eu workshop – rcs on h 2 and fc technologies for vehicles slide no. 1 eu-harmonhy workshop,...
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Slide no. 1 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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Fuel Cell TEsting & STandardisation NETwork
FCTESTNET
Georgios Tsotridis - Andreas Podias
EC-DG JRC - Institute for Energy
Slide no. 2 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sContents:
Network Objectives & Structure
Project Summary of WP 1 Transport Applications
Traffic Lights analysis
Pre normative research needs
Slide no. 3 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sProject Summary / 1 NETWORK OBJECTIVES
Compile already existing and further Compile already existing and further develop harmonised testing develop harmonised testing procedures and testing methodologies procedures and testing methodologies applicable to:applicable to:
• stationary power sources;stationary power sources;• portable fuel cells; portable fuel cells; • transport applicationstransport applications
Focusing on:Focusing on:• single fuel cellssingle fuel cells• fuel cell stacksfuel cell stacks• fuel cell systemsfuel cell systems
Slide no. 4 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sFCTESTNET STRUCTUREFCTESTNET STRUCTURE
WP 1WP 1APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS
TRANSPORTTRANSPORT
WP 2WP 2APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS
STATIONARYSTATIONARY
WP 3WP 3APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS
PORTABLEPORTABLE
WP 4WP 4BALANCE OF PLANTSBALANCE OF PLANTS
WP 8WP 8EXTERNALEXTERNALRELATIONSRELATIONS
US, CANADAUS, CANADAJAPANJAPAN
STAND.BODIESSTAND.BODIESIEAIEA
STEERING COMMITEESTEERING COMMITEE
WP 0WP 0COORDINATIONCOORDINATIONDG-RTDDG-RTD
DG-TRENDG-TREN(Advisory role)(Advisory role)
WP 5 WP 5 PEMFPEMF
CC
WP 6WP 6MCFCMCFC
WP 7WP 7SOFCSOFC
TechnologiTechnologieses
AreaArea
ApplicationsApplications
AreaArea
Slide no. 5 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sProject Summary / 2
WP 1 of FCTESTNET focuses : on test procedures for the evaluation of fuel cell systems for the following transport application areas:
Road vehiclesRoad vehiclesRail transportMarine applicationsAviation
Slide no. 6 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sProject Summary / 3
The work performed in WP 1 has covered the following activities (1/2):
Inventory of existing formal & ad-hoc test procedures;
Analysis of operational conditions and requirements for fuel cell systems;
Identification of a list of tests that are relevant for characterising fuel cell systems;
Slide no. 7 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sProject Summary / 4
The work performed in WP 1 has covered the following activities (2/2):
Development of a number of test procedures where there is a high need of harmonization
Identification of knowledge gaps and needs for future work
Slide no. 8 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sProject Summary / 5
More specifically, WP 1 has developed:
a list of all tests relevant for road vehicle applications;
a set of 9 Test Modules see next slides
These tests might serve as input to standardisation bodies;
Slide no. 9 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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s“Traffic light” analysis / 1
Major Items Note
Environmental Test Programme Harmonisation areas
Functional Test Programme automotive, marine, aviation
Durability Test Programme automotive, marine, aviation
Safety Test Programme automotive, marine, rail,
aviation
FCTESTNET - Work Package 1: Transport applications
Slide no. 10 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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s“Traffic light” analysis / 1
Major Items Traffic light Note
Environmental Test Programme Harmonisation areas
NOx emissions marine, aviation
Variation of ambient conditions: cold start automotive, marine, aviation
EMC tests automotive, marine, rail,
aviation
FCTESTNET - Work Package 1: Transport applications
Slide no. 11 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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s“Traffic light” analysis / 2
Major Items Traffic light Note
Functional Test Programme Harmonisation areas
Fuel consumption: fuel cell system on homologation cycle (H2 fuel)
automotive
APU Voltage Regulation automotive, marine, rail,
aviation
Power quality: Transient response automotive, marine, rail,
aviation
FCTESTNET - Work Package 1: Transport applications
Slide no. 12 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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s“Traffic light” analysis / 3
Major Items Traffic light Note
Durability Test Programme Harmonisation areas
Dielectric strength marine, rail, aviation
FCTESTNET - Work Package 1: Transport applications
Slide no. 13 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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s“Traffic light” analysis / 4
Major Items Traffic light Note
Safety Test Programme Harmonisation areas
Crash safety automotive, rail, aviation
Overload and short circuit automotive, marine, rail,
aviation
FCTESTNET - Work Package 1: Transport applications
Slide no. 14 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sNOx emissions of fuel cell system
NOx emissions are currently regulated in marine applications in various parts of the world. Due to these requirements, a fuel cell system is required also to conform to the existing limits.
While in the automotive world hydrogen and low temperature fuel cells are being considered, the economics of the marine industry is likely to drive to the use of diesel fuels, also with fuel cell systems. This requires onboard fuel reforming, which may lead to NOx emissions.
Slide no. 15 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sAmbient condition variation tests – cold start test
Cold start might be a problem with fuel cells in automotive applications and for startup of emergency generators in marine applications.
Unlike in stationary applications, significant warm-up times are not acceptable to the customer. In addition, systems are not kept under controlled conditions, which may lead to system freezing and subsequent damage.
It is therefore important to test the cold start performance to allow customer acceptance of fuel cell systems.
Slide no. 16 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sEMC Test
With high current systems involved in propulsion systems, the radiated electromagnetic radiation could be significant. In addition, the system needs to be immune to radiation from the environment to ensure system and user safety.
EMC performance of fuel cell systems should be measured on a
prescribed driving cycle
Slide no. 17 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sFuel consumption of fuel cell system on homologation cycle (H2 fuel)
Driving range, on gaseous fuels is heavily dependent on the real efficiency of the system.
All existing procedures for measuring fuel consumption of road vehicles make use of the carbon-balance method to determine the fuel consumption. This method is not applicable to a fuel cell system running on hydrogen fuel. Various solutions to these problems are being proposed
Slide no. 18 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sAPU Voltage Regulation
The goal of an APU is to deliver the required electrical power while maintaining a sufficient level of voltage regulation. Voltage regulation is critical for the proper functioning of the attached electrical loads.
In this test module, a time varying pulsed load is applied to the APU, simulating the functioning of an automotive heating system. The test object considered is a hybrid APU, i.e. fuel cell system and energy storage together.
Slide no. 19 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sPower Quality – Transient Response
Transient response of the fuel cell power generator depends on the power system architecture considering hybridisation by a buffer energy storage element (battery, supercapacitors…) or not.Hybridisation, depending on the system concept, could significantly reduce the power level (kW) delivered by the fuel cell generator under the working conditions and get a downsizing effect for the fuel cell generator.
This test module simulates the transient load following capability of the fuel cell power generator, by: applying a transient load profile request and measuring the response of the actual delivered load.
Slide no. 20 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sDielectric Strength (high voltage)
At some point during the lifetime of a power generator, the generator will be subjected to high voltage peaks.
For approval, the power generator has to be able to withstand temporary high voltages without destruction.
Slide no. 21 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sCrash Safety of a Fuel Cell System
In the event of an accident, safety is critical for transport applications. A critical aspect of this is the safe containment of systems.
This test method imposes a shock impulse on the fuel cell system (or alternatively a sustained equivalent load) to simulate the loading on the system that occurs during an accident. The system is deemed acceptable if the mountings retain the system in place.
Slide no. 22 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sOverload and short circuit
In the event of an overload or short circuit condition, the fuel cell system should be capable of supplying this overload without damage to the system. This ensures system functionality in the event of a fault elsewhere in the electrical system.
This test method presents tests for marine and aviation applications.
Slide no. 23 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sIdentified missing test modules / 1
Important tests to be harmonised:Noise emissionsPower performance capabilityVibration testingDurability (thermo cycling; power throughput; power degradation)Ambient condition variation tests (temperature; humidity; pressure)
These test modules were found to be important for all application areas (rail, marine, aviation, automotive), and could be harmonised among the various application areas to a large extent. Test methodologies could be largely the same for the different transport applications, while static test conditions and dynamic variations of input parameters (e.g. power cycles) could be made application specific.
Slide no. 24 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sGeneral considerations on availability of tests and needs for harmonisation - Potential pre-normative research needs / 1
Only a few standards exist which are specific for fuel cell vehicles, fuel cell propulsion systems or fuel cell APUs
APU-applications of fuel cells may be very important. At present little information is available on load profiles for various APU-applications;
Application-oriented test procedures to be applied at the level of fuel cell systems are at present not available
Slide no. 25 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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Evaluation test procedures at the fuel cell system level could be developed as a “best practice”, but do not necessarily have to be formally standardised. Harmonisation at the European level, however, does seem useful, not only from an industry perspective, but also e.g. to enable evaluation and benchmarking of systems developed in various EU-funded projects;
Type approval test procedures are within the domain of codes and standards.For LD road vehicles these will have to be defined at the vehicle level
For HD road vehicles and most other transport applications procedures need to be defined at the “engine” level, i.e. at the level of fuel cell systems or fuel cell-driven power trains
General considerations on availability of tests and needs for harmonisation - Potential pre-normative research needs / 2
Slide no. 26 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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The test cycles used for automotive type approval do not represent real-world driving. Different technologies may compare differently on the type approval test cycle compared to real-world test cycles. For fuel cell applications more insight is necessary on the impact of real-world use on efficiency and emissions;
Type approval procedures for determining engine power can not be translated directly to fuel cells.
General considerations on availability of tests and needs for harmonisation - Potential pre-normative research needs / 3
Slide no. 27 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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s Further pre-normative activities
An important next step is verification of the presented test modulesverification of the presented test modules
As usual with testing, many problems in testing procedures could only be identified during the actual execution of the tests. During this process, extra information could also become available which could help as to further specify the requirements and processes involved, bringing the bringing the modules to a “best practices” levelmodules to a “best practices” level.
the FCTESTNET test modules could assist the standardisatiuon FCTESTNET test modules could assist the standardisatiuon proceduresprocedures Disseminating them at the standardisation bodies, could facilitate this process.
Slide no. 28 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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sOther suggested RCS items
In addition to all above mentioned items, other suggested RCS items may be:
Modelling & validation of testing procedures (selection of test benchmarks to be compared against modelling) e.g.Hydrogen (accident scenarios), Fuel cell (Performance, of single cells, short stacks and systems)
Slide no. 29 EU-HarmonHy Workshop, Bruxelles, 26 September 2005
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JRC-Institute for Energy
Thank you for your attention!
[email protected] www.jrc.nl/fctestnet