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ETHICS

Theories of Ethics

DEPRATMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

RIPHAH INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

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Relativism No universal norms of right and wrong

One person can say X is right, another

can say X is wrong, and both can beright

Subjective relativism

Each person decides right and wrong forhimself or herself

Whats right for you may not be right for

me

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What is right and wrong depends

upon a societys actual moral guidelines

These guidelines vary from place to placeand from time to time

A particular action may be right in one

society at one time and wrong in othersociety or at another time

Cultural Relativism

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HEDONISM

( HEDON IS A GREEK WORD WHICH MEANS PLEASURE)

The ethical doctrine holding that only what is pleasant

or has pleasant consequences is intrinsically good.

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Egoism

Psychological egoism: Human actions aremotivated by their self-interests.

Ethical egoism: One should only promote ones

own interests, or it is alright for everyone to do

so.

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Utilitarianism: The Greatest Good

Argues that the consequences of an

action make that action either moral

or immoral.

An action that leads to beneficial

consequences is right or moral; one

that leads to harmful consequences iswrong or immoral.

Known as a consequentialist theory.

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Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873)The greatest good of the greatest numbers

IDEAL UTILITARIANISM

A THEORY OF RASHDEL

Utilitarianism

Consequentialism or teleological ethics

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Kantian Ethics: Duties and Rights Argues that the consequences of an

action are irrelevant to a moralevaluation of that action.

It is the motivation behind an actionthat matters. Actions that are moralare those that are undertaken out ofa sense of duty.

One does it because it is the rightthing to do.

Deontology

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Deontological ethics

nonconsequentalist

judgment of moral rightness basedon the intrinsic moral value of the

act itself

Good will

motivating force in all morality

Kantian Ethics

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We owe obedience to our Creator. God is all-good and all-knowing.

God is the ultimate authority.

Divine Command Theory

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