ethics for healthcare professional

8/12/2019 Ethics for Healthcare Professional

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Nature Of Philosophy

Philosophy Thinking

The act of questioning or wanting to knowinitiates philosophical thinking

Philosophy which means pursuit ofwisdom comes from the Greek word

philos which means love

sophia which means knowledge/wisdom


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Love of wisdom pushes a person to makea deliberate effort to seek the truth.

A philosopher is a lover of knowledge whoseeks knowledge for its own sake and notfor any other motive.

Philosophy is defined as the knowledge ofall things acquired through the use ofreasoning

Its main objective is to seek theexplanation for existence and the natureof being.


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HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

1. Ancient/Presocratic (7thcentury B.C.)

2. Middle Ages (11thto 15thcentury A.D.)3. Modern Period (17th18thcentury A.D.)4. Contemporary Period (20thcentury)


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ANCIENT/PRESOCRATIC

Greek thinkers called themselveswisemen but out of humility, Pythgoras,

one of the Grek thinkers, preferred to callhimself as someone who simply lovedwisdom or a philosopher.

From the on the Greeks had used the

words philosophy to mean love of wisdomand philosopher to denote a lover of thatwisdom.


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MIDDLE AGES

Christian scholars and Arab philosopherswere the first to directly link philosophy to

theology.The Christian faith being one of its main

inspirations which became a stimulus to

reason.


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MODERN PERIOD

During this period, Rene Descartesbecame known as the Father of ModernPhilosophy for his philosophy of

rationalism and empiricism.

Rationalism as a philosophical doctrinespecifically uses reasoning and proof in

explaining reality.

Empiricism regards experience as the onlysource of knowledge.


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MODERN PERIOD

During this time, the abundance ofknowledge in science posed a challenge

for all philosophers to prove thendiscoveries and breakthroughs alongsidethe growing rationalism and empiricism.


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CONTEMPORARY PERIOD

The development of several philosophicaldoctrines further strengthened modernmans quest for the truth.

Among the more contemporary doctrinesare Marxism by Karl Marx, Kantianism byImmanuel Kant and Existentialism by JeanPaul Sartre.

The succeeding philosophers discussedthe use of inductive and deductivereasoning to prove their theories.


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CONTEMPORARY PERIOD

These philosophies developedsimultaneously with the new ideas,

perceptions and scientific discoveries,which eventually led the people towardsprogress and development.


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PHILOSOPHY AND NATURE OFMAN

As a living organism, man is capable offeeding and nourishing himself to be able

to grow and reproduce to preserve hisrace

Man requires sensory knowledge through

the external senses of smell, taste, andtouch for nutrition; and hearing and sightfor cognition.


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The internal senses includes:

The consciousness or awareness ofsensation and the operation of externalsenses.

The imagination or the formation ofmental images or perceived objects thatare reproduces even in their absence

The memory or the ability to recall pastevents and states of consciousness; and


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Cont. internal senses

The instincts which are actions conduciveto the well being of the person


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PROFESSIONAL ETHICS ANDBIOETHICS

1. Customs2. Habit

3. Practice4. Etiquette


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ETHICS

The term ethics traces its roots from theGreek word ETHICOS which means moral

duty.Ethics as a discipline is the study of

human actions or conduct from a moral

perspective as to whether they are goodor bad.


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ETHICS

Employs the faculty of human reasoningin tackling the important question of whatmakes an upright life.

Ethics is therefore, a noble and importantscience.

Ethics is commonly associated with

customs, habits, practices, etiquette,moral values and principles


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1. Customs

As operationally defined, means longestablished practices common to a

particular community, class or race.A customs implies a more or less

permanent way of acting as reinforced by

traditions and social attitudes.


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2. Habit

> Is applied to an individual and implies therepetition of the same action as to develop

a natural, spontaneous or rooted tendencyor inclination to perform it.


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3. Practice

Applies to a regularly followed procedure

or pattern in conducting activities.


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4. Etiquette

Means observance of social norms as

required by good breeding


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1. General Ethicsdeals with basicprinciples which are the morality of

human acts2. Social Ethicstackles the basic

principles affecting man as a member of

society.

2 PARTS OF ETHICS


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OBJECTIVES OF ETHICS

Ethics aims to:

1. Make clear to us why one act is betterthan the other;

2. Enable us to live and have an orderlysocial way of life;

3. Appraise, criticize and evaluate

intelligently the moral conduct andethical system and;

4. Explore and aspire to the true value oflife.


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PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

Professional ethicson the other hand, isa branch of moral science concerned with

to obligations which a member of aprofession owes to the public, to hisprofession and to his clients.


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BIOETHICS

Bioethics is relatively a new term

It began to be discussed in the 1960s

when such phrases as medical ethicsand biomedical ethics.

Ban Reusselaer Potter, a cancer

researcher invented the word.Bridges to the Future


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Bioethics is coined from the term bios

which means life and ethics.Bioethics is the term used to describe the

application of ethics to biological science,

medicine and related fields.For M.T. Reich, it is a systematic study of

human behavior, specifically in the fields

of life sciences and health care, asexamined in the light of moral values andprinciples.


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In philosophy, bioethics is a branch ofethics that is concerned with issues

surrounding health care and the biologicalscience.

It focuses on challenges arising from

modern biotechnology.Biotechnology is meant any technology

that uses microorganisms and other

biological materials for technologicalpurposes.


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SCOPE OF BIOETHICS

Issues and querries on human life atthree different stages.

1. The beginning of life (contraception and

family planning;)2. The middle of life (genetic engineering

and family planning;)

3. The end of life (death and euthanasia).


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SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOETHICS

The vitally important for every member ofthe health profession to get acquaintedwith the ethical principles involved inbiomedical procedures.

Bioethics seeks to keep members of thehealth profession aware of the dos anddonts of medical practice.

It also tries to enhance their competenceby understanding that the patient is aperson and a holistic individual.


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MALPRACTICE AND NEGLIGENCE

Malpractice means any professional misconductor any unreasonable lack of skill or fidelity in theperformance of professional or judiciary duties.

Negligence, on the other hand, means thefailure to do an action which a reasonable andprudent person would have done in similarcircumstances.

Certain elements need to be present before onecan be accused of negligence, If one of theseelements is not present, negligence cannot bedeclared.


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ELEMENTS OF NEGLIGENCE

Existence of dutythere must be a moralobligation to do or not to do something asmandated by a persons profession.

Failure to perform the duty when one failsto respond to the call of his/herprofession.

Injury resulting from such failure if thereis grave harm that results from not doingones duty or from doing wrong thing dueto lack of knowledge.


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NORMS OF HUMAN ACTS

The norms of human acts are set of directives that guideus in making decisions on what ought to do or to be. All our actions and decisions are dictated by laws and

our own conscience.

Conscience is the practical judgement of reason upon anindividual act as good and to be performed, or as eviland to be avoided.

Law is an ordinance of reason promulgated for thecommon good by one who has legitimate authority.

It is an authoritative order that is just, honest, useful to acertain degree or permanency, promulgated or made known tothe subject, and can possibly be fulfilled.


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CLASSIFICATION OF LAWS

Laws are classified as either eternal or natural. 1. Eternal law is Gods eternal plan and

providence for the Universe. It is the divinereason or will commanding the preservation ofthe natural order of things and forbidding itsdisturbance, according to St. Tomas, it is the

plan flowing from Gods wisdom directing allacts and movements.


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ETERNAL LAW AND CREATURES

Irrational creatures follow the eternal law in the first waythey passively and necessarily obey eternal law bytheir very blind and unavoidable acts.

Rational creatures follow eternal law in both ways. Man can know what is good and what is bad but cannotdecide about what should be good or bad.

Revelation teaches that the power to decide what isgood and what is evil does not belong to man but to Godalone.


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NATURAL LAW

is the eternal law as known to humans throughreason.

Example; to do good and avoid evil (St.

Thomas) It is called natural because it is neithercommunicated in a supernatural way or as aresult of a command of a legislature orauthority.

The precept of natural law is found and derivedfrom the very nature of human beings.


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PROPERTIES OF NATURAL LAW

Natural law is universal , immutable and indispensable. Natural law is universal because it binds every person at all times

and in all places. Its basis is the very nature of man The universality of natural law implies that the rights and duties it

establishes apply to all men by the mere fact of their being human.

The immutability of natural law refers to its unchangingcharacteristics. As soon as human beings gain the capacity to usetheir reason, certain fundamental norms will become evident tothem.

Indispensability means that no one is dispensed or excused from theobservance of the natural law because its origin is God.

Natural law is identical to Gods will. Evidently humans have no authority over a natural a law of this

status. This means that if there is a dispensation of this law, there isa violation of Gods law.


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CONTENT AND KNOWLEDGE OFNATURAL LAW St. Thomas distinguishes three levels or groups of

propositions:

The First Principle states that the strating point ofpractical reasoning is that good is to be done and

pursued, and evil is to be avoided. St. Thomas distinguishes various sorts of basic human

goods, corresponding to a persons natural inclinations.He classifies them into 3 groups corresponding to basicinclinations:

selfpreservation which is common to all beings; animal inclinations such mating and bring up of offspring; and

good according to nature of reason such as knowing the truthabout God and living in society


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THE CONTEMPORARY BASIC GOODS OF HUMANPERSONS IN THREE CATEGORIES:

1. Reflective or existential human goods which fulfillhuman insofar as they are able to make choices andare capable of moral good and evil. These include:

selfintegration or inner peace which consists inharmony among ones judgements, feelings andchoices;

authenticity which is sincerity or harmony andconsistency between ones judgement, feelings choices

and ones behavior; impersonal harmony which consist of fraternity,

friendship, and justice; and

harmony with God which is Religion


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2. Substantive human goods which include

bodily well being, including health and bodilyintegrity. These goods fulfill human persons asbodily beings.

Knowledge of the truth and appreciation ofbeauty. These goods fulfill human persons as

intelligent beings. Work or skillful performance and activitythrough which the person expands in theworld, interacts with it, transform it and in

doing so finds fulfillment.3. Marriage and family life which are complexhuman goods that are substantive andreflective.


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B. The Secondary Principle or the immediateconclusion seeks to specify further the

first moral principle by excluding asimmoral those actions incompatible witha true integral human fulfillment.

for example, one should do no evil thatgood may come about

St Thomas also refers to the golden rule. Do unto others as you would have them dounto you


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C. The Third Principle of specific moralnorms identifies specific human actions

that ought to be done and those thatshould not be done.


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TYPES OF NATURAL LAW ASPRESENTED OR FORBIDDEN


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Affirmative Laws:

are always binding, but not at everymoment. Humans are morally obliged to

adopt all ordinary means of preservinghealth and life.


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Negative Laws:

are prohibitory. These are laws of the natural order which

are binding at all times. They state that no act, positive or

negative, may be directly and deliberately

willed as a means of destroying health orlife.


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Divine Negative Law

is a law expressly revealed by God. Itincludes:

precepts from natural law e.g. tenCommandments, which are found in the Oldand New Testaments and

supernatural precepts which state that man is

destines for a supernatural end.


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Human Positive Laws:

are those enacted by the church or state. They are ordinances of reason derived

from the natural law or making a concreteand determinate application of the naturallaw, promulgated for the common good by

a human institution in charge of society.


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The Law of Charity

The bond of perfection is the love of Godin His intimate life, which only possible

through the natural strength of charity.As God loves us do we have to love

others.


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The Law of Perfect Freedom

Since the new law is the love of charity, itis also the law of perfect freedom.


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The Grace, Justification, andSanctity:

The grace of the Holy Spirit has the powerto justify us, that is to cleanse us from our

sins through baptism and to communicateto us righteousness of God through faithin Jesus Christ.


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