CMBYkTI6

6-1

EE TT mm :: UU KK II mm II ((TThheerrmmoocchheemmiissttrryy))

esckþIepþIm enAéf¶TI6 Ex]sPa qñaM1937 ynþehaHFunFMrbs;GaløIm:g;EdlpÞúk]sµ½nGIuRdUEsn)an

pÞúHenAelIlMhGakaskñúgtMbn; Lakehurst rdæ New Jersey kñúgkMLúgeBlcg;cuHct. kñúgeRKaH mhnþrayenaH manmnusSsøab;35nak;kñúgcMeNamGñkCiHTaMgGs;97nak;kñúgynþehaHhiunDinb‘Åk (HINDENBURG)enaH. eRKaHmhnþrayenH)anbBa©b;nUvviFIdwkCBa¢ÚnfµIenaH. ynþehaH hiunDinb‘Åk)anpÞúkeGlüÚm EdlCa]sµ½nniclRsalCaCag]sµ½nGIuRdUEsnRbtikmµx

ETm:UKImI

6-2

1 lkçN³f amBl nigRbePTfamBl {{{{famBlfamBlfamBlfamBl}}}} KWCaBaküeRbIeRcInsMrab;tagnUvKMnitGrUbI. ]TahrN_ enAeBleyIght;eyIg

Gacniyayfa eyIgminmanfamBleT ehIyeyIgRtUvkarrkRbPBfamBlepSg²edIm,Iykmk CMnYsvij. mindUcKñanwgrUbFatueT famBlRtUv)aneKsÁal;edayplrbs;va. eyIgminGacemIl eXIj b:H hitkøin rWk¾føwgfamBl)aneT.

famBlfamBlfamBlfamBl eRcInEtRtUv)ankMNt;faCasmtßPaBbegáItkmµnþþ. eyIgFøab;dwgehIyfakmµnþþCa plKuNrvagkMlaMgnigcm¶aybMlas;TI b:uEnþeyIgnwgeXIjfamanRbePTepSg²eToténkmµnþþ. RKb;TMrg;famBlTaMgGs;GacbegáItkmµnþþ ¬mann½yfaGaRs½yeTAnwgkMlaMgnigcm¶aybMlas;TI¦ b:uEnþminEmnRKb;TMrg;famBlTaMgGs;suT§EtmanTMnak;TMngdUcKñaeTAnwgKImIenaHeT. Ca]TahrN_ famBlenAkñúgrlkrBa¢ÜydIGayykmkbegáItkmµnþþmanGtßRbeyaCn¾ b:uEnþTMnak;TMngrvagrlk rBa¢ÜydInigKImIKWtictYcNas;. KImIviTUeGayniymn½y kmµnþkmµnþkmµnþkmµnþþþ þþ faCabMErbMrYlfamBlmanTisedA )anmkBIlMnaMmYy. famBlsIuenTic¬famBlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedayvtßúmanclna¦CaTMrg;mYy énfamBlpþl;cMNab;GarmµN_edayELkcMeBaHKImIviTU. TMrg;famBlepSgeTotrYmman famBl ra:düg; famBlkMedA famBlKImI nigfamBlb:Utg;Esül.

famBlrafamBlrafamBlrafamBlra::::dügdügdügdüg; ; ; ; rWfamBlBnøW)anmkBIRBHGaTitü nigCaRbPBfamBldMbUgrbs;EpndI. famBlRBHGaTitüpþl;kMedAdl;briyakasnigépÞEpndI CMrujkarlUtlas;énrukçCatitamry³rsµI sMeyaK nigCH\T§iBleTAelIlkçN³GakasFatuTaMgmUl.

famBlkMedA famBlkMedA famBlkMedA famBlkMedA CafamBlEdlTak;TgCamYyclnaécdnüénGatUmnigm:UelKul. CaTUeTA famBlkMedAGacRtUv)anKNnaBIkarvas;sItuNðPaB. c,as;CagenHeTot clnaGatUmnig m:UelKulenAkñúgPaKsMNakmYyénrUbFatu KWPaKsMNakkan;EtFMekþAmanfamBlkMedAkan;EtFM. b:uEnþ eyIgRtÚvkarEbgEckeGay)anc,as;las;rvagfamBlkMedAnigsItuNðPaB. kaehV1EBg enAsItuNðPaB 70oC mansItuNðPaBx

CMBYkTI6

6-3

famBlbfamBlbfamBlbfamBlb:::: UtgUtgUtgUtg;;;;EsülEsülEsülEsül CafamBlEdlGacekItmaneLIgedayTItaMgBitrbs;vtßú. ]TahrN_ edaysarry³kMBs;rbs;vafµenAelIkMBUlcMeNatmanfamBlb:Utg;EsüleRcInCag ehIynwgeFVIeGaysacTwkxøaMgCafµmYyepSgeTotEdlmanTMhMdUcKñasßitenAEpñkxageRkamén cMeNat ebIfµTaMgBIrdMuenHFøak;eTAkñúgTwkenAxageRkam. famBlKImIGacRtUv)ancat;TukCa famBlb:Utg;Esül BIeRBaHvamanTMnak;TMngnwgTItaMgeFobnigkartMerobGatUmenAkñúgsarFatu mYy.

RKb;TMrg;famBlTaMgGs;GacRtUv)anbMEbøgBITMrg;mYyeTATMrg;mYyeTot. eyIgman GarmµN_;ekþAenAeBleyIgQrenAeRkamkMedARBHGaTitü BIeRBaHfamBlra:düg;RtUv)anbMEbøgCa famBlkMedAenAelIEs,keyIg. enAeBleyIghat;R)aNfamBlKImIsþúkkñúgxøÜneyIgRtUv)aneRbI nigbMEbøgCafamBlsIuenTic. enAeBl)al;mYycab;epþImremolcuHeRkamfamBlb:Utg;Esül rbs;vaRtUv)anbMEbøgCafamBlsIuenTic. GñkGacrknwkKitedaymin)ac;manmnÞilsgS½ydl; ]TahrN_epSg²eTot. eTaHbICafamBlGacmanTMrg;epSgKñaeRcInEdlGacCaGnþrbMEbøgk¾eday GñkviTüasa®sþ)ansnñidæanfa famBlminGacRtÚv)anbMpøajrWbegáIteLIg. enAeBlTMrg;mYYyén famBl )at;bg;TMrg;epSgeToténfamBl¬TMhMdUcKña¦kekIteLIgnigRcasmkvij. eKalkarN_ enHRtUv)ansegçbedaycccc,,,,abababab;;;;rkSarkSarkSarkSafamBlfamBlfamBlfamBl ¬famBlbeBa©j = famBlRsUb¦. brimaNsrubén famBlenAkñúgcRkvaLRtUv)ansnµtfamantMélefr.

2 bMErbMrYlfamBlkñúgRbtikmµKImI

bMErbMrYlfamBlEdleRcInEtekItmanenAkñúgRbtikmµKImI CakarGnuvtþCak;EsþgeRcIndUc kñúgTMnak;TMngma:skñúgRbtikmµKImIEdr. Ca]TahrN_RbtikmµcMehHenAkñúg\n§n³dUcCa]sµ½n

eBlTwkeBlTwkeBlTwkeBlTwk))))anhUrFøakanhUrFøakanhUrFøakanhUrFøak;;;;BITMnBITMnBITMnBITMnbbbb;;;;Twk famBlbUTwk famBlbUTwk famBlbUTwk famBlbU:: ::tgtgtgtg;;;;EsülEsülEsülEsül rbsrbsrbsrbs;;;;vaRtUvvaRtUvvaRtUvvaRtUv))))anbMEbøanbMEbøanbMEbøanbMEbøgeTACafamBlsIuenTicgeTACafamBlsIuenTicgeTACafamBlsIuenTicgeTACafamBlsIuenTic. . . . eKeRbIfamBleeKeRbIfamBleeKeRbIfamBleeKeRbIfamBlenHnHnHnH edImedImedImedIm,,,,IbegIátCafamBlGKÁisnI IbegIátCafamBlGKÁisnI IbegIátCafamBlGKÁisnI IbegIátCafamBlGKÁisnI EdleEdleEdleEdlehAfa famBlvarIhAfa famBlvarIhAfa famBlvarIhAfa famBlvarIGKÁisnIGKÁisnIGKÁisnIGKÁisnI....

ETm:UKImI

6-4

FmµCati nigeRbgRbRBwtþeTAenAkñúgCIvPaBRbcaMéf¶sMrab;famBlkMedA EdlvabeBa©jCagsMrab; plitplrbs;vaEdlman]sµ½nkabUnic nigTwk.

esÞIrEtRKb;RbtikmµKImITaMgGs;RsUbnigbeBa©jfamBl ehIyCaTUeTAkñúgTMrg;CakMedA. vamansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkaryl;GMBIPaBepSgKñarvagfamBlkMedAnigkMedA. kMedAkMedAkMedAkMedAKWCakar bBaöÚnfamBlkMedArvagsarFatuBIrmansItuNðPaBxusKña. ehtudUcenHehIy)anCaeyIgeRcInEt niyayfa lMhUrkMedABIGgÁFatuekþAeTAGgÁFatuRtCak;. enAeBlEdleyIgBN’naBIbMErbMrYl famBlEdl ekItmaneLIgkñúgdMeNIrkarmYy CaFmµtaeyIgEtgniyayBIkarRsUbkarRsUbkarRsUbkarRsUbnigkarbeBa©jnigkarbeBa©jnigkarbeBa©jnigkarbeBa©j kMedA kMedA kMedA kMedA eTaHbICaBaküfakMedAkMedAkMedAkMedAsMedAeTAelIkarbBaöÚnfamBlk¾eday. ETmETmETmETm:::: UKImIUKImIUKImIUKImIKWCakarsikSaBI bMErbMrYlkMedAenAkñúgRbtikmµKImI.

edIm,IviPaKBIbMErbMrYlfamBlEdlTak;TgeTAnwgRbtikmµKImI dMbUgeyIgRtUvEtkMNt; RbB½n§ rWEpñkCak;lak;NamYyénBiPBEdleyIgcab;GarmµN_. sMrab;KImIviTURbB½n§CaTUeTArYmman sarFatuTaMgLayEdlTak;TgeTAnwgbMErbMrYlrUbnigKImI. ]TahrN_ enAkñúgkarBiesaFRbtikmµ bnSabGasIut-)asRbB½n§enaHGacCaEkvebEs‘ EdlpÞúkGasIutkørIRDic 50ml Edls‘Ut (NaoH) 50ml RtUv)anbEnßm. mCÄdæanCMuvijmCÄdæanCMuvijmCÄdæanCMuvijmCÄdæanCMuvij KWCasMNl;BiPBxageRkARbB½n§.

rUbrUbrUbrUb1111³ ³ ³ ³ RbB½n§cMnYnRbB½n§cMnYnRbB½n§cMnYnRbB½n§cMnYnbI bI bI bI tagedayTwkkñúgdbtagedayTwkkñúgdbtagedayTwkkñúgdbtagedayTwkkñúgdb (a)CaRbCaRbCaRbCaRbB½n§ebIkcB½n§ebIkcB½n§ebIkcB½n§ebIkcMh EdlMh EdlMh EdlMh EdlGacGacGacGac[[[[manbNþmanbNþmanbNþmanbNþÚrfamBlrfamBlrfamBlrfamBlnigmanigmanigmanigma:: ::sCamYysCamYysCamYysCamYy mCÄdæanCMuvijmCÄdæanCMuvijmCÄdæanCMuvijmCÄdæanCMuvij (b)RbB½n§biTRbB½n§biTRbB½n§biTRbB½n§biTEdlEdlEdlEdlGacGacGacGac[[[[manbMErbMrYlmanbMErbMrYlmanbMErbMrYlmanbMErbMrYlfamBlEtKµanbfamBlEtKµanbfamBlEtKµanbfamBlEtKµanbMErbMrYlMErbMrYlMErbMrYlMErbMrYlmmmm::::asasasas (c)RbB½n§RbB½n§RbB½n§RbB½n§dacdacdacdac;; ;;EtÉgEtÉgEtÉgEtÉgEdlEdlEdlEdl minminminminGacGacGacGac[[[[manbNþÚrfamBlmanbNþÚrfamBlmanbNþÚrfamBlmanbNþÚrfamBlnigmanigmanigmanigma:: ::sssseTeTeTeT ¬dbenHmanRTnab¬dbenHmanRTnab¬dbenHmanRTnab¬dbenHmanRTnab;;;;BIrCanBIrCanBIrCanBIrCan;; ;;EdlEdlEdlEdlpÞúksuBaØkaspÞúksuBaØkaspÞúksuBaØkaspÞúksuBaØkas¦¦¦¦

manRbB½n§cMnYnbIRbePT. RbB½n§ebIkRbB½n§ebIkRbB½n§ebIkRbB½n§ebIkcMhcMhcMhcMh GacbþÚrma:snigfamBlCamYybriyakasCMuvij CaFmµtaCaTMrg;kMedA. ]TahrN_ RbB½n§ebIkcMhGacCabrimaNTwkenAkñúgdbcMhmYy ¬dUcEdl

cMhayTwk

kMedA kMedA

CMBYkTI6

6-5

)anbgðajkñúgrUb1(a)¦. RbsinebIeyIgbiTKMrb¬rUb1(b)¦ enaHKµancMNayTwkGacecjb¤cUl eTAkñúgdb)aneTKWeyIgbegáItRbB½n§biT RbB½n§biT RbB½n§biT RbB½n§biT EdlGac[mankarbBaöÚnfamBl b:uEnþminEmnma:seT. edaykardak;TwkkñúgdbGIusULg; eyIgGacbegáIt)anCaRbB½n§RbB½n§RbB½n§RbB½n§§§ §§dacdacdacdac;;;;EtÉgEtÉgEtÉgEtÉg EdlminGacmankarbBaöÚn TaMgma:sTaMgfamBl¬dUcEdl)anbgðajkñúgrUb1¬c¦¦.

cMehHénrvag]sµ½nGIuRdUEsnkñúgGuksIuEsnKWCaRbtikmµmYykñúgcMeNamRbtikmµKImICaeRcInEdlbeBa©jfamBlkMedAy:ageRcIn.

+→+ )(2)()(2 222 lOHgOgH famBl

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI6666////2222³³³³ hiunDihiunDihiunDihiunDinnnnbbbbWWWWk EdlrgeRKaHfñakk EdlrgeRKaHfñakk EdlrgeRKaHfñakk EdlrgeRKaHfñak;;;;edaykarpÞúHedaykarpÞúHedaykarpÞúHedaykarpÞúH]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½nGIuRdUGIuRdUGIuRdUGIuRdUEsnEsnEsnEsnenAqñaMenAqñaMenAqñaMenAqñaM1937193719371937 enAkñúgkrNIenH eyIgcat;Tukl,ayRbtikmµ ¬m:UelKulGIuRdUEsn GuksIuEsn nigTwk¦ Ca

RbB½n§mYyehIyGVIEdlsl;BIenHCamCÄdæanCuMvij. edaysarEtfamBlminRtUv)anbegáIteLIgrW )at;bg;famBlEdl)at;bg;edayRbB½n§RtUvEtRtUv)anTTYledaymCÄdæanCuMvij. dUcenHkMedAEdl TTYl)anBIlMnaMcMehHRtUv)anepÞrBIRbB½n§eTAmCÄdæanCuMvij. RbtikmµenHKICa]TahrN_mYyén lMnaMbeBa©lMnaMbeBa©lMnaMbeBa©lMnaMbeBa©jjjjkMedAkMedAkMedAkMedA (exothermic process) KWmann½yfaepÞrfamBlkMedAeTAmCÄdæanCuMvij. rUb 6/3 (a) bgðajBIfamBlEdl)anBIcMehHrbs;GIuRdUEsn. cMNaM cMNaM cMNaM cMNaM exo- mkBIBakümkBIBakümkBIBakümkBIBakü “ enAeRkAenAeRkAenAeRkAenAeRkA” kñúgPasaRkic ehIy kñúgPasaRkic ehIy kñúgPasaRkic ehIy kñúgPasaRkic ehIy endo- mkBIBakümkBIBakümkBIBakümkBIBakü “ enAkñúgenAkñúgenAkñúgenAkñúg” ....

\LÚvenHsUmsegátemIlRbtikmµbMEbkrbs;)artGuksIutenAsItuNðPaBx

ETm:UKImI

6-6

kMedAEdlpþl;eday RbB½n§CMuvij

famBl

kMedAEdlRsUbBI RbB½n§CMuvij fam

Bl

tamry³rUbTI6/3 eyIgGaceXIjfaenAkñúgRbtiikmµbeBa©jkMedA famBlsrubén plitpl KWmanbrimaNticCagfamBlsrubrbs;FatuRbtikr. PaBxusKñaenaHKWkMedARtUv)an pþl;edayRbB½n§eTAmCÄdæanCuMvij. enHRKan;EtCaPaBpÞúyKñaekIteLIgenAkñúgRbtikmµRsUbkMedA b:ueNaÑH. enATIenHplsgrvagfamBlGgÁFatukekItnigfamBlénFatuRbtikresµInwgkMedAEdl RtUvpþl;eGayRbB½n§edaymCÄdæanCuMvij.

rUbrUbrUbrUb6666////3 3 3 3 (a) lMnaMbeBa©jkMedA lMnaMbeBa©jkMedA lMnaMbeBa©jkMedA lMnaMbeBa©jkMedA (b) lMnaMRsUbkMedAlMnaMRsUbkMedAlMnaMRsUbkMedAlMnaMRsUbkMedA. . . . Epñk Epñk Epñk Epñk (a) nig nig nig nig (b) minmantMéminmantMéminmantMéminmantMéldUcKñaeTldUcKñaeTldUcKñaeTldUcKñaeT. . . . brimaNbrimaNbrimaNbrimaN kMedAEdlkMedAEdlkMedAEdlkMedAEdl))))anbanbanbanbeBa©eBa©eBa©eBa©jénRbtikmµkMN jénRbtikmµkMN jénRbtikmµkMN jénRbtikmµkMN H2O BI BI BI BI H2 nig nig nig nig O2 minesµIKñaeTAminesµIKñaeTAminesµIKñaeTAminesµIKñaeTAnwgbrimaNkMedAnwgbrimaNkMedAnwgbrimaNkMedAnwgbrimaNkMedAEdlRsUbedayEdlRsUbedayEdlRsUbedayEdlRsUbeday RbtikmµbMEbk RbtikmµbMEbk RbtikmµbMEbk RbtikmµbMEbk HgO.... 3 3 3 3 G gG gG gG g ;; ;; t alt alt alt al ;; ;; BIBIBIBI

bMErbMrYlrUbnigbMErbMrYlKImIPaKeRcIn rYmTaMgbMErbMrYlEdlRbRBwtþeTAenAkñúgRbB½n§CIvit ekIteLIgenAkñúgl½kçx½NÐsMBaFefrénbriyakas. ]TahrN_ enAkñúgTIBiesaFRbtikmµTaMgLay CaTUeTA RtUv)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgEkvebEs‘ EkvEG‘ELnmIueyI rWbMBg;sak EdlebIkcMhnigman sMBaFbriyakasRbEhl1Gat;mU:EsV‘. edIm,Ipþl;brimaNkMedAcUlnigecjBIRbB½n§mYyenAkñúg lMnaM sMBaFefr KImIviTUeRbIR)as;lkçN³mYyehAfa GgGgGgGg;;;;taltaltaltal;;;;BBBBI EdltagedaynimitþsBaØa H ehIyRtUv)aneKkMNt;esµIE + PV. Gg;tal;BICalkçN³Gicsþg;suIv EdlTMhMrbs;vaGaRs½ynwg brimaNénsarFatuvtþman. eKminGackMNt;Gg;tal;BIénsarFatu)aneT EteKGacvas;bMErbMrYl Gg;tal;BIEdltageday H )an. GgGgGgGg;;;;taltaltaltal;;;;BIénRbtikmµBIénRbtikmµBIénRbtikmµBIénRbtikmµ ( H) KWCapldkrvagGg;tal;BIsrub énplitplnigGg;tal;BIsrubénFatuRbtikr ÷

H = H ¬FatukekIt¦ - H ¬FatuRbtikr¦ niyaymü:ageTotKW H tagkMedAbeBa©j rWkMedARsUbkñúgeBlRbtikmµ.

Gg;tal;BIénRbtikmµGacviC¢man rWGviC¢man edayGaRs½yeTAelIlMnaMénRbtikmµ. cMeBaH lMnaMRsUbkMedA¬kMedARsUbedayRbB½n§BImCÄdæanCMuvij¦bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BKWIviC¢man ( H > 0).

2H2(g) + O2(g) 2Hg(l) + O2(g)

2H2O(l) 2HgO(s)

CMBYkTI6

6-7

cMeBaHlMnaMbeBa©jkMedA¬kMedAbeBa©jedayRbB½n§eTAkñúgmCÄdæanCMuvij¦bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIKW GviC¢man( H < 0).

bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIKWRsedogKñaeTAnwgbMErbMrYlsmtulüenAkñúgKNnIyFnaKar. ]bma fa smtulüedImrbs;GñkKW 100duløar . bnÞab;BIkarTUTat;Kña ¬dak;R)ak;rWdkecj¦ bMErbMrYlenA kñúg smtulüFnaKarrbs;Gñk X.

X = X cugbBa©b; – XedIm Edl X tageGaysmtulüFnaKar. RbsinebIGñkdak;R)ak; 40 duløareTAkñúgKNnIrbs;GñkenaH X = 140$ - 100$ = 40$. enHdUcKñaeTAnwgRbtikmµRsUb kMedA. smtulüekIneLIgdUecñHGg;tal;BIénRbB½n§ekIneLIgEdr¦. pÞúymkvij kardkluycMnYn 60duløar mann½yfa X = 40 $ - 100$ = -60$. sBaØaGviC¢manén X mann½yfa smtulü rbs;GñkfycuH. dUcKñaenHEdrtMél HGviC¢manqøúHbBa©aMgkarfycuHGg;tal;BIEdlCalT§plén dMeNIrkarbeBa©jkMedA. PaBxusKñaKWGñkEtgEtdwgBIsmtulüFnaKarBitR)akdrbs;Gñk b:uEnþKµan viFINaedIm,IdwgBIGg;tal;BIénFatukekItnigFatuRbtikreT. kñúgkarGnuvtþ eyIgRKan;EtGac KNnaBIplsgéntMélrbs;vaEtb:ueNÑaH.

\LÚvenHeyIgGnuvtþbMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIwenAkñúglMnaMFmµtacMnYnBIr. lMnaMTI1 Tak;Tgnwg bMErbMrYlrUb ehIylMnaMTI2Tak;TgnwgbMErbMrYlKImI. smIkarETmU:KImI

enAsItuNðPaB 0oC nigsMBaF 1atm TwkkkrlaykøayCaTwk. karvas;bgðajfamYy m:Ulén Twkkk)anbMEbøgeTACaTwkenAeRkaml½kçx½NÐTaMgenaHfamBlcMnYn 6.01 kJRtUv)anRsUb edayRbB½n§Twkkk. eday H mantMélviC¢man enaHvaCalMnaMRsUbkMedA EdlRtUv)aneKehAfa CabNþÚrfamBlRsUbkMedAénkarrlayTwkkk¬rUb6/4¦. rUbrUbrUbrUb6666////4 4 4 4 ³ ³ ³ ³ karkarkarkarrlay rlay rlay rlay 1mol TwkkkenA TwkkkenA TwkkkenA TwkkkenA 0oC ¬lMnaMRsUbkMedA¦ ¬lMnaMRsUbkMedA¦ ¬lMnaMRsUbkMedA¦ ¬lMnaMRsUbkMedA¦ eFVIeFVIeFVIeFVI[[[[mankMeNInmankMeNInmankMeNInmankMeNIn H rbsrbsrbsrbs;;;;RbB½n§RbB½n§RbB½n§RbB½n§ 6.01kJ

H2O(l)

H2O(s)

kMedAEdlRtUvRsUbBIRbB½n§ mCÄdæanCMuvij

H = 6.01 kJ Gg;talBI

ETm:UKImI

6-8

kMedAEdlRtUvbeBa©j BIRbB½n§eTAmCÄdæanCMuvij

H

smIkarbMErbMrYlrUbKW H2O(s) → H2O(l) ∆ H = 6.01 kJ ]TahrN_mYyeTot BinitüemIlcMehHemtan (CH4) EdlCasmasFatusMxan;én]sµ½nFmµCati÷

CH4(g) + 2º2 (g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O (l) H = -890.4 kJ smIkarenHbgðajfa kardut]sµ½nFmµCatieFVIeGaymankMedAeTAmCÄdæanCMuvij dUecñHvaCalMnaM beBa©jkMedA ehIyRtUvEtmantMélGviC¢man. bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIenHRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUb 6/5. rUbrUbrUbrUb6666////5 5 5 5 ³ ³ ³ ³ cMehHcMehHcMehHcMehH1 1 1 1 mmmm:::: UlemtanCamYyUlemtanCamYyUlemtanCamYyUlemtanCamYy]]]]sµ½nGuksIuEsnsµ½nGuksIuEsnsµ½nGuksIuEsnsµ½nGuksIuEsn¬lMnaMbeBa©jkMedA¦lT§pl¬lMnaMbeBa©jkMedA¦lT§pl¬lMnaMbeBa©jkMedA¦lT§pl¬lMnaMbeBa©jkMedA¦lT§pl H fycuHfycuHfycuHfycuH 890.4 kJ

smIkarrlayTwkkk nigcMehHemtanCa]TahrN_énsmIkarETmUsmIkarETmUsmIkarETmUsmIkarETmU:: ::KImIKImIKImIKImI EdlbgðajBI bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIRBmTaMgTMnak;TMngm:as. karENnaMteTAenHGacCYykñúgkarsresrnigbk RsaysmIkarETm:UKImI. * emKuNsÞWsüÚemRTIEtgsMedAelIcMnYnm:UlénsarFatu. dUecñHsmIkarrlayTwkkkGacRtUv)an GandUcteTA÷ kalNa 1m:UlénTwkRtUv)anekItecjBI 1m:UlénTwkkkenAsItuNðPaB 0oC bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIKW 6.01kJ. cMeBaHcMehHemtaneyIgbkRsaytamsmIkar)andUcteTA÷ 1m:Ul ]sµ½nemtanmanRbtikmµCamYy 2m:Ulén]sµ½nGuksIuEsn edIm,IbegáIt 1 m:Ul]sµ½nkabUnicnig 2 m:UlTwkbMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIKW – 890.4 kJ. * enAeBleyIgbRBa©assmIkar eyIgpøas;bþÚrtYnaTIénFatuRbtikrnigFatukekIt. dUecñH TMhM H cMeBaHsmIkarKwdUcKña b:uEnþsBaØarbs;vapøas;bþÚr. ]TahrN_ RbsinebIRbtikmµmYyeRbIfamBl kMedABImCÄdæanCMuvij¬mann½yvaCaRbtikmµRsUbkMedA¦ enaHRbtikmµbRBa©asRtUvEtbeBa©jfamBl kMedAeTAmCÄdæanCMuvij¬vaCaRbtikmµµbeBa©jkMedA¦ ehIybMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIRtUvEtERbRbYlsBaØa rbs;va. dUecñH smIkarETm:UKImIEdlRcasBIkarrlayTwkkk nigcMehHemtansresr ÷

H2O(l) → H2O(s) H = -6.01 kJ

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)

CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Gg;tal

BI

CMBYkTI6

6-9

CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) → CH4(g) + 2º2(g) H = 890.4 kJ

ehIyGVIEdlCalMnaMRsUbkMedAkøayCalMnaMbeBa©jkMedA nigRcasmkvij. * RbsinebIeyIgKuNGgÁTaMgBIrénsmIkarnwgn bnÞab;mk H k¾RtUvEtERbRbYltMéldUcKña. dUecñH cMeBaHkarrlayTwkkk ebI n = 2 enaHsmIkarsresr ÷

2H2O(s) → 2H2O(l) H = 2(6.01 kJ) = 12.0 kJ

* enAeBlsresrsmIkarETm:UKImI eyIgEtgEtRtUvbBa¢ak;BIPaBrUbénFatuRbtikrnigFatukekIt BIeRBaHvaCYykMNt;bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIBitR)akd. ]TahrN_ enAkñúgsmIkarcMehHemtan Rbsin ebIeyIgbgðajfacMhayTwkCaFatukekItvijKW ÷

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) H = -802.4 kJ

bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIKW –802.4 kJ minEmn –890.4 kJ BIeRBaHRtUvkar 88.0 kJ edIm,IbMEbøgBI 2m:UlénTwkeTACacMhayKW ÷

2H2O(l) → 2H2O(g) H = 88.0 kJ

]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____TITITITI1 1 1 1 smIkarETm:UKImI SO2(g) + 21 O2(g) → SO3(g) H = -99.1 kJ

cUrKNna H kalNaeKeRbI SO2 Gs;cMnYn 74.6g. cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy tamsmIkar SO2 cMnYn 1 m:Ul ¬64.07 g/mol¦ beBa©jkMedA 99.1 kJ

dUecñHebI SO2 cMnYn 74.6 g vabeBa©jkMedA 1156,7407,64

1,99 =× kJ

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþnnnn____³³³³ cUrKNnakarvivtþkMedAenAeBlpUsVrBN’s266geqHkñúgxül;tamsmIkarteTA enH÷ P4(s) + 5O2(g) →P4O10(s) H = -3013 kJ 4 kaLÚrImaRt

kñúgTIBiesaFbMErbMrYYlkMedAtamlMnaMrUbnigKImIRtUv)aneKvas;;eday kkkkaLÚrIEmaLÚrIEmaLÚrIEmaLÚrIEm::::RtRtRtRt EdlCa ]bkrN_ pÞúkbiTCitbegáIteLIgCaBiesssMrab;eKalbMNgenH. karsikSaBIviFIkaLÚrImaRt ¬kar vas;bMErbMrYlkMedA¦ nwgGaRs½yeTAelIkaryl;dwgCamUldæanGMBIkMedAyfaRbePTnigcMNuHkMedA pgEdr.

ETm:UKImI

6-10

kMedAykMedAykMedAykMedAyfaRbefaRbefaRbefaRbePTnigcMNuHkMedAPTnigcMNuHkMedAPTnigcMNuHkMedAPTnigcMNuHkMedA (specific heat and heat capacity) kMedAyfaRbePTkMedAyfaRbePTkMedAyfaRbePTkMedAyfaRbePTénsarFatumYy ¬tageday s¦ KWCabrimaNkMedAcaM)ac;edIm,IeGay 1g

énsarFatuenaHekInsIutuNðPaB)an 1oC. cMNuHkMedAcMNuHkMedAcMNuHkMedAcMNuHkMedAénsarFatumYy ¬tagedayC¦ KWCabrimaN kMedAcaM)ac;edIm,IeGayma:seK[énsarFatuenaHekInsItuNðPaB)an 1oC. kMedAyfaRbePTCa lkçN³xagkñúg cMENkÉcMNuHkMedAKWCalkçN³xageRkA. TMnak;TMngrvagcMNuHkMedA nigkMedA yfaRbePTénsarFatumYyKW ÷

C = m ×××× s

Edl m Cama:sénsarFatuKitCaRkam . ]TahrN_ kMedAyfaRbePTénTwkKW 4.184 J/g.oC dUecñHcMNuHkMedAénTwk 60.0 g KW ÷

CTwk = (60.0 g) ×××× (4.184 J/g.oC) = 251 J/oC

cMNaM cMNaM cMNaM cMNaM - xñatkMedAyfaRbePT KitCa J/g. oC - xñatcMNuHkMedA KitCa J/oC

RbsinebIeyIgdwgBIkMedAyfaRbePTnigbrimaNénsarFatu eBlenaHbMErbMrYlsItuNðPaB (∆t) nwgR)ab;eyIgBIbrimaNkMedA (q) Edl)anRsUb b¤beBa©jkñúglMnaMNamYy. smIkarsMrab; KNnabMErbMrYlkMedAKW ÷

q = m × s × ∆t

q = C × ∆t (C CacMNuHkMedA) (m Cama:sénsarFatu nig ∆t CabMErbMrYlsItuNðPaB)

∆t = tbBa©b; - tedIm sBaØaéntMél q KWdUcKñaeTAnwgbMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIEdr ÷

*q mantMélviC¢man ebIRbtikmµsßitkñúglMnaMRsUbkMedA *q mantMélGviC¢man ebIRbtikmµsßitkñúglMnaMbeBa©jkMedA. taragTItaragTItaragTItaragTI1111

kMedAyfaRbePTénsarFatugaykMedAyfaRbePTénsarFatugaykMedAyfaRbePTénsarFatugaykMedAyfaRbePTénsarFatugay²²²²mYycMnYnmYycMnYnmYycMnYnmYycMnYn sarFatu kMedAyfaRbePT (J/g. oC)

Al 0.900 Au 0.129

C (RkaPIt) 0.720 C (eBRC) 0.502

CMBYkTI6

6-11

Cu 0.385 Fe 0.444 Hg 0.139

H2O 4.184 C2H5OH 2.46

]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____TITITITI2222³ ³ ³ ³ PaKsMNakénTwk 466g RtUv)aneKdutkMedABI 8.50oC eTAdl; 74.60oC. cUrKNna brimaNkMedAEdlRsUbedayTwk. cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy tamrUbmnþ q = m × s × ∆t eyIg)an q = (466g) × (4.184J/g. oC) × (74.60 oC – 8.50 oC) = 1.29×105 J b¤ q = 129 kJ lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþnnnn____³³³³ bnÞHEdkmYymanma:s 869g cuHRtCak;BI 94oC eTAdl; 5oC. cUrKNnakMedA EdlRtUvbeBa©jedayelah³ ¬CaKILÚs‘Ul¦. kaLÚrImaRtm aDefr

rUbrUbrUbrUb6666////6666³ ³ ³ ³ epIepIepIepIgkaLÚrIEmgkaLÚrIEmgkaLÚrIEmgkaLÚrIEm:: ::RtmaDefrRtmaDefrRtmaDefrRtmaDefr. . . . kaLÚrIEmkaLÚrIEmkaLÚrIEmkaLÚrIEm:: ::RtRtRtRtRtRtRtRtUvUvUvUv))))anbMeBjedayanbMeBjedayanbMeBjedayanbMeBjeday]]]]sµ½nGuksIuEsnmunsµ½nGuksIuEsnmunsµ½nGuksIuEsnmunsµ½nGuksIuEsnmuneBldeBldeBldeBldakakakak;;;;kñúgFugkñúgFugkñúgFugkñúgFug. . . . PaKsMNakRPaKsMNakRPaKsMNakRPaKsMNakRtUvtUvtUvtUv))))anbeBaanbeBaanbeBaanbeBa öö ööHHHHedayGKÁisnI ehIykMedAénRbtikmµRtUvedayGKÁisnI ehIykMedAénRbtikmµRtUvedayGKÁisnI ehIykMedAénRbtikmµRtUvedayGKÁisnI ehIykMedAénRbtikmµRtUv))))anananankMNtkMNtkMNtkMNt;;;;edaykMeNInénsItuNðPaBedaykMeNInénsItuNðPaBedaykMeNInénsItuNðPaBedaykMeNInénsItuNðPaB rbsrbsrbsrbs;;;;TwkenACMuvijTwkenACMuvijTwkenACMuvijTwkenACMuvij....

xñÚr ExSbeBaäH

ETmU:Em:Rt

FugkaLÚrIEm:Rt

GIusULg; Twk RbelaHbBa©Úl]sµ½n O2

epIgkaLÚrIEm:RtbiTCit

EBgPaKsMNak

ETm:UKImI

6-12

CaFmµtakMedAéncMehHRtUv)anvas;edaydak;ma:sénsmasFatuEdleyIgsÁal;CamuneTA kñúgepIgeFIVBIEdkEfbbiTCit EdleKehAfaepIgkaLÚrIEm:RtmaDefr (constant-volume bomb calorimeter) EdlbMeBjeday]sµ½nGuksIuEsnenAsMBaFRbEhl 30atm. epIgkaLÚrIEm:RtenH RtUv)andak;RtaMkñúgTwkEdleKdwgbrimaNdUcbgðajkñúgrUb. PaKsMNakenAkñúgepIgkaLÚrIEm:Rt EdleyIgcg;vas;kMedA RtUv)andutedaycrnþGKÁisnIehIykMedAEdlekIteLIgBIRbtikmµcMehHRtUv )aneKKNnaya:gRtwmRtUvedaykarkt;RtaBIkarekIneLIgénsItuNðPaBTwk. kMedAEdlPayecj RtUv)anRsUbedayTwknigkaLÚrIEm:Rt. karbegáIteLIgya:gBiessénepIgkaLÚrIEm:RtbiTCitenH GaceGayeyIgsnµtfaKµankMedA rWma:sRtUv)an)at;bg;eTAmCÄdæanxageRkAeLIyenAeBlEdl eyIgeFVIkarvas;Evg. dUecñHeyIgGacniyay)an faepIgkaLÚrIEm:RtbiTCit EdleKBnøiceTAkñúgTwk KWCaRbB½n§mYydac;EtÉg eRBaHfaKµankMedAGacqøgcUlb¤cak;ecjBIRbB½n§)aneTkñúgeBldMeNIr kar.

eyIgGacsresr)anfa qRbB½n§ = qTwk + qepIg + qRbtikmµ = 0 ¬5¦

Edl qTwk , qepIg , nig qRbtikmµ KWCabMErbMrYlkMedAénTwk epIg nigRbtikmµ.

dUecñH qRbtikmµ = -(qTwk + qepIg) ¬6¦ brimaN qTwk GacTTYl)antamsmIkar ÷ q = m × s × ∆t

⇒ qTwk = (mTwk) × (4.184 J/g.oC) × ∆t plitplénma:sepIgkaLÚrIEm:Rt nigkMedAyfaRbePTrbs;vaKWCacMNuHkMedAénkaLÚrI- Em:Rt EdlmantMélefrCanic©sMrab;dMeNIrkarRKb;BiesaFn_kñúgkaLÚrIEm:RtenH.

CepIg = mepIg × SepIg

nig qepIg = CepIg × ∆t kt;sMKal;faedaysarRbtikmµenAkñúgepIgkaLÚrIEm:tekIteLIgenAkñúgl½kçx½NÐmaDefrmin

Emnkñúgl½kçx½NÐsMBaFefr bMErbMrYlkMedAmindUcKñaTaMgRsugeTAnwgbMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIeT. dUecñH eyIgGacEktMrUvbMErbMrYlkMedAEdlvas;)aneGayRtUvKñanwgtMél H b:uEnþPaBxusKñaenHmantMél tUcNas; dUecñHeyIgmin)ac;KitKYrlMGitBIdMeNIrkarEktMrUvenaHeT. famBlEdlmanenAkñúg

CMBYkTI6

6-13

cMNIGaharnig\nÞn³¬CaFmµtaEtgEtKitCakaLÚrI Edl 1cal esµI 4.184J¦ RtUv)anvas;CamYynwg kaLÚrIEm:tmaDefr. ]TahrN_xageRkamnwgbgðajGMBIkarKNnakMedAcMehHénsmasFatu srIragÁ. cMNaM cMNaM cMNaM cMNaM maDefrsMedAeTAelImaDénepIgEdlminmankarERbRbYlenAeBlmanRbtikmµ. epIg kaLÚrIEm:tminpÞúHedaysarEtRbtikmµeT. eKeRbIBakü “ RKab;Ebk” (bomb) eRBaHmanRbtikmµ pÞúHCamYyGuksIuEsnbrimaNelIs. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____TITITITI3333³³³³ Nab;pþaELn (C10H8) cMnYn 1.435 g EdlCasarFatumankøinQYlnigeRbICafñaM karBarstVl¥itRtUv)anduteTAkñúgepIgkaLÚrIEm:tmaDefrmYy. eBlenaHsItuNðPaBénTwk)anekIn eLIgBI 20.17oCeTA 25.84oC. RbsinebIm:asénTwkEdlenACuMvijkaLÚrIEm:tman 2000g ehIy cMnuHkMedAénepIgkaLÚrIEm:tman 1.80kJ/oC cUrKNnakMedAcMehHCamU:lénNab;pþaELn. cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy³³³³ CadMbUgeyIgKNnabMErbMrYlfamBlsMrab;TwknigepIgkaLÚrIEm:t

q = m×s× t qTwk = (2000 g) × (4.184 J/g . oC) × (25.84oC –20.17oC) = 4.74 × 104 J

qepIg = (1.80 × 103 J/oC) × (25.84oC – 20.17oC) = 1.02 × 104 J

¬cUrsMKal;faeyIg)anbþÚrBI 1.80 kJ/oC eTA 1.80 × 103 J/oC¦tamsmIkar ¬6¦ eyIgsresr qRbtikmµ = - (4.74 × 104 J + 1.02 × 104 J) = -5.76 × 104 J

m:asm:Ulrbs;Nab;pþaELnKW 128.2 g dUecñHkMedAcMehH 1 mol énNab;pþaELnKW

kMedAcMehHCamU:l = 810

810

810

4

1

2,128

435,1

1076,5

HmolC

HgC

HgC

J ××−

= -5.15 × 106 J/mol b¤ -5.15 × 103 kJ/mol lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþnnnn____³³³³ emtaNul 1.922g eqHkñúgkarLÚrIEm:tmaDefr. sItuNðPaBrbs;TwkekIn 4.20oC. ebIsinbrimaNTwkenAmCÄdæanxageRkAkaLÚrIEm:t 2000g ehIycMNuHkMedAkaLÚrIEm:t 2.02kJ/oC cUrKNnakMedACam:Ulrbs;cMehHemtaNul.

ETm:UKImI

6-14

CacugeRkay eyIgGackt;sMKal;fabrimaNkMedAénkaLÚrIEm:RtmYyRtUv)ankMNt;eday kardutsmasFatumYyEdlmantMélkMedAcMehHeyIgFøab;sÁal;c,as;las;. eyIgGacKNna cMNuHkMedAénkaLÚrIEm:Rt)anBIma:sénsmasFatu nigkMeNInénsItuNðPaB. emIllMhat; 6/94 kaLÚrImaRtsM Ba Fefr

]bkrN_samBaØCagkaLÚrIEm:RtmaDefr KWCakaLÚrIEm:RtsMBaFefr EdlRtÚv)aneRbIR)as; edIm,I kMNt;bMErbMrYlkMedARbtikmµminEmncMehH. kaLÚrIEm:RtsMBaFefrGacRtUv)aneFVIeLIgBI EBgkaehVesñaBIr dUcbgðajkñúgrUbrUbrUbrUb6666////7777. ]bkrN_enHvas;plkMedAénRbtikmµeRcIny:agdUcCa RbtikmµbnSabGasIut-)as kMedAsUluysüúg nigkMedABRgav. BIeRBaHsMBaFefrbMErbMrYlkMedA cMeBaHlMnaM (qrxn) esµInwgbMErbMrYlGg;tal;BI ( H). rgVas;dUcKñaeTAnwgrgVas;énkaLÚrIEm:Rtefr maDEdr. eyIgRtÚvkarsÁal;cMNuHkMedAkaLÚrIEm:Rt nigsItuNðPaBsUluysüúg.

taragtaragtaragtarag6666////2 2 2 2 ³ ³ ³ ³ kMedAénRbtikmµkMedAénRbtikmµkMedAénRbtikmµkMedAénRbtikmµtYytYytYytYy::::agagagagmYycMnYnEdlvasmYycMnYnEdlvasmYycMnYnEdlvasmYycMnYnEdlvas;;;;enAenAenAenA sMBaFefr sMBaFefr sMBaFefr sMBaFefr (24oC. 1atm)

RbePTRbtikmµ ]TahrN_ ∆H (kJ) kMedARbtikmµbnSab HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) -56.2 kMedAGIuy:ugkmµ H2O(l) → H+(aq) +OH-(aq) 56.2 kMedArlay H2O(s) → H2O(l) 6.01 kMedArMhYt H2O(l) → H2O(g) 44.0* kMedARbtikmµ MgCl2(s) +2Na(l) → 2NaCl(s) + Mg(s) -180.2

*vas;enA 25 oC. enA100oC tMélKW 40.79oC

l,ayRbtikmµ

xñÚr ETm:UEm:Rt EBgesña

rUbrUbrUbrUb6666////7 7 7 7 epIgkaLÚrIEmepIgkaLÚrIEmepIgkaLÚrIEmepIgkaLÚrIEm::::RtsMBaFefrRtsMBaFefrRtsMBaFefrRtsMBaFefr EdlEdlEdlEdlbegáIt begáIt begáIt begáIt eLIgBIEBgesñaBIreLIgBIEBgesñaBIreLIgBIEBgesñaBIreLIgBIEBgesñaBIr. . . . EBgeRkAkarBarminEBgeRkAkarBarminEBgeRkAkarBarminEBgeRkAkarBarmin[[[[kMedA kMedA kMedA kMedA ecjecjecjecjrWrWrWrWcUlBImCÄdæanCMuvijcUlBImCÄdæanCMuvijcUlBImCÄdæanCMuvijcUlBImCÄdæanCMuvij. . . . sUluysüúgRbtikrsUluysüúgRbtikrsUluysüúgRbtikrsUluysüúgRbtikr BIBIBIBIrEdleKsÁalrEdleKsÁalrEdleKsÁalrEdleKsÁal;;;;maDenAmaDenAmaDenAmaDenAsItusItusItusItuNðPaBNðPaBNðPaBNðPaBdUcKñadUcKñadUcKñadUcKñaRtUvRtUvRtUvRtUv))))anananan laylaylaylaybBa©ÚlKñaenAkñúgbBa©ÚlKñaenAkñúgbBa©ÚlKñaenAkñúgbBa©ÚlKñaenAkñúgkaLÚrIEmkaLÚrIEmkaLÚrIEmkaLÚrIEm::::RtRtRtRt. . . . kMedAEdlkMedAEdlkMedAEdlkMedAEdl ))))anbeBa©janbeBa©janbeBa©janbeBa©jb¤RsUbedayRbtikmµb¤RsUbedayRbtikmµb¤RsUbedayRbtikmµb¤RsUbedayRbtikmµGackMNtGackMNtGackMNtGackMNt; ; ; ; edaykarvasedaykarvasedaykarvasedaykarvas;;;;bERmbRmYlbERmbRmYlbERmbRmYlbERmbRmYlsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaB....

ETm:UEm:Rt

CMBYkTI6

6-15

]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____TITITITI6666////4444³³³³ brimaNGasIutkørIRDic 1.00 × 102 mL kMhab; 0.500M RtUv)aneKlayeGayman

RbtikmµCamYysUdüÚmGIuRduksIut 1.00 x 102 mL kMhab; 0.500M enAkñúgkaLÚrIEm:RtmYyEdl mansMBaFefr nigmanbrimaNkMedA335J/oC. sItuNðPaBdMbUgénsUluysüúgGasIutkørIRDicnig sUdüÚmGIuRduksIutKWdUcKña 22.5oC nigsItuNðPaBcugeRkayénl,aysUluysüúgKW 24.90oC. cUrKNnabMErbMrYlkMedAsMrab;RbtikmµbnSabenH.

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

edaysnµtfadg;sIuetnigkMedAyfaRbePTénsUluysüúgKWdUcKñaeTAnwgTwk(1.00 g/mL nig 4.184 J/g .oC) . cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy

edaysnµtfaKµanbrimaNkMedARtUv)at;bg;eTAmCÄdæanCMuvij eyIgsresr qRbB½n § = qsUluysüúg + qkaLÚrIEm:Rt + qRbtikmµ = 0

rW qRbtikmµ = -(qsUluysüúg + qkaLÚrIEm:Rt) edaydg;sIueténsUluysüúgesµI 1.00 g/mL naMeGayma:ssUluysüúg 100mL KW 100g dUecñHeyIg)an ÷ qsUluysüúg = (1.00× 102g + 1.00× 102g)(4.184 J/g.oC)(24.90oC-22.50oC)

= 2.01× 103 J

qkaLÚrIEm:Rt = (335 J/oC)(24.90oC – 22.50oC) = 804 J

bnÞab;mkeyIg)an ÷ qRbtikmµ = -(2.01× 103 J + 804 J) = -2.81× 103 = -2.81 kJ

BIm:ULarIetpþl;eGayeyIgGacTaj)anfa÷ kñúgsUluysüúg HCl 1.00× 102g man 0.0500 mol HCl nigkñúgsUluysüúg NaOH 1.00× 102g man 0.0500 mol NaOH. dUecñH brimaN kMedAénRbtikmµbnSabenHKW÷

brimaNénRbtikmµkMedAbnSab = mol

KJ

0500,081,2− = -56.2kJ/mol

ETm:UKImI

6-16

BnülBnülBnülBnül;;;; edayRbtikmµRbRBwtþeTAenAsMBaFefr kMedAEdlRtUvbeBa©jesµIeTAnwgbMErbMrYl Gg;tal;BI. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþnnnn____³³³³ HNO3 4.00 � 102mL . 0.600M RtUvlayCamYy Ba(OH)2 4.00� 102 . 0.300M enAkñúgkaLÚrIEm:RtsMBaFefrmancMNuHkMedA 387J/oC. enAsItuNðPaBedImsUluysüúg TaMgBIrKW18.88oC. etIsItuNðPaBcugbBa©b;rbs;sUluysüúgTaMgBIrb:unµan? ¬eRbIlT§pltam ]TahrN_TI4¦

5 Gg;tal;BIsþg;daé nkM NnigRbtikmµ (Standard enthalpy of formation and reaction)

eyIg)andwgrYcmkehIyfa eyIgGackMNt;bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµ)anedaykar vas;brimaNkMedARsUbb¤beBa©j(enAsMBaFefr). eyIgk¾GacKNnabMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIenHtam ry³smIkar H = Hplitpl - HRbtikr pgEdr RbsinebIeyIgsÁal;tMélGg;tal;BIBiténFatu Rbtikr nigplitpl. b:uEnþdUcbBaöak;xagedImKµanviFINaedIm,Ivas;tMélGg;tal;BIdac;xaténsar FatumYy)aneT. KWmanEttMéleFobCamYyFatueyagsþg;dab:ueNaÑHGacRtUv)ankMNt;. cMNuc enHmanlkçN³RsedogKñaeTAnwgbBaðarbs;PUmiviTUEdlRbQmeTAkarvas;kMBs;PñMb¤CMerARClgPñM eRBaH KµanviFINaedIm,Ivas;kMBs;b¤CMerAdac;xat. PUmiviTUyl;RBmKñafakarvas;kMBs;PñMb¤CMerARClg PñMRtUveFobeTAnwgkMritkMBs;TwksmuRTedaykMNt;yktMéleyagesµIsUnüEm:Rt. dUcKñaenHEdr KImIviTUk¾)anyl;RBmKñaGMBItMéleyagénGg;tal;BIEdr.

tMéleyagénGg;tal;BIKWtMélGgGgGgGg;;;;taltaltaltal;;;;BIBIBIBIsþgsþgsþgsþg;;;;dadadadaénkMNénkMNénkMNénkMN )( ofH∆ EdlRtUv)ankMNt;Ca bMErbMrYlkMedAEdlekIteLIgenAeBlsmasFatu 1mol kekItBIFatupSMrbs;vaenAsMBaF1atm.. FatueRkamsMBaF 1atm eKehAfaenAPaBPaBPaBPaBsþgsþgsþgsþg;;;;dadadada. eTaHbICaPaBsþg;daminkMNt;sItuNðPaBc,as; sMrab;Gg;tal;BIsþg;daénkMNk¾edayeyIgnwgEtgEteRbItMél ofH∆ EdlRtUv)anvas;enA25oC. tamkarsnµtGg;tal;BIkMMMNsþg;daénFatuNamYykñúgTMrg;zitefrbMputKWesµIsUnü.

]TahrN_ mUelKulGuksIuEsnDIGatUm(O2) zitefrCagvismrUbCaGUsUn (O3) enAsMBaF 1atm nigsItuNðPaB 25oC dUecñH eyIgGacsresr ofH∆ (O2) = 0 Et ofH∆ (O3) ≠ 0. dUcKña Edr cMeBaHkabUnEdlmanvismrUbCaRkaPItEdlzitefrCagvismrUbCaeBRCenAsMBaF1atm. nig sItuNðPaB 25 oC dUecñH ofH∆ (C. RkaPIt) = 0 nig ofH∆ (C. eBRC) ≠ 0.

CMBYkTI6

6-17

cMnucsMxan;énGg;tal;BIkMNsþg;daKWfaebIeyIgdwgGMBItMélrbs;va eyIgGacKNna GgGgGgGg;;;;taltaltaltal;;;;BIRbtikmµKImIsþgBIRbtikmµKImIsþgBIRbtikmµKImIsþgBIRbtikmµKImIsþg;;;;dadadada ( orxnH∆ ) )anEdlCaGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµEdlRbRBwtþeTAenA sMBaF1 atm. ]TahrN_ BinitüemIl÷

aA + bB cC + dD

-Edl a. b. c nig d CaemKuNsÞWsüÚemRTIsMrab;RbtikmµenHeKsresr ÷ orxnH∆ = [c ofH∆ (C) + d ofH∆ (D)] – [a ofH∆ (A) + b ofH∆ (B)] ¬7¦

- Edl a. b. c nig d CacMnYnmU:l smIkar (7) Gacsresr ÷

orxnH∆ = ∑∑∑∑n ofH∆ (plitpl) + ∑∑∑∑m ofH∆ (FatuRbtikr) ¬8¦

(mnig n CaemKuNsÞWsüÚemRTIénFatuRbtikrnigplitpl) edIm,IKNnaGg;tal;BIRbtikmµ ( orxnH∆ )tamsmIkar (7) eyIgRtUvsÁal;tMélGg;tal;BI

kMNsþg;da( ofH∆ )énsmasFatukñúgRbtikmµ. edIm,IkMNt;tMélTaMgenH eyIgGacGnuvtþtamviFI pÞal;nigminpÞal;.

taragtaragtaragtarag3 3 3 3 GgGgGgGg;;;;taltaltaltal;;;;BIkMNsþgBIkMNsþgBIkMNsþgBIkMNsþg;;;;dadadadaénsmasFatuErénsmasFatuErénsmasFatuErénsmasFatuEr:: ::mYycMnYnenA mYycMnYnenA mYycMnYnenA mYycMnYnenA 25 oC smasFatusmasFatusmasFatusmasFatu ofH∆ (KJ/mol) smasFatusmasFatusmasFatusmasFatu ofH∆ (KJ/mol)

Ag(s) 0 H2O2(l) -187.6 AgCl(s) -127.04 Hg(l) 0

Al(s) 0 I2(s) 0 Al 2O3(s) -1669.8 HI(g) 25.94

Br2(l) 0 Mg(g) 0 HBr(g) -36.2 MgO(s) -601.8

C(graphite) 0 MgCO3(s) -1112.9 C(diamond) 1.90 N2(g) 0

CO(g) -110.5 NH3(s) -46.3 CO2(g) -393.5 NO(g) 90.4 Ca(s) 0 NO2(g) 33.85

CaO(s) -635.6 N2O4(g) 9.66 CaCO3(s) -1206.9 N2O(g) 81.56

Cl2(g) 0 O(g) 249.4 HCl(g) -92.3 O2(g) 0 Cu(s) 0 O3(g) 142.2

CuO(s) -155.2 S (rhombic) 0 F2(g) 0 S(monoclinic) 0.30 HF(g) -268.61 SO2(g) -296.1 H(g) 218.2 SO3(g) -395.2 H2(g) 0 H2S(g) -20.15

H2O(g) -241.8 ZnO(s) -347.98 H2O(l) -285.8

ETm:UKImI

6-18

KImIGnuv tþn_ tMém øcMehHé nGa harnig sarFa tuepS geTo t

GaharEdleyIgbriePaKRtUv)anbMEbkb¤eFVIemtabUlIstamdMNak;kalnImYy² eday Rkumm:UelKulCIv³saMjúaM EdlehAfaGg;sIum. famBlPaKeRcInEdlRtUv)anbeBa©jkñúgdMNak; kal nImYy²RtUv)anykeTAeRbIsMrab;karlUtlas;nigmuxgar. TidæPaBmYyKYreGaycab;GarmµN_ énemtabUlIs KWfakarpøas;bþÚrfamBlsrubmanlkçN³dUcKñaeTAnwgkarpøas;bþÚrfamBlkñúg cMehH. ]TahrN_ karERbRbYlGg;tal;BIsrubénRbtikmµKøúykUsEdlbegáItCakabUnDIGuksIut nigTwkKW dUcKñaeTAnwgtMélGg;talBIEdleyIgeFVIkardutsmasFatuenAkñúgxül;b¤RtUv)anrMlay enAkñúgsarBagÁkay³

C6H12O6(s) + 6º2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O ∆H = -2801kJ

lkçN³xusya:gsMxan;KñarvagemtabUlIsnigcMehH KWfacMehHCadMeNIrkarkñúgCMhanEtmYy nig enAsIutuNðPaBx

CMBYkTI6

6-19

taragbgðajBItémøtaragbgðajBItémøtaragbgðajBItémøtaragbgðajBItémøcMehHGaharnigcMehHéncMehHGaharnigcMehHéncMehHGaharnigcMehHéncMehHGaharnigcMehHén\\\\nÞnÞnÞnÞnnnn³³³³xøHxøHxøHxøH²²²² sarFatusarFatusarFatusarFatu ∆HcMehH cMehH cMehH cMehH (kJ/g) sarFatusarFatusarFatusarFatu ∆HcMehH cMehH cMehH cMehH (kJ/g) EpøeEpøeEpøeEpøe))))aaaa:: ::mmmm -2 dMLÚgdMLÚgdMLÚgdMLÚg))))araMgaraMgaraMgaraMg -3 sacsacsacsac;;;;eKaeKaeKaeKa -8 FüFüFüFüÚÚÚÚgfµgfµgfµgfµ -35 RsaeboRsaeboRsaeboRsaebo -1.5 FüÚgFüÚgFüÚgFüÚg -30 nMbu½gnMbu½gnMbu½gnMbu½g -11 eRbgsaMgeRbgsaMgeRbgsaMgeRbgsaMg -34 bbbb‘‘‘‘rrrr½½ ½½ -34 ekrUekrUekrUekrU:: ::EsnEsnEsnEsn -37

RhVÚmaRhVÚmaRhVÚmaRhVÚma:: ::ssss (cheese) -18 ]]]]sµ½nFmµCatisµ½nFmµCatisµ½nFmµCatisµ½nFmµCati -50 su‘tsu‘tsu‘tsu‘t -6 GusGusGusGus -20

TwkedaHeKaTwkedaHeKaTwkedaHeKaTwkedaHeKa -3

viFIpÞalviFIpÞalviFIpÞalviFIpÞal;;;; viFIvas; ofH∆ enH KWsMedAeTAelIsmasFatu EdlGacgaysMeyaKeLIgBIFatupSMrbs;va.

]bmafa eyIgcg;dwgGg;tal;BIkMNsþg;daénkabUnDIGuksIut(CO2) eyIgRtUvvas;Gg;tal;BI RbtikmµKImIenAeBlEdlkabUn¬RkaPIt¦nigGuksIuEsnm:UelKuElenAkñúgPaBsþg;darbs;vaRtUv)an bMEbøgeTACakabUnDIGuksIutenAkñúgPaBsþg;darbs;vaEdr ÷

C¬RkaPIt¦ + O2(g) → CO2(g) orxnH∆ = -393.5 kJ/mol dUcEdleyIg)andwgehIyfa cMehHenHRbRBwtþsBVedaygayRsYl. tamsmIkar(7) eyIg

Gacsresr ÷ orxnH∆ = (1mol)

ofH∆ (CO2. g) – [(1mol)

ofH∆ (C. RkaPIt) + (1mol) ofH∆ (O2. g)]

= -393.5 kJ/mol

edayRkaPIt (C) nigGuksIuEsn (O2) TaMgBIrCaTMrg;vismrUbzitefr enaHGg;tal;BIkMNsþg;da rbs;vaKWesµIsUnü dUecñHsmIkarxagelIGacsresr ÷

orxnH∆ = (1mol)

ofH∆ (CO2. g) = -393.5 kJ/mol

⇒ofH∆ (CO2. g) = -393.5 kJ/mol

ETm:UKImI

6-20

cUrcMNaMfa enAkñúgETm:UKImI eyIgcab;GarmµN_EteTAelIbMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIb:ueNÑaH eRBaHvaGacRtUv )aneKkMNt;tamry³karBiesaF bMENkÉgtMélGg;tal;BIdac;xat;énsmasFatunImYy² minGac RtUv)ankMNt;eT. smasFatuepSg²eTot EdlGacRtUv)ansikSatamry³viFIpÞal;enHpgEdr KW SF6. P4O10 nig

CS2 EdlsmIkarsMeyaKrbs;vaeKsresr÷ S(RbelBIEb:t)1 + 3F2(g) → SF6(g) 4P(BN’s) + 5O2(g) → P4O10(s) C(RkaPIt) + 2S(RbelBIEb:t) → CS2(l) cUrkt;cMNaMfa S(RbelBIEb:t) nig P(BN’s) CavismrUbzitefrbMputéns

CMBYkTI6

6-21

(a) C(RkaPIt) + O2(g) → CO2(g) orxnH∆ = -393.5 kJ (b) 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) orxnH∆ = -571.6 kJ (c) CH4(g) + 2º2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) orxnH∆ = -890.4 kJ

edayeyIgcg;)ansmIkarmYyEdlmanEtCnigH2CaRbtikr nigCH4CaplitpleyIgRtUv RtLb;smIkar(c) eTACa÷

(d) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) →CH4(g) + 2O2(g) orxnH∆ = 890.4 kJ

CMhanbnÞab;eToteyIgRtUvbUksmIkar (a). (b) nig(d) bBa©ÚlKña ÷ (a) C(RkaPIt) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

orxnH∆ = -393.5 kJ

(b) 2H2(g) + O2(g)→ 2H2O(l) orxnH∆ = -571.6 kJ

(d) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) → CH4(g) + 2O2(g) orxnH∆ = 890.4 kJ

(e) C(RkaPIt) + 2H2(g) → CH4(l) orxnH∆ = -74.7 kJ viFanTUeTAénkarGnuvtþc,ab;enH KWeyIgRtUvtMerobes‘rIénsmIkarKImIeTAtamviFIEdleyIg GacsMrYlRbePTKImImYycMnYnecal edayTukEtFatuRbtikrnigplitplEdl)anbgðajenAkñúg Rbtikmµsrub. edIm,IsMerc)andUcenHeyIgcaM)ac;RtUvKuNsmIkarKImImYycMnYnb¤TaMgGs; Edl bgðajtamdMNak;kalnImYuy²edayemKuNsmRsb. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____TITITITI5555 cUrKNnaGg;tal;BIkMNsþg;daénGaesTIELn(C2H2) BIFatupSMrbs;va³ 2C(RkaPIt) + H2(g) → C2H2(g) smIkartamdMNak;kalnImYy² nigbMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIrbs;va³

(a) C(RkaPIt) + O2(g) → CO2(g) orxnH∆ = -393.5 kJ (b) H2(g) + ½O2(g) →H2O(l) orxnH∆ = -285.8 kJ (c) 2C2H2(g) + 5º2(g)→ 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) orxnH∆ = -2598.8 kJ

cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy edayeyIgcg;)anEtsmIkarmYyEdlman C nig H2 CaRbtikr nig C2H2 Caplitpl eyIgRtUvsMrYl O2 , CO2 nig H2O ecjBIsmIkar(a), (b) nig(c). eyIgeXIjfakñúg (c) man5 mU:lén O2 4mU:lén CO2 nig2mU:lén H2O. dMbUgbeyIgRtUvRtLb;smIkar (c) edIm,ITTYl)an C2H2 enAxagplitpl ÷

(d) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) →2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) orxnH∆ = 2598.8 kJ

bnÞab;mk eyIgKuN (a) nwg4 (b)nwg2 rYcKNnatam 4(a) + 2(b) + (d) bBa©ÚlKña eyIg)an ÷

+

ETm:UKImI

6-22

(4 x) (a) C(RkaPIt) + O2(g)→CO2(g) orxnH∆ = -1574.0 kJ

+ (2 x) (b) H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(l) orxnH∆ = -571.6 kJ

(d) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) →2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) orxnH∆ = 2598.8 kJ

(e) 4C(RkaPIt) + 2H2(g) →2C2H2(g) orxnH∆ = +453.2 kJ b¤ 2C(RkaPIt) + H2(g) →C2H2(g) orxnH∆ = +226.6 kJ ⇒ ofH∆ (C2H2. g) =

orxnH∆ = +226.6 kJ/mol

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __ cUrKNnatMélGg;tal;BIkMNsþg;daénkabUnDIs‘ulpY (CS2) BIFatupSMrbs;vadUcxageRkam C(RkaPIt) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

orxnH∆ = -393.5 kJ

S¬RbelBIEb:t¦ + O2(g) → SO2(g) orxnH∆ = -296.1 kJ CS2(l) + 3O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 SO2(g)

orxnH∆ = -1072 kJ

eyIgGacKNnatMélGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµedayeRbItMél ofH∆ dUcbgðajkñúg]TahrN_TI6.

]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____TITITITI6666 b:g;tabra:n-( B5H9 CasmasFaturav skmµ KµanBN’EdlGaceqH b¤pÞúHkñúgvtþman

GuksIuEsn. 2B5H9(l) + 12O2(g) → 5B2O3(s) + 9H2O(l) enATsvtSqñaM1950 b:g;bra:n-(RtUv)ancat;TukfaCa\nÞn³ru:EktBIeRBaHcMehHrbs;va

begáIt)ankMedAya:gxøaMgkøa. b:uEnþcMehH B5H9 )anbegáItGgÁFaturwg B2O3 EdlGacbMpøajk,al ru:Ekt. ehtuenHeKe)aHecalKMniteRbIR)as;\nÞn³enHecal.

cUrKNnakMedAKitCa kJ EdlbeBa©jkñúg1g nigénsmasPaKenHRbtikmµCamYyGuksIu Esn. Gg;talBIkMNsþg;daén B5H9 KW 73.2 kJ/mol ccccMelIyMelIyMelIyMelIy edayeRbIR)as;tMél ∆Hfo BIesovePATinñn½y nigsmIkar(7) eyIgGacsresr³ ∆Horxn = [(5mol) ∆Hfo (B2O3) + (9mol) ∆Hfo (H2O) - [(2mol) ∆Hf

o (B5H9) + (12mol) ∆Hfo (O2)]

= [(5mol) (-1263.6 kJ/mol) + (9mol) (-285.8 kJ/mol) - [(2mol) (73.2 kJ/mol) + (12mol) (0)] = -9036.6 kJ

enHKWCabrimaNkMedAEdlbeBa©jeday 2mol én B5H9Edl)aneFVIRbtikmµ. kMedAbeBa©jBI 1g én B5H9 KW³

CMBYkTI6

6-23

= 9595

95

26.9036

12.631

HBmol

kJ

HBg

HBmol −×

= -71.58 kJ/g B5H9 lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __ bg;Esn C6H6 eqHkñúgxül;begáIt)anCakabUnDIGuksIutnigTwk¬rav¦. cUrKNna kMedAbeBa©j¬CakJ¦BI 1g én C6H6 kñúgRbtikmµCamYyGuksIuEsn. Gg;talBIkMNsþg;daénC6H6 KW 49.04 kJ/mol.

B5H9 RtUv)aneKehAfaCasmasFatupþl;famBlx

ETm:UKImI

6-24

cUrBicarNaeTAelIkMedAsUluysüúgkñúglMnaMmYy EdlmansmasFatuGIuy:ugCaFaturlay nigTwkCaFaturMlay. ]TahrN_ etImanGVIekIteLIgenAeBlEdlRkamGMbilsUdüÚmkørY (NaCl) rlaykñúgTwk? kñúgRkam NaCl GIuy:ug Na+ nig Cl- RtUv)anP¢ab;Kñaya:gmaMeday kMlaMgviC¢man-GviC¢man¬kMlaMgeGLicRtUsþaTic¦. b:uEnþenAeBlEdlRkam NaCl mYydMutUcrlaykñúgTwkenaH bNþajvimaRtbIénGIuy:ugTaMgenH RtUvEbkdac;ecjBIKñabegáItCaGIuy:ug Na+ nig Cl-. GIuy:ugEdl )andac;ecjBIKñaTaMgenHRtUv)aneFVIeGayzitefredaysarGnþrkmµrbs;vaCa mYymU:elKulTwk ehIyGIuy:ugTaMgenHrgGIuRdatkmµ. kñúgkrNIenH TwkedIrtYCaGIusULg;GKÁisnId¾l¥mYyeday mU:elKulTwk)ankarBarGIuy:ug Na+ nig Cl- eGayenAdac;BIKñanigkat;bnßyTMnajeGLicRtUsþaTic EdleFVI[P¢ab;KñaenAkñúgPaBCaGgÁFaturwg. kMedAénsUluysüúgRtUv)ankMNt;edaylMnaMteTAenH³ NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ∆ΗsUluysüúg = ? karrMlaysmasFatuGIuy:ugmYydUcCa NaCl kñúgTwkvaTak;TgeTAnwgGnþrkmµsaMjaMuCaeRcInkñúg

cMenamRbePTénFaturlaynigFaturMlay. b:uEnþsMrab;karviPaK eyIgGacKitfalMnaMsUluysüúg ekIteLIgtamCMhanBIrdac;BIKña Edl)anbgðajkñúgrUb6/8 .

dMbUgGIuy:ug Na+ nig Cl- CaRkamrwgRtUv)anEjkdac;ecjBIKña nigRtUv)anbMEbøgeTACaPaB Ca]sµ½n

famBl + NaCl(s) → Na+ (g) + Cl-(g) famBlEdlcaM)ac;edIm,IbMEbk 1mol smasFatuGIuy:ugrwgeGayeTACaGIuy:ug]s½µnRtUv

)aneKehAfa famBlbNþajfamBlbNþajfamBlbNþajfamBlbNþaj(U). famBlbNþajrbs; NaCl = 788kJ / mol. eyIgRtUvkar pþl; 788kJ edIm,Ipþac; 1mol rbs; NaCl rwgenaH eGayeTACa1mol GIuy:ug Na+ nigGIuy:ug Cl-.

bnÞab;mkGIuy:ug¬]sµ½n¦ Na+ nig Cl- cUleTAkñúgTwkehIyrgGIuRdatkmµ³ Na+(g)

+ Cl-(g) → Na+

(aq) + Cl-(aq) + famBl

H2O

H2O

CMBYkTI6

6-25

rUbrUbrUbrUb6666////8888³ ³ ³ ³ dMeNIrkarrlaydMeNIrkarrlaydMeNIrkarrlaydMeNIrkarrlay NaCl CasUluysCasUluysCasUluysCasUluysüúgüúgüúgüúgEdlrYmmanBIrdMNakEdlrYmmanBIrdMNakEdlrYmmanBIrdMNakEdlrYmmanBIrdMNak;;;;kalkalkalkal. . . . (1) karbMEbkecjBIKñaénGIuykarbMEbkecjBIKñaénGIuykarbMEbkecjBIKñaénGIuykarbMEbkecjBIKñaénGIuy:::: ug ug ug ug BIPaBrwgeTAPaBCaBIPaBrwgeTAPaBCaBIPaBrwgeTAPaBCaBIPaBrwgeTAPaBCa]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n. . . . (2) kareFVIGIuRdatkmµénGIuykareFVIGIuRdatkmµénGIuykareFVIGIuRdatkmµénGIuykareFVIGIuRdatkmµénGIuy:::: ugkñúugkñúugkñúugkñúgPaBCagPaBCagPaBCagPaBCa]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½n. . . . kMedAsUluysüúgesµIkMedAsUluysüúgesµIkMedAsUluysüúgesµIkMedAsUluysüúgesµInwgbMErbMrYlnwgbMErbMrYlnwgbMErbMrYlnwgbMErbMrYl famBlsMrabfamBlsMrabfamBlsMrabfamBlsMrab;; ;;dMNakdMNakdMNakdMNak;;;;kalTakalTakalTakalTaMgBIrMgBIrMgBIrMgBIr. . . . ∆∆∆∆ΗΗΗΗsUluysüúgsUluysüúgsUluysüúgsUluysüúg = U + ∆∆∆∆ΗΗΗΗGIuRdatkmµGIuRdatkmµGIuRdatkmµGIuRdatkmµ

bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIEdlTak;TgnwglMnaMGIuRdatkmµRtUv)aneKeGayeQµaHfa kMedAGIuRdatkmµ �HGIuRdat EdlCatMélGviC¢mancMeBaHkacugnigGaj:úg¦. edayGnuvtþc,ab; Hess eyIgGacKit �HsUl CakarbUkénbrimaNBIr KWfamBlbNþaj (U) nigkMedAGIuRdatkmµ (�HGIuRdat) NaCl(s) Na

+ (g) + Cl-(g) U= 788kJ

Na+(g) + Cl- Na+(aq) + Cl

-(aq) �HGIuRdat = -784kJ

NaCl(s) Na+

(aq) + Cl-(aq) �H sUl = 4kJ

dUecñHenAeBl 1mol NaCl rlaykñúgTwk 4kJ énkMedARtUv)anRsUbBImCÄdæanCMuvij. eyIgGacBinitüemIlplenHedaysMKal;faEkvebEs‘ EdlmansUluysüúgERbCaRtCak;bnþic mþg². taragTI4 erobrab; �Hsoln énsmasFatuGIuy:ugmYycMnYn. GaRs½yeTAelIlkçN³rbs;kacugb¤Gajú:g �HsUl GacGviC¢man¬lMnaMbeBa©jkMedA¦ b¤viC¢man¬lMnaMRsUbkMedA¦.

tarataratarataragTIgTIgTIgTI4444³ ³ ³ ³ kMedAsUluysüúgrbskMedAsUluysüúgrbskMedAsUluysüúgrbskMedAsUluysüúgrbs;;;;smasFatuGIuysmasFatuGIuysmasFatuGIuysmasFatuGIuy:::: ugmYycMnYnugmYycMnYnugmYycMnYnugmYycMnYn smasFatusmasFatusmasFatusmasFatu �H sUl (kJ/mol)

LiCl CaCl2

-37.1 -82.8 beBa©jkMedA

H2O

H2O

ETm:UKImI

6-26

NaCl KCl

NH4Cl NH4NO3

4.0 17.2 15.2 26.2

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// KImIGnuvtþnKImIGnuvtþnKImIGnuvtþnKImIGnuvtþn__ __

viFIkaviFIkaviFIkaviFIkarrrrBarxøÜnrbsBarxøÜnrbsBarxøÜnrbsBarxøÜnrbs;;;;stVlstVlstVlstVliiii ¥t ¥t ¥t ¥t Bombardier Beetle

viFIkaBarxøÜnrbs;stVtUc² nigstVl¥itkñúgbrisßanFmµCatiKWmaneRcInRbePT. ]TahrN_

RbePTstVlµÜnkñúgsnþanbgÁÜykaemelGug³ (chameleon) EdlGacERbBN’RsbeTAnwgmCÄdæan CMuvijb¤ emGMe)ARbePT limenitis EdlRtUv)anvivtþeTA

TMrg;dUcKñaCamYyemGMe)AmYyRbePTEdlBulnigman rsCatiKYreGayex

CMBYkTI6

6-27

edayeRbIc,ab; Hess eyIgeXIjfakMedAénRbtikmµ (a) KWCaplbUkénRbtikmµ (b), (c) nig (d). eyIgGacsresr³ �Hoa = �Hob + �Hoc + �Hod = (177 – 94.6 - 286) kJ = -204 kJ

karbegáItbrimaNkMedAeRcInenHKWRKb;RKan;sMrab;eFVIl,ayQaneTAdl;cMNucrMBuHrbs;va. edaykarbgVilknÞúy stVl¥itenHGacRBYscMhayekþA)anya:gelOneTAelIsRtUvrbs;va. elIsBI \T§iBlrbs;cMhayekþA KiNUnGacCaFatubeNþjstVnigstVl¥itepSg. Bombardier mYyman pÞúknUvFatuerGak;TIbRKb;RKan;edIm,IplitkarbeBa©jcMhay20eTA30dgya:gcab;rh½s ehIy karbeBa©jmþg²mansMelgdUckarpÞúH. //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// kMedABkMedABkMedABkMedABRgavRgavRgavRgav

enAeBlsUluysüúgmYyRtUv)anBRgavmann½yfaeKbEnßmFaturMlayeTAkñúgsUluysüúg enaH edIm,IbnßykMhab;srubrbs;va CaFmµtakMedAbEnßmRtUv)anbeBa©jb¤RsUb. kMedABRgavkMedABRgavkMedABRgavkMedABRgav KWCabMEr bMrYlkMedAénlMnaMBRgav. RbsinebIlMnaMrMlaymYyCalMnaMRsUbkMedA ehIysUluysüúg RtUv)anBRgavCabnþbnÞab; enaHbrimaNkMedAbEnßmeTotnwgRtUv)anRsUbBImCÄdæanCMuvij. pÞúymk vij RbsinebIeKbEnßmFaturMlayedIm,IBRgavsUluuysüúg ehIyvaCalMnaMbeBa©jkMedAenaH brimaNkMedAbEnßmeTotnwgRtUv)anbeBa©j. dUecñHRtUvRby½tñRbEygenAeBldMeNIrkarBRgav sUluysüúgkñúgTIBiesaF. edaysarEteBlBRgavsUluysüúgmankarbeBa©jkMedAxøaMg dUcCakñúg krNIGasIuts‘ulpYricxab;(H2SO4) vanwgbgáeGaymanbBaðaeRKaHfñak; RbsinebIkMhab;rbs;vaRtUv )aneKBRgavCamYyTwk. sUluysüúgGasIuts‘ulpYricxab;pSMeLIgBI 98% énGasIutnig 2% énTwk KitCama:s. karBRgavvaCamYyTwkGaceGayvabeBa©jkMedAya:geRcInsn§wksn§ab;eTAmCÄdæan CMuvijva. ehIybrimaNkMedAEdl)anbeBa©jya:gxøaMgenaHGacbNþaleGaysUluysüúgGasIut BuH nigxÞatsacecjmkeRkA. lMnaMenHbeBa©jkMedAxøaMgNas; EdleyIgminKYrBRgavGasIutxab; edaybEnßmTwkeTAelIvaenaHeT. edIm,IsuvtßiPaB eyIgRtUvbEnßmGasIutxab;ya:gyWt² eTAkñúgTwk nigkUrvaCadrab. 7- lMn aMedIménETm:UDI Namic

ETm:UKImIKWCaEpñkmYYykñúgmuxviC¢aFMEdleKehAfa ETmETmETmETm:::: UDINamIc UDINamIc UDINamIc UDINamIc EdlCaviTüasaRsþsikSaBI benÞreTAmkénkMedAnigRbePTepSg²eToténfamBl. c,ab;ETm:UDINamicpþl;nUveKalkarN_

ETm:UKImI

6-28

ENnaMya:gsMxan;sMrab;karyl;dwgBIkarsikSafamBlnigTiséndMeNIrkarnana. enAkñúgEpñkenH eyIgnwgsikSaeTAelIc,ab;dMbUgénETm:UDINamicEdlTat;TgedayELkeTAnwgkarsikSaETm:UKImI. eyIgnwgbnþkarsikSaETm:UDINamicenACMBYkTI18 .

kñúgETm:UDINamic eyIgsikSabMErbMrYlkñúglkçxNÐénRbB½n§ EdlRtUv)ankMNt;edaytMél énlkçN³Bak;Bn§½FM² (macroscopic) dUcCasmasPaB famBl sItuNðPaB sMBaF nigmaD. famBl sMBaF sItuNðPaB nigmaDRtUv)aneKeGayeQµaHfa naTInaTInaTInaTIlkçxNÐlkçxNÐlkçxNÐlkçxNÐ (state functions) Ca lkçN³EdlRtUv)ankMNt;edaylkçxNÐénRbB½n§ edayminKitfaetIlkçxNÐRbRBwtþeTAEbbNa enaHeT. mann½yfaenAeBllkçxNÐénRbB½n§RtUv)anERbRbYlTMhMbMErbMrYlénnaTIlkçxNÐ GaRs½yelIEtlkçxNÐedImniglkçxNÐbBa©b;énRbB½n§b:ueNÑaH ehIyminEmnGaRs½yelIviFI bMErbMrYlenaHeT.

lkçxNÐénbrimaN]sµ½nmYyRtUv)ankMNt;edaymaD sMBaF nigsItuNðPaB. cUrBinitü emIl]sµ½nmYyenA 2atm, 300K ehIy 1L¬lkçxNÐedIm¦. ]bmafamanlMnaMmYyenAsItuNð PaBefr EdleFVI[sMBaFfycuHdl;1atm. tamc,ab;Boyle maDrbs;vaRtUvEtekIneLIgdl; 2L. dUecñH lkçxNÐbB©ab;KWenA 1atm, 300K nig 2L. bMErbMrYlmaD �V KW

�V = Vf – Vi

= 2L – 1L = 1L

EdlVf CamaDedIm nig V i maDcugbBa©b;. minfaeyIgeTAdl;lkçxNÐbBa©b;EbbNa enaHeT¬]TahrN_ sMBaF]sµ½nGacekIneLIgBIdMbUgnigfycuHeTAdl;1atmvij¦ bMErbMrYlmaDenA Et1L. dUecñHmaD]sµ½nCanaTIlkçxNÐ. RsedogKñaenHEdr eyIgGacbgðajfasMBaFnigsItuNð- PaBKWCanaTIlkçxNÐ .

famBlKWCanaTIlkçxNÐmYyeTot. edayeRbIfamBlb:Utg;EsülCa]TahrN_ eyIg GacdwgBIkMenInkñúgfamBlb:Utg;EsülEdlRsUb ¬RtUvkar¦ eBlEdleyIgcab;epþImBIcMNucdUcKña rhUteTAdl;kMBUlPñMKWenAEtdEdledayminKitfaetIeyIgeTAdl;TIenaHrebobNaenaHeT.

¬rUb6/9¦.

rUbrUbrUbrUb6666////9999³ ³ ³ ³ kMenInfamBlbkMenInfamBlbkMenInfamBlbkMenInfamBlb:::: UtgUtgUtgUtg;;;;Esül ekIteLIgeBl Esül ekIteLIgeBl Esül ekIteLIgeBl Esül ekIteLIgeBl EdlmnusSmñakEdlmnusSmñakEdlmnusSmñakEdlmnusSmñak;; ;;eLIgBIeCIgPñMrhUtdleLIgBIeCIgPñMrhUtdleLIgBIeCIgPñMrhUtdleLIgBIeCIgPñMrhUtdl;;;;kMBUlPñM kMBUlPñM kMBUlPñM kMBUlPñM minGaRs½yelIpøÚvNamYyminGaRs½yelIpøÚvNamYyminGaRs½yelIpøÚvNamYyminGaRs½yelIpøÚvNamYyEdleFIVdMeNIreTEdleFIVdMeNIreTEdleFIVdMeNIreTEdleFIVdMeNIreT....

CMBYkTI6

6-29

cccc,,,,abababab;;;;dMbUgdMbUgdMbUgdMbUgénETménETménETménETm:::: UDINamicUDINamicUDINamicUDINamic cccc,,,,abababab;;;;dMbUgdMbUgdMbUgdMbUgéééénETmnETmnETmnETm:::: UDINamicUDINamicUDINamicUDINamic CamUldæanRKwHeTAelIc,ab;rkSafamBl EdleBalfafamBl

GacRtUv)anbMEbøgBITMrg;mYyeTATMrg;mYyeTot b:uEnþminGacRtUv)anbegáIt rWRtUv)anbMpøajenaHeT. etIeyIgGacdwgdUcenHedayrebobNa? eyIgminGacbBa¢ak;BIsuBlPaBc,ab;dMbUgénETm:UDINa miceT ebIeyIgRtUvEtkMNt;famBlsrubkñúgcRkvaL. RKan;EtkarkMNt;famBlsrubkñúg 1gEdk k¾GacfaBi)akNas;eTAehIy. b:uEnþeyIgGacbBa¢ak;BIsuBlPaBénc,ab;dMbUgénETm:UDINamic edayRtwmEtvas;bMErbMrYlénfamBlxagkñúgRbB½n§mYy rvaglkçxNÐedImniglkçxNÐbBa©b;rbs; va. bMErbMrYlfamBlxagkñúg �E RtUv)anpþl;eday

�E = Ef – Ei

Edl Ef nig Ei CafamBlxagkñúgrbs;RbB½n§kñúglkçxNÐedImniglkçxNÐbBa©b;erogKña. famBlxagkñúgRbB½n§mYymansmasFatuBIr KWfamBlsIuenTic nigfamBlb:Utg;Esül. smasFatufamBlsIuenTicrYmmanclnam:UelKuleRcInRbePTnigclnaeGLicRtugkñúgm:UelKul. famBlb:Utg;EsülRtUv)ankMNt;edayGnþrkmµTMnajrvageGLicRtugnigéNVy:U nigedayGnþrkmµ cMranrvageGLicRtugnigrvagéNVy:Ukñúgm:UelKuledayELk²RBmTaMgGnþrkmµrvagm:UelKul. eyIgminGacvas;GnþrkmµTaMgenH)anRtwmRtUveT dUecñHeyIgk¾minGacKNnafamBlsrubrbs; RbB½n§mYy)anCak;lak;Edr. b:uEnþ bMErbMrYlfamBlGacRtUv)ankMNt;edayBiesaFn_. cUrBinitüRbtikmµrvag 1mol s

ETm:UKImI

6-30

karbkRsaykarbeBa©jkMedAkñúgRbtikmµxagelIKWfafamBlKImIxøHrbs;FatuRbtikrRtUv)an bþÚreTACafamBlkMedA. dUecñHeyIgsnñidæanfa karepÞrfamBlBIFatuRbtikreTAmCÄdæanCMuvijmin eFIVeGayERbRbYldl;famBlsrubrbs;cRkvaLeT. dUecñH plbUksrubénbMErbMrYlfamBlRtUv EtesµIsUnü.

�E(sys) + �E(surr) = 0

rW �E(sys) = – �E(surr) EdlsnÞsSn_(sys)nig(surr)bBa¢ak;BIRbB½n§(system) nigmCÄdæanCMuvij(surroundings).

ebIsinRbB½n§mYyrgnUvbMErbMrYlfamBl �Esys mCÄdæanCMuvijb¤k¾cRkvaLRtUvrgnUvbMErbMrYl famBlEdlmantMélesµIKña b:uEnþxusKñaedaysBaØapÞúyKñaKWfamBlcMeNjBIkEnøgmYyRtUv)at; bg;eTAvijnUvkEnøgepSgeTot. bEnßmeTot edaysarfamBlGacpøas;bþÚrBITMrg;mYyeTATMrg;mYy eTot famBlEdlRtUv)an)at;bg;edayRbB½n§mYyGacRtUv)ancMeNjedayRbB½n§mYyeTotkñúg TMrg;epSg. ]TahrN_ famBlEdlRtUv)at;bg;edaycMehHeRbgenAkñúgeragcRkGKÁisnIGac pøas;bþÚreTACaTMrg;epSgenAkñúgpÞHrbs;eyIg dUcCafamBlGKÁisnI kMedA nigBnøW.l.

enAkñúgKImIviTüa CaFmµtaeyIgcab;GarmµN_eTAelIbMErbMrYlEdlTak;TgeTAnwgRbB½n§¬dUc CaFatuRbtikrnigplitplEdlmanenAkñúgEkv¦minEmnmCÄdæanCMuvijeT. dUecñH rUbmnþEdll¥Cag cMeBaHc,ab;dMbUgKW ÷

�E = q + w ¬6/10¦ edIm,IgayRsYleyIglubsnÞsSn_ (sys) ecal. smIkarTI6/10 bBa¢ak;fabMErbMrYlfamBlkñúg �E rbs;RbB½n§mYy KWCaplbUkénbNþÚrkMedA q rvagRbB½n§nigmCÄdæanCMuvij ehIynigkmµnþEdl dMeNIrkar w edayRbB½n§. edayeRbIkarsnµtsBaØa cMeBaHdMeNIrkarETm:UKImI ¬emIlEpñk6/2¦ eyIgeXIjfa q mansBaØaviC¢mancMeBaHdMeNIrkarRsUbkMedA nigsBaØaGviC¢man cMeBaHdMeNIrkar beBa©jkMedA. karsnµtsBaØacMeBaHkmµnþ KWfa w viC¢mansMrab;kmµnþeFIVelIRbB½n§edaymCÄdæan CMuvij ehIy w GviC¢mansMrab;kmµnþeFIVedayRbB½n§elImCÄdæanCMuvij. smIkar6/10 vaBI)akyl; b:uEnþvasmehtupl. ebIsinRbB½n§mYy)at;kMedAeTAelImCÄdæanCMuvij rWk¾eFIVkmµnþeTAelImCÄdæan CMuvijeyIgeCOfafamBlkñúgrbs;vafycuH edaysardMeNIrkarTaMgBIr)at;bg;famBl. pÞúyeTA

CMBYkTI6

6-31

vij ebIkMedARtUv)anbEnßmeTAelIRbB½n§ rWk¾kmµnþeFIVelIRbB½n§ enaHfamBlkñúgrbs;RbB½n§ekIneLIg tamkarBüakrN_kñúgsmIkar6/10. tarag6/5 segçbBIsBaØapÞúyrbs; q nig w . taragtaragtaragtarag6666////5555³ ³ ³ ³ sBaØapÞúyrbssBaØapÞúyrbssBaØapÞúyrbssBaØapÞúyrbs;;;;kmµnþkmµnþkmµnþkmµnþnigkMedAnigkMedAnigkMedAnigkMedA

dMeNIrkardMeNIrkardMeNIrkardMeNIrkar sBaØasBaØasBaØasBaØa kmµnþEdlRtUv)aneFIVedayRbB½n§eTAelImCÄdæanCMuvij kmµnþEdlRtUv)aneFIVeTAelIRbB½n§edaymCÄdæanCMuvij kMedAEdlRtUv)anRsUbedayRbB½n§BImCÄdæanCMuvij ¬dMeNIrkarRsUbkMedA¦ kMedAEdlRtUv)anRsUbedaymCÄdæanCMuvijBIRbB½n§ ¬dMeNIrkarbeBa©jkMedA¦

–

+

+ –

rUbrUbrUbrUb6666////10101010³ ³ ³ ³ karrIkmaDkarrIkmaDkarrIkmaDkarrIkmaD]]]]sµ½nsµ½nsµ½nsµ½nTlTlTlTl;;;;nwgnwgnwgnwgsMBaFefrenAxageRkA¬sMBaFbriyakas¦sMBaFefrenAxageRkA¬sMBaFbriyakas¦sMBaFefrenAxageRkA¬sMBaFbriyakas¦sMBaFefrenAxageRkA¬sMBaFbriyakas¦. ]. ]. ]. ]sµ½nRtUvsµ½nRtUvsµ½nRtUvsµ½nRtUv))))anpÞúkenAkñúgEanpÞúkenAkñúgEanpÞúkenAkñúgEanpÞúkenAkñúgEkvkvkvkv ragsIuLaMgragsIuLaMgragsIuLaMgragsIuLaMg(cylinder) EdlmanBIEdlmanBIEdlmanBIEdlmanBIsþúgKµanmasþúgKµanmasþúgKµanmasþúgKµanma:: ::s nigGaceFVIclnapøass nigGaceFVIclnapøass nigGaceFVIclnapøass nigGaceFVIclnapøas;;;;TITITITI))))anananan. . . . kmµnþkmµnþkmµnþkmµnþEdlRtUvEdlRtUvEdlRtUvEdlRtUv))))ananananeFVIKW eFVIKW eFVIKW eFVIKW ----P����V.... kmµnþþkmµnþþkmµnþþkmµnþþnigkMedAnigkMedAnigkMedAnigkMedA

eyIgdwgehIyfa kmµnþRtUv)anbBa¢ak;edaykMlaMg F KuNniwgcMgay d w = F � d

enAkñúgETm:UDINamic kmµnþþmanGtßn½yya:gTUlay edayrab;bB©ÚalTaMgkmµnþemkanic ¬]TahrN_ karelIksÞÜcEdkEfb¦ kmµnþGKÁisnI ¬karpþl;eGLicRtugedayGaKuy edIm,IbMPøW GMBUl¦.l. enAkñúgEpñkenH eyIgnwgsikSaeTAelIkmµnþemkanic. kñúgCMBYkbnÞab;eTot eyIgnwg sikSaGMBIkmµnþGKÁisnI.

]TahrN_d¾sMxan;mYyénkmµnþemkanicKWkarrIkmaD]sµ½n¬rUb6/10¦. ]bmafa ]sµ½n sßitenAkñúgsIuLaMgRtUvKñanwgBIsþúgKµanma:s nigGacesñIclnaedayKµankMlaMgkkit enAsItuNðPaB sMBaF nigmaDCak;lak;. eBlEdlvarIkmaD ]sµ½nrujBIsþúgeLIgelITl;nwgsMBaFbriyakas P efrenAxageRkA. kmµnþEdlRtUv)aneFIVeday]sµ½nelImCÄdæanCMuvijKw

w = – P�V ¬6/11¦

ETm:UKImI

6-32

Edl �V CabMErbMrYlénmaD EdlRtUvpþl;eday Vf – Vi . sBaØadkkñúgsmIkar6/11 KiteTA elIkarsnµtcMeBaH w. sMrab;karrIkmaD]sµ½n �V > 0 dUecñH –P�VmantMélGviC¢man. sMrab; ]sµ½nrYmmaD ¬kmµnþRtUv)aneFIVelIRbBn½§¦ �V < 0 ehIy – P�V mantMélviC¢man .

smIkar6/11 )anmkBI sMBaF � maDGacRtUvbgðajeGayeXIjBI ¬kMlaMg / épÞRkla¦ � maD P � V =

2d

F � d3 = Fd = w

¬sMBaF¦ ¬maD¦ Edl F CakMlaMgTb;RtLb;nwg d CacMgay d2CaépÞRklanig d3CamaD. dUecñH plitplénmaD nigsMBaFesµInwgkMlaMgKuNnwgcMgayrWkmµnþ. eyIgeXIjfa sMrab;maDekInmYy ¬tMélmYyén �V¦ kmµnþGaRs½yelITMhMénsMBaFTb;Tl;xageRkA P. ebIsin P esµIsUnü¬mansuBaØkasxag eRkA¦ kmµnþk¾esµIsUnüEdr. ebIsin P viC¢manb¤FMCagsUnü enaHkmµnþKW –P�V.

eyaltamsmIkar 6/11 xñatsMrab;kmµnþeFVIelIb¤eday]sµ½nKW L.atm. edIm,IKitCa J eyIgGaceRbIsmIkar 1L . atm = 101.3J. ]TahrN_6/7 bgðajBIrebobKNnakmµnþ Edl)aneFVIedaykarrIk]sµ½n . ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____6666////7777³ ³ ³ ³ ]sµ½nmYyrIkmaDBI 2.0L eTA 6.0L enAsItuNðPaBefr. cUrKNnakmµnþEdl RbRBwtþeday]sµ½n ebIsinCavarIkmaD

k- Tb;Tl;nwgsuBaØkas x- Tb;Tl;nwgsMBaFefr 1.2 atm cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy³ ³ ³ ³ k- edaysMBaFxageRkAesµIsUnü kmµnþKW w = – P�V = – 0 (6.0 – 2.0 ) L = 0 x- edaysMBaFTb;Tl;xageRkA 1.2 atm dUecñH w = – P�V = – (1.2 atm)(6.0 –2.0 )L=-4.8L.atm edIm,IbþÚrcMelIyeTACas‘Ul eyIgsresr w = – 4.8L.atm� J

atmL

J 2109,4.1

3,101 ×−=

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþnnnn____³³³³ ]sµ½nmYYyrIkmaDBI2.64mLeTA971mL enAsItuNðPaBefr. KNnakmµnþ ¬KitCa J¦ EdlRbRBwtþeLIgeday]sµ½n ebIsinCavarIkmaD

k- Tb;Tl;nwgsuBaØkas x- Tb;Tl;nwgsMBaF 4.00atm ]TahrN_6/7bgðajfakmµnþminEmnCanaTIlkçxNÐenaHeT. eTaHbICalkçxNÐedImnig

lkçxNÐbBa©b;dUcKñaenA(k-)nig(x-)k¾eday k¾brimaNkmµnþxusKñaEdr BIeRBaHsMBaFTb;Tl;xag

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eRkAxusKña. eyIgminGacsresr �w = wf – wi sMrab;bMErbMrYleT. kmµnþRbRBwtþeTAminEmn GaRs½yelIEtlkçxNÐedImniglkçxNÐbBa©b;eT b:uEnþk¾GaRs½yelIlMnaMEdlRbRBwtþeTApgEdr.

smasFatumYYyeToténfamBlxagkñúgKWkMedA q. dUckmµnþEdr kMedAminEmnCanaTI lkçxNÐeT. ]bmafabMErbMrYlGacRbRBwtþeLIgkñúgRbB½n§tamrebobBIr. kñúgkrNITI1 kmµnþesµIsUnü eyIg)an �E = q1 + w1 = q1 kñúgkrNITI2 kmµnþminesµIsUnü ehIykMedARtUv)anepÞr eyIg)an �E = q2 + w2

eday �E dUcKñakñúgkrNITaMgBIr¬eRBaHlkçxNÐedImniglkçxNÐbBa©b;dUcKñakñúgkrNI TaMgBIr¦ enaH q1≠q2. ]TahrN_gayenHbgðajfakMedATak;TgCamYylMnaMmYy dUcCakmµnþKW GaRs½yfaetIlMnaMenHvaRbRBwtþeTAEbbNa dUecñHeyIgminGacsresr �q = qf – qi )aneT. KYrkt;sMKal;fa eTaHbICakMedAnigkmµnþTaMgBIrminEmnnaTIlkçxNÐk¾eday k¾manplbUk (q + w) esµInwg �E Edl E CanaTIlkçxNÐ.

Casegçb kMedAnigkmµnþminEmnCanaTIlkçxNÐeT BIeRBaHvaminEmnCalkçN³rbs;RbB½n§ eT. vadMeNIrkaredayxøÜnvaEtkñúgeBllMnaMkMBugRbRBwtþeTA¬eBlmankarbMErbMrYl¦b:ueNÑaH. dUecñH tMélrbs;vaGaRs½yelIviFIénlMnaMnigERbRbYleTAtamviFITaMgenaH.

]TahrN_xageRkambgðajBIkarGnuvtþc,ab;dMbUg. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____6666////8888³³³³ kmµnþRbRBwtþeTAenAeBlEdl]sµ½nmYyRtUv)ansgát;kñúgEkvragsIuLaMgdUcrUbTI 6/10 mantMél 462J. kñúglMnaMenHmankarepÞrkMedA128JBI]sµ½neTAmCÄdæanCMuvij. cUrKNna bMErbMrYlfamBlkñúglMnaMenH. cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy³ ³ ³ ³ karsgát;KWCakmµnþRbRBwtþelI]sµ½n dUecñHsBaØa w KWviC¢man w = 462J. BITisén karbBa¢ÜnkMedA¬BIRbB½n§eTAmCÄdæanCMuvij¦ eyIgdwgfa q GviC¢man. �E = q + w = -128 J + 462 J = 334 J . CalT§plénkarsgát;nigkarepÞrkMedA famBl]sµ½nekIneLIgdl; 334 J. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __³³³³ ]sµ½nmYyrIkmaD ehIybegáIt)ankmµnþ P – V eTAelImCÄdæanxageRkAKW 279 J. enAeBlCamYyKñaenaH ]sµ½nRsUbkMedABImCÄdæanCMuvij 216 J etIbMErbMrYlkñúgRbB½n§manb:unµan?

GgGgGgGg;;;;taltaltaltal;;;;BIBIBIBInigcnigcnigcnigc,,,,abababab;;;;dMbUgénETmdMbUgénETmdMbUgénETmdMbUgénETm:::: UDINamicUDINamicUDINamicUDINamic etIeyIgGnuvtþc,ab;dMbUgénETm:UDINamiccMeBaHlMnaMRbRBwtþeTAeRkamlkçxNÐsMBaF nig

maDefr)anEbbNa? ebIsinCaRbtikmµmYyRbRBwtþeTAenAkñúgmaDefr enaH �V = 0 ehIyKµan

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kmµnþBIbMErbMrYlenHeT. BIsmIkar6/10 eyIgGacTaj)anbMErbMrYlénfamBlKWesµInwgbMErbMrYl kMedA

�E = q + w = qv

eyIgbEnßmsnÞsSn_ “v” edIm,IeGayeyIgcaMfa enHCalMnaMmaD(volume)efr. kaLÚrIEm:Rtkñúg epIg EdlsikSakñúgEpñkTI 6/4 CalMnaMmaDefr.

lkçxNÐmaDefreRcInEtminRsYl nigCYnkalminGacRbRBwtþeTA)aneLIg. RbtikmµPaK eRcInRbRBwtþeTAkñúglkçxNÐsMBaFefr¬CaTUeTAsMBaFbriyakas¦. ebIsinRbtikmµenHnaMeGay ekIncMnYnmU:lén]s½µn enaHRbB½n§begáItkmµnþelImCÄdæanxageRkA¬lMnaM]sµ½nrIkmaD¦ eRBaH]sµ½n kekItRtUvEtrujbriyakasRtlb;vij. pÞúymkvij ebIsincMnYnm:UelKul]sµ½nRtUv)aneRbIR)as; eRcInCagRtUv)anplitenaHkmµnþRbRBwtþeTAelIRbB½n§edaymCÄdæanCMuvij¬]sµ½nrYmmaD¦.

rUbrUbrUbrUb6666////11111111³ ³ ³ ³ (a) EkvEkvEkvEkveeeebEs‘EdlmanTwkkñúgbEs‘EdlmanTwkkñúgbEs‘EdlmanTwkkñúgbEs‘EdlmanTwkkñúgsIuLaMgEdlmanBIsþúgcl½tsIuLaMgEdlmanBIsþúgcl½tsIuLaMgEdlmanBIsþúgcl½tsIuLaMgEdlmanBIsþúgcl½t. . . . sMBaFsMBaFsMBaFsMBaFxagxagxagxagkñúgkñúgkñúgkñúgesµIeTAnwgsMBaFesµIeTAnwgsMBaFesµIeTAnwgsMBaFesµIeTAnwgsMBaF briyakasbriyakasbriyakasbriyakas. . . . (b) bnÞabbnÞabbnÞabbnÞab;; ;;BIelahBIelahBIelahBIelah³³³³sUdüÚmmanRbtikmµCamYysUdüÚmmanRbtikmµCamYysUdüÚmmanRbtikmµCamYysUdüÚmmanRbtikmµCamYyTwk Twk Twk Twk ]]]]sµ½nGIuRdUEsnsµ½nGIuRdUEsnsµ½nGIuRdUEsnsµ½nGIuRdUEsnrujrujrujrujBIsþúgeLIgeTAelIBIsþúgeLIgeTAelIBIsþúgeLIgeTAelIBIsþúgeLIgeTAelI ¬kmµnþ¬kmµnþ¬kmµnþ¬kmµnþ manGMeBIeTAelImCÄdæan¦rhUtdlmanGMeBIeTAelImCÄdæan¦rhUtdlmanGMeBIeTAelImCÄdæan¦rhUtdlmanGMeBIeTAelImCÄdæan¦rhUtdl;;;;sMBaFsMBaFsMBaFsMBaFxagxagxagxagkñúgesµInwgsMBaFkñúgesµInwgsMBaFkñúgesµInwgsMBaFkñúgesµInwgsMBaFxagxagxagxageRkAeRkAeRkAeRkA.... enAEpñkxagedIménemeronenH eK)anEcgfabMErbMrYlkMedAenAeRkamlkçxNÐsMBaFefr qp KWesµI bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BI. dUecñH sMrab;lMnaMsMBaFefr eyIgGacsresr

�E = q + w = qp – P�V

b¤ qp = �E + P�V eyIgkMNt;)anGg;tal;BIénRbB½n§Kw H = E + PV ¬6/12¦ Edl E CafamBlxagkñúgRbB½n§ ehIy P nig V CasMBaFnigmaDrbs;RbB½n§. eday E nig PV manxñatCafamBl enaHGg;tal;BIk¾manxñatfamBlEdr. elIsBIenHeday E, P nig V CanaTI

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lkçxNÐenaHbMErbMrYl (E + PV) GaRs½yelIEtlkçxNÐedImniglkçxNÐbBa©b;b:ueNÑaH. dUecñH bMErbMrYl H k¾GaRs½ynwglkçxNÐedImniglkçxNÐbBa©b;Edr. eday H CanaTIlkçxNÐenaHnaM eGayeyIgBnül;)anBIc,ab; Hess Edl)ansikSakñúgEpñkTI5. edaysar �H GaRs½yelIEt lkçxNÐedImniglkçxNÐbBa©b;¬mann½yfaGaRs½yelIlkçN³rbs;FatuRbtikrnigplitpl¦ bMEr bMrYlGg;tal;BIrbs;RbtikmµmYyKWesµIKñaminfaRbRBwtþeTAmYyCMhanrWeRcInCMhaneT. cMeBaHdMeNIr karNamYybMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIRtUv)ansresr �H = �E + �(PV) ¬6/13¦ ebIsinsMBaFenAefreyIg)an �H = �E + P�V ¬6/14¦ edayeRbobeFobsmIkar6/14 CamYysmIkar qp xagelI eyIgeXIj �H = qp

cUrBinitüemIlRbtikmµRbRBwtþeTAeRkamsMBaFefr. enAeBldak;sUdüÚmmYydMutUccUlkñúg EkvebEs‘EdlmanTwk enaHRbtikmµRbRBwtþeTAdUcxageRkam

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) �H = - 367.5kJ

plitplmYyCa]sµ½nGIuRdUEsn EdlRtUvEtrujxül;cUleTAkñúgbriyakasvij. dUecñH famBlxøH EdlRtUv)anplitedayRbtikmµ RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IeFIVkar¬kmµnþ¦rujmaDrbs;xül;(�V) RtLb; eTATb;Tl;nwgsMBaFbriyakas(P)rUb6/11. edIm,IKNnabMErbMrYlfamBlxagkñúgeyIgRtUverob smIkar6/14 eLIgvijdUcxageRkam

�E= �H - P�V

ebIeyIgsnµteGaysItuNðPaB 25oC ehIyminKitBIkarERbRbYlmaDtictYcenAkñúgsUluysüúg eyIgGacbgðajfa maD 1mol ]sµ½n H2 enA 1.0atm KW 24.5L dUecñH - P�V = - 24.5L.atm rW -2.5kJ cugbBa©b;eyIg)an �E = - 367.5 kJ – 2.5 kJ = – 3 70.0 kJ karKNnaenHbgðajfa �E nig �H mantMélRbhak;RbEhlKña. edayehtu �H tUcCag �E enaH karbeBa©jfamBlxagkñúgeFIVeGay]sµ½nrIkmaD dUecñHkMedAticRtUv)ancUlrYm. cMeBaH RbtikmµEdlKµankarcUlrYmBI]sµ½n �V tUcNas; dUecñH �E esÞIrEtesµI �H.

viFImYyeTotedIm,IKNnabMErbMrYlfamBlxagkñúgrbs;RbtikmµCa]sµ½n KWRtUvsnµteGay sItuNðPaBefr. kñúgkrNIenH �E = �H - �(PV) = �H - � (nRT)

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= �H - RT�n ¬6/15¦ Edl �n RtUv)ankMNt;dUcteTA

�n = cMnYnm:UlénplitplCa]sµ½n - cMnYnm:UlénRbtikrCa]sµ½n ]TahrN_xageRkamGnuvtþsmIkarenH ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____6666////9999³³³³ cUrKNnabMErbMrYlfamBlxagkñúgeBlEdl 2mol CO eGayplCa 2mol CO2 enA 1atm nig 25oC. 2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) �H

o = - 566.0 kJ

cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy³³³³ bMErbMrYlsrubéncMnYnm:Ulrbs;]sµ½n KW �n = 2mol – 3mol = – 1mol BIsmIkar6/15 eyIg)an �Eo = �Ho - RT�n = - 566.0 kJ – (8.314 J/k .mol) (298K) ( -1mol) = - 563.5 kJ BnülBnülBnülBnül;;;;³³³³ eyIgeRbI 8.314 J/K.mol sMrab; R eRBaH �E nig �H manxñatCa J. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn__ __³ ³ ³ ³ etI �Eo sMrab;kMN CO 1mol enA 1atm nig 25oC mantMélesµIb:unµan?

C¬RkahVit¦ + ½ O2(g) CO(g) �Ho = -110.5 kJ

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// KImIGnuvtþnKImIGnuvtþnKImIGnuvtþnKImIGnuvtþn__ __ karsbkarsbkarsbkarsb;;;;kgkgkgkg;;;;

(Inflating a Bicycle Tyre)

)atuPYteRcInEdlekItmanenAkñúgCIvPaBRbcaMéf¶rbs;eyIgGacRtUv)anBnül;edayc,ab;TI1én ETmU:DINamic. ]TahrN_ karsb;kg;.

RbsinebIGñkFøab;sb;kg; GñkRbEhl)ankt;sMKal; fava:lrbs;kg;eLIgekþAbnþic. ehtukarN_enHGacRtUv)an Bnül;edayc,ab;TI1énETmU:DINamic. enAeBlsñb;RtUv)an bENÑnxül;kñúgsñb;nigkñúgkg; dMeNIrkarenHelOnRKb;RKan; edIm,IeGaymanlkçN³CalMnaMGadüa)aTic (adiabatic:dMeNIr EdlekIteLIgedayKµan karcUlkMedAeTAkñúgRbB½n§ rWkarecjkMedABIRbB½n§¦ Edl q = 0 nig �E = w. edaykmµnþmanGMeBIelI]sµ½n¬vaRtUv)anbENÑn¦ w

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RtUvmantMélviC¢man nigmankarekIn famBl. dUecñHsIutuNðPaBrbs;RbB½n§mankarekIneLInEdr edayeyagtamelIsmIkar �E = C�t

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// karkarkarkarsegçbsmIkarKnøwHsegçbsmIkarKnøwHsegçbsmIkarKnøwHsegçbsmIkarKnøwH C = ms ¬2¦ niymn½yéncMNuHkMedA q = ms�t ¬3¦ karKNnabMErbMrYlkMedAkñúgn½yCakMedAyfaRbePT q = C�t ¬4¦ karKNnabMErbMrYlkMedAkñúgn½yCacMNuHkMedA o

f

o

f

orxn HmnH )()( FatuRbtikrplitpl ∆∑−∆Η∑=∆

¬8¦ karKNnaGg;tal;BIsþg;daénRbtikmµ �E = q + w ¬10¦ BMuenalc,ab;dMbUgénETm:UDINamic w = – P�V ¬11¦ karKNnakmµnþkñúgkMedArIkmaD rWrYmmaD H = E + PV ¬12¦ niymn½yénGg;tal;BI �H = �E + P�V ¬14¦ karKNnabMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIkñúglMnaMsMBaFefr �E = �H – RT�n ¬15¦ karKNnabMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIkñúglMnaMsMBaFefr karsegçbkarsegçbkarsegçbkarsegçbehtukarNehtukarNehtukarNehtukarN____nigbBaØtnigbBaØtnigbBaØtnigbBaØtii ii þþ þþ 1 famBlBIKWCasmtþPaBeFIVkmµnþþ. famBlmaneRcInTMrg; EdlGacbMEbøgeTAvijeTAmk. c,ab; rkSafamBleBalfa famBlsrubTaMgGs;kñúgcRkvaLsßitkñúglkçxNÐefr.

2 lMnaMbeBa©jkMedAeTAmCÄdæanCMuvijCakarbeBa©jkMedA. lMnaMEdlRsUbkMedABImCÄdæanCMuvijCa karRsUbkMedA.

3 bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BI ¬�H KitKILÚCas‘Ul¦CargVas;kMedARbtikmµenAsMBaFefr. 4 kaLÚrIEm:tmaDefrnigsMBaFefrRtUv)aneRbIedIm,Ivas;bMErbMrYlkMedAEdlekIteLIgkñúglMnaMrUb niglMnaMKImI.

5 c,ab; Hess eBalfabMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIsrubkñúgRbtikmµKWesµIeTAnwgplbUkbMErbMrYlGg;tal; BItamdMNak;²kñúgRbtikmµTaMgmUl.

6 Gg;talBIsþg;daénRbtikmµGacRtUv)anKNnaBIGg;tal;BIsþg;dakMNrbs;FatuRbtikrnigplitpl.

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7 kMedAsUluysüúgrbs;smasFatuGIuy:ugkñúgTwkCaplbUkénfamBlbNþajrbs;smasFatuCamYykMedAGIuRdatkmµ. TMhMeFobrbs;brimaNTaMgBIrenHkMNt;eGayeXIjfa etIlMnaM sUluysüúgCalMnaMRsUbb¤beBa©jkMedA. kMedABRgavCakMedAEdlRsUbb¤beBa©jenAeBlBRgav sUluysüúg.

8 lkçxNÐRbB½n§RtUv)ankMNt;edaylkçN³dUcCasmasPaB maD sItuNðPaB nigsMBaF. lkçN³TaMgenHRtUv)aneKehAfa naTIlkçxNÐ.

9 bMErbMrYlnaTIlkçxNÐrbs;RbB½n§mYYy GaRs½yelIEtlkçxNÐedIm niglkçxNÐbBa©b;énRbB½n§ b:ueNÑaH edayminKitfaetIlkçxNÐRbRBwtþeTAEbbNaenaHeT. famBlCanaTIlkçxNÐ Ékmµnþþ nigkMedAminEmneT.

10 famBlGacRtUv)anbMEbøgBITMrg;mYyeTATMrg;mYyeTot b:uEnþminRtUv)anbegáItb¤)at;bg; enaH eT¬c,ab;dMbUgénETm:UDINamic¦. kñúgKImIviTüa eyIgsikSaCacMbgeTAelIfamBlkMedA famBl GKÁisnI nigfamBlemkanic EdlCaFmµtapSMCamYykmµnþþsMBaF-maD.

11 Gg;tal;BICanaTIlkçxNÐ. bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BI �H KWesµI �E + P�V sMrab;lMnaM sMBaFefr .

BaküKnøwHBaküKnøwHBaküKnøwHBaküKnøwH kaLÚrIkaLÚrIkaLÚrIkaLÚrImaRtmaRtmaRtmaRt Calorimetry 6-9 famBlKImI famBlKImI famBlKImI famBlKImI chemical energy 6-2 RbB½n§biT RbB½n§biT RbB½n§biT RbB½n§biT closed system 6-4 lMnaMRsUbkMedAlMnaMRsUbkMedAlMnaMRsUbkMedAlMnaMRsUbkMedA endothermic process 6-5 famBl famBl famBl famBl energy 6-2 GgGgGgGg;;;;taltaltaltal;;;;BI BI BI BI enthalpy 6-6 GgGgGgGg;;;;taltaltaltal;;;;BIénRbtikmµ BIénRbtikmµ BIénRbtikmµ BIénRbtikmµ (∆∆∆∆H) enthalpy of reaction(∆H) 6-6 GgGgGgGg;;;;taltaltaltal;;;;BIénsUluysüúg BIénsUluysüúg BIénsUluysüúg BIénsUluysüúg enthalpy of solution 6-23 lMnaMbeBa©jkMedA lMnaMbeBa©jkMedA lMnaMbeBa©jkMedA lMnaMbeBa©jkMedA exothermic process 6-5 cccc,,,,abababab;;;;dMbUgénETmdMbUgénETmdMbUgénETmdMbUgénETm:::: UU UUDINamicDINamicDINamicDINamic First Law of Thermodynamics 6-28 kMedA kMedA kMedA kMedA heat 6-4 cMNuHcMNuHcMNuHcMNuHkMedA kMedA kMedA kMedA heat capacity 6-9 kMedABRgav kMedABRgav kMedABRgav kMedABRgav heat of dilution 6-29

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kMedARsUbTwk kMedARsUbTwk kMedARsUbTwk kMedARsUbTwk heat of hydration 6-24 kMedAsUluysüúg kMedAsUluysüúg kMedAsUluysüúg kMedAsUluysüúg heat of solution 6-23 cccc,,,,abababab;;;; Hess Hess’s law 6-20 RbBRbBRbBRbB½½½½nnnn§§§§dacdacdacdac;;;;EtÉgEtÉgEtÉgEtÉg isolated system 6-5 famBlbNþaj famBlbNþaj famBlbNþaj famBlbNþaj lattice energy 6-24 cccc,,,,abababab;;;;rkSafamBl rkSafamBl rkSafamBl rkSafamBl law of conservation of energy 6-3 RbB½n§ebIkcMh RbB½n§ebIkcMh RbB½n§ebIkcMh RbB½n§ebIkcMh open system 6-4 famBlbfamBlbfamBlbfamBlb:::: UtgUtgUtgUtg;;;;Esül Esül Esül Esül potential energy 6-3 famBlrafamBlrafamBlrafamBlra::::dügdügdügdüg;;;; radiant energy 6-2 kMedAyfaRbePTkMedAyfaRbePTkMedAyfaRbePTkMedAyfaRbePT specific heat 6-9 GgGgGgGg;;;;taltaltaltal;;;;BIsþgBIsþgBIsþgBIsþg;;;;daénkdaénkdaénkdaénkMNMNMNMN standard enthalpy of formation 6-16 GgGgGgGg;;;;taltaltaltal;;;;BIsþgBIsþgBIsþgBIsþg;;;;daénRbtikmµ daénRbtikmµ daénRbtikmµ daénRbtikmµ standard enthalpy of reaction 6-16 lkçxNÐsþglkçxNÐsþglkçxNÐsþglkçxNÐsþg;;;;dadadada standard state 6-16 naTIlkçxNÐnaTIlkçxNÐnaTIlkçxNÐnaTIlkçxNÐ state function 6-27 lkçxNÐRbB½n§lkçxNÐRbB½n§lkçxNÐRbB½n§lkçxNÐRbB½n§ state of a system 6-27 mCÄdæanCMuvij mCÄdæanCMuvij mCÄdæanCMuvij mCÄdæanCMuvij surroundings 6-4 RbB½n§RbB½n§RbB½n§RbB½n§ system 6-4 famBlkMedAfamBlkMedAfamBlkMedAfamBlkMedA thermal energy 6-2 smIkarETmsmIkarETmsmIkarETmsmIkarETm:::: UKImI UKImI UKImI UKImI thermochemical equation 6-8 ETmETmETmETm:::: UDINamic UDINamic UDINamic UDINamic thermodynamics 6-27 kmµnþþ kmµnþþ kmµnþþ kmµnþþ work 6-2 sMNsMNsMNsMNYrniglMhatYrniglMhatYrniglMhatYrniglMhat;;;; FmµCatiénfamBl nigRbePTénfamBlFmµCatiénfamBl nigRbePTénfamBlFmµCatiénfamBl nigRbePTénfamBlFmµCatiénfamBl nigRbePTénfamBl sMNsMNsMNsMNYrrMlwkYrrMlwkYrrMlwkYrrMlwk 1. cUreGayniymn½ynigeGay]TahrN_énBakünImYy²teTAenH

famBlkMedA famBlKImI famBlb:Utg;Esül famBlsIuenTic nigc,ab;rkSafamBl. 2. etIxñatfamBlEdleKeRbICaTUeTAkñúgKImIviTüaCaGIV?

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3. rfynþdwkTMnijmYyebIkkñúgel,Ón 60km/h RtUvebIkeTAQb;TaMgRsugenAePøIgsþúb. etIbMErbMrYlel,ÓnenHpÞúyeTAnwgc,ab;rkSafamBlEdrb¤eT? cUrBnül;.

4. cUrBiBN’naBIbMErbMrYlfamBl EdlekIteLIgkñúgdMeNIrkarteTAenH ³ (a)- Gñkecal)al;mYyeTAelIkñúgxül; rYccab;vavij. (b)- GñkebIkBil. ©- GñkCiHsÁIeLIgelITITYl rYcCiHcuHmkvij. (d)- GñkKUseQIKUs rYceGayeqHGs;.

bMErbMrYlfamBlkñúgRbtikmµKImIbMErbMrYlfamBlkñúgRbtikmµKImIbMErbMrYlfamBlkñúgRbtikmµKImIbMErbMrYlfamBlkñúgRbtikmµKImI sMNYsMNYsMNYsMNYrrMlwkrrMlwkrrMlwkrrMlwk 5. etIkMedACaGIV? etIkMedAxusBIfamBlkMedAEbbNa? enAeRkamlkçxNÐGIV EdlkMedARtUv)an

epÞrBIRbB½n§mYyeTARbB½n§mYyeTot? 6. cUrBnül;BaküteTAenH³ ETm:UKImI RbB½n§ mCÄdæanCMuvij RbBn½§ebIkcMh RbB½n§biT

RbB½n§dac;EtÉg dMeNIrkarbeBa©jkMedA dMeNIrkarRsUbkMedA. 7. sÞWsüÚemRTIKWEp¥keTAelIc,ab;rkSama:s. etIIETm:UKImIEp¥kelIc,ab;GIV ? 8. cUrBiBN’naGMBIdMeNIrkarbeBa©jkMedABIrnigdMeNIrkarRsUbkMedABIr.

GgGgGgGg;;;;taltaltaltal;;;;BIBIBIBI sMNYsMNYsMNYsMNYrrMlwkrrMlwkrrMlwkrrMlwk 9. cUrsresrsmIkarsMrab;Gg;tal;BIénRbtikmµkñúgn½yGg;tal;BIrbs;plitplnigFatu

Rbtikr. enAeRkamlkçxNÐGIV EdlkMedAénRbtikmµesµIeTAnwgbMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµ dUcKña?

10. kñúgkarsresrsmIkarETm:UKImI ehtuGIV)anCavacaM)ac;bBa¢ak;BIlkçxNÐrUb ¬]sñ½n GgÁFaturav GgÁFaturwg nigsUluysüúgTwk ¦ rbs;sarFatunImYy².

11. cUrBnül;BIsmIkarETm:UKImIxageRkam ÷ 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) �H = - 905J

12. cUrBinitüRbtikmµxageRkam 2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) 4H2O(l) + 2CO2(g) �H = - 1452.8J

etItMélrbs; �H esµIb:unµanebIsin

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(a)- smIkarRtUv)anKuNnwgBIr? (b)- TisRbtikmµRtUv)anRtLb;vij dUecñHplitplbþÚreTACaFatuRbtikr? ©- cMhayTwkRtUv)anekIteLIgCaplitpl CMnYsTwkrav?

kaLÚrIkaLÚrIkaLÚrIkaLÚrImaRtmaRtmaRtmaRt sMNsMNsMNsMNYrrMlwkYrrMlwkYrrMlwkYrrMlwk 13. etIGIVCaPaBxusKñarvagkMedAyfaRbePTnigcMNuHkMedA? etIxñaténbrimaNTaMgBIrenHCaGIV?

etImYyNaCalkçN³GaMgtg;sIuv¬minGaRs½yelIbrimaNrUbFatu¦ nigmYyNamanlkçN³ Gictg;sIuv¬GaRs½yeTAelIbrimaNm:asrUbFatu¦?

14. cUrBinitüelah³BIr A nig B EdlnImYy²manma:s 100g nigsItuNðPaBdMbUg 20oC. kMedAyfaRbePTrbs; A KWFMCag B. enAeRkamlkçxNÐbegáInkMedAdUcKña etIelah³mYyNa EdlRtUvkarry³eBlyUrCageK edIm,IeGaydl;sItuNðPaB 21oC?

15. cUreGayniymn½ykaLÚrImaRtnigBiBN’naGMBIkaLÚrIEm:RtBIrEdleRbICaTUeTA . 16. kñúgrgVas;kaLÚrImaRt ehtuGIVk¾caM)ac;eyIgRtUvdwgBIcMNuHkMedAénkaLÚrIEm:Rt? lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;; 17. dMuR)ak;mYyma:s 362g mancMNHukMedA 85.7J/oC. etIkMedAyfaRbePTrbs;R)ak;man

tMélb:unµan? 18. 6.22kg rbs;elah³Tg;EdgRtUv)andutkMedABI 20.5oC rhUtdl; 324.3oC. cUrKNna

kMedAEdlRtUvRsUbedayelah³enH ¬Ca kJ¦. 19. cUrKNnakMedAEdlRtUvbeBa©jBI 366g rbs;)art enAeBlvacuHRtCak;BI 77.0oC eTAdl;

12.0oC. 20. bnÞHmasmanTMgn; 10.0g nigenAsItuNðPaB18.0oCRtUv)andak;elIbnÞHEdkmYymanTMgn;

20.0g enAsItuNðPaB 55.6oC. etIsItuNðPaBcugeRkayrbs;bnSMelah³TMagenHesµIb:unµan? snµtfaminman)at;kMedAeTAmCÄdæaneT ¬bEnßm³ kMedAEdlcMeNjedaymasesµInwgkMedA EdlxatedayEdk¦.

21. PaKsMNak 0.1375g rbs;dMuma:ejsüÚmRtUv)andutkñúgkaLÚrIEm:RtmaDefrbiTCitEdlman cMNuHkMedA 1769J/oC. kaLÚrIEm:RtmanTwk 300g Kt;ehIysItuNðPaBekIneLIg 1.126oC. cUrKNnakMedAEdlbeBa©jedaykardutma:ejsüÚm KitCa kJ/g ehIyCa kJ/mol .

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22. brimaN 2.00�102mL rbs; HCl 0.862M RtUv)anlayCamYy 2.00�102mL rbs; Ba(OH)2 0.431M kñúgkaLÚrIEm:RtsMBaFefrmYy EdlmancMNuHkMedA 453J/oC. sItuNðPaBedIménsUluysüúgHCl nig Ba(OH)2 dUcKñaKW 20.48oC. dMeNIrkarénRbtikmµKW

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)

kMedAénRbtikmµbnSab Kw –56.2 kJ . etIsItuNðPaBcugeRkayénl,ayesµIb:unµan?

GgGgGgGg;;;;taltaltaltal;;;;BIBIBIBIsþgsþgsþgsþg;;;;daénkMNdaénkMNdaénkMNdaénkMNnigRbtikmµnigRbtikmµnigRbtikmµnigRbtikmµ sMsMsMsMNNNNYrrMlwkYrrMlwkYrrMlwkYrrMlwk 23. etIGIVEdlRtUvkMNt;n½yedaylkçxNÐsþg;da? 24. etIGg;tal;BIsþg;daénFatumYynigsmasFatumYyRtUvKNnatamEbbNa? 25. etIGIVEdlRtUvkMNt;n½yedayGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµ? 26. cUrsresrsmIkarsMrab;karKNnaGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµmYy. cUrkMNt;BaküTaMgGs;. 27. cUreBalc,ab; Hess. cUrBnül; edaypþl;]TahrN_mYy BIplRbeyaCn_rbs;c,ab; Hess

kñúgETm:UKImI. 28. cUrBnül;fa etIGñkKImIeRbIc,ab; Hess edIm,IKNna ofH∆ énsmasFatumYy edayrgVas;

kMedArbs;va¬Gg;tal;BI¦éncMehHtamrebobNa. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;; 29. etIGg;tal;BIkMNsþg;dateTAenHmYyNaEdlmantMélminsUnü enA 25oC ?

Na(s), Ne(g) , CH4(g) , S8(s) , Hg(l) , H(g)

30. tMél ofH∆ énvismrUbGuksIuEsn O2 nig O3 KWsUnünig142.2kJ/mol enAsItuNðPaB 25oC etITMrg;NazitefrCagenAsItuNðPaBenH?

31. eyIgman ofH∆ rbs; H2O(l) nig ofH∆ rbs; H2O(g) etImYyNamanbrimaNGviC¢manCag enA 25oC?

32. cUrBüakrN_tMélsMrab; ofH∆ ¬FMCag tUcCag rWesµIsUnü¦ sMrab;FatuTaMgenHenA 25oC (a)- Br2(g) (b)-Br2(l) (c)-I2(g) (d)-I2(s)

33. CaTUeTA smasFatuEdltMél ofH∆ GviC¢manzitefr CagsmasFatutMél ofH∆ viC¢man. H2O2 man ofH∆ GviC¢man¬emIltaragTI3¦. ehtuGIV)anCa H2O2 man TMenarbMEbkeTACa H2O(l) nig O2(g) ?

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34. cUresñIviFI¬tamsmIkarsmrmü¦ EdlGaceGayGñkvas;tMél ofH∆ rbs; Ag2O(s) ehIynig CaCl2(s) BIFaturbs;va edaymin)ac;KNna.

35. cUrKNnakMedAbMEbksMrab;dMeNIrkarenH enAsMBaFefr nigsItuNðPaB 25oC CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

¬sUmemIlGg¬sUmemIlGg¬sUmemIlGg¬sUmemIlGg;;;;taltaltaltal;;;;BIBIBIBIkMNsþgkMNsþgkMNsþgkMNsþg;; ;;dadadadaénFatuRbtikrénFatuRbtikrénFatuRbtikrénFatuRbtikrnigplitpl kñúgtaragTInigplitpl kñúgtaragTInigplitpl kñúgtaragTInigplitpl kñúgtaragTI3333¦¦¦¦ 36. Gg;tal;BIkMNsþg;daénsmasFatuGIuy:ugkñúgsUluysüúgTwkRtUv)anTTYleday

karkMNt;tMéleKalsUnüeTAGIuy:ug H+ Edl ofH∆ [H+(aq)] = 0 (a)- cMeBaHRbtikmµdUcxageRkam

HCl(g) H+

(aq) + Cl-(aq) �Ho = - 74.9J

cUrKNna ofH∆ rbs;GIuy:ug Cl-

(b)- eKeGay ofH∆ rbs;GIuy:ug OH- KW -229.6kJ/mol cUrKNnaGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµ bnSab enAeBl 1mol rbs;GasIutxøaMgm:UNURbUTic ¬dUcCa HCl¦ RtUv)aneFIVGRtakmµCamYy 1mol rbs;)asxøaMg ¬dUcCa KOH¦enA 25oC . 37. cUrKNnakMedAcMehHrbs;RbtikmµxageRkam BIGg;tal;BIkMNsþg;dakñúgbBaöITinñn½y.

(a)- 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) (b)- 2C2H2(g) + 5º2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

38. cUrKNnakMedAcMehHrbs;RbtikmµxageRkamBIGg;tal;BIkMNsþg;dakñúgbBaöITinñn½y (a)- C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

(b)- 2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) → 2H2O(l) + 2SO2(g) 39. emtaNul eGtaNul nign-RbU)a:Nul KWGal;kulbIEdleKsÁal;CageK. enAeBl1.00gén

Gal;kulnImYy²TaMgenHRtUv)aneqHkñúgxül; kMedArbs;vaRtUv)anbeBa©jdUcxageRkam³ (a)- emtaNul (CH3OH) –22.6 kJ (b)- eGtaNul (C2H5OH) -29.7 kJ (c)- n-RbU)a:Nul (C3H7OH) -33.4 kJ

cUrKNnakMedAcMehHrbs;Gal;kulTaMgenH Ca kJ/mol. 40. bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIsþg;da sMrab;RbtikmµxageRkamKW 436.4 kJ:

H2(g) → H(g) + H(g)

cUrKNnaGg;tal;BIkMNsþg;daénGatUmGIuRdUEsn (H). 41. BIGg;tal;BIkMNsþg;darbs;smasFatu cUrKNna orxnH∆ rbs;Rbtikmµ

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C6H12(l) + 9O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

sMrab; C6H12(l) ofH∆ = -151.9 kJ/mol

42. dMNak;kaldMbUgkñúg]sSahkmµGMBIkarykecjs½gásIBIEr:sgá½sIs‘ulpYr KWkardutkMedA EdlCakarpøas;bþÚrBI ZnS eTA ZnO edaykardutkMedA.

2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g) orxnH∆ = -879 kJ

cUrKNnakMedAEdl)anvivtþ ( Ca kJ) kñúgmYYyRkaménkardutkMedA ZnS . 43. KNnabrimaNkMedA ¬Ca kJ¦ EdlRtUvbeBa©jenAeBlEdl 1.26�104g énGam:Uj:ak;

RtUv)anplittamsmIkarxageRkam N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

orxnH∆ = -92.6 kJ

snµtfaRbtikmµenHRbRBwtþeTAeRkamlkçxNÐsþg;daenAsItuNðPaB 25oC 44. enAsItuNðPaB 850oC CaCO3 TTYlrgnUvkarbMEbky:agsMxan;eTACa CO2 nig H2O .

edaysnµtfatMél ofH∆ rbs;FatuRbtikrnigFatukekIt KWdUcKñaenA 850oC dUcenA 25oC Edr cUrKNnabMErbMrYlGg;tal;BI ¬Ca kJ ¦ ebIsinCa 66.8g rbs; CO2 RtUv)anplit enAkñúgRbtikmµmYy .

45. BITinñn½yTaMgenH S(rhombic) + O2 → SO2(g) �H

orxn = -296.06kJ

S(monoclinic) + O2(g) → SO2(g) �Horxn = -296.36kJ

cUrKNnabMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIénbMElgenH S(rhombic) → S(monoclinic) Rhombic ¬ ctuekaNeRTt¦ nig monoclinic ¬ m:UNUKøInic¦KWCavismrYbs

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C¬RkaPIt¦ + 2H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → CH3OH(l)

48. cUrKNnabMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIsþg;darbs;Rbtikmµ 2Al(s) + F2O3(s) → 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s) EdleGay 2Al(s) + 3/2º2(g) → Al2O3(s) �Horxn = - 1601 kJ 2Fe(s) + 3/2º2(g) → Fe2O3(s) �Horxn = - 821 kJ

kMedAsUluysüúgnigkMedAkMedAsUluysüúgnigkMedAkMedAsUluysüúgnigkMedAkMedAsUluysüúgnigkMedABRgavBRgavBRgavBRgav sMsMsMsMNNNNYrrMlwkYrrMlwkYrrMlwkYrrMlwk

49. cUreGayniymn½yBakübnþbnÞab;eTAenH³ Gg;tal;BIsUluysüúg GIuRdatkmµ kMedAGIuRdatkmµ famBlbNþaj nigkMedABRgav.

50. ehtuGIV)anCafamBlbNþajrbs;GgÁFaturwgEtgmantMélGviC¢man? ehtuGIV)anGIuRdatkmµ énGIuy:ugEtgmantMélGviC¢man?

51. cUrBinitüsmasPaKGIuy:ugBIr A nig B. A manfamBlbNþajFMCag B. etIsmasPaK NzitefrCag ?

52. kacug Mg2+ tUcCag Na+ ehIymanbnÞúkviC¢manFMCagpgEdr. etImYyNamanfamBl GIuRdatkmµFMCageK (KitCa Kl/mol) ? cUrBnül;.

53. cUrBinitüemIlkarrlaysmasPaKGIuy:ug dUcCab:UtasüÚmPøúyGrkñúgTwk. cUrerobrab;karbMEbkdMeNIrkarenHeTACadMNak;kal³ karpþac;kacugnigGaj:úgkñúgpas cMhay nigGIuRdatkmµGIuy:ugkñúgsUluysüúgTwk. cUrBiPakSaBIbMErbMrYlfamBlTak;TgeTAnwg CMhannImYy² etIkMedAsUluysüúgrbs; KF GaRs½yeTAnwgTMhMTMnak;TMngrbs;brimaNTaMg BIrenHya:gdUcemþc? ehIyetIc,ab;GIVEdlCamUldæanelITMnak;TMngenH?

54. ehtuGIV)anCamaneRKaHfñak;kñúgkarbEnßmTwkcUleTAkñúgsUluysüúgGasIutxab; dUcCaGasIut H2SO4 kñúglMnaMBRgav? cccc,,,,abababab;;;;dMbUgdMbUgdMbUgdMbUgénETménETménETménETm:::: UDINamicUDINamicUDINamicUDINamic sMsMsMsMNNNNYrrMlwkYrrMlwkYrrMlwkYrrMlwk

55. etIc,ab;dMbUgénETm:UDINamicEp¥kelIc,ab;GVI? cUrBnül;sBaØasnµtkñúgsmIkar �E = q + w. 56. cUrBnül;BIGtßn½ynaTIlkçxNÐ. cUreGay]TahrN_BIrCanaTIlkçxNÐ nigBIreTotminEmn

CanaTIlkçxNÐ.

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57. famBlxagkñúgrbs;]sµ½nmYyGaRs½yelIsItuNðPaBrbs;vaEtb:ueNÑaH. cUreFIVkarviPaKtam c,ab;dMbUgénlMnaMbnþbnÞab;eTAenH. PaKsMNakmYyCa]sµ½nrIkmaDenAsItuNðPaBefrTb;Tl; nwgsMBaFbriyakas. k- etI]sµ½nenaHeFIVkmµnþeTAelImCÄdæanCMuvijrbs;vaEdrb¤eT? x- etImanbNþÚrkMedArvagRbB½n§nigmCÄdæanCMuvijEdrb¤eT ? K- etI �E mantMélGIVsMrab;]sµ½nkñúglMnaMenH?

58. enAlkçxNÐsMBaFefr etIRbtikmµNamYyxageRkammankmµnþeFVIedayRbB½n§eTAelImCÄdaæn? mYyNaeFVIedaymCÄdæaneTAelIRbB½n§? ehIymYyNaKµankmµnþRtUv)aneFVI? (a) Hg(l) → Hg(g) (b) 3O2(g) → 2O3(g) (c) CuSO4.5H2O(s) → CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(g) (d) H2(g) + F2(g) → 2HF(g)

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;; 59. ]sµ½nmYyrIkmaD ehIymankmµnþ P – V eTAelImCÄdæanCMuvijesIµ 325J. enAeBlenaHvaRsUb

kMedABImCÄdæanCMuvij 127J. cUrKNnabMErbMrYlfamBlrbs;]sµ½nenH. 60. kmµnþ 74J RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbRgYm]sµ½n. CalT§pl kMedA26JRtUv)anbeBa©jeTAeGay

mCÄdæanCMuvij. cUrKNnabMErbMrYlfamBlkñúg]sµ½nenH. 61. cUrKNnakmµnþeBlEdl50grbs;sMN)a:haMgRtUv)andak;eGayrlaykñúgGasIutelIsenA

1atm nig 25oC: Sn(s) + 2H+(aq) → Sn2+(aq) + H2(g) 62. cUrKNnakmµnþCasU‘l eBlEdl 1mol Twk ekItCacMhayenA1.0 atm nig 100oC. snµtfa

maDTwkeRbobeTAnwgmaDcMhayenA100 oC KWtictUcNas;Gacecal)an. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;bEnßmbEnßmbEnßmbEnßm 63. karRBmeRBogkMNt;tMélGg;tal;eKalBIesµIsUnüsMrab;TMrg;zitefrrbs;FatunImYy² enA

lkçxNÐsþg;da 25oC KWCaviFIedIm,IsRmYlkarKNnatMélGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµ. cUrBnül;fa ehtuGVI)anCakarRBmeRBogenHminGacGnuvtþcMeBaHRbtikmµnuyekøEG‘.

64. cUrBinitüemIlRbtikmµxageRkam A → 2B �Horxn = �H1 A → C �Horxn = �H2 cUrKNnabMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIrbs;lMnaM 2B → C 65. bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIsþg;da �Ho rbs;karbMEbkedaykMedArbs;R)ak;nIRtattamsmIkarxag

eRkamKW + 78.67kJ. AgNO3(s) → AgNO2(s) + ½ O2(g)

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Gg;tal;BIkMNsþg;daénkMN AgNO3(s) KW –123.02kJ/mol. cUrKNnaGg;tal;BI kMNsþg;daénkMNr AgNO2(s). 66. GIuRdasIun (N2H4)RtUv)anbMEbkdUcRbtikmµxageRkam³

3N2H4(l) → 4NH3(g) + N2(g) (a) tMélGg;tal;BIkMNsþg;darbs;GIuRdasIunKW50.42kJ/mol cUrKNna�HoénRbtikmµbMEbk

rbs;va. (b) TaMgGIuRdasIunnigGamU:jak;eqHkñúgGuksIuEsnbegáIt)anCa H2O(l) nig N2(g). cUrsresr

smIkarmanlMnwgsMrab;dMeNIrkarnImYy²TaMgenaH nigKNna �Ho sMrab;RbtikmµnImYy². KitCa ma:s ¬kg¦ etIGIuRdasIunb¤GamU:j:ak; EdlCa\nÞn³RbesIrCag? 67. cUrBinitüRbtikmµ N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) �Horxn= -92.6 kJ ebIsin 2mol én N2RbtikmµCamYy 6.0mol én H2bgá)anCa NH3 cUrKNnakmµnþ ¬Cas‘Ul¦ Tb;Tl;nwgsMBaF 1atm. enA 25oC. etI �E rbs;RbtikmµenaHCaGIV? snµtfaRbtikmµRbRBwtþ eTAcb;sBVRKb;.

68. cUrBinitüRbtikmµ H2(g) + Cl2(g) → HCl(g) �Horxn = -184.6kJ ebI 3mol énGIuRdUEsnmanRbtikmµCamYy 3mol én Cl2 begáIt)an HCl cUrKNnakmµnþTb;Tl; nwgsMBaF 1atm nig 25oC. etI �E rbs;RbtikmµenaHCaGVI? snµtfamanRbtikmµsBV.

69. rsµIsMeyaKbegáIt)anCaKøúykUs C6H12O6 ehIynigGuksIuEsntamsmIkar³ 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

k- etIGñkkMNt;tMél �Horxn EbbNatamBiesaFn_sMrab;RbtikmµenH ? x- kaMrsµIRBHGaTitüplitKøúykUsRbEhl 7.0 �1014 kg kñúgmYyqñaMelIEpndI. etIman

bMErbMrYl �Ho b:unµan? 70. PaKsMNak 2.10 mol rbs;RkamGasIutGaesTicenAsItuNðPaBedIm 17oC rlayenA 17oC

ehIydutkMedArhUtdl; 118.1oC ¬cMNucrMBuH¦enAsMBaF 1atm. bnÞab;mkPaKsMNakRtUv )aneFVI[køayeTACacMhayenAsItuNðPaB 118.1oC cugeRkayvaRtUv)aneFVI[cuHRtCak;ya:g elOnrhUtdl; 17oC EdleFVI[vakøayeTACaRkamvij. cUrKNna�Ho cMeBaHlMnaMTaMgmUl.

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71. cUrKNnakmµnþ (J) sMrab;Rbtikmµ 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

enAeBl 0.34g énsUdüÚmmanRbtikmµCamYyTwk edIm,IbegáIt)anCaGIuRdUEsn enAsItuNðPaB 0oC nigsMBaF 1atm. 72. edayeRbITinñn½ydUcxageRkam H2(g) → 2H(g) �Ho = 436.4 kJ Br2(g) → 2Br(g) �H

o = 192.5 kJ H2(g) + Br2(g) → 2HBr(g) �H

o = -104 kJ

cUrKNna �Ho sMrab;Rbtikmµ H(g) + Br(g) → HBr(g)

73. emtaNul (CH3OH) KWCaFaturMlaysrIragÁ nigRtUv)aneRbICa\nÞn³enAkñúgma:sIunrfynþxøH. edayeRbITinñn½yxageRkam cUrKNnaGg;talBIkMNsþg;darbs;emtaNul. 2 CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) �H

orxn = -1452.8 kJ

74. PaKsMNakelah³minsÁal;mYymanma:s 44.0g enA 99.0oC RtUv)andak;eTAkñúgkaLÚrI Em:RtsMBaFefr EdlmanTwk 80g enA 24 oC. sItuNðPaBcugeRkayénRbB½n§ KW 28.4oC. cUr KNnakMedAyfaRbePTénelah³enaH. ¬cMNuHkMedArbs;kaLÚrIEm:Rt KW 12.4 J/oC).

75. PaKsMNaGamU:j:ak; 1mol enAsMBaF 14atm nig 25oC RtUv)andak;eTAkñúgsIuLaMg Edlman BIsþúgcl½tBRgIkmaDTb;Tl;nwgsMBaFefrxageRkA1atm. dl;eBlmanlMnwgsMBaFnigmaD KW 1atm nig 23.5 L. (a) cUrKNnasItuNðPaBbBa¢b;énPaKsMNak. (b) cUrKNna q, w nig �E éndMeNIrkarenH. eK[dwgfakMedAyfaRbePTrbs;GamU:j:ak;KW 0.0258 J/oC.

76. ]sµ½nkabUnmU:NUGuksIutRtUv)anerobcMeday[xül;qøgkat;elIFüÚgkUkekþA. C(s) + ½ O2(g) → CO(g) (Producer gas) l,ay]sµ½nTwkénkabUnmU:NUGuksIutnigGIuRdUEsnRtUv)anerobcMedaykarqøgkat;éncMhayTwk

elIFüÚgkUkekþA³ C(s) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + H2(g) (Water gas) CaeRcInqñaMmkehIyeKeRbI]sµ½nplitnig]sµ½nTwkTaMgBIrenAkñúg]sShkmµ nigsMrab;cMGin GaharenAtameKhdæan. karerobcMCaRTg;RTayFMén]sµ½nTaMgenHRtUv)andMeNIrkarqøas; Kña. dMbUgKW]sµ½nplitbnÞab;mk]sµ½nTwknigbnþbnÞab;qøas;Kña. edayeRbIehtuplénETmU:KImI cUrBnül;faehtuGVI)anCa dMeNIrkarenHRtUv)aneRCIerIIs.

CMBYkTI6

6-49

77. eRbobeFobkMedAEdl)anbeBa©jedaycMehHsBV 1mol énemtan (CH4) CamYy 1mol én ]sµ½nTwk (0.5mol CO nig 0.5mol H2) enAeRkaml½kçx½NÐdUcKña. edayGaRs½yelI cMelIy rbs;Gñk et