Eucalyptus Wood Characteristics

Brazilian Pulping Industry

Jose Livio Gomide

Tutorial # 2

TAPPI PULPING CONFERENCE � Atlanta, Nov/5, 2006.

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Phloem

Cambium

Sapwood

Heartwood

Cortex

Structure of a Tree Trunk

Structure of a Tree Trunk

Bark Protection (high extractives content):

�Cortex (outer layer) � dead structure

�Phloem (inner layer) � downward sap circulation

Sapwood dead fibers but upward sap circulation

Heartwood dead fibers, completely deactivated

higher extractives content

Bark

Sapwood

Heartwood

Eucalyptus Wood � 10 years

Heartwood:

More extractives: lower pulping yield

more pitch

higher alkali demand

Lower permeability (tylose in hardwood)

More difficulty for chips impregnation

Sapwood and Heartwood

Sapwood and Heartwood - Eucalyptus

4,03,5Wall thickness, ìm

16,516,4Fiber diameter, ìm

1,21,0Fiber length, mm

486478Basic density, Kg/m3

SapwoodHeartwoodProperties

Sapwood and Heartwood - Eucalyptus

24,726,4Lignin, %

1,513,50Ext. alcohol/toluene, %B

484485Density, Kg/m3

23,927,7Lignin, %

0,982,54Ext. alcohol/toluene, %A

480459Density, Kg/m3

SapwoodHeartwood PropertiesClone

Three Dimensional View of a Hardwood

pore

Annual growth ring

Radial

vessel

ray

ray

tangential

Enlarged Three Dimensional View of a

Hardwood

Microscopy Views of Eucalyptus Wood

Cross Section Tangential Section Radial Section

Fibers & Vessel Elements - Eucalyptus

Vessel on paper surface: printing problems

Hardwoods - Eucalyptus

Volumetric constitution: Fibers � 60%

Parenchima � 20%

Vessels � 20%

Eucalyptus grandis → Vessels: 7-24/mm2, 59-216µm diameter

Fibers: 1mm length

Ultra Structure of Fiber Wall

Structure of Fiber Wall Layers

--------W

50-90°0.1S3

10-30°1-5S2

50-70°0.2-0.3S1

Random0.1-0.2P

----0.2-1.0ML

Microfibrillar OrientationThickness, mLayers

S2: 80-90% fiber wall

Eucalyptus microfibril angle: 7.8-10.2°

14,317,1Area of parenchima cells, %

12,624,9Area of fiber lumen, %

66,569,3Area of fibers, %

19,213,6Area of vessels, %

116124Vessel diameter, m

18,211,2Vessel frequency, #/mm²

552 Kg/m3447 Kg/m3Parameters

Basic Density � Anatomical Characteristics

Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus Wood Quality for

Pulp Production

Considerable variability on wood quality

Analysis:

Basic density

Extractives content

Lignin content

Alkali demand for pulping

Pulping Yield

Pulp viscosity

Study: 21 Eucalyptus clones selected for planting

Figura 1 - Densidade básica das madeiras de Eucalyptus.

4 8 8 4 9 4 5 0 05 1 1

4 5 9 4 5 04 7 0 4 7 6

4 8 5

4 1 8

4 9 9

4 5 7

4 8 2

4 5 5

3 7 4

4 7 2

4 2 7

4 9 0

4 4 1

5 4 2

4 7 7

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Clones de Eucalyptus

Ba

sic

Den

sit

y,

Kg

/m3

Eucalyptus Clones

Basic Density

Basic density: 374-542 Kg/m3

Basic Density

Acceptable in Brazil for Eucalyptus: 450-550 Kg/m3

Lower Db - lower alkali demand: - higher screened yield

- higher pulp viscosity

- lower digester production

Brazil mills (production increase & greenfield) ≥ 500 Kg/m3

y = -6,0714x2 + 57,729x + 345,5

R2 = 0,9958

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2 3 4 5 6

Age (years)

Ba

sic

De

ns

ity

(K

g/m

3)

Effect of Age on Basic Density - Eucalyptus

2 5 , 1

2 7 , 4 2 7 , 8 2 7 ,4

2 5 , 7 2 5 , 5

2 7 , 22 7 , 9

2 6 , 7

2 8 , 42 7 , 1 2 7 , 5

2 6 ,42 7 , 4

2 6 , 32 7 , 2

2 8 , 1 2 8 , 0

2 6 , 32 7 , 5 2 7 , 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21Eucalyptus Clones

Lig

nin

, %Lignin Content

Lignin content: 25.1-28.4%

3 , 1

2 , 4

2 , 6

2 , 4

2 , 1

1 , 6

2 , 2

2 , 4

3 , 1

1 , 7

2 , 3

1 , 5

1 , 8

2 , 72 , 8

1 , 7

3 , 2

2 , 4

1 , 6

2 , 5 2 , 5

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Eucalyptus Clones

Ex

tra

cti

ves,

%

Extractives Content (alcohol/toluene), %

Extractives: 1.5-3.2%

1 9 , 01 8 , 0 1 8 , 3

1 9 , 01 8 , 0

1 7 , 0

1 9 , 0

2 1 , 5

1 9 , 5

1 7 , 5 1 7 , 0

1 9 , 0

1 7 , 0

1 8 , 51 9 , 5

1 8 , 0

2 4 , 0

2 1 , 0

1 8 , 0

2 1 , 5

1 8 , 0

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21Eucalyptus Clones

Acti

ve A

lka

li, %

Alkali Charge for Pulping

Alkali charge: 17.0-24.0%

48, 9 48, 9 49, 4 50, 0 50, 751 , 6

48, 346, 5

49, 0 49, 050, 1

48, 750, 0

49, 0 48, 5

51 , 1

44, 0

46, 3

49, 948, 2

47, 3

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21Eucalyptus Clones

Screen

ed

Yie

ld, %

Screened Yield

Screened yield: 44.0-51.6%

48, 3

34, 9

38, 0

32, 1

40, 5

47, 5

32, 933, 8

41, 941, 1

44, 4

46, 445, 1

37, 739, 2

35, 1

20, 4 20, 6

35, 9

29, 0

34, 5

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Eucalyptus Clones

Vis

co

sid

ad

e, cP

Pulp Viscosity

Pulp viscosity: 20.4-48.3 cP

�A conventional Eucalyptus forest for

pulp production has 1100-1500 trees per

hectare.

At harvesting age trees are 28-34m height

and 18-20cm DBH.

To produce one ton of pulp are necessary

16 trees of Eucalyptus. One hectare of

forest produces 76 ton pulp.

CURIOSITIESCURIOSITIES

EucalyptusEucalyptus Forest / Forest / PulpPulp MillMill

Brazilian Pulping Industry

Modern installations using latest technology

Well trained personnel

Considerable investments in training

- graduate courses (UFV): 597 students 2001-2006

- training of new personnel: insufficient for demand

Major World Producers

Market Bleached Short Fiber Pulp

Finland

Sweden

Brazil

USA

Canada

Indonesia

Portugal

Spain1000 t

Export Import Balance

US

$ M

illo

n

Brazil - Pulp Imports and Exports

Investments in Pulp & Paper Brazil 2003-2012

11%2.02.01.8Paper

64%7.45.54.5Exports (Million Ton): Pulp

46%11.58.67.9Paper (Million Ton)

59%14.510.09.1Pulp (Million Ton)

73%2.61.71.5Forests (Million Ha)

Increase

2003/2012

201220052003Investments

Ten Major Pulp Producers in Brazil � 2005

BRACELPA - 2004

10010,352,113TOTAL

12988,257Others

2170,141Norske Skog Pisa

2216,752Veracel Celulose (Aracruz/Stora Enso)

4364,227Jari Celulose S.A.

4450,804International Paper

5505,771Ripasa S.A.

9967,060Cenibra S.A.

111,164,427Suzano Papel e Celulose

111,180,228Klabin S.A.

131,343,076Votorantim Celulose e Papel S.A.

272,785,463Aracruz Celulose S.A.

Share (%)Production (Ton)Pulp Mills

70%

90%

TMPNorsk Skog Pisa

LoSolidsVeracel

BatchJari

Esco Digester, TMPIP

CompactCookingRipasa

LoSolids, KobudoMariCenibra

Batch, Kamyr, KobudoMariSuzano

Batch, KamyrKlabin

LoSolidsVotorantim

CompactCooking, LoSolids, EMCCAracruz

Pulping Process - DigesterMills

Pulping Processes - Major Producers

YNorsk Skog Pisa

AO/D(PO)DPVeracel

OD(EOP)DDJari

O(DC)(EOP)D; PPIP

OD/A(EOP)DRipasa

OD(EOP)DP; O/OD/A(EOP)D(EP)DCenibra

OD/A(PO)D(PO); O/OA/D(PO)DP; OD/A(EOP)DSuzano

OQ(OP)(ZQ)(PO); O/O(CD)(EOP)DKlabin

OOZ/D(PO)D; OAZD(PO); OZ/(EP)D(PO)Votorantim

Four bleaching lines - ECF (O, A, D, P)Aracruz

BleachingMills

Bleaching �Major Producers

Future Investments

Next ten years: US$10 billions (greenfield & production increase)

- Minas Gerais (Cenibra)

- Paraná (Klabin)

- Bahia (Suzano)

- Rio Grande do Sul (Aracruz, VCP, StoraEnzo)

- Mato Grosso do Sul (VCP)

Brazil has all necessary

conditions to supply high

quality Eucalyptus kraft

pulp to world market

Thank You Very

Much For Your

Attention!