70. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Salvarani C, Olivieri I, Hunder GG (2000). The spectrum of conditions mimicking polymyalgia rheumatica in Northwestern Spain. J Rheumatol 27;2179-84. 71. González-Gay MA, García-Porrúa C, Salvarani C, Olivieri I, Hunder GG (2000). Polymyalgia manifestations in different conditions mimicking polymyalgia rheumatica. Clin Exp Rheumatol 18;755-9.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 72. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Barros S, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Garcia-Porrua C, Sanchez-Andrade A, Llorca J (2005). Giant cell arteritis: disease patterns of clinical presentation in a series of 240 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 84:269-76. 73. Huston KA, Hunder GG, Lie JT, Kennedy RH, Elveback LR (1978). Temporal arteritis: a 25-year epidemiologic, clinical, and pathologic study. Ann Intern Med 88;162-167 74. Smetana GW, Shmerling RH (2002). Does this patient have temporal arteritis? JAMA 287;92-101. 75. Husein-Elahmed H, Callejas-Rubio JL, Rios-Fernández R, Ortego-Centeno N. Tongue infarction as first symptom of temporal arteritis (2010). Rheumatol Int Jan 8. [Epub ahead of print]. 76. González LA, Santos OM, Montoya J, et al. (2009). Scalp necrosis in giant cell arteritis in an African-Colombian patient. J Clin Rheumatol 15;313-5. 77. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Amor-Dorado JC, Llorca J (2004). Giant cell arteritis without clinically evident vascular involvement in a defined population. Arthritis Rheum 51;274-7. 78. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Amor-Dorado JC, Llorca J (2004). Fever in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis: clinical implications in a defined population. Arthritis Rheum 51;652-5. 79. Calamia KT, Hunder GG (1981). Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) presenting as fever of undetermined origin. Arthritis Rheum 24;1414–8. 80. Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B (1998). Ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Am J Ophthalmol 125;509-20. 81. Ghanchi FD, Dutton GN (1997). Current concepts in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Surv Ophthalmol 42; 99-123. 82. Gur H, Rapman E, Ehrenfeld M, Sidi Y (1996). Clinical manifestations of temporal arteritis: a report from Israel. J Rheumatol 23;1927-31. 83. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Llorca J, et al. (2000). Visual manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Trends and clinical spectrum in 161 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 79;283-92.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 84. Salvarani C, Cimino L, Macchioni P, et al. (2005). Risk factors for visual loss in an Italian population-based cohort of patients with giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 53;293-7. 85. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman B, Kardon RH (2002).Visual improvement with corticosteroid therapy in giant cell arteritis. Report of a large study and review of literature. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 80;355-67. 86. Keltner JL (1982). Giant-cell arteritis. Signs and symptoms. Ophthalmology 89; 1101-10. 87. Bongartz T, Matteson EL (2006). Large-vessel involvement in giant cell arteritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 18;10-7. 88. Nuenninghoff DM, Hunder GG, Christianson TJ, McClelland RL, Matteson EL (2003). Incidence and predictors of large-artery complication (aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and/or large-artery stenosis) in patients with giant cell arteritis: a population-based study over 50 years. Arthritis Rheum 48;3522-31. 89. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Piñeiro A, Pego-Reigosa R, Llorca J, Hunder GG (2004). Aortic aneurysm and dissection in patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis from northwestern Spain: a population-based study. Medicine (Baltimore) 83; 335-41. 90. García-Martínez A, Hernández-Rodríguez J, Arguis P, et al. (2008).Development of aortic aneurysm/dilatation during the followup of patients with giant cell arteritis: a cross-sectional screening of fifty-four prospectively followed patients. Arthritis Rheum 59;422-30. 91. Blockmans D, De Ceuninck L, Vanderschueren S, Knockaert D, Mortelmans L, Bobbaers H (2006). Repetitive 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in giant cell arteritis: a prospective study of 35 patients. Arthritis Rheum 55; 131-7. 92. Pipitone N, Versari A, Salvarani C (2008). Role of imaging studies in the diagnosis and follow-up of large-vessel vasculitis: an update. Rheumatology (Oxford) 47;403-8. 93. Caselli RJ, Hunder GG, Whisnant JP (1988) Neurologic disease in biopsy-proven giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Neurology 38; 352-9. 94. Caselli RJ, Daube JR, Hunder GG, Whisnant JP (1988) Peripheral neuropathic syndromes in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Neurology 38; 685-9.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 95. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, Gomez-Acebo I, et al. (2009). Strokes at time of disease diagnosis in a series of 287 patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Medicne (Baltimore) 88;227-35. 96. Salvarani C, Giannini C, Miller DV, Hunder G (2006). Giant cell arteritis: Involvement of intracranial arteries. Arthritis Rheum 55;985-9. 97. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Llorca J, Gonzalez-Louzao C, Rodriguez-Ledo P (2001). Biopsy-negative giant cell arteritis: clinical spectrum and predictive factors for positive temporal artery biopsy. Semin Arthritis Rheum 30;249-56. 98. Hausch RC, Harrington T (1998). Temporal arteritis and sensorineural hearing loss. Semin Arthritis Rheum 28; 206-9. 99. Amor-Dorado JC, Llorca J, Garcia-Porrua C, Costa C, Perez-Fernandez N, Gonzalez-Gay MA (2003). Audiovestibular manifestations in giant cell arteritis: a prospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 82;13-26. 100. González-Gay MA, García-Porrúa C, González-Rosón O (1998). Facial pain and giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 25;1242-3. 101. Liozon E, Ouattara B, Portal MF, Soria P, Loustaud-Ratti V, Vidal E (2006).Head-and-neck swelling: an under-recognized feature of giant cell arteritis. A report of 37 patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 24(Suppl41);S20-S25. 102. Paraskevas KI, Boumpas DT, Vrentzos GE, Mikhailidis DP (2007). Oral and ocular/orbital manifestations of temporal arteritis: a disease with deceptive clinical symptoms and devastating consequences. Clin Rheumatol 26;1044-8. 103. Ruiz-Masera JJ, Alamillos-Granados FJ, Dean-Ferrer A, et al. (1995). Submandibular swelling as the first manifestation of giant cell arteritis. Report of a case. Craniomaxillofac Surg 23;119-21. 104. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C (1998). Carotid tenderness: an ominous sign of giant cell arteritis? Scand J Rheumatol 27;154-6. 105. Larson TS, Hall S, Hepper NG, Hunder GG (1984), Respiratory tract symptoms as a clue to giant cell arteritis. Ann Intern Med 101;594-7. 106. Olopade CO, Sekosan M, Schraufnagel DE (1997). Giant cell arteritis manifesting as chronic cough and fever of unknown origin. Mayo Clin Proc 72;1048-50. 107. Valstar MH, Terpstra WF, de Jong RS (2003). Pericardial and pleural effusion in giant cell arteritis. Am J Med 114;708-9.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 108. Lie JT, Failoni DD, Davis DC, Jr. (1986). Temporal arteritis with giant cell aortitis, coronary arteritis, and myocardial infarction. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110;857-60. 109. Bajocchi G, Zamorani G, Cavazza A et al. (2007). Giant-cell arteritis of the female genital tract associated with occult temporal arteritis and FDG-PET evidence of large-vessel vasculitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 25; S36-S39. 110. Kariv R, Sidi Y, Gur H (2000). Systemic vasculitis presenting as a tumorlike lesion. Four case reports and an analysis of 79 reported cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 79; 349-59. 111. Luzar MJ, Whisler RL, Hunder GG (1982). Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in association with temporal arteritis. J Rheumatol 9;957-60. 112. Lee CC, Su WW, Hunder GG (1999). Dysarthria associated with giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 26; 931-2. 113. Healey LA (1991). The relation of giant cell arteritis to polymyalgia rheumatica. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 5;371-8. 114. Rynes RI, Mika P, Bartholomew LE (1977). Development of giant cell (temporal) arteritis in a patient "adequately" treated for polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis 36;88-90. 115. Smith CA, Fidler WJ, Pinals RS (1983). The epidemiology of giant cell arteritis. Report of a ten-year study in Shelby County, Tennessee. Arthritis Rheum 26;1214-9. 116. Lopez-Diaz MJ, Llorca J, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Peña-Sagredo JL, Martin J, Gonzalez-Gay MA (2008). Implication of the age in the clinical spectrum of giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 26(Suppl 49);S16-22. 117. Cantini F, Niccoli L, Storri L, et al. (2004). Are polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis the same disease? Semin Arthritis Rheum 33;294-301. 118. Blockmans D, De Ceuninck L, Vanderschueren S, Knockaert D, Mortelmans L, Bobbaers H (2007). Repetitive 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in isolated polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective study in 35 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46; 672-7. 119. Lundberg I, Hedfors E (1990)- Restricted dose and duration of corticosteroid treatment in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis. J Rheumatol 17;1340-5.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 120. Kyle V, Hazleman BL (1993). The clinical and laboratory course of polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis after the first two months of treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 52; 847-50. 121. Cantini F, Salvarani C, Olivieri I et al. (2000). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in the evaluation of disease activity and severity in polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective follow-up study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 30;17-24. 122. Salvarani C, Cantini F, Boiardi L, Hunder GG (2003). Laboratory investigations useful in giant cell arteritis and Takayasu´s arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 21(Suppl 32):S23-8. 123. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Barros S, et al. (2005). Giant cell arteritis: laboratory tests at the time of diagnosis in a series of 240 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 84; 277-90. 124. Salvarani C, Hunder GG (2001). Giant cell arteritis with low erythrocyte sedimentation rate: frequency of occurence in a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum 45;140-5. 125. González-Gay MA, Rodríguez-Valverde V, Blanco R, et al. (1997). Polymyalgia rheumatica without significantly increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. A more benign syndrome. Arch Intern Med 157;317-20. 126. Lopez-Diaz MJ, Llorca J, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Peña-Sagredo JL, Martin J, Gonzalez-Gay MA (2008). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is associated with the development of visual complications in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 38;116-23. 127. Cid MC, Font C, Oristrell J, et al. (1998). Association between strong inflammatory response and low risk of developing visual loss and other cranial ischemic complications in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 41:26-32. 128. Hernández-Rodríguez J, García-Martínez A, et al. (2002). A strong initial systemic inflammatory response is associated with higher corticosteroid requirements and longer duration of therapy in patients with giant-cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 47;29-35. 129. Andersson R, Malmvall BE, Bengtsson BA (1986). Acute phase reactants in the initial phase of giant cell arteritis. Acta Med Scand 220;365-7. 130. Healey LA, Wilske KR (1980). Presentation of occult giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 23;641-3.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 131. Malmvall BE, Bengtsson BA, Kaijser B, Nilsson LA, Alestig K (1976). Serum levels of immunoglobulin and complement in giant-cell arteritis. JAMA 236;1876-8. 132. Kyle V, Wraight EP, Hazleman BL (1991). Liver scan abnormalities in polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis. Clin Rheumatol 10;294-7. 133. Manna R, Latteri M, Cristiano G, Todaro L, Scuderi F, Gasbarrini G (1998). Anticardiolipin antibodies in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: a study of 40 cases. Br J Rheumatol 37;208-10. 134. Liozon E, Roblot P, Paire D et al. (2000). Anticardiolipin antibody levels predict flares and relapses in patients with giant-cell (temporal) arteritis. A longitudinal study of 58 biopsy-proven cases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 39;1089-94. 135. Barrier JH, Abram M, Brisseau JM, Planchon B, Grolleau JY (1992). Autoimmune thyroid disease, thyroid antibodies and giant cell arteritis: the supposed correlation appears fortuitous. J Rheumatol 19;1733-4. 136. Klein RG, Campell RJ, Hunder GG, Carney JA (1976). Skip lesions in temporal Arteritis. Mayo Clin Proc 51;504-10. 137. Lee AG, Brazis PW (1999). Temporal Arteritis: A clinical approach. J Am Geriartr Soc 47;1364-70. 138. Nesher G, Nesher R (2008). Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. In: Ball GV, Bridges SL (eds.) Vasculitis, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press pp: 307-22. 139. Brack A, Martinez-Taboada V, Stanson A, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM (1999). Disease pattern in cranial and large-vessel giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 42; 311-7. 140. Duhaut P, Pinède L, Bornet H, et al. (1999). Biopsy proven and biopsy negative temporal arteritis: differences in clinical spectrum at the onset of the disease. Groupe de Recherche sur l'Artérite à Cellules Géantes. Ann Rheum Dis 58 ;335-41. 141. Marí B, Monteagudo M, Bustamante E, et al. (2009). Analysis of temporal artery biopsies in an 18-year period at a community hospital. Eur J Intern Med 20;533-6. 142. Taylor-Gjevre R, Vo M, Shukla D, Resch L (2005). Temporal artery biopsy for giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 32;1279-82. 143. Mahr A, Saba M, Kambouchner M, et al. (2006). Temporal artery biopsy for diagnosing giant cell arteritis: the longer, the better? Ann Rheum Dis 65:826-8.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 144. Breuer GS, Nesher R, Nesher G (2009). Effect of biopsy length on the rate of positive temporal artery biopsies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 27(Suppl 52);S10-3. 145. Hall S, Hunder GG (1984). Is temporal artery biopsy prudent? Mayo Clin Proc; 59;793-6. 146. González-Gay MA, Alonso MD, Agüero JJ, Bal M, Fernández-Camblor B, Sánchez-Andrade A (1992). Temporal arteritis in a northwestern area of Spain: study of 57 biopsy proven patients. J Rheumatol 19;277-80. 147. Breuer GS, Nesher G, Nesher R (2009). Rate of discordant findings in bilateral temporal artery biopsy to diagnose giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 36:794-6. 148. Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC, et al. (2009). EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 68;318-323. 149. Achkar AA, Lie JT, Hunder GG, O'Fallon WM, Gabriel SE (1994). How does previous corticosteroid treatment affect the biopsy findings in giant cell (temporal) arteritis? Ann Intern Med 120;987-92. 150. Rodriguez-Valverde V, Sarabia JM, González-Gay MA, et al. (1997). Risk factors and predictive models of giant cell arteritis in polymyalgia rheumatica. Am J Med 102;331-6. 151. Cantini F, Salvarani C, Olivieri I, et al. (2001). Shoulder ultrasonography in the diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica: a case-control study. J Rheumatol 28;1049-55. 152. Macchioni P, Catanoso MG, Pipitone N, Boiardi L, Salvarani C (2009). Longitudinal examination with shoulder ultrasound of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Rheumatology (Oxford) 48; 1566-9. 153. Jiménez-Palop M, Naredo E, Humbrado L, et al. (2010). Ultrasonographic monitoring of response to therapy in polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis 69;879-82. 154. Cantini F, Salvarani C, Niccoli L, et al. (2004). Fat suppression magnetic resonance imaging in shoulders of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. J Rheumatol 31; 120-4. 155. Salvarani C, Barozzi L, Cantini F, et al. (2008). Cervical interspinous bursitis in active polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis 67;758-61. 156. Moosig F, Czech N, Mehl C, et al. (2004). Correlation between 18-fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation in large vessels and serological markers of

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases inflammation in polymyalgia rheumatica: a quantitative PET study. Ann Rheum Dis 63;870-3. 157. Blockmans D, De Ceuninck L, Vanderschueren S, et al. (2007). Repetitive 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in isolated polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective study in 35 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46;672–677. 158. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Martinez-Dubois C, Agudo M, Pompei O, Blanco R, Llorca J (2010). Giant cell arteritis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Curr Rheumatol Rep 12;436-42. 159. Schmidt WA, Blockmans D (2005). Use of ultrasonography and positron emission tomography in the diagnosis and assessment of large-vessel vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 17;9-15. 160. Romera-Villegas A, Vila-Coll R, Poca-Dias V, Cairols-Castellote MA (2004). The role of color duplex sonography in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. J Ultrasound Med 23;1493-8. 161. Schmidt WA, Kraft HE, Vorpahl K, Völker L, Gro mnica-Ihle EJ (1997). Color duplex ultrasonography in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis. N Engl J Med 337;1336-42. 162. Karassa FB, Matsagas MI, Schmidt WA, Ioannidis JP (2005). Meta-analysis: test performance of ultrasonography for giant-cell arteritis. Ann Intern Med 142;359-69. 163. Arida A, Kyprianou M, Kanakis M, Sfikakis PP (2010). The diagnostic value of ultrasonography-derived edema of the temporal artery wall in giant cell arteritis: a second meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 8;11:44. 164. Schmidt WA, Krause A, Schicke B, Kuchenbecker J, Gromnica-Ihle E (2009). Do temporal artery duplex ultrasound findings correlate with ophthalmic complications in giant cell arteritis? Rheumatology (Oxford), 48:383-5. 165. Pérez López J, Solans Laqué R, Bosch Gil JA, Molina Cateriano C, Huguet Redecilla P, Vilardell Tarrés M (2009). Colour-duplex ultrasonography of the temporal and ophthalmic arteries in the diagnosis and follow-up of giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 27(Suppl 52):S77-82. 166. Schmidt WA, Seifert A, Gromnica-Ihle E, Krause A, Natusch A (2008). Ultrasound of proximal upper extremity arteries to increase the diagnostic yield in large-vessel giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 47:96-101

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 167. Aschwanden M, Kesten F, Stern M, et al. (2010). Vascular involvement in patients with giant cell arteritis determined by duplex sonography of 2x11 arterial regions. Ann Rheum Dis 69;1356-9. 168. Martínez-Valle F, Solans-Laqué R, Bosch-Gil J, Vilardell-Tarrés M (2010). Aortic involvement in giant cell arteritis. Autoimmun Rev 9;521-4. 169. Bley TA, Wieben O, Uhl M, et al. (2005). Integrated head-thoracic vascular MRI at 3 T: assessment of cranial, cervical and thoracic involvement of giant cell arteritis. MAGMA 18;193-200. 170. Bley TA, Wieben O, Uhl M, Thiel J, Schmidt D, Langer M (2005). High-resolution MRI in giant cell arteritis: imaging of the wall of the superficial temporal artery. AJR Am J Roentgenol 184;283-7. 171. Bley TA, Weiben O, Uhl M, et al. (2005). Assessment of the cranial involvement pattern of giant cell arteritis with 3T magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum. 52;2470-7. 172. Geiger J, Bley T, Uhl M, Frydrychowicz A, Langer M, Markl M (2010). Diagnostic value of T2-weighted imaging for the detection of superficial cranial artery inflammation in giant cell arteritis. J Magn Reson Imaging 31;470-4. 173. Bley TA, Wieben O, Leupold J, Uhl M (2005). Images in cardiovascular medicine. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in temporal arteritis. Circulation 111;e260. 174. Bossert M, Prati C, Balblanc JC, Lohse A, Wendling D (2011). Aortic involvement in giant cell arteritis: current data. Joint Bone Spine 78;246-51. 175. Ghinoi A, Zuccoli G, Nicolini A, et al. (2008). 1T magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: comparison with ultrasonography and physical examination of temporal arteries. Clin Exp Rheumatol 26(Suppl 49);S76-80. 176. Bley TA, Reinhard M, Hauenstein C, et al.( 2008). Comparison of duplex sonography and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 58;2574-8. 177. Meller J, Strutz F, Siefker U, et al. (2003). Early diagnosis and follow-up of aortitis with [(18)F]FDG PET and MRI. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30;730-6. 178. Blockmans D, De Ceuninck L, Vanderschueren S, Knockaert D, Mortelmans L, Bobbaers H (2006). Repetitive 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in giant cell arteritis: a prospective study of 35 patients. Arthritis Rheum 55; 131-7.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 179. de Leeuw K, Bijl M, Jager PL (2004). Additional value of positron emission tomography in diagnosis and follow-up of patients with large vessel vasculitides. Clin Exp Rheumatol 22(Suppl 36):S21-6. 180. Walter MA, Melzer RA, Schindler C, Müller-Brand J, Tyndall A, Nitzsche EU (2005). The value of [18F]FDG-PET in the diagnosis of large-vessel vasculitis and the assessment of activity and extent of disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 32;674-81. 181. Blockmans D, de Ceuninck L, Vanderschueren S, et al. (2006). Repetitive 18Ffluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in giant cell arteritis: a prospective study of 35 patients. Arthritis Rheum 55:131–7. 182. Both M, Ahmadi-Simab K, Reuter M, et al. (2008). MRI and FDG-PET in the assessment of inflammatory aortic arch syndrome in complicated courses of giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 67:1030–3. 183. Blockmans D, Coudyzer W, Vanderschueren S, et al. ( 2008). Relationship between fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the large vessels and late aortic diameter in giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 47;1179-84. 184. Yun M, Yeh D, Araujo LI, Jang S, Newberg A, Alavi A (2001). F-18 FDG uptake in the large arteries: a new observation. Clin Nucl Med 26;314-9. 185. Caroit M (1993). Polyarthritis in the elderly. Z Gerontol 26;13-6. 186. Lopez-Hoyos M, Ruiz de Alegria C, Blanco R, et al. (2004). Clinical utility of anti-CCP antibodies in the differential diagnosis of elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.Rheumatology (Oxford) 43;655-7. 187. Symmons DP, Barrett EM, Bankhead CR, Scott DG, Silman AJ (1994). The incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in the United Kingdom: results from the Norfolk Arthritis Register. Br J Rheumatol 33;735-9. 188. Cutolo M, Cimmino MA, Sulli A (2009). Polymyalgia rheumatica vs late-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford); 48:93-5. 189. Bahlas S, Ramos-Remus C, Davis P (1998). Clinical outcome of 149 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 25;99-104. 190. Olivieri I, Garcia-Porrua C, Padula A, Cantini F, Salvarani C, Gonzalez-Gay MA (2007). Late onset undifferentiated spondyloarthritis presenting with polymyalgia rheumatica features: description of seven cases. Rheumatol Int 27;:927-33.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 191. Koeger AC, Karmochkine M, Chaïbi P (1995). RS3PE syndrome associated with advanced ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 22;375-6. 192. Blum U, Buitrago-Tellez C, Mundinger A, et al. (1996). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detection of active sacroiliitis-a prospective study comparing conventional radiography, scintigraphy, and contrast enhanced MRI. J Rheumatol 23;2107-15. 193. Pego-Reigosa JM, Rodriguez-Rodriguez M, Hurtado-Hernandez Z, et al.( 2005). Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease mimicking polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective followup study of predictive factors for this condition in patients presenting with polymyalgia symptoms.Arthritis Rheum 53;931-8. 194. González-Juanatey C, González-Gay MA, Llorca J, et al. (2001). Rheumatic manifestations of infective endocarditis in non-addicts. A 12-year study. Medicine (Baltimore) 80;9-19. 195. Churchill MA, Geraci HJE, Hunder GG (1977). Musculoskeletal manifestations of bacterial endocarditis. Ann Intern Med 87;754-9. 196. Ozdag MF, Eroglu E, Ulas UH, Ipekdal I, Odabasi Z, Vural O ( 2005). Early diagnosis and treatment reverse clinical features in Hoffmann's syndrome due to hypothyroid myophaty: a case report. Acta Neurol Belg 105;212-3. 197. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Salvarani C, Hunder GG. (1999). Diagnostic approach in a patient presenting with polymyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 17;276-8. 198. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Agudo M, Martinez-Dubois C, Pompei O, Blanco R (2010). Medical management of polymyalgia rheumatica. Expert Opin Pharmacother 11;1077-87. 199. Billey T, Navaux F, Lassoued S.( 1995). Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) as the first manifestation of periarteritis nodosa. Report of a case. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 62;53-4. 200. Ike RW, Blaivas M. (1993) Corticosteroid responsive puffy hands and occult vasculitic neuropathy: RS3PE plus? J Rheumatol 20;205-6. 201. Cantini F, Salvarani C, Olivieri I (1999). Paraneoplastic remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema. Clin Exp Rheumatol 17;741-4. 202. McCarty DJ, O'Duffy JD, Pearson L, Hunter JB (1985). Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema. RS3PE syndrome.JAMA 254 ;2763-7.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 203. Finnell JA, Cuesta IA (20009. Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) syndrome: a review of the literature and a report of three cases. J Foot Ankle Surg 39;189-93. 204. Nishino H, DeRemee RA, Rubino FA, Parisi JE (1993). Wegener's granulomatosis associated with vasculitis of the temporal artery: report of five cases. Mayo Clin Proc 68;115-21. 205. Ing EB, Woolf IZ, Younge BR, Bjornsson J, Leavitt JA (1997). Systemic amyloidosis with temporal artery involvement mimicking temporal arteritis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 28;328-31. 206. Esposito AL, Gleckman RA (1978). Fever of unknown origin in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 26;498-505. 207. Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B (1998). Occult giant cell arteritis: ocular manifestations. Am J Ophthalmol 125;521-6. 208. Rucker JC, Biousse V, Newman NJ (2004). Ischemic optic neuropathies. Curr Opin Neurol 17;27-35. 209. González-Gay MA, García-Porrúa C, Brañas F (1998). Carotid occlusion mimicking giant cell arteritis.J Rheumatol 25;1247-8. 210. Kremers HM, Reinalda MS, Crowson CS, Zinsmeister AR, Hunder GG, Gabriel SE (2005). Relapse in a population based cohort of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. J Rheumatol 32;65-73. 211. Salvarani C, Cantini F, Boiardi L, Hunder GG (2004). Polymyalgia rheumatica. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 18;705-22. 212. Myklebust G, Gran JT (2001). Prednisolone maintenance dose in relation to starting dose in the treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis. A prospective two-year study in 273 patients. Scand J Rheumatol 30;260-7. 213. Delecoeuillerie G, Joly P, Cohen dL, Paolaggi JB (1988). Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis: a retrospective analysis of prognostic features and different corticosteroid regimens (11 year survey of 210 patients). Ann Rheum Dis 47;733-9. 214. Hernandez-Rodriguez J, Cid MC, Lopez-Soto A, Espigol-Frigole G, Bosch X (2009). Treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 169;1839-50.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 215. Cimmino MA, Macchioni P, Boiardi L, Cantini F, Pulsatelli L, Salvarani C (2004). Pulse steroid treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica. Clin Exp Rheumatol 22;381-2. 216. Salvarani C, Cantini F, Niccoli L, et al. (2005). Acute-phase reactants and the risk of relapse/recurrence in polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective followup study. Arthritis Rheum 53;33-8. 217. Weyand CM, Fulbright JW, Evans JM, Hunder GG, Goronzy JJ (1999). Corticosteroid requirements in polymyalgia rheumatica. Arch Intern Med 159;577-84. 218. Salvarani C, Macchioni P, Boiardi L (1997). Polymyalgia rheumatica. Lancet 350;43-7. 219. Salvarani C, Macchioni PL, Tartoni PL, et al. (1987).Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a 5-year epidemiologic and clinical study in Reggio Emilia, Italy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 5;205-15. 220. Hazleman BL Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. In: Klippel JH, Dieppe PA, eds. Rheumatology., Vol. 1. London: Mosby, 1998: 7.21.1-7.21.8. 221. Gabriel SE, Sunku J, Salvarani C, O'Fallon WM, Hunder GG (1997). Adverse outcomes of antiinflammatory therapy among patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Arthritis Rheum 40; 1873-8. 222. van der Veen MJ, Dinant HJ, Booma-Frankfort C, Albada-Kuipers GA, Bijlsma JW (1996). Can methotrexate be used as a steroid sparing agent in the treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis? Ann Rheum Dis 55;218-23. 223. Caporali R, Cimmino MA, Ferraccioli G, et al. (2004). Prednisone plus methotrexate for polymyalgia rheumatica: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 141; 493-500. 224. Salvarani C, Cantini F, Niccoli L, et al. (2003). Treatment of refractory polymyalgia rheumatica with infliximab: a pilot study. J Rheumatol 30;760-3. 225. Catanoso MG, Macchioni P, Boiardi L, Pipitone N, Salvarani C (2007 ).Treatment of refractory polymyalgia rheumatica with etanercept: an open pilot study. Arthritis Rheum 57;1514-9. 226. Salvarani C, Macchioni P, Manzini C, et al. (2007). Infliximab plus prednisone or placebo plus prednisone for the initial treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 146;631-9.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 227. Hoffman GS, Cid MC, Rendt-Zagar KE, et al. (2007); Infliximab-GCA Study Group. Infliximab for maintenance of glucocorticosteroid-induced remission of giant cell arteritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 146;621-30. 228. Kreiner F, Galbo H (2010). Effect of etanercept in polymyalgia rheumatica: a randomized controlled trial. Arthrits Res Ther 12:R176. 229. Pipitone N, Salvarani C (2008). Improving therapeutic options for patients with giant cell arteritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 20;17-22. 230. Calamia KT, Hunder GG (1980). Clinical manifestations of giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Clin Rheum Dis 6;389-403. 231. Nesher G, Rubinow A, Sonnenblick M (1996). Trends in the clinical presentation of temporal arteritis in Israel: Reflection of increased physician awareness. Clin Rheumatol 15;483-5. 232. Schneider HA, Weber AA, Ballen PH (1971). The visual prognosis in temporal arteritis. Ann Ophthalmol 3;1215-8 233. Aiello PD, Trautmann JC, McPhee TJ, Kunselman AR, Hunder GG (1993). Visual prognosis in giant cell arteritis. Ophthalmology 100;550-5. 234. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Blanco R, Rodriguez-Valverde V, et al. (1998). Permanent visual loss and cerebrovascular accidents in giant cell arteritis: predictors and response to treatment. Arthritis Rheum 41;1497-504. 235. Nesher G, Rubinow A, Sonnenblick M (1997). Efficacy and adverse effects of different corticosteroid dose regimens in temporal arteritis: a retrospective study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 15;303-6. 236. Hunder GG, Sheps SG, Allen GL, Joyce JW (1975). Daily and alternate-day corticosteroid regimens in treatment of giant cell arteritis: comparison in a prospective study. Ann Intern Med 82;613-8. 237. Mazlumzadeh M, Hunder GG, Easley KA, et al. (2006). Treatment of giant cell arteritis using induction therapy with high-dose glucocorticoids: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized prospective clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 54:3310-8. 238. Spiera RF, Mitnick HJ, Kupersmith M, et al. (2001). A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial of methotrexate in the treatment of giant cell arteritis (GCA). Clin Exp Rheumatol 19;495-501.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 239. Jover JA, Hernandez-Garcia C, Morado IC, et al. (2001). Combined treatment of giant-cell arteritis with methotrexate and prednisone. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 134;106-14. 240. Hoffman GS, Cid MC, Hellmann DB, et al. (2002). A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjuvant methotrexate treatment for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 46;1309-18. 241. Mahr AD, Jover JA, Spiera RF, et al. (2007). Adjunctive methotrexate for treatment of giant cell arteritis: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum 56;2789-97. 242. De Silva M, Hazleman BL (1986). Azathioprine in giant cell arteritis/polymyalgia rheumatica: a double-blind study. Ann Rheum Dis 45;136-8. 243. Wagner AD, Wittkop U, Prahst A, et al. (2003). Dendritic cells co-localize with activated CD4+ T cells in giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 21;185-92. 244. Cantini F, Niccoli L, Salvarani C, Padula A, Olivieri I (2001). Treatment of longstanding active giant cell arteritis with infliximab: report of four cases. Arthritis Rheum 44;2933-5. 245. Martínez-Taboada VM, Rodríguez-Valverde V, Carreño L, et al. (2008). A double-blind placebo controlled trial of etanercept in patients with giant cell arteritis and corticosteroid side effects. Ann Rheum Dis 67;625-30. 246. Salvarani C, Pipitone N, Boiardi L, Hunder GG (2008). Do we need treatment with tumour necrosis factor blockers for giant cell arteritis? Ann Rheum Dis 67;577-9. 247. Hoffman GS, Cid MC, Rendt-Zagar KE, et al. ( 2007). Infliximab for maintenance of glucocorticosteroid-induced remission of giant cell arteritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 146;621-30. 248. Nesher G, Berkun Y, Mates M, Baras M, Rubinow A, Sonnenblick M (2004). Low-dose aspirin and prevention of cranial ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 50;1332-7. 249. Lee MS, Smith SD, Galor A, Hoffman GS (2006). Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in patients with giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 54;3306-9. 250. Narváez J, Bernad B, Gómez-Vaquero C, et al.: Impact of antiplatelet therapy in the development of severe ischemic complications and in the outcome of patients with giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008, 26(Suppl 49):S57–S62.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 251. Berger CT, Wolbers M, Meyer P, et al.: High incidence of severe ischaemic complications in patients with giant cell arteritis irrespective of platelet count and size, and platelet inhibition. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009, 48:258–261. 252. Seitz M, Reichenbach S, Bonel HM, Adler S, Wermelinger F, Villiger PM (2011). Rapid induction of remission in large vessel vasculitis by IL-6 blockade. A case series. Swiss Med Wkly 141:w13156.

253. Hagihara K, Kawase I, Tanaka T, Kishimoto T (2010). Tocilizumab ameliorates clinical symptoms in polymyalgia rheumatica. J Rheumatol 37;1075-6.

254. Sambrook PN (2005). How to prevent steroid induced osteoporosis. Ann Rheum 64:176-8. 255. Ringe JD, Dorst A, Faber H, Ibach K, Preuss J (2003).Three-monthly ibandronate bolus injection offers favourable tolerability and sustained efficacy advantage over two years in established corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 42;743-9. 256. Oxlund H, Ortoft G, Thomsen JS, Danielsen CC, Ejersted C, Andreassen TT (2006). The anabolic effect of PTH on bone is attenuated by simultaneous glucocorticoid treatment. Bone 39;244-52. 257. Martinez-Lado L, Calviño-Díaz C, Piñeiro A, et al. (2011). Relapses and recurrences in giant cell arteritis: a population-based study of patients with biopsy-proven disease from northwestern Spain. Medicine (Baltimore). May;90(3):186-93. 258. Matteson EL, Gold KN, Bloch DA, Hunder GG (1996). Long-term survival of patients with giant cell arteritis in the American College of Rheumatology giant cell arteritis classification criteria cohort. Am J Med 100;193-6. 259. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Blanco R, Abraira V, et al. (1997). Giant cell arteritis in Lugo, Spain, is associated with low longterm mortality. J Rheumatol 24;2171-6. 260. Gran JT, Myklebust G, Wilsgaard T, Jacobsen BK (2001). Survival in polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis: a study of 398 cases and matched population controls. Rheumatology (Oxford) 40;1238-42. 261. Kermani TA, Schäfer VS, Crowson CS, et al. (2010). Cancer preceding giant cell arteritis: a case-control study. Arthritis Rheum 62;1763-9. 262. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Martinez-Lado L, et al. (2007). Cancer in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. A population-based study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 37;156-63.

EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases 263. Kermani TA, Schäfer VS, Crowson CS, et al. (2010). Malignancy risk in patients with giant cell arteritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 62;149-54.