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eta/FEMB-PC(Finite Element Model Builder)

Version 28

USER’S MANUAL

A pre- and post-processor for use with

LS-DYNA NASTRAN

October 2003

Windows 98/NT4/2000/XP

FORWARD

The concepts, methods, and examples presented in this text are for illustrative and educational purposes only, andare not intended to be exhaustive or to apply to any particular engineering problem or design.

This material is a compilation of data and figures from many sources.

Engineering Technology Associates, Inc. assumes no liability or responsibility to any person or company fordirect or indirect damages resulting from the use of any information contained herein.

Engineering Technology Associates, Inc.1133 E. Maple Rd., Suite 200Troy, MI 48083-2896

Phone: (248) 729 - 3010FAX: (248) 729 - 3020Support: (800) eta - 3362

eta/FEMB-PC User’s Manual

Engineering Technology Associates, Inc., eta, the eta logo, eta/FEMB-PC, and the eta/FEMB-PC logo are theregistered trademarks of Engineering Technology Associates, Inc.

Copyright 2001 Engineering Technology Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.


1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 71.1 eta/FEMB-PC Version 28 Overview ......................................................................... 71.2 General Features ...................................................................................................... 8

2 General Discussion ......................................................................................................... 102.1 eta/FEMB-PC Interface ......................................................................................... 102.2 Shortcuts ................................................................................................................ 192.3 Specifications / Database Limitations ....................................................................... 202.4 Data Translation ...................................................................................................... 202.5 Recommended Naming Practice ............................................................................. 212.6 Hardware/ Software Requirements .......................................................................... 212.7 FEMB 26 / FEMB 28 Compatibility ....................................................................... 22

3 Getting Started ............................................................................................................... 233.1 Opening A File ....................................................................................................... 233.2 Getting Started from Scratch ................................................................................... 243.3 Local Coordinate System ........................................................................................ 25

4 LS-DYNA Interface ....................................................................................................... 274.1 Complete LS-DYNA Interface ............................................................................... 27

5 File ................................................................................................................................. 316 Options .......................................................................................................................... 357 Part Control ................................................................................................................... 378 Line ................................................................................................................................ 439 Surface ........................................................................................................................... 4910 Node ........................................................................................................................... 5711 Element ........................................................................................................................ 6312 Set ............................................................................................................................... 7513 Model Check ............................................................................................................... 7714 Material ........................................................................................................................ 8315 Element Property .......................................................................................................... 8716 Contact Interface .......................................................................................................... 9117 Boundary Conditions .................................................................................................... 9318 DYNA Miscellaneous ................................................................................................. 10119 Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 10720 Function Index ............................................................................................................. 111

TABLE OF CONTENTS


eta/FEMB-PC is a general purpose pre- and post-processor for use with LS-DYNA. Developedby Engineering Technology Associates, Inc. FEMB-PC is the most compact and powerful pre- andpost processor for use with LS-DYNA/PC.

eta/FEMB-PC is comprised of a suite of software programs all designed specifically for use with LS-DYNA. These programs are:

eta/FEMB-PC Pre-processoreta/PostGL Post-processoreta/Graph Plot Post-Processor

FEMB-PC’s powerful pre-processor contains a host of automated, easy-to- use model building func-tions. It’s complete LS-DYNA interface controls all keyword cards for a “zero-text-editing” environ-ment.

FEMB-PC’s post processor, eta/PostGL quickly post-processes result data including the real-timeanimation of stresses, strain energy, displacements and time history curves. It’s dynamic allocation ofmemory optimizes system resources allowing for models up to 250,000 nodes and elements. Ani-mated frames can number up to 500 for highly detailed analysis. Model animations can be edited usinga variety of different functions and saved as an AVI file for use on or over the internet and in presenta-tions.

eta/GRAPH, the second component of the FEMB-PC post-processor, displays time history results(X-Y data) gathered from LS-DYNA analysis. eta/PostGL offers a wide range of tools to help theuser better understand and convey these results. Features include the ability to manipulate thedisplay area’s settings (labels, colors, etc.) and a host of advanced filtering techniques (FIR, SAE,Butterworth, averaging, etc.).

This manual explains each function in the pre-processor portion of the eta/FEMB-PC software pack-age. The other portions of the software package, eta/PostGL and eta/Graph each have their own usermanuals.

1.1 eta/FEMB-PC Version 28

Introduction

INTRODUCTION

1.2 GENERAL FEATURES

AUTOMESHINGAutomatic Surface Data Meshing eliminates 90% of the time required to mesh trimmed andstandard IGES surfaces.

MESH GENERATIONFEMB-PC has an impressive list of pre-processing functions with which engineers can pro-duce high quality FEA models.

CAD INTERFACEFEMB-PC enables users to quickly read in data from any CAD system. If CAD data is notavailable, FEMB-PC has geometry building capabilities which act as an integrated CAD datagenerator.

FULL-TIME 3D MANIPULATIONFEMB-PC’s full time 3D dynamic rotation permits quick view manipulation of simple orcomplex geometries.

SOLID MESHING FEATURESFEMB-PC automatically creates solid elements from 6-, 8-, 9-, and 12-sided volumes. Alsoavailable are three different options to extrude plate elements into solids: 1-Line Drag Mesh,Normal Drag Mesh, and 4-Line Drag Mesh.

MATERIAL AND ELEMENT PROPERTIESThe ability to create and assign material and element properties directly on a displayed modelwithin FEMB-PC greatly reduces the amount of editing required. Pop-Up menus appear atspecific junctions in the FEMB-PC session prompting the user for material/element proper-ties.

CONTACT INTERFACEFEMB-PC has a complete LS-DYNA interface. The contact interface menu option withinFEMB-PC’s Main Menu allows the user to create and assign all types of contact interfacesfor LS-DYNA applications. FEMB-PC presents the interface types clearly and concisely.FEMB-PC also allows the user a high degree of speed and flexibility upon creating andmodifying the interface types.

Introduction

POST-PROCESSINGThe ability to interpret analysis results is the key element to any post-processing software.FEMB-PC comes with a complete set of post-processing tools; PostGL and Graph. Once ananalysis is complete, PostGL and Graph can quickly post-process the result data, includingthe real time animation of stresses, strain energy, displacements, and normal modes. Graphalso processes simulation results and time history curves.

XY PLOTThe functions in GRAPH allow the user to visualize results from the analysis in terms of XYplots. GRAPH offers a wide range of tools to help the user better understand and conveythese results. The commands included allow the user to manipulate the display area’s settings(labels, colors, etc.) and provide a host of advanced filtering techniques (FIR, Butterworth,scaling, smoothing, averaging, multiple graphs, model with or without graphs, etc.).

Introduction

GENERAL DISCUSSION

2.1 eta/FEMB-PC INTERFACEThe eta/FEMB-PC interface allows the user to quickly access most functions at anytime during thesession. The tool bar, menu bar, right mouse button pull-down menus, etc. are all available for userconvenience. Control keys and function keys are also available to quickly access frequently usedfunctions and menus.

The user interface is divided into several parts: the MENU BAR, the TOOL BAR, the GRAPHICDISPLAY WINDOW, the COMMAND PROMPT/MESSAGE WINDOW, the OPERATIONSTATUS BAR, the DISPLAY OPTIONS box, and the CONTROL WINDOW. The current geom-etry appears in the graphic display area.

CommandPrompt/MessageWindow

Tool BarMenu Bar

Control WindowOperation Status Bar Display Options/Element Type Window

Title Bar

General Discussion

Graphic Display Window

TOOL BARThe tool bar gives the user easy access to the most often used tools in eta/FEMB-PC. Theicons in the toolbar are grouped into similar categories. The tools are described below.

CREATE A NEW DATABASEOpens an empty FEMB-PC database.

OPEN A DATABASEDisplays the file dialogue window allowing the user to open a previously saved database.

SAVE A DATABASESaves the current database.

PRINTPrints what is currently displayed in the graphics display window.

ROTATE ABOUT X-AXISThe displayed model will dynamically rotate about global X axis when the cursor is moved upor down.

ROTATE ABOUT Y-AXISThe displayed model will dynamically rotate about global Y axis when the cursor is moved upor down.

ROTATE ABOUT Z-AXISThe displayed model will dynamically rotate about global Z axis when the cursor is moved upor down.

ROTATE ABOUT SCREEN XThe displayed model will dynamically rotate about screen X when the cursor is moved up ordown.

The menu bar contains menus of functions organized by type. Each of the menus can beactivated by one of three methods; clicking on the menu bar, selecting the correspondingfunction key or selecting a hot key. Each of these menus branch into various sub-menus andfunctions.

MENU BAR

General Discussion

ROTATE ABOUT SCREEN YThe displayed model will dynamically rotate about screen Y when the cursor is moved up ordown.

ROTATE ABOUT SCREEN ZThe displayed model will dynamically rotate about screen Z when the cursor is moved up ordown.

FREE ROTATIONFree Rotation is a combination of screen X and screen Y rotations. Moving the mouse up/down rotates the model about the screen X axis. Moving the mouse left/right rotates themodel about the screen Y axis. Moving the mouse diagonally combines the rotations aboutboth X and Y axes. Clicking the left mouse button stops the rotation.

NOTE: Screen axis rotation uses the display screen as a plane of rotation. The screen X axis ishorizontal. The screen Y axis vertical and screen Z axis is perpendicular to screen X and Y.

PANTranslates the model by following the movement of the cursor. If the cursor is moved off thescreen, the cursor reappears at the center of the screen. Clicking the left mouse button stopsthe translation.

CURSOR ZOOMThe user picks a point about which to zoom. The model is centered about this point and theuser may move the cursor up to zoom in or down to zoom out.

FREE HAND ZOOMThe user draws a line, the outer points of which determine the extent of the zoom function.

FILL MODEL TO SCREENRe-scales the model so that all entities (parts that are currently turned on) are displayed on thescreen. Fill automatically zooms a model in or out so that the entire model fits the graphicsdisplay window.

X-Y VIEWDisplays the model in XY profile or top view.

Z-X VIEWDisplays the model in ZX profile or side view.

General Discussion

Y-Z VIEWDisplays the model in Y-Z profile or rear view.

ISOMETRIC VIEWDisplays the model in isometric view.

IDENTIFY NODEAllows the user to identify nodes by cursor selection. Information is displayed in the dialoguewindow.

IDENTIFY ELEMENTAllows the user to identify an element, its type, and its nodes by cursor selection. Informationis displayed in the dialogue window in the following format:

Element: 55102, Type: Plate, Number of nodes: 4Nodes: 3096 3087 3077 3097

MEASURE DISTANCECalculates the distance between two points or nodes selected by cursor pick.

MEASURE ANGLECalculates and displays the angle between two lines from the selection of three nodes orpoints. Selection of the angle begins with the vertex of the two lines. Angle information isdisplayed in the prompt window.

DATABASE STATISTICSDisplays a comprehensive list of database statistics including model geometry, element typesand distribution, number of parts, surfaces, nodes, points, lines, etc.

KEEP CURRENT PARTTurns off all parts except the current part. Clicking the button again returns the model to itsprevious part state.

General Discussion

DISPLAY OPTIONS WINDOWThe display options window (below) allows the user to toggle on/off various model displaycharacteristics. The different characteristics and toggle switches are explained below.

LINE(S) ON/OFFToggles lines on and off. If the part the line is assigned to is off, the line will not be displayed.

ELEMENT(S) ON/OFFToggles elements on and off. If the part the elements are assigned to is off, the elements willnot be displayed.

NORMAL VECTOR ON/OFFToggles on and off element orientations as an arrow perpendicular to the element’s center.

ORIENTATIONDisplays the leading edge of plate elements with an arrow. This is important for compositematerials.

HIDDEN PLOT ON/OFFThis function improves the integrity of the 3D simulation of a model. This effect creates

GRAPHIC DISPLAY WINDOWThe Graphic Display Window (page 9) displays models and graphs. By clicking the rightmouse button in the Graphic Display Window the Pull Down Menu is displayed with alterna-tive selection functions.

General Discussion

CURRENT PARTThe current part drop down menu displays the current part and allows the user to quicklyselect a new part as the current part. Clicking on the arrow at the right of the window displaysa list of all the parts in the database. Clicking on any of these parts will make it current anddisplay it in the current part window. Any entities generated are assigned to the current part atthe time of their generation.

opaque elements that prevent objects in the background from showing through objects in theforeground.

SURFACE(S)Toggles surfaces on and off. If the part the surface is assigned to is off, the surface will not bedisplayed.

SHRINK ELEMENT ON/OFFPlots the elements with their size reduced 20 percent. This causes the model to appear as ifthere were space between each element.

ACTIVE WINDOWThis function is activated in the pull-down menu. It allows the user to isolate a portion of thedisplayed geometry/model for detailed viewing or editing. The user defines the region bydragging a window over the desired area. FEMB displays the elements, lines and surfaceswithin the active window as active. Other objects on the screen are masked and inactive.

FILL COLORFills the displayed elements with their part color.

SHADERenders objects using light sources. FEMB-PC represents elements as if a physical lightsource were present. Elements that are not directly exposed to the light source are appropri-ately “shaded” to emulate real-life shading. See Display Attributes for more information onthis function.

REDRAWRedraws/ updates the model. Labels and information such as element and node IDs that mighthave been displayed during a previous function will be erased when the model is redrawn.

RESETResets the Display Options Window to its default setting; Lines Elements an d Surfaces.

CLEARClears all highlighting from the current model.

General Discussion

General Discussion

ELEMENT TYPE WINDOWThe Element Type Window allows the user to toggle on and off elements by type. The LCStoggle in the window displays any local coordinate systems that have been defined.

COMMAND PROMPT/ MESSAGE WINDOWThe command prompt and message area at the bottom of the FEMB-PC interface containsalternating windows for user input and feedback including the Dialogue Window, the EntitySelection Window, the LS-DYNA Card Window etc. Depending on the type of functionselected, determines the prompts and buttons displayed in this area.

MESSAGE WINDOWThe Message Window provides the user color coded feedback. A green prompt denotesfeedback from a function or key the user has selected. A red prompt denotes an error or thebeginning or ending of a routine. A black prompt details general information for the user. Ablue prompt is displayed when the user must enter or select a value or key. All the messagesdisplayed in the dialogue box are saved and can be reviewed at anytime during a FEMBsession.

DATA COLLECTOR WINDOWThe Data Collector Window appears in the lower right corner and allows the user to selectvarious entities such as nodes, points and lines using a variety of selection options. The coor-dinates of the selected entity are displayed in the left side of the window. These coordinatescan be displayed in cartesian, cylindric or spheric terms according to the radio button checkedin the top right of the window. At the far right the function control options create, end, undo orredo the selected function process. For example, when creating a line after two points havebeen selected, the user can select Create to create the line, Exit to abort the function, Undo to

OPERATION STATUS BAR

The Operation Status Bar just below the command prompt and message area contains (fromleft) the last displayed tooltip, the current function, the current graphics display mode (thispane can be clicked on to call up the Display Attributes window), the current part, the num-ber of nodes and elements contained in the model, and the time.

LS-DYNA CARD WINDOWThe LS-DYNA Card Window is displayed when the user is creating/assigning DYNA prop-erties. For a complete explanation of this window see Section 4, LS-DYNA Interface.

General Discussion

undo the last selected point, or Redo to re-select an unselected point. The button options atthe center of the window determine how the points for the line/entity will be selected. Defaultselection is always with cursor pick.

The Control Window is to the right of the Graphics DisplayWindow. The Control Window displays the function menusseen in the tool bar and various Control Options Windowsrelated to the creation and modification of certain entities suchas parts, properties, sets, etc. The top of the window con-tains a list with identifiers such as ID number, part, and type.Listed entities can be selected by clicking in the window onthe listed entity. This allows them to be modified, deleted orshown according to the buttons which are displayed beneaththe window. These buttons also include Create which beginsthe process of creating the entity.

CONTROL WINDOW

PULL-DOWN MENUThe Pull-down Menu is activated by placing the cursor inthe graphics display window and clicking the right mousebutton. The pull down menu controls aspects of entityselection, and contains tools and model manipulation func-tions found also in the toolbar. The duplicate functionscan be activated from the toolbar, however, the pull-downmenu is a quick alternative.

The main pull-down menu determines entity selection.Entities that can be selected within a function are in black.Those that cannot be selected are in gray. The currententity selection method will have a red dot in front of it.This can be changed by scrolling down and selecting anew entity type for selection. When the user is within afunction the pull-down menu will have the additional func-tions Create and End, allowing the user to quickly applyor abort the function.

General Discussion

Tooltips are available for most functions in FEMB. By pausing themouse pointer over a button, function, or name, the tooltip will bedisplayed with the complete function name or explanation.

TOOLTIPS

Tooltip2.2 SHORTCUTS

FEMB-PC includes both hot key and function key accessibility of the must commonly usedmenus and functions. When used correctly these shortcuts increase user efficiency.

FUNCTION KEYSThe following function keys are associated with these FEMB menus:

F2 Part MenuF3 Line MenuF4 Surface Menu

F5 Node MenuF6 Element MenuF7 Set MenuF8 Check Menu

F9 Material MenuF10 Property MenuF11 Contact MenuF12 Boundary Conditions Menu

HOTKEYSHotkeys allow the user to quickly access menus and viewing functions. They combine thealternate (Alt), shift (Shift), and control (Ctrl) keys with another keyboard key or mousebutton to access the function or menu. Menus are activated by pressing Alternate and the

General Discussion

Keyboard template with shortcuts

underscored letter of the menu. For example, to activate the Part menu a user would pressAlternate and P on the keyboard. Dynamic viewing functions such as zoom and pan utilize acombination of the shift and control keys and the left, middle and right mouse buttons. Follow-ing is a list of hotkeys for viewing options:

Control + left mouse button Free RotationControl + middle mouse button Drag ZoomControl + right mouse button Pan

Shift+ middle mouse button Cursor Zoom

Control + shift + left mouse button FillControl + shift + right mouse button Isometric View

General Discussion

2.3 SPECIFICATIONS/DATABASE LIMITATIONSCurrently FEMB-PC has the following specifications/limitations per database:

200,000 POINTS150,000 LINES4,000 SURFACES200,000 EDGE POINTS (SURFACE)400,000 CONTROL POINTS (SURFACE)250,000 NODES250,000 ELEMENTS1,000 PROPERTIES1,000 PIDS

Note: A version of the code with a 500,000 element limitation is available from ETA upon request.

2.4 DATA TRANSLATIONFEMB-PC currently imports the following CAD/CAE data:

IGESFEMB-PC

General Discussion

AUTOCADVDALS-DYNANASTRAN

2.5 RECOMMENDED NAMING PRACTICETo open/read files while in the FEMB-PC program, the user should select File/Open from the MainMenu bar. Specific file types would be listed within the pop-up menu. The following extensions forspecific file types is recommended:

1. FEMB-PC database file name: filename.fmb2. FEMB-PC line data file name: filename.lin3. IGES line/surface data name: filename.igs, .iges4. NASTRAN line data : filename.nas, .dat5. LS-DYNA database: filename.dyn, .k6. VDA filname: filename.vda, .vdasf7. AUTOCAD: filename.dxf

When reading a line data file into FEMB-PC, the user should select File/Open from the Main Menubar. By default, all existing FEMB-PC database files (*.fmb) will be listed according to the filter at thebottom of the Open File dialog window. By selecting a different filter, files with different extensionssuch as .lin can be displayed and selected from the window.

2.6 HARDWARE/SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTSeta/FEMB-PC is compatible with LS-DYNA/PC up to version 950+. It will run in a Windows 98,2000 or NT 4.X (or greater) environment. It is not recommended for use with earlier versions ofWindows. The following are minimum requirements for proper operation of eta/FEMB-PC:

Minimum Graphics Recommended Requirement: 1280 x 1024Minimum Memory Requirement: 256 megabytesMinimum load space requirement: 8 megabytesGraphics Card: 32 megabytes, 3D capability, OpenGL recommended

General Discussion

2.7 FEMB 26 / FEMB 28 COMPATIBILITYFEMB 28 should read all FEMB 26 database files. In the event that some data is lost during transla-tion, please write out a DYNA file from FEMB 26 for input into FEMB 28.

GETTING STARTED

There are two basic scenarios that the user will encounter when starting FEMB-PC:1. Supplied CAD or model data (i.e. NASTRAN, LS-DYNA, etc.) may

be read directly into FEMB, or2. CAD or model data is not supplied so the user must start with an empty

database and generate or ‘digitize’ line data from a drawing.Note: For a more comprehensive description of the FEMB-PC modeling

process please see the FEMB Training Manual

3.1 OPENING A FILEOpening a file depends on the data being read into FEMB. The OPEN command in the FILEMENU will open a previously saved FEMB database (.fmb). The IMPORT function allows the userto bring in other types of line and model data such as IGES files, NASTRAN files and LS-DYNAfiles. Both will display the FILE WINDOW (below) which controls the input and output of data inFEMB-PC.

Getting Started

1. To read the model data into your FEMB-PC database, select FILE from the toolbar.

2. Use the Open/Import function and select the desired file to be read in with the Filewindow.

3. FEMB-PC may prompt for a unit system for the incoming data and the file will beread in.

4. The user can now edit, alter and append the database using any of FEMB-PC’stools.

Note: When working in FEMB-PC it is important that the user pay attention to thecurrent part. Generation of line or element data is to the current part displayed onthe upper right.

3.2 GETTING STARTED FROM SCRATCHThe intention of this section is to help users get started in FEMB when line or model data is unavail-able. Typically, in this case, users will need to digitize a drawing by first generating their own linedata with the following procedure:

1. Start FEMB-PC

2. Create a new part in the PART menu. • Lines or elements may not be created in an empty database. The user must

create a part in which to assign the lines and elements.

3. Enter the LINE menu.

4. Select the GENERATE LINES command.

5. Select KEY IN XYZ from the options area of the display screen.

6. FEMB prompts for the X,Y,Z coordinate.• The prompt asks for the coordinates until the user selects either EXIT or DONE

from the options area of the display screen.• FEMB lines consist of multiple points. The End Select command creates an end

to the current line.• The user may continue generating line data or may execute the other CAD functions

available in the LINE and other SURFACE menus.

Getting Started

3.3 LOCAL COORDINATE SYSTEMFEMB-PC refers to the local or global coordinate system to translate, rotate, mirror, copyand generate points, lines, nodes and elements. When such a function is selected, the programautomatically prompts the user to generate a local coordinate system designated as the U, V,W, coordinate frame.

Either one, two or three reference points are required to establish a local coordinate system.The first reference point defines the local origin.

For a three point system, the second reference point defines the direction of the local U axiswhich is extended from the first reference point. The third reference point along with the firsttwo reference points define the local U-V plane. The local V axis is defined in the U-V planeand perpendicular to the U axis. The local W axis is then defined according to the right handrule perpendicular to the U-V plane.

For the two reference point option, End Select should be selected (click the right most mousebutton for available options) after the second reference point is defined. The local W axis liesalong the vector from the origin to the second reference point and the V axis lies in the V-Wplane. The U axis is defined by the right hand rule.

Note: All rotational commands (i.e., generating arcs, copy with rotating, etc.) execute around the localW or global Z axes.

For a one reference point system, the user selects a point or node on the screen as the localorigin and then selects one of the X, Y, or Z options available (click the right most mousebutton for available options) to define the local W axis along one of the global axes.

Listed below is the series of prompts and steps involved in creating a local coordinate system.These steps will be followed whenever a local coordinate system is required (mirror lines/elements, transform nodes, etc.).

1. FEMB Prompts:>SELECT METHOD TO DEFINE A LOCAL COORDINATE SYSTEM

2. Since we want to create a new LCS, select the DEFINE option.

3. FEMB Prompts:> SELECT COORDINATES TO DEFINE A SYSTEM

Getting Started

4. A new FEMB PC/Data Collector box will be displayed. This box contains the variousmethods the user can use to select the coordinates which will define the LCS. You canselect 1, 2, or 3 reference points to define the LCS.

5. Select a method to define the local coordinate system.

1 Reference Point:To define the LCS using one reference point, select a point on the model and thenselect the DEFINE button. From here, you can select wether X, Y, or Z will be thelocal W axis. Once you have defined the axis, select the corresponding button. Thelocal coordinate system will be defined based on the user’s input and the right handrule.

2 Reference Points:The first point you pick will be the origin. The second point will define the directionfrom the origin that the local W axis will be in. From there, FEMB will define theremaining axis according to the right hand rule.

3 Reference Points:This options allows the most control when defining a LCS. The first point that isselected defines the origin. The second point defines the direction of the local U axisand the third point defines the direction of the local U-V plane. FEMB then uses theright hand rule to place the remaining local W axis.

Getting Started

LS-DYNA Interface

LS-DYNA INTERFACE

FEMB-PC has a complete LS-DYNA interface. No text editing is required to edit the cards. TheFEMB-PC LS-DYNA interface utilizes several unique windows and features to interface with theDYNA deck. These features and functions are described in this section.

4.1 COMPLETE LS-DYNA INTERFACEFEMB-PC supports a complete LS-DYNA interface. All LS-DYNA keyword cards are editablefrom the FEMB-PC interface. As a result, no text editing is required. This section will detail theFEMB-PC interface for editing LS-DYNA keyword cards. For detailed information on the key-word cards, please reference the LS-DYNA Keyword Reference Manual.

LS-DYNA KEYWORD CARD DIALOGUE WINDOWThe keyword card dialogue window was designed toallow the user to quickly and easily edit the LS-DYNAdeck. On the left side of the window is the name of thecard followed by a list of all the tables that make up thecard. By clicking on any of the tables, they will bedisplayed in the right portion of the dialogue window.A red check next to the table number indicates which

LS-DYNA Keyword Card Dialogue Window

KeywordCardList

CurrentCard

LS-DYNA KEYWORD CARD CONTROL WINDOWThe keyword card control window allows the user tocreate, modify, and delete new or previously definedcards. Previously defined cards are listed at the top ofthe window. Selecting a card will highlight it and enablethe Modify and Delete buttons.

LS-DYNA Interface

Card editingbuttons

table is currently displayed. The tables are divided into three sections; variable, descriptionand values. The fields in the values section are edited by clicking on the field and entering theappropriate value. FEMB-PC’s smart editing field only allows values within the specifiedrange to be entered.

Often, LS-DYNA requires requires information that is associated with the model such as anode set or a node ID number. In these cases, a button will be displayed.

The following are the types of buttons displayed in the value field and what they reference.

ENUMERATEDThe enumerated button displays a list of options for the user to choose from. Theoptions are displayed in a scroll down window.

EDIT MODELThe edit model button requires the user to select or edit a part of the model such as anode or point which the value is associated with.

ASSOCIATEDThe associated field button is a multipurpose tool that completes several fields at once(these are the fields including and directly following the button). For example, if acoordinate is required, the associated button may prompt the user to select a point inthe current model to satisfy the X, Y, Z fields. These will automatically be filled.

LS-DYNA Interface

GRAPH FUNCTIONSThe graph window allows the user to define, import, and modify curves required for LS-DYNA card definition. Points on the curve are displayed in both the XY window numericallyand in the graph window graphically. A curve is defined by keying in its points (or importing).After a curve is defined the points can be modified by manually dragging them in the graphwindow or reentering the coordinates. Once defined, a curve can be copied as both an imageor text to the Windows clipboard, and pasted into other Windows programs. Other functionsallow the user to alter curve line width and color, add and modify a grid, and zoom in or zoomout.

LS-DYNA Interface

File

FILE

Commands in this menu allow the user to load, import and export files to and from FEMB-PC. Thefunctions for opening a database in the File menu mirror most Windows programs.

A detailed description of each function is given in the following sections.

File

NEW DATABASEThis function allows the user to start a new, empty database. The program automatically startswith an empty database when no file is loaded.

OPENThe Open function allows the user to open FEMB database files (extension .fmb). To loadanother type of database, use the Import function.

CLOSEThis function closes the current database. If the current database has been altered and has notbeen saved, FEMB-PC will prompt the user.

SAVEThis function saves any changes to the current database.

SAVE ASThis function allows the user to save the current database under another name or to a differentfolder/directory.

IMPORTThe import function allows the user to import database files that are not in FEMB format.These file formats include:

LS-DYNA *.dyn *.kNASTRAN *.nas *.datIGES *.igs *.igesVDA *.vda *.vdasfAUTOCAD *.dxfFEMB line data *.lin

EXPORTThe export function allows the user to write database files other than FEMB format for usewith other codes. These file formats include:

LS-DYNA *.dynIGES *.igsVDA *.vda

File

FEMB line data *.linJPEG *.jpgVRML *.wrlNASTRAN *.nasGENESIS *.dat

The last format is an image file. When exporting a .jpg file, the contents of the graphics displaywindow are captured as an image in a format compatible with most Windows based pro-grams. The user has the option of making the background of the image white or black whenwriting the file.

PRINTAllows the user to print the contents of the Graphic Display Window.

PRINT SETUPDisplays the Windows’ Print Setup window allowing the user to alter the default print settings.

MOST RECENTLY LOADED FILESThe bottom of the File Menu displays the four most recently loaded files to FEMB-PC. Thisallows the user to easily load recent projects.

Options

OPTIONS

Commands in this menu alter the user interface and graphics display settings. Also included is acalculator and several tools.


Options

TOOLBAR WINDOWThis function turns off the toolbar window.

STATUS BARThis function turns off the status bar window.

MESSAGE WINDOWThis function turns off the message window and Display Options Window.

TOOLBAR WINDOWThis function turns off the toolbar.

FULL SCREENThis function turns off all but the Graphic Display Window which is shown full screen.

CALCULATORDisplays the Windows calculator.

TOGGLE MESSAGE LOGAll messages displayed in the prompt window are saved in the message log (message.Log)file for the user’s review. This function toggles off the writing of this file.

TOGGLE SESSION LOGThe session log (sessionLog) documents every command/function executed during a FEMBsession for the user to review. This function toggles off the writing of this file.

CLEAR MESSAGESThis function clears all messages in the message window.

BACKGROUNDThis function allows the user to change the background color of the Graphic Display Window.

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Part

PART CONTROL

The functions of the PART CONTROL menu are intended for organizing line, surface and elementdata in a structure. A PART is a set of lines, surfaces and/or elements grouped under a PARTNAME. The PART NAME is defined as a label of alpha or numeric data that consists of no morethan eight characters. Up to 1000 parts may be defined in a database. Each part has a unique PartIdentification (PID). The functions in the PART CONTROL menu are organized as follows:


Part

DYNA PART INERTIAThis function creates a new inertia part in the FEMB database. The user can name the newpart with any combination of up to eight, alphanumeric characters.

DYNA PARTThis function creates a new LS-DYNA part in the FEMB database. The user can name thenew part with any combination of up to eight, alphanumeric characters.

ADD ITEMSThis function adds entities to the current part.

ADD ELEMENTS TO PARTThis function allows the user to transfer elements from one part to another part. The part towhich the elements are added does not have to be current or on.

ADD LINES TO PARTThis function allows the user to transfer lines from one part to another part. The part to whichthe lines are added does not have to be current or on.

ADD SURFACES TO PARTThis function allows the user to transfer surfaces from one part to another part. The part towhich the surfaces are added does not have to be current or on.

CHANGE PART COLORThis function allows the user to change the color of a part. After selecting the parts for color

Part

change the color selection window is displayed.

CONNECTING ENTITIESThis function determines model connectivity for nodes and elements between parts.

ELEMENT(S)This function is used to determine element connectivity from one part in the model to another.

NODE(S)This function is used to determine node connectivity from one part in the model to another.

Part

SET CURRENT PARTThis function changes the current part. All lines, surfaces and elements that the user createsare automatically included in the current part. The name of the current part is displayed in itspart color in the upper right corner of the screen in the current part indicator window. Thiswindow can also be used to set the current part.

DELETE PARTThis function allows the user to delete a part with its associated surfaces, lines and elements.The nodes of a part that are selected for deletion become unreferenced and appear as whiteasterisks (“*”) on the screen.

MODIFY PART(S)Allows user to change a selected part’s attributes.

RENAME PART(S)Allows the user to rename a selected part.

RENUMBER PART ID(S)Allows the user to change a selected part’s ID number.

SEPARATE PART(S)This function allows the user to separate part(s) from a model. For example, two parts thatare connected by common nodes may be quickly separated (or disconnected) using SEPA-RATE PART. This function also provides the user with the option to create zero length rigidlinks between the separated parts. (Common nodes between parts become new nodes oncethe parts are separated.) All model parts in the database can be separated from each otherusing the ALL function. This includes:

PLATESSOLIDSBEAMSSPRINGS

These entities do not separate:RIGID LINKSMASS

KEEP PARTThis function retains the ON status of all selected parts, and turns OFF the unselected parts.The program automatically re-scales the selected part(s) to fill the screen.

Part

MASS CALCULATIONThis function determines the mass of a part, group of parts or entire model.

PART ON/OFFThis section toggles the selected parts ON or OFF.

PART SUMMARYThis function displays statistics regarding the geometry, model, material, and interface informa-tion of the selected parts. The figures are displayed in a pop-up window and a dialoguewindow.

Line

LINE

The functions of the LINE MENU are intended to create a new set of line data or modify existingline data. FEMB currently has a limitation of 150,000 lines or 200,000 points per database. Thefollowing options are available in the LINE MENU:


Line

CREATE LINE ENTITIESThe CREATE function displays a sub-menu of the following entities that can be created usingFEMB:

- GENERATE ARCThis function allows the user to generate arcs and circles either globally, locally or about aselected node or point. The created arc will be included in the current part (see PART CON-TROL MENU).

-GENERATE ABOUT A CENTERThis function creates an arc about a selected node or point. First a coordinate systemis defined see Local Coordinate System, Section 2.3. The arc will be generatedabout the local W-axis or global Z-axis. Once the coordinate system is determinedthe user is prompted to enter 4 criteria for the arc:

RAD = radius of arc.TH1 = beginning point of arc or circle.TH2 = ending point of arc or circle.INC = angle increment between points (default is 5 degrees).

Any real value greater than zero is valid. i.e., 100,0,360,10 is a circle with a radius of100 units with an increment of 10 degrees between points.

-GENERATE ARC VIA 3 POINTSThis function allows the user to create an arc through 3 non-colinear points and nodes.When the 3 points are selected the arc will automatically be drawn. The created arcwill be included in the current part.

point 1

point 2 point 3

Line

An example of a generated spline curve.

-GENERATE ARC VIA 2 TANGENT LINESThis command allows the user to create an arc tangent to 2 lines. The lines need to belong enough to make actual contact with the arc but do not need to intersect. Firsttwo coplanar lines are selected and then a radius is entered. Any real value greaterthan zero is valid for the radius of the arc. The two intersecting lines will be trimmed bythe tangent arc.

-GENERATE LINE(S)This function allows the user to draw a line between nodes or points via a combination ofkeyboard and mouse selections. The created lines are incorporated in the current part.

-GENERATE SECTION LINE(S)This function creates points along a line according to a user defined section plane. First acoordinate system is defined for the plane then the line is sectioned by the plane. A point isestablished at the intersection of the line and the plane.

-CREATE SPLINE CURVE(S)This function allows the user to draw a spline curve through multiple points or nodes or anycombination of points or nodes. A minimum of 3 points or nodes is required.

ADD POINTS TO LINEThis function allows the user to add points to an existing line either randomly or between twoselected points.

- ADD POINTS BETWEEN 2 POINTSThis option allows the user to select 2 end points of a line segment and create a specifiednumber of new points between them.

-ADD POINTS AT A CURSOR LOCATIONThe user may create new points by placing the cursor anywhere on the line and pressing theleft mouse button.

Line

COMBINE LINESThis function allows the user to combine multiple lines into a new single line. The original lineswill be deleted after they are combined. The lines to be combined should be selected in alogical sequence.

DELETE LINES This function allows the user to delete selected lines.

EXTEND LINESThis function allows the user to extend a line by a specified distance along the axis of the line ateither end of the line.

REVERSE LINE(S) DIRECTIONEach line has a direction defined from the starting point to the end point of the line. Thisfunction allows the user to reverse the line direction. Arrowheads on the line are identifiablepoints and also indicate the line direction.

PROJECT LINE(S)/POINT(S) ON TO A SURFACEThis function projects lines and/or points onto a surface.

-PROJECT LINE(S)A coordinate system must be selected to determine the plane of projection for the projectedlines.

-PROJECT POINT(S)A coordinate system must be selected to determine the plane of projection for the projectedlines.

RESPACE LINE(S)This function allows the user to redefine the number of points on a selected line and space themequidistantly.

SCALE LINE(S)This function allows the user to scale the selected lines with respect to any axis (global or local)using magnification factors in the X, Y, or Z (U, V, or W) directions. A scale factor greaterthan 1 will magnify the line, whereas a scale factor less than 1 will reduce the line. For example,the factors 1,-1,1 reflect the lines in the negative Y-direction (across the UV plane); the fac-tors 0.5,0.5,0.5 reduce the line size by 0.5.

Line

SPLIT LINE(S)This function allows the user to split a line at any desired cursor location.

- SPLIT AT THE INTERSECTTION OF SEC. LINEThe line will split at the intersection of the selected line.

-SPLIT AT POINT ON LINEThe line will split at the selected point.

-SPLIT AT CURSOR LOCATIONThe line will split at the cursor location.

COPY LINE(S)This function allows the user to generate a set of duplicate lines. The user may then simulta-neously translate and/or rotate the copied lines.

- MOVE COPY LINEThe line is copied along a defined coordinate system. i.e., 0,0,1000 will copy the se-lected line(s) 1000 units along the W-axis.

-ROTATE COPY LINEThe line is copied with a rotational offset by a defined degree i.e., 200 degrees.

-COPY BY VECTOR OFFSETThe line is copied according to a selected vector system. The vector system is defined by twopoints or nodes. The order in which they are selected determines vector direction.

TRANSFORM LINE(S)This function allows the user to move lines or points on a line using a coordinate system,rotational angle or a vector.

- MOVE TRANSFORMThe line(s) or point(s) are moved along a defined coordinate system. i.e., 0,0,1000 will copythe selected line(s) 1000 units along the W-axis.

-ROTATE TRANSFORMThe line(s) or point(s) is moved with a rotational offset by a defined angle i.e., 200 degrees.

-TRANSFORM VECTOR BY OFFSETThe line is moved according to a selected vector system. The vector system is defined by twopoints or nodes. The order in which they are selected determines vector direction.

Line

MIRROR LINE(S)This function allows the user to reflect a copy of desired lines across a local or global coordi-nate plane.

IDENTIFY NODE(S)/POINT(S)This function allows the user to identify any node or point and its corresponding global locationin X, Y, Z coordinates.

SHOW LINESThe user may identify any existing line or line direction using this function. The selected line ishighlighted (the starting point is labeled with a circle) and subsequent points are representedwith arrowheads oriented in the direction of the line.

Surface

SURFACE

Commands in this menu are used to create and modify CAD surface data in FEMB.


Surface

CREATE SURFACE OPTIONSThis function creates surfaces using lines. Lines must be selected in a clockwise or counter-clockwise fashion. The direction of the surface normal dictates the direction of the plateelement normals in the surface mesh.

- CREATE 2-LINE SURFACEThis function creates a surface from two selected lines. The operation is similar to 2 LINEMESH for elements.

- CREATE 3-LINE SURFACEThis function creates a surface from three selected lines. The procedure is similar to 3 LINEMESH for elements.

- CREATE 4-LINE SURFACEThis function creates a surface from four selected lines. The procedure is similar to 4 LINEMESH for elements.

CREATE SURFACE BOUNDARY LINESThis function creates a line on the boundary of a selected surface. FEMB creates a boundaryline around the selected surface and includes it in the current part. The boundary line should besplit if it is intended for use with line meshing.

SURFACE INTERSECTThis function creates a line at the intersection between two selected surfaces.

Surface

CREATE SURFACE SECTION REVOLUTIONSThis function creates a surface by rotating a selected section line (the generatrix) about avector (the axis of revolution).

- 2-POINT LINE SEGMENTThe user may select a line, defined by only two points, to be the axis of revolution. The userwill be prompted to select the first of two points required to define the axis of revolution. Oncethe points have been selected, FEMB displays a vector representing the axis of revolution.The user may enter a desired start angle and end angle to generate a surface or press ENTERto generate a 360 degree angle.

- 2 POINTThe user may select a line, defined by only two points, to be the axis of revolution. The userwill be prompted to select the first of two points required to define the axis of revolution. Oncethe points have been selected, FEMB displays a vector representing the axis of revolution.The user may enter a desired start angle and end angle to generate a surface or press ENTERto generate a 360 degree angle.

CREATE SURFACE SECTION LINESThis function creates sectional line data on a selected surface. After a surface is selected, theuser enters the number of section lines along 2 edges.

SWEEP SURFACEThis function allows the user to create a surface via the selection of a section line and adirection line. The surface is generated along the length of the direction line.

- NORMAL SWEEPThe section lines remain perpendicular to the line of direction. The selected line will act as aconstant cross section for the new surface.

- RIGID SWEEPThe section lines remain parallel to the line of pattern. The selected line will act as a constantcross section for the new surface.

DELETE SURFACEThis function deletes the selected surfaces from the database.

MIRROR SURFACEReflects a copy of desired surfaces across a local or global coordinate plane. The user has theoption of putting the surface in a new part.

Surface

SURFACE NORMAL ON/OFFThis function controls the on and off display of normal vectors on a surface. The normal vectoris shown at the center of the surface.

RESPACE SURFACE U/V LINESThis function changes the UV line density of the selected surfaces. These UV lines are in-cluded in the current part. This operation changes only the appearance of the selected sur-faces. It does not change the integrity of the surface.

REVERSE SURFACE NORMALThis function reverses the normal direction of the surface. The surface normal affects lightsource shading. REVERSE NORMAL also controls the normal direction of the plate ele-ments during meshing.

SCALE SURFACEThis function allows the user to scale selected surfaces with respect to any axis (global orlocal) using magnification factors in the X, Y, or Z (U, V, or W) directions. A scale factorgreater than 1 will magnify the surface, whereas a scale factor less than 1 will reduce thesurface.

SPLIT SURFACEThis function allows the user to split selected surfaces in several different ways. Surfaces withholes cannot be split. All the options for splitting surfaces are addressed below.

- UV LINEThe section will be split along a selected UV line displayed on the surface

- SEGMENTSThe section is split using line segments defined by points on the surface.

- RE-SPACE UVThis function allows the user to increase or decrease the number of UV lines on the surface.

- INTERSECTIONThis function splits a surface at the intersection of another surface. Once the user selects thesecond surface, the first surface splits at the intersection of the two surfaces. The user maysplit the second surface at the same intersection.

- SPLINEThis function allows the user to split the surface using a spline curve.

Surface

- BOUNDARY POINTSThis function splits the surface between any two points on the surface boundary.

TRIM SURFACEThis function defines curves for trimming edges and/or cutting holes on the selectedsurface. The defined curves may be poly-lines, b-spline lines, circles, piecewise linearsegments, or intersecting lines of two surfaces.

The following terms will help you to understand FEMB’s prompts:Domain—The common region shared by the interior of the outer boundary and the exte-rior of the inner boundaries as well as the boundary curves.Outer Boundary— The surface boundary that determines the interior area of a domain.All surfaces that lie outside the outer boundary are excluded from the domain.Inner Boundary—Any number of inner boundaries that can form logical exclusions withthe outer boundary. The set of inner boundaries satisfies two criteria:

(a) The curves as well as their interiors are mutually disjointed.(b) Each curve lies in the interior of the outer boundary.

- CREATE CIRCULAR HOLESThis function creates circular holes or surfaces by defining a center point and a point onthe circle representing the radius.

1. Select the surface.

2. Create the curve(s) and exit step.

Outer Boundary

Inner Boundary

Before Trim Operation After Trim Operation

Domain

Surface

3. Select the outer boundary of the area to be trimmed. This can either be thecurves that were created or the surface that the curves were created in. Byselecting SURFACE you can create holes in the surface. By selecting CURVESyou will be deleting the original surface and saving the area within the curve(s).

4. Select the inner boundary. Selecting IGNORE will delete the original surface.

5. Select the curves. All curves that are not selected for the trimming operation onthe surface will automatically be deleted. This includes previously definedcurves.

6. Delete the selected surface by selecting YES. NO will trim the surface butleave the new surface intact.

- CREATE TRIM AT INTERSECTIONThis function allows the user to trim away the intersection of two surfaces. See CreateCircular Holes for more information on how to utilize this function.

- TRIM USING LINE SEGMENTSThis is the default option in the trim surface menu. Users may pick locations on thesurface defining piecewise linear segments for trim operations. See Create CircularHoles for more information on how to utilize this function.

- TRIM USING SPLINE CURVESThis function cuts spline curves on a selected surface. The user defines the location ofthe spline via mouse pick. See Create Circular Holes for more information on how toutilize this function.

SURFACE UV-LINE ON/OFFThis function displays all surfaces with their surface number.

COPY SURFACEThis function allows the user to generate duplicate surfaces. The user may then simultaneouslytranslate and/or rotate the copied surfaces.

- MOVE COPY SURFACEThe surface is copied along a defined coordinate system. i.e., 0,0,1000 will copy the selectedsurface(s) 1000 units along the W-axis.

-ROTATE COPY SURFACEThe surface is copied with a rotational offset by a defined degree i.e., 200 degrees.

Surface

TRANSFORM SURFACEThis function allows the user to move a surface using a coordinate system or rotational angle.

- MOVE TRANSFORMThe surface is moved along a defined coordinate system. i.e., 0,0,1000 will copy the selectedsurface 1000 units along the W-axis.

-ROTATE TRANSFORMThe surface is moved with a rotational offset by a defined degree i.e., 200 degrees.

FIND/IDENTIFY SURFACEThis function identifies a surface by mouse pick or keyboard entry.

LABEL SURFACEThis function displays all surfaces with their surface number.

Surface

Node

NODE

The functions in the NODE OPTIONS menu relate to the two types of nodes that are defined in theFEMB program. The first type are referenced nodes (connected by elements). The second type, theunreferenced nodes (not connected by any element), are represented with asterisks (*). Useful appli-cations in this section include: moving nodes (node to node or node to point), checking for andmerging common or coincident nodes, and transforming or rotating nodes.


Node

CREATE NODEThis function generates nodes on points or at a specified location.

- CREATE NODE AT COORDINATEThis function allows the user to generate nodes using a specific coordinate.

- CREATE NODE(S) BETWEEN TWO COORDINATESThis function creates a number of evenly spaced nodes between two coordinates.

CHANGE NODE NUMBERThis function allows the user to change the numbers of existing nodes. If the entered numberis already assigned, the user will be prompted.

CHECK DUPLICATE NODE IDThis function renumbers any duplicate node numbers found in the FEMB database. Users areunable to create duplicate node numbers from within the program, however, users may importfiles containing duplicate nodes from other programs. FEMB will renumber the duplicatesaccording to the value of the “maximum node number + 1."

COINCIDENT NODE CHECKThis option checks for coincident nodes that may be in the displayed or other part(s) of themodel. Coincident nodes are defined as having distance between each other that is less thanor equal to a specified tolerance. The FEMB default tolerance, which is the lowest toleranceFEMB allows, is 0.01 units. The user may increase the default tolerance as necessary.

The coincident node check merges two nodes in a coincident node group into one node andretains the lower node number (i.e., FEMB combines two nodes that share the same locationand renumbers the new node with the lower grid number). FEMB designates the higher gridnumber as "unreferenced."

Node

DELETE UNREFERENCED NODE(S)This function allows the user to delete either all or selected unreferenced nodes in adatabase. Unreferenced nodes are nodes that are not assigned to any part. Theunreferenced nodes are highlighted.

RENUMBER NODESRenumbers all nodes in the existing database. The user may renumber nodes by part or by auser defined offset.

-RENUMBER EACH PARTThis function renumbers the nodes in each part beginning with a user defined number.

-RENUMBER BY OFFSETThis function renumbers the nodes in each part with a user defined increment between.

SCALE NODE(S)This section applies a scale factor to any or all X, Y, and Z components for some or all nodesin a global or local direction. The scale factor may be positive or negative (change the sign onany or all of the X, Y, Z components). The parts will be magnified if the scale factor is greaterthan 1 and reduced if the scale factor is less than 1. The user may reflect and/or enlarge orreduce a part without retaining a copy of the original grids/elements. All real numbers are valid.Zeros or blanks will default to ( +1 ).

Examples:• 1, -1, 1 will reflect the selected nodes across the XZ plane (Y-direction). All Y

components will be multiplied by ( -1 ).• -2, 1, 0.5 will magnify the X components by two times their size and reflect the

nodes across the YZ plane (X-direction). These coordinates will not affect the Ycomponents, but they will shrink the Z-components by half their size and reflect thenodes on the original side of the XY plane.

COPY NODE(S)This function generates a new set of unreferenced nodes at a user-specified location fromeither referenced or unreferenced nodes.

-MOVE NODE(S)This function generates a number of node copies along coordinate system. An entry of0,0,1000 will copy the selected node(s) 1000 units along the W-axis.

-ROTATE NODE(S)This function generates a number of node copies at a specified rotational angle within acoordinate system. Enter the angle increment (right hand rule) for local W or global Z.

Node

MOVE NODE TO POINT/NODEThis function moves referenced or unreferenced nodes to a new, user-specified location. Con-nected elements will be stretched to meet the node’s new location.

PROJECT NODE(S)This function projects a node or group of nodes onto a plane, surface(s), or mesh. The nodesmay be referenced or unreferenced (referenced would then project the finite element mesh).

- ON FINITE ELEMENT MESHThe nodes will be projected onto a finite element mesh.

-UV-PLANEThe nodes will be projected along the UV plane.

-ON SURFACEThe nodes will be projected onto a surface.

Elements to be projected onto the curvedsurface using PROJECT NODE.

Curved surface with projection of elements.

Node

TRANSFORM NODE(S)This function translates or rotates the selected nodes to new locations.

- MOVE NODE(S)The nodes are copied along a defined coordinate system. i.e., 0,0,1000 will copy the selectedline(s) 1000 units along the W-axis.

-ROTATE NODE(S) ABOUT A COORDINATE SYSTEMThe nodes are copied with a rotational offset by a defined angle i.e., 200 degrees.

-TRANSFORM NODES BY VECTOR LENGTH AND DIRECTIONThe nodes are copied according to a selected vector system. The vector system is defined bytwo points or nodes. The order in which they are selected determines vector direction.

DISPLAY COMMON NODESThis function highlights all nodes that share a common coordinate.

FIND/IDENTIFY NODEThis function identifies any point/node and its corresponding global location in terms of its X,Y, Z coordinates.

SHOW PART CONNECTIONThis function determines the names and identification numbers (PID) of all of the parts thatshare the selected node. The message is displayed in the FEMB prompt area of the screenand the nodes are highlighted with a small white circle.

LABEL ALL NODE(S)Displays all nodes with their ID number.

Elements

ELEMENT OPTIONS

The ELEMENT OPTIONS menu contains the commands to create and modify elements, and toinstantly mesh IGES surfaces. The 2, 3, and 4 LINE MESH commands create plate elements via linedata selection, and the 6, 8, 9, and 12 LINE SOLID MESH commands create solid elements via linedata selection. Elements can be modified to suit a particular model with the MODIFY, SPLIT, andCOARSE ELEMENT commands.

FEMB supports all element types for LS-DYNA. The commands in the ELEMENT OPTIONSmenu are organized as follows:

A detailed description of eachfunction is given in the followingsections.

Elements

CREATE ELEMENTThis function creates elements of specific type by connecting selected nodes or points. Theelement types are documented in the following pages.

CREATE 1D ELEMENTSThis function creates the following one dimensional elements:

CREATE BEAM ELEMENTThis function defines a BEAM ELEMENT.

CREATE CONSTRAINED NODE SETThis function defines a CONSTRAINED NODE SET.

CREATE SPRING/DAMPERThis function defines a spring/damper element between two nodes/points. It is rec-ommended that the user select the ATTRIBUTE TABLE ON/OFF in the elementoptions menu prior to creating a spring/damper. This will pop-up the ELEMENTDISCRETE CARD for user input.

CREATE INERTIAThis function defines INERTIA.

CREATE JOINT ELEMENTThis function allows the user to create joints for DYNA analysis. All types of jointsare supported. The procedure to create joints has been simplified to create the coin-cident nodes for the second rigid body. The program first prompts for the RelativePenalty Stiffness (default=1.0). The program next prompts the user to select the firstpart (rigid body with material type 20) for the joint. If no material is defined for theselected part, the program prompts a warning message: “NO MATERIAL ASSIGNEDTO SELECTED PART”. The program then prompts the user to select necessarynodes in the first rigid body to define the orientation of the joint. The requirements foreach type of joint are listed in the following table:

CREATE MASSThis function defines a MASS element.

CREATE NODAL RIGID BODYThis function defines a NODAL RIGID BODY element between multiple nodes. Thefirst selected node serves as a reference point; all additional nodes are connected tothis first node (usually the center of the rigid body) for display purposes.

Elements

CREATE PLOTELThis function defines a PLOTEL element.

CREATE SEATBELTThis function defines a seatbelt element between two nodes/points. Other seatbeltfunctions such as ACCELEROMETER, RETRACTOR, SENSOR, etc. are locatedin the DYNA MISCELLANEOUS menu.

CREATE SPOTWELDThis function defines a SPOTWELD constraint.

2D ELEMENT, SHELLThis function creates a 2 dimensional shell element from the selection of fournodes, points, keyboard entries, or any combination of the three.

CREATE 3D ELEMENTSThis function creates the following three dimensional shell elements:

CREATE SOLID ELEMENTThis function creates a solid element from the selection of four nodes, points, key-board entries, or any combination of the three. A solid element cannot be created ina part that has plate properties. The user must either create a new part and assign itsolid properties or make a part current that contains solid properties.

CREATE THICK SHELL ELEMENTThis function creates a solid element from the selection of eight nodes, points, key-

JOINT TYPENUMBER OF

NODESORIENTATION

IDENTIFIERSYMBOL

Spherical 1 (N1) Center SJ

Revolute 2 (N1,N3) Axis of Rotation RJ

Cylindrical 2 (N1,N3) Axis of Cylinder CJ

Planar 2 (N1,N2) Normal of Plane PJ

Universal 3 (N1,N3,N4)Center, End Points ofthe Perpendicular Axes

UJ

Translational 3 (N1,N3,N5)Direction & Plane ofTranslation

TJ

Locking 3 (N1,N3,N5) Axis & Plane LJ

Elements

board entries, or any combination of the three. The nodes/ points must be picked in arotational fashion with set of 4 nodes/points in the same order as the first set of 4nodes/points). A thick shell element cannot be created in a part in a solid part. Theuser must either create a new part and assign it plate properties or make a part currentthat contains plate properties.

GENERATE DRAG MESHThis function offers five methods to extrude elements from a cross-section of elements.

1 LINEThis function extrudes the selected elements along the selected line to form the higher orderelements. 1D elements (PLOTEL, beams) are extruded to form plates and plate elements areextruded to form solid elements). The number of points on the selected drag line dictates thenumber of sections created. Line direction must point in the direction of the intended mesh.

NORMALThe normal drag function extrudes the selected plate elements in the normal direction to createsolid elements. The user selects the desired elements for the drag and enters the total thick-ness of the drag operation followed by the number of layers of elements. Plate element normalsshould be consistent prior to the execution of the normal drag function.

ROTATIONALThe rotational drag function extrudes the selected plate elements in a user chosen vectordirection along the w-axis at a user defined degree to create solid elements. The selectedelements are extruded to form higher order elements. 1D elements (PLOTEL, beams) areextruded to form plates and plate elements are extruded to form solid elements). The userselects the desired elements for the drag and defines a vector. Then the degree of rotationaround the w-axis is entered followed by the number of layers of elements around the sameaxis. Plate element normals should be consistent prior to the execution of the normal dragfunction.

TRANSLATIONALThe translational drag function extrudes the selected plate elements along the w-axis of a userdefined coordinate system to create solid elements. The selected elements are extruded toform higher order elements. 1D elements (PLOTEL, beams) are extruded to form plates andplate elements are extruded to form solid elements. The user selects the desired elements forthe drag and defines the coordinate system. Then the length of the translation along the w-axisis entered followed by the number of layers of elements. Plate element normals should beconsistent prior to the execution of the normal drag function.

Elements

3/4 LINE DRAGThe three or four line drag command extrudes the selected plate elements to create solidelements bounded by 3 or 4 lines in space. The user must select the 3 or 4 volume lines inclockwise or counterclockwise order. Line direction is not important during the drag opera-tion but the lines should be of reasonable length to form the desired shape. The control linesdo not have to pass through the nodes of the plate elements.

LINE MESHThis function allows the user to generate one dimensional elements along a selected line auto-matically. The elements created will follow the direction of the selected line. The node se-quence of the element begins at the starting point of the selected line according to the righthand rule.

MESH OPTIONSThe Mesh Options sub-menu allows the user to set the default element type and meshingcriteria for mesh generation using the Generate Plate/Solid Mesh function.

ELEMENT TYPEThis function sets the default element type for mesh generation. The following seven types ofelements can be generated:

4 NODE SHELL4NODE SHELL THICKNESS4 NODE SHELL BETA3 NODE SHELL3NODE SHELL THICKNESS3 NODE SHELL BETAT-SHELL

MESH OPTIONThis function displays the Mesh Options dialogue window which allows the user to set mesh-ing parameters (see image on following page).

Elements

GENERATE PLATE / SOLID MESHThis function allows the user to generate either plate or solid elements using various methodsand options. Default parameters for meshing are set with the Mesh Options function.

2-LINEThis function generates elements between two selected lines. A rectangular pattern of N1 byN2 quadrilateral elements will be generated where N1 is the number of elements along thedirection of the first selected line, and N2 is the number of elements between the two lines.For transition mesh, it is possible to enter N3 and N4 parameters for the mesh (each side mayhave a different number of elements e.g., 10, 5, 8, 7).

The nodes in the direction of N2 are generated by linear interpretation between the opposingnodes on the two lines. A row of N2 quadrilateral elements are generated first from thestarting end of line 1 to the starting end of line 2. The pattern will be repeated N1 times alongline 1. The node sequence starts at the beginning of line 1 and follows the direction of line 1with the right hand rule. The created elements are included in the current part. The currentpart should be verified before proceeding with this function.

N1 - any positive integer, greater than one for the number of elements along theselected lines.N2 - any positive integer, for the number of elements between the 2 lines.N3 - (optional) an integer value for the side opposite N1 where N1 is not greaterthan 2*N3 or N3 is not greater than 2*N1.

Elements

N4 - (optional) an integer value for the side opposite N2 where N2 is not greaterthan 2*N4 or N4 is not greater than 2*N2. i.e.,10,10 or 10,10,11,14 = ACCEPT-ABLE i.e., 5,5,12,6 = NOT ACCEPTABLE

3-LINEThis function generates elements in an area defined by 3 lines (line direction is not important).The lines defining the area do not have to intersect (an open area is possible). Elements areincluded in the current part. The current part should be verified before proceeding with thisfunction. Two mesh patterns are available for 3 line mesh (triangular shape); triangles that areconcentrated in the vertex of the first two selected lines and triangles that are concentratedalong the third selected line. When entering the number of elements per side, FEMB acceptsonly one entry as each side has the same number of elements.

4-LINEThis function generates elements in an area defined by 4 selected lines. A rectangular patternof N1, N2, N3 by N4 quadrilateral elements will be generated where N1 is the number ofelements along the direction of the first selected line, and N2 is the number of elements alongthe direction of the second selected line, etc. For a transition mesh, it is possible to enter N3and N4 parameters for the mesh (each side has a different number of elements e.g., 10, 5, 8,7).

The nodes in the direction of N2 are generated by linear interpolation between the opposingnodes on the two lines. A row of N2 quadrilateral elements is generated from the starting endof line 1 to the starting end of line 2. This pattern is repeated N1 times along line 1. The nodesequence starts at the beginning of line 1 and follows the direction of line 1 with the right handrule. The created elements are included in the current part. The current part should be verifiedbefore proceeding with this function.

N1 - any positive integer, greater than one for the number of elementsalong the selected lines.

N2 - any positive integer, for the number of elements between the 2 lines.N3 - (optional) an integer value for the side opposite N1 where N1 is not

greater than 2*N3 or N3 is not greater than 2*N1.N4 - optional) an integer value for the side opposite N2 where N2 is not

greater than 2*N4 or N4 is not greater than 2*N2.• i.e.,10,10 or 10,10,11,14 = ACCEPTABLE

6-LINEThis function is intended for automatic 6 or 8 node solid element generation in a volume. The

Elements

volume is defined by top and bottom surfaces which are enclosed by 3 lines each. The linesmust previously be defined (line direction is not important). The lines defining the area do nothave to intersect (an open area is possible). The created elements will be included in thecurrent part.

8-LINEThis function is intended for automatic 8-node solid element generation in a volume. Thevolume is defined by a top and bottom surface enclosed by 4 lines. Each line must be definedbeforehand (line direction is not important). The lines defining the area do not have to intersect(an open area is possible). A row of N2 elements will be generated from the starting end ofline 1 along line 4 on the bottom surface. The pattern will be repeated N1 times along line 1 onthe bottom surface. The element pattern on the bottom surface will be repeated N3 timestoward the top surface. The node sequence starts at the beginning of line 1 and follows thedirection of line 1 using the right hand rule. The created elements will be included in the currentpart. The current part should be verified before proceeding with this function.

N1 - Any positive integer, greater than one for the number of elementsalong the selected lines.

N2 - Any positive integer, for the number of elements between the 2 lines.N3 -Any positive integer, for the number of elements between the bottom

and top surface.

9-LINEThis function allows the user to generate 6 or 8 node solid elements automatically in a volume.The volume is defined by 9 lines—3 lines for the top surface, 3 lines for the bottom surface(see 6 LINE MESH), and 3 lines connecting the top and bottom surfaces. 9 LINE MESH issimilar to 6 LINE MESH with the exception of 3 connecting lines. Line direction (clockwiseor counter clockwise) for all line selections should be consistent.

12-LINEThis function allows the user to generate 8 node solid elements automatically in a volume. Thevolume is defined by 12 lines—4 lines for the top surface, 4 lines for the bottom surface (see8 LINE MESH), and 4 lines for connecting the top and bottom surfaces. 12 line mesh issimilar to 8 line mesh with the exception of 4 connecting lines. The user should maintain theconsistent direction (clockwise, counter clockwise) for all line selections.

SURFACE MESHThis function allows the user to automatically mesh surface data. Currently FEMB automeshesusing 2D elements (plate elements). After selecting the surface(s), the user is promptedto enter the number of elements for each side of the surface(s).

Elements

CHANGE ELEMENT NUMBERThis function allows the user to change an existing element number.

COARSE ELEMENTThis function coarsens 2 CQUAD4 elements or 2 TRIA elements or a combination of aTRIA and a CQUAD4 into one element. The combined elements must have a total of fourcorners to coarsen into one quadrilateral element.

DELETE ELEMENTThis function allows the user to delete elements by part, by element type and by cursor selec-tion.

MODIFY ELEMENTThis function allows the user to simultaneously delete and recreate any displayed elements.The displayed elements that are to be modified DO NOT need to be in the current part mode.FEMB will automatically identify the element type of the selected element and prompt the userto recreate it. Details are covered under Create Elements earlier in this section.

RENUMBER ELEMENT(S)This function allows the user to renumber all elements in the existing database with the optionof creating a summary table report of the element ranges between each part. The user mayrenumber elements in sequence or by parts. The user may also enter the starting number foreach part, the element starting number for all parts, and the increment between parts.

The larger elementswere created fromgroupings of foursmaller elements.

Elements

REVERSE ELEMENT NORMALThis function allows the user to reverse the element orientation (normal) for all elements exceptmass and inertia elements. Once the desired elements have been selected, apply executes thecommand and reverses the selected elements’ normals.

SPLIT ELEMENTThis function divides quadrilateral and triangualr elements into 2 or 4 elements. The user hasthe following options:

2 QUADS Splits a quad element into two quad elements4 QUADS Splits a quad element into four quad elements2 TRIAS Splits a quad element into 2 triangular elementsTRIA 2 TRIAS Splits a triangular element into 2 triangular elementsTRIA QUA COMBINE Splits a quad into a quad and a triangular elementTRIA 4 TRIASARBITRARY LOCATION User defines locators for splitting element

TRANSFORM ELEMENTThis function allows the user to transform selected elements by move, rotate, mapping (LCS)and normal offset. The normal offset option only applies to plate elements. It should be notedthat the normal of the plate elements should be consistent for a proper normal offset. FEMBprompts for a desired coordinate system (local or global) (this step is not required for NormalOffset). A thorough explanation of how to create a local coordinate system is covered inLocal Coordinate System, Section 2.3.

MOVE- transforms the selected elements to a new location according to the distance enteredalong the selected axis.ROTATE- transforms the selected elements to an angle increment (right-hand rule).NORMAL OFFSET- transforms the selected plate elements in the normal direction by thespecified thickness.

COPY ELEMENTThis function allows the user to generate a set of duplicate elements. The user may simulta-neously translate, rotate, or offset (in the normal direction) the copied elements. A type ofelement duplication is selected first (Move, Rotate, Normal Offset, Mapping), followed by acoordinate system (a thorough explanation of how to create a local coordinate system iscovered in Local Coordinate System, Section 2.3), and an increment value. The user alsohas the option of repeating the translation.

Elements

MOVECopies selected elements along the axes of the defined coordinate system. For exampleentering 0,0,1000 will copy the selected element(s) 1000 units along the Z-axis.

ROTATE-Copies the selected elements about the W-axis by the entered angle increment (right-handrule).

NORMAL OFFSETCopies the selected elements the distance (thickness) entered from the plane of the elements inthe direction of the element’s normal.

MAPPINGMapping allows the user to copy and move or simply move selected elements from one userdefined coordinate system to another user defined coordinate system along the UV plane.The user first selects the elements to be mapped. The prompt, “KEEP SELECTED ELE-MENTS?” indicates the user has the choice of keeping the selected elements and mapping thenew elements to the desired location (YES) or moving the selected elements to the new loca-tion without copying (NO). The user then defines two coordinate systems; the first system isthe coordinate system the elements are mapped from and the second system is the one theyare mapped to.

MIRROR ELEMENTThis function allows the user to reflect a copy of desired elements across a local or globalcoordinate plane. The desired elements are selected and then mirrored along the user definedplane.

FIND/IDENTIFY ELEMENTThis function allows the user to identify an element’s ID number, the part it is assigned to, andthe element type.

LABEL ALLThis function labels all elements with the element’s ID number.

ATTRIBUTE TABLE ON/OFFBy turning the Attribute Table function on, the LS-DYNA table window will be displayedwhen elements that have LS-DYNA properties are modified.

Elements

Set

SET

The functions in the SET MENU create sets that facilitate the organization of data specification andoutput control data. The following types of sets are available in the set menu:


Set

SET CONTROL WINDOWThe Set Control Window allows the user to create new setsand alter existing sets. The dialog is based on the standardControl Window which is used for many functions in FEMB-PC. For more information on this type of dialog window, seeControl Window, Section 2.1. The following functions con-tained in the Set Control Window are common to all set types.

CREATE SETThis function creates a new set. The user first enters a setname and ID number then selects the elements that will com-prise the set. The selected elements are highlighted and listedin the dialog window. Selecting Apply completes the set. ItsID number and name are listed in the Set Control Window.

DELETE SETTo delete a set, click on the desired set(s) listed in the SetControl Window and click Delete.

CURRENT SETThis function allows the user to change the current set. The current set is indicated by a handicon in front of the set ID number and name. To change the current set click on a set (otherthan the current set) and select Current. The set will now be current as indicated by the iconin front of the set ID number.

INCLUDE ELEMENT(S) TO CURRENT SETThis function allows the user to add elements to the current set. The current set is indicatedby the hand icon in front of the set ID number. After selecting Include the user is prompted toselect the elements to be added to the current set. The user selects the elements and clicksapply to complete the function. The elements will be displayed with their set number.

REMOVE ELEMENT(S) FROM CURRENT SETThis function allows the user to remove elements from the current set. The current set isindicated by the hand icon in front of the set ID number. After selecting Remove the user isprompted to select the desired elements to be removed from the current set. The user selectsthe elements and clicks apply to complete the function.

SHOW SETThis function displays selected element sets with their ID numbers. Click on the desired setsto be displayed in the Control Window list and then select Show.

Model Check

MODEL CHECK

The functions in the Model Check menu validate FEMB models. Values for model validation are setwith defaults in FEMB, but the values may be adjusted to suit the user’s needs. Element orientation,size, skew, connectivity, and interior angles may be compared to user specified criteria. Elements canbe checked individually or for the entire model. After a model check function is performed an interac-tive inquiry function allows the user to pick individual elements for the calculated quality.


Model Check

AUTO NORMALThis function sets the direction of the displayed plate element normals to a selected referenceplate element.

note: Selecting one part at a time is recommended. Parts that branch off or that are separated donot always get adjusted properly.

AUTO ORIENTATION SOLIDThis function adjusts the display of the solid elements to a positive volume. When the userselects Auto Orient Solid, no selection options are provided. The program automaticallyadjusts the display of solid element normals to a positive volume. If elements are reversed,FEMB-PC notifies the user. The elements that are reversed will highlight as they are checkedoff. If no elements are reversed, FEMB notifies the user and returns to the Model CheckMenu.

note: The user may reverse the element normals by executing the REVERSE NORMAL commandin the ELEMENT OPTIONS menu.

ASPECT RATIOThis function allows the user to check the aspect ratio of the displayed plate and solid ele-ments. The aspect ratio is the ratio of the longest side to the shortest side of an element. InFEMB, the default aspect ratio is 8.0 to 1.0, but the user may adjust it as necessary. Usersmay accept the default value of 8.0, or they may enter any real number that is a valid value forthe aspect ratio. FEMB runs a check on the values for the aspect ratio displaying failed ele-ment numbers in the dialogue window. Any elements that exceed the desired aspect ratioare highlighted. The user then has the option to place the failed elements in a new part orto check individual elements for aspect ratio via cursor pick.The failed elements will be removed from their original parts and added to the NEW PART.The new part will be ON and CURRENT. FEMB prompts the user to check individual ele-ment for aspect ratio via cursor pick.

BOUNDARY DISPLAYThis function checks the continuity of the free edges in a group of elements. All free edges willbe highlighted with a boundary display. The boundary will remain highlighted until the userselects CLEAR.

note: FEMB will display the boundary of the outer most edges of a solid-element structure. Usersshould also use the CHECK FREE SURFACE command for solid-element structures that isdescribed in this section.

Model Check

CHECK ANGLEThis function checks the minimum values of the interior angles for shell and solid elements.FEMB checks and highlights any interior angles that are less than the default values. Usershave the option to adjust the default values as necessary.

CHECK ELEMENT SIZEThis function checks the minimum length of the edges of plate, solid, or beam elements.FEMB lists any elements with dimensions that are shorter than the user-defined lengthcriteria in the dialogue window. Any real number greater than zero can be entered for thelength criteria. Elements failing the check will be listed in the dialogue window along with themaximum and minimum element size.

CHECK FREE SURFACEThis function checks the continuity of the solid elements (either quad or tri). A free surface isthe face of a solid element that is occupied by one solid element. FEMB will replot the solidelements on screen displaying only the free surfaces. Any unexpected quad or tri surfaceindicates potential errors in the solid element connectivity.

CHECK JACOBIANThis function allows the user to check for element distortion, against the element’s ideal shape,which is given a jacobian value of 1.0. The more an element is warped the closer it ap-proaches a zero jacobian value. The default check value is 0.7. If any elements fail the check,you have the option to be place the elements in a new part.

CHECK NORMALThis function draws a white boundary line between the opposing normals of the displayedplate elements. Boundaries will also highlight when three or more plate elements connect at acommon edge.

CHECK OVERLAPThis function checks the elements for duplicate nodal connectivity. All element types arechecked. If overlapping elements are found, the user has the option to place the overlappingelements into a new part.

CHECK RIGID LINKThis function checks the connectivity and length of all rigid elements, RBE2 and RBAR. Rigidbodies that exceed the length criteria of the user or that are loose, zero-length, double depen-dent, cyclic, or redundant are highlighted. Any real number greater than zero can be enteredfor the length criteria. The user has the option to place failed elements into new parts. If theuser opts to place the failed elements into new parts, FEMB will generate the following parts

Model Check

according to the type of failed elements:

r.xlong• For rigid links that fail length check.

r.duplic• For degenerate rigid links.

r.cyclic• For two rigid links sharing the same two nodes in an

independent/dependent node loop.r.double

• For rigid links with double dependent nodes.r.loose

• For loose connections.

CHECK SPRINGThis function checks for spring connectivity. If spring elements are found without connectivity,FEMB prompts the user to enter a mass and mass elements are then created at the free endsof the elements.

CHECK TAPERThis function allows the user to check the length to width ratio of elements. The default ratiocheck is 0.5. The user has the option of including the failed elements in a new part.

CHECK WARPAGEThis function highlights any warpage in the plate or solid elements. The default warpage checkis 5 degrees. Any real number is a valid entry. If the warpage of the elements is less than theentered criteria the elements will pass the check. All elements that fail the check will be listedin the dialogue window. The user has the option to split the plate elements into triangularelements. All elements that fail may be added to a new part.

FEATURE LINE DISPLAYThis function allows the user to check the angle between plate or solid elements based on auser specified angle criteria measured in degrees.

SECTION CUTThis function cuts through the plate and solid elements at a UV-plane that the user defines andcreates plotel elements at that plane.

Model Check

NORMAL ALIGNMENTThis function checks the normal alignment of spring and rigid link elements. The default toler-ance for alignment is 8 degrees. Elements that fail the check are highlighted and the user hasthe option of repairing them automatically. If the elements fail the repair they can be moved toa new part for deletion.

Model Check

Material

MATERIAL

The functions in the MATERIAL MENU are designed to define and modify the material propertiesin the database. Parts are displayed according to the color of their material definition. Parts withoutmaterial definition are displayed in gray.

The functions in this menu are organized as follows:


Material

ASSIGN MATERIAL TO PARTThis function assigns materials to selected parts. Materials must be defined in the databasebefore they can be assigned to parts.

CREATE MATERIALThis function creates a new material. After selecting create, FEMB offers the following mate-rial categories:

STRUCTURALDAMPER/SPRING

Selecting either category yields an LS-DYNA material card list. When the desired material isselected from the list, FEMB displays its definition card(s). The user can then edit the materialcard for desired properties.

CHANGE MATERIAL COLORThis function changes the color of a selected material.

CHANGE MATERIAL IDThis function allows the user to change a material’s ID number.

CHANGE MATERIAL NAMEThis function allows the user to change a material’s name.

EDIT MATERIAL PROPERTIES (MODIFY)This function edits or modifies the properties of a selected material.

DELETE MATERIALThis function deletes the user-selected materials from the database. FEMB displays the mate-rial card list. Selected materials are marked with an asterisk. When the user exits the materialcard list, the selected materials are deleted.

RENUMBER MATERIAL NUMBERSThis function allows the user to renumber all materials in the database by a user defined incre-ment and starting number.

Material

COPY MATERIALThis function duplicates the properties from one material to another material.

MATERIAL/PART COLOR TOGGLE (DISPLAY)This function toggles the display of parts between the material and part color.

LIST MATERIAL(S)This function lists the defined materials. Material color can temporarily be toggled on and offby clicking parts listed within the list window.

PART ON/OFF BY MATERIALThis function toggles a part on or off by selecting its assigned material.

THERMAL MATERIAL OPTIONThis function creates, edits and deletes thermal materials using the standard DYNA cardediting windows. See Section 4, LS-DYNA Interface.

ADD EROSIONThis function creates, edits and deletes erosion materials using the standard DYNA cardediting windows. See Section 4, LS-DYNA Interface.

Material

Element Property

The user may assign and create materials at the beginning or at the end of a FEMB session.


ELEMENT PROPERTY

The functions in the ELEMENT PROPERTY MENU are designed to define and modify theelement properties in the database. When using these commands, parts with property definition aredisplayed according to their property colors. Parts without property definition are shown in white.

The functions in the ELEMENT PROPERTY MENU are organized as follows:

Element Property

ASSIGN PROPERTY TO PARTThis function assigns element properties (physical) to selected parts. For properties to beassigned there must be properties defined in the database. After a property is assigned to apart, the part will be displayed in the properties color.

CREATE PROPERTYThis function allows the user to create/define a property. To create a property, FEMB firstdisplays a list of section types. Once a type is selected, its definition card is displayed and theuser can edit the card for the desired properties. See Section 4, LS-DYNA Interface formore information.

CHANGE PROPERTY IDThis function allows the user to change a property’s ID number.

CHANGE PROPERTY NAMEThis function allows the user to change a property’s name.

EDIT PROPERTIES (MODIFY)This function edits or modifies an element property.

Element Property

CHANGE PROPERTY COLORThis function changes the color of a selected property.

CHANGE PROPERTY IDThis function changes the ID of the selected property.

CHANGE PROPERTY NAMEThis function renames the selected property. FEMB will prompt the user to select a propertyto be renamed. The user then enters a new name for the selected property. If the namealready exists in the database, then FEMB will prompt the user to choose a different name.

DEFINE/EDIT PROPERTYThis function allows the user to define or modify the selected property. FEMB will display thesection card list with all defined properties. After the user selects a section to be redefined,FEMB displays its definition card. The user can then redefine that.

DELETE PROPERTYThis function deletes selected element sections from the database.

COPY PROPERTYThis function copies the properties from one element to another.

PART/PROPERTY COLOR TOGGLEThis function toggles the display of the parts between their property and part colors.

LIST PROPERTYThis function displays all the defined properties.

PART ON/OFF BY PROPERTY This function turns off the selected property and its parts. FEMB will prompt the user toselect a property.

Element Property

Contact Interface

CONTACT INTERFACE

The functions in the CONTACT INTERFACE MENU define and modify contact interface datafor transient nonlinear analysis codes. The functions are organized as follows:

Once the CONTACT INTERFACE MENU is selected, the active (ON) interfaces are displayedwith the active parts. The master segments are drawn as interior outlines of the elements where thesegments are defined. The letter “M” is labeled in the middle of the master segments. Likewise, theslave segments are labeled with the letter “S.” The stonewalls are drawn as rectangular shapes andthe slave nodes are labeled with small color- filled squares. The segments, slave nodes, and rigidwalls are plotted in the interface color. The segment letters for master and slave may be turnedOFF by setting the control button SEGMENT SYMBOL in SETUP dialog box.


Contact Interface

COPY CONTACTThis function allows the user to copy previously defined interfaces. FEMB displays the definedinterfaces. Any selected interfaces will be copied when the user exits the function.

CREATE CONTACTThis function allows the user to define new contact interfaces. FEMB displays the differentcontact types from a drop-down menu. After selecting the contact type and entering the nameand ID number for the contact, the LS-DYNA definition card dialogue is displayed (see Sec-tion 4, LS-DYNA Interface). FEMB supports all contact types in LS-DYNA. If general3D contact type is selected, the program will display all six cards required to definecontact. The following notes apply to card 2:

• Default Slave and Master segment type is Segment Set (0). The user needs todefine the segment type before defining the Slave and Master Set ID.

• If the Segment Type is modified, the corresponding Segment Set ID needs to beredefined.

DELETE CONTACTThis function deletes previously defined interfaces. The defined interfaces will be listed in theselection window. All selected interfaces will be deleted when the window is closed.

LIST CONTACTThis function lists the defined interfaces.

MODIFY CONTACTThis function allows the user to redefine interface properties. Upon selection of the Modifycommand, a list of the defined interfaces is displayed. An interface is selected by cursor pickand its definition card is then displayed for the user to modify.

SHOW CONTACTThis function allows the user to show defined interfaces. Upon selection of the Show com-mand, the defined contact interfaces are listed. When the desired interface is selected it will beshow in the display window.

Boundary Conditions

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

The functions of the BOUNDARY CONDITIONS MENU create and define constraints and loadson finite element models. The functions in the BOUNDARY CONDITIONS MENU are organizedas follows:


Boundary Conditions

DEFINE BOUNDARY CARDSThe Boundary Card functions create and verify constraints and loads on finite element mod-els. The various boundary card types are described below:

CONVECTIONThis function defines convection boundary conditions for a thermal or coupled thermal/struc-tural analysis. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 3.2) for further description.

CYCLICThese boundary conditions can be used to model a segment of an object that has rotationalsymmetry such as an impeller. The segment boundaries may be curved or planar. Refer tothe LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 3.4) for further description.

ELEMENT-METHODThis function controls the execution time of the boudary element method calculation. Refterto the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 3.6) for further description.

FLUXThis function defines flux boundary conditions for a thermal or coupled thermal/structuralanalysis.Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 3.16) for further description.

NON-REFLECTINGThis function defines a non-reflecting boundary. The option applies to continuum domainsmodeled with solid elements, as indefinite domains are usually not modelled. For geomechanicalproblems this option is important for limiting the size of the models. Refer to the LS-DYNAUser’s Manual (Section 3.19) for further description.

NON-REFLECTING 2DThis function defines a non-reflecting boundary. The option applies to continuum domainsmodeled with two dimensional solid elements in the xy plane, as indefinite domains are usuallynot modelled. For geomechanical problems this option is important for limiting the size of themodels. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 3.20) for further description.

PRESCRIBED MOTIONThis function defines an imposed nodal motion (velocity, acceleration, or displacement) on anode or a set of nodes. Also, velocities and displacements can be imposed on rigid bodies.If the local option is active, the motion is prescribed with respect to the local coordinatesystem for the rigid body. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 3.22) for furtherdescription.

Boundary Conditions

PRESSURE OUTFLOWThis function defines pressure outflow boundary conditions. These boundary conditions areattached to solid elements using the eulerian ambient formulation and defined to be pressureoutflow ambient elements. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 3.26) for furtherdescription.

RADIATIONThis function defines radiation boundary conditions for a thermal or coupled thermal/structuralanalysis. The preceding commands yield varying definition cards. Refer to the LS-DYNAUser’s Manual (Section 3.28) for further description.

SLIDING PLANEThis function defines a sliding symmetry plane. The option applies to continuum domainsmodeled with solid elements. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 3.30) for fur-ther description.

SPCThis function defines nodal single point constraints for using nodes and node sets. After select-ing CREATE, FEMB displays a dialogue box allowing the user to define the local coordinatesystem and type of constraint. Once the DOF is determined in the dialogue box, FEMBprompts the user to select the nodes or node set. DONE finishes the selection and displaysthe nodes with their SPC code.

1 X - TRANSLATION• X-translation will be constrained.

2 Y - TRANSLATION• Y-translation will be constrained.

3 Z - TRANSLATION• Z-translation will be constrained.

Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 3.31) for further description.

4 X - ROTATION• X-rotation will be constrained.

5 Y - ROTATION• Y-rotation will be constrained.

6 Z - ROTATION• Z-rotation will be constrained.

Boundary Conditions

SYMMETRY FAILUREThis function defines a symmetry plane with a failure criterion. This option applies to con-tinuum domains modeled with solid elements. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Sec-tion 3.33) for further description.

TEMPERATUREDefine temperature boundary conditions for a thermal or coupled thermal/structuralanalysis. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 3.34) for further description.

USADefine a surface for coupling with the USA boundary code. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’sManual (Section 3.35) for further description.

DEFINE CONSTRAINT CARDSThe functions in the CONSTRAINT CARDS menu provide a means of constraining thedegrees of freedom in model parts.

EXTRA NODESThis function defines extra nodes for a rigid body. The preceding commands yield varyingdefinition cards. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 5.2) for further descrip-tion.

GENERALIZED WELDThis function defines spot and fillet welds. Coincident nodes are permitted if the local coor-dinate ID is defined. For the spot weld a local coordinate ID is not required if the nodes areoffset. Failures can include both the plastic and brittle failures. These can be used eitherindependently or together. Failure occurs when either criteria is met. The welds may un-dergo large rotations since the equations of rigid body mechanics are used to update theirmotion. The preceding commands yield varying definition cards. Refer to the LS-DYNAUser’s Manual (Section 5.4) for further description.

JOINT STIFFNESSDefine optional rotational joint stiffness for joints defined by*CONSTRAINED_JOINT_OPTION. The preceding commands yield varying definitioncards. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 5.29) for further description.

LINEARThis function defines linear constraint equations between displacements/rotations, which canbe defined in local/global coordinate systems. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Sec-tion 5.41) for further description.

Boundary Conditions

LAGRANGE IN SOLIDThis function couples Lagrangian mesh shells, solids or beams to the material points of aEulerain flow (master). This option may also be used to model rebar in concrete or tire cordsin rubber. The slave part or slave part set is coupled to the master part or master part set.Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 5.39) for further description.

RIGID BODIESThis function merges two rigid bodies. The slave rigid body is merged to the master rigidbody. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 5.52) for further description.

RIGID BODY STOPPERSRigid body stoppers provide a convenient way of controlling the motion of rigid toolingin metal forming applications. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 5.54) for fur-ther description.

RIVETDefine massless rivets between noncontiguous nodal pairs. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’sManual (Section 5.57) for further description.

SHELL TO SOLIDThis function defines a tie between a shell edge and solid elements. Nodal rigid bodies canperform the same function and may also be used. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual(Section 5.59) for further description.

TIE BREAKThis function defines a tied shell edge interface that can release locally as a function ofplastic strain of the shells surrounding the interface nodes. A rather ductile failure isachieved. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 5.65) for further description.

TIED NODES WITH FAILUREThis function defines a tied node set with the failure based on plastic strain. The nodesmust be coincident. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 5.66) for further de-scription.

DEFINE INITIAL CONDITION CARDSInitial condition cards provide a way of initializing velocities and detonation points.

DETONATIONThis card defines points to initiate the location of high explosive detonations in part ID’s

Boundary Conditions

which use material type 8. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 16.2) for furtherdescription.

MOMENTUMThis card defines initial momentum to be deposited in solid elements. Refer to the LS-DYNAUser’s Manual (Section 16.6) for further description.

STRAINInitialize strain tensor and inner and outer through thickness integration points atelement center. This option is primarily for multistage metal forming operationswhere the accumulated strain is of interest. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual(Section 16.7) for further description.

STRESSThis card defines initial stress and plastic strains in the Hughes-Liu beam elements.Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Sections 16.8, 16.10, 16.12) for further description.

TEMPERATUREThis card defines initial nodal point temperatures using nodal set ID’s or node numbers. Theseinitial temperatures are used in a thermal only analysis or a coupled thermal/ structural analysis.Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 16.14) for further description.

VELOCITYThis card defines initial nodal point translational velocities using nodal set ID’s. This may alsobe used for sets in which some nodes have other velocities. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’sManual (Section 16.18, 16.20, 16.21) for further description.

VOIDThis card defines initial voided part set ID’s or part numbers.Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 16.23) for further description.

DEFINE LOAD CARDSThe LOAD CARD sub-menu contains cards that define applied forces.

BEAMhis card defines a distributed traction load along any local axis of beam or set of beams. Referto the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 19.2) for further description.

BODYThis card defines body force loads due to a prescribed base acceleration or angular velocityusing global axes directions. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 19.4, 19.8) forfurther description.

Boundary Conditions

BRODEThis card defines pressure loads due to explosion. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual(Section 19.10) for further description.

DENSITYThis card defines density versus depth for gravity loading. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’sManual (Section 19.12) for further description.

HEAT GENERATIONThis card defines solid elements or solid element sets with heat generation. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 19.14) for further description.

NODEThis card defines a concentrated nodal force to a node or a set of nodes. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 19.17) for further description.

RIGID BODYThis card applies a concentrated nodal force to a rigid body. The force is applied at the centerof mass or a moment is applied around a global axis. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual(Section 18.18) for further description.

SEGMENT PRESSUREThis card defines a distributed pressure load over one triangular or quadrilateral segmentdefined by four nodes. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 19.20) for furtherdescription.

SHELL PRESSUREThis function applies the distributed pressure load over one shell element or shell element set.Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 19.26) for further description.

SUPERPLASTIC FORMINGThis card is used to perform superplastic forming analyses. This option can be applied to bothsolid and shell elements. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 19.31) for furtherdescription.

SUB-SEAThis card defines the effects of the primary explosion and the subsequent bubbleoscillations. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 19.28) for further description.

THERMALThis card defines nodal temperatures that thermally load the structure. Refer to the LS-DYNAUser’s Manual (Section 19.33) for further description.

Boundary Conditions

DYNA Miscellaneous

DYNA MISCELLANEOUS

The DYNA MISCELLANEOUS MENU contains distinct LS-DYNA specific functions. FEMB-PC defines thesefunctions in two ways; graphically when defining such things as a box or vector and with cards based on thedefinition cards found in the LS-DYNA Keyword User’s Manual. FEMB-PC has a complete LS-DYNA interfaceused to define the cards according to their format in the LS-DYNA Keyword User’s Manual. For more informa-tion on the interface and how FEMB defines these cards see Getting Started...


DYNA Miscellaneous

AIRBAG CARDSThis function provides various cards for defining the thermodynamic behavior of gas flow intoan airbag as well as a reference configuration for the fully inflated bag. Refer to the LS-DYNAKeyword User’s Manual (Section 1) for further description.

ALEThis function sets the default control parameters for Arbitrary Lagrange-Eulerian and Euleriancalculations. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 2.1) for further description.

COMPONENT GEBODThis function is used in conjunction with a rigid body dummy based on dimensions and massproperties from the GEBOD database. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section4.1) for further description.

CONTROL CARDSControl cards are optional default settings. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section7) for further description.

LS-DYNA KEYWORD CARD CONTROL WINDOWThe keyword card control window allows the userto create, modify and delete new or previously definedcards. Previously defined cards are listed at the top ofthe window. Selecting a card will highlight it and enablethe Modify and Delete buttons. For more informationon defining LS-DYNA cards see Section 4, LS-DYNAInterface.

DYNA Miscellaneous

DAMPING CARDSDamping cards define mass weighted nodal damping that applies globally to the nodes ofdeformable bodies. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 8) for further descrip-tion.

DATABASEDatabase definition cards are used to obtain output result files.

ASCIIThe definition cards in the ASCII subsection specify the ASCII database output files. Refer tothe LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 9.2) for further description of the DATABASE ASCIIdefinition cards.

BINARYThe definition cards in the BINARY subsection specify the BINARY database output files.Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 9.5) for further description of the DATA-BASE BINARY definition cards.

CROSS SECTIONDefine a cross section for resultant forces written to ASCII file SECFORC. If the userselects Set, FEMB requires a set type. If the type of set selected has not yet been definedthe user will be prompted to create one (see SET MENU, Section 10). Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 9.7) for further description.

EXTENTThe definition cards in the BINARY subsection specify the BINARY database output files.Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 9.11) for further description.

HISTORYThe definition cards in the BINARY subsection specify which nodes or elements are outputinto the binary history file. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 9.20) for furtherdescription.

NODAL FORCE GROUPThe definition cards in the BINARY subsection specify a nodal force group for output intoASCII files. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 9.21) for further description.

SPRING FORWARDThe definition card in the SPRING FORWARD subsection creates a spring forwardnodal force file. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 9.22) for further descrip-tion.

DYNA Miscellaneous

SUPERPLASTIC FORMINGThe definition card in the SUPERPLASTIC FORMING subsection specifies the output inter-vals to the superplastic forming output files. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section9.23) for further description.

TRACER Tracer particles will save a history of either a material point or a spatial point into anASCII file, TRHIST. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 9.24) for furtherdescription.

DEFINEBOXDefines a specific box shaped volume from two corner points specified in global coordinates.Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 10.2) for further description.

SPRING ORIENTATIONThe definition card in the SPRING ORIENTATION subsection defines orientation vectorsfor discrete springs and dampers. The user can define the spring orientation along a vector, avector plane, along 2 nodes or a node plane. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section10.18) for further description.

VECTORThis function defines a vector using the coordinates of two nodes or points. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 10.22) for further description.

DEFORMABLE TO RIGIDThe definition cards of DEFORMABLE TO RIGID specify properties of deformable parts.Deformable parts may be switched to rigid at the start of a calculation using the DEFORM TORIGID card. Part switching may be specified on a restart or it may be performed automati-cally using the AUTOMATIC card. The INERTIA card sets inertial properties for deform-able parts that will be switched to rigid. Refer to LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 11) forfurther description.

EQUATION OF STATEThe definition cards of EQUATION OF STATE specify element properties. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 13) for further description.

HOURGLASSThis function allows the user to define hourglass and bulk viscosity properties. Refer to theLS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 14) for further description.

DYNA Miscellaneous

INTERFACE CARDSThis function defines interfaces for linking calculations. There are many types of interfacecards to choose from.

Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 18) for further description of the abovecommands.

SEATBELT CARDSThis function defines seatbelt components The following component cards are available:

For further description of these cards refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual, Section 12.

TERMINATIONThis function defines the analysis termination point in reference to a particular node or body.The nodal stop condition works on the global coordinate position, while the body stop condi-tion works on the relative global translation. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section26) for further description.

DYNA Miscellaneous

LOCAL COORDINATE SYSTEMThis function allows the user to define a local coordinate system using nodes, points, or vec-tors.

NODESDefines a local coordinate system using three nodes. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual(Section 10.6) for further description.

SYSTEMDefines a local coordinate system from a previously defined coordinate system or keyentry.Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section 10.7) for further description.

VECTORUses a vector to define the coordinate system.Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Sec-tion 10.9) for further description.

LOAD CURVEThis function allows the user to create, modify, import and export load curves for nonlinearanalysis. The load curve functions allow the user to create or modify the curve by keying incurve points, extrapolating points from existing curve points or manually manipulating existingcurve points in the FEMB curve window display. The file extension associated with importedor exported curve files is .crv. Refer to the LS-DYNA User’s Manual (Section10.10) forfurther description.

Analysis

ANALYSIS

The functions in the Analysis Menu allow the user to setup, submit, and check on the LS-DYNAanalysis directly from the FEMB interface. The Analysis Menu also contains functions for editingthe input deck and restart files.

The functions in this menu are organized as follows:


Analysis

SETUP ANALYSISThis function displays the Analysis Setup dialogue window. The dialogue defines the inputdeck parameters for LS-DYNA. It is necessary that the user determine the path to the LS-DYNA executable the first time a job is submitted for analysis. Once the path to the execut-able has been entered, FEMB will remember the path for future analyses.

ANALYSIS UNITThis determines the unit of calculation for the analysis.

OUTPUT DIRECTORYThis determines where the LS-DYNA output files will be placed.

EDITORThis determines the type of text editor that will be used to display and edit the LS-DYNA inputdeck should the user wish to edit or review the input file manually. The default editor isnotepad.

Analysis

MODEL RANGEThis determines how much of the model will be submitted for analysis. Default is the fullmodel. If Active Parts Only is selected, only the model parts that are currently on will beincluded in the input deck for analysis.

LS-DYNA SOLVER PATHThis determines the path to the LS-DYNA executable (lsdyna.exe). It is necessary that theuser determine the path to the LS-DYNA executable the first time a job is submitted foranalysis. Once the path to the executable has been entered, FEMB will remember the path forfuture analyses.

EDIT INPUT FILEThis function allows the user to edit input files using the default text editor (Notepad) or a userdefined text editor (the text editor is determined in the Setup Analysis dialogue). After clickingthe Edit Input File menu item, FEMB writes the input deck and displays it with the chosen texteditor.

CHECK STATUSThe Check Status function displays statistics for currently running LS-DYNA jobs.

EDIT RESTART FILEThis function allows the user to edit restart files using the default text editor (Notepad) or auser defined text editor (the text editor is determined in the Setup Analysis dialogue).

RESTART PREVIOUS ANALYSISThis function allows the user to restart cancelled LS-DYNA solutions.

RUN ANALYSISThis function submits the current FEMB-PC file for LS-DYNA analysis. It is necessary thatthe user determine the path to the LS-DYNA executable in the Setup Analysis dialogue thefirst time a job is submitted for analysis. Once the path to the executable has been entered,FEMB will remember the path for future analyses.

Analysis

Function Index

FUNCTION INDEX

Symbols

1 LINE 6612-LINE 702-LINE 682D ELEMENT, SHELL 653-LINE 693/4 LINE DRAG 674-LINE 696-LINE 698-LINE 709-LINE 70

A

ADD ELEMENTS TO PART 38ADD ITEMS 38ADD LINES TO PART 38ADD POINTS AT A CURSOR LOCATION 45ADD POINTS BETWEEN 2 POINTS 45ADD POINTS TO LINE 45ADD SURFACES TO PART 38AIRBAG CARDS 102ALE 102ASCII 103ASPECT RATIO 78ASSIGN MATERIAL TO PART 84ASSIGN PROPERTY TO PART 88ASSOCIATED 28AUTO NORMAL 78AUTO ORIENTATION SOLID 78

B

BEAM 98BINARY 103BODY 98BOUNDARY DISPLAY 78BOX 104BRODE 99

C

CHANGE ELEMENT NUMBER 71CHANGE MATERIAL COLOR 84CHANGE MATERIAL ID 88CHANGE MATERIAL NAME 84, 88CHANGE NODE NUMBER 58CHANGE PART COLOR 38

Function Index

CHANGE PART COLORS 84CHANGE PROPERTY COLOR 89CHANGE PROPERTY ID 89CHANGE PROPERTY NAME 89CHECK ANGLE 79CHECK DUPLICATE NODE ID 58CHECK ELEMENT SIZE 79CHECK FREE SURFACE 79CHECK JACOBIAN 79CHECK NORMAL 79CHECK OVERLAP 79CHECK RIGID LINK 79CHECK SPRING 80CHECK TAPER 80CHECK WARPAGE 80CLEAR MESSAGES 36CLOSE 32COINCIDENT NODE CHECK 58COMBINE LINES 46CONNECTING ENTITIES 39CONTROL CARDS 102CONTROL WINDOW 18CONVECTION 94COPY BY VECTOR OFFSET 47COPY CONTACT 92COPY ELEMENT 72COPY LINE(S) 47, 54COPY NODE(S) 59COPY PROPERTY 89COURSE ELEMENT 71CREATE 1D ELEMENTS 64CREATE 3D ELEMENTS 65CREATE BEAM ELEMENT 64CREATE CONSTRAINED NODE SET 64CREATE CONTACT 92CREATE ELEMENT 64CREATE INERTIA 64CREATE JOINT ELEMENT 64CREATE LINE ENTITIES 44CREATE MASS 64CREATE MATERIAL 84CREATE NODAL RIGID BODY 64CREATE NODE 58CREATE NODE AT COORDINATE 58CREATE NODE(S) BETWEEN TWO COORDINATES 58CREATE PLOTEL 65CREATE PROPERTY 88CREATE SEATBELT 65

Function Index

CREATE SET 76CREATE SOLID ELEMENT 65CREATE SPLINE CURVE(S) 45CREATE SPOTWELD 65CREATE SPRING/DAMPER 64CREATE THICK SHELL ELEMENT 65CROSS SECTION 103CURRENT SET 76CYCLIC 94

DDAMPING CARDS 103DATABASE 103DEFINE 104DEFINE BOUNDARY CARDS 94DEFINE CONSTRAINT CARDS 96DEFINE INITIAL CONDITION CARDS 97DEFINE LOAD CARDS 98DEFINE/EDIT PROPERTY 89DEFORMABLE TO RIGID 104DELETE CONTACT 92DELETE ELEMENT 71DELETE LINES 46DELETE MATERIAL 84DELETE PART 40DELETE PROPERTY 89DELETE SET 76DELETE UNREFERENCED NODE(S) 59DENSITY 99DETONATION 97DISPLAY COMMON NODES 61

EEDIT MATERIAL PROPERTIES (MODIFY) 84, 88EDIT MODEL 28ELEMENT(S) 39ENNUMERATED 28EQUATION OF STATE 104EXPORT 32EXTEND LINES 46EXTENT 103EXTRA NODES 96

FFEATURE LINE DISPLAY 80FIND NODE 61FIND/IDENTIFY ELEMENT 73

Function Index

FLUX 94FULL SCREEN 36

G

GENERALIZED WELD 96GENERATE ABOUT A CENTER 44GENERATE ARC 44GENERATE ARC VIA 2 TANGENT LINES 45GENERATE ARC VIA 3 POINTS 44GENERATE DRAG MESH 66GENERATE LINE(S) 45GENERATE PLATE / SOLID MESH 68GENERATE SECTION LINE(S) 45GRAPH FUNCTIONS 29GRAPHICS DISPLAY WINDOW 14

H

HEAT GENERATION 99HISTORY 103HOURGLASS 104

I

IDENTIFY NODE(S)/POINT(S) 48IMPORT 32INCLUDE ELEMENT(S) TO CURRENT SET 76INTERFACE CARDS 105

J

JOINT STIFFNESS 96

K

KEEP PART 40

L

LABEL ALL 73LAGRANGE IN SOLID 97LINE MESH 67LINEAR 96LIST CONTACT 92LIST MATERIAL(S) 85LIST PROPERTY 89LOAD CURVE 106LOCAL COORDINATE SYSTEM 106LS-DYNA KEYWORD CARD CONTROL WINDOW 102

Function Index

M

MAPPING 73MASS CALCULATION 41MATERIAL/PART COLOR TOGGLE (DISPLAY) 85MENU BAR 11MESH OPTIONS 67MESSAGE WINDOW 36MIRROR ELEMENT 73MIRROR LINE(S) 48MIRROR SURFACE 51MODIFY CONTACT 92MODIFY ELEMENT 71MODIFY PART(S) 40MOMENTUM 98MOST RECENTLY LOADED FILES 33MOVE 73MOVE COPY LINE 47, 54MOVE NODE TO POINT/NODE 60MOVE NODE(S) 59, 61MOVE TRANSFORM 47, 55

N

NEW DATABASE 32NODAL FORCE GROUP 103NODE 99NODE(S) 39NON-REFLECTING 94NON-REFLECTING 2D 94NORMAL 66NORMAL ALIGNMENT 81NORMAL OFFSET 73

O

ON FINITE ELEMENT MESH 60ON SURFACE 60OPEN 32OPERATION STATUS BAR 17

P

PART ON/OFF 41PART ON/OFF BY MATERIAL 85PART ON/OFF BY PROPERTY 89PART SUMMARY 41PART/PROPERTY COLOR TOGGLE 89PRESCRIBED MOTION 94PRESSURE OUTFLOW 95

Function Index

PRINT 33PRINT SETUP 33PROJECT LINE(S) 46PROJECT LINE(S)/POINT(S) ON TO A SURFACE 46PROJECT NODE(S) 60PROJECT POINT(S) 46PULL-DOWN MENUS 18

RRADIATION 95REMOVE ELEMENT(S) FROM CURRENT SET 76RENAME PART(S) 40RENUMBER BY OFFSET 59RENUMBER EACH PART 59, 61, 67, 85, 108, 109RENUMBER ELEMENT(S) 71RENUMBER MATERIAL NUMBERS 84RENUMBER PART ID(S) 40RESPACE LINE(S) 46REVERSE ELEMENT NORMAL 72REVERSE LINE(S) DIRECTION 46RIGID BODIES 97RIGID BODY 99RIGID BODY STOPPERS 97RIVET 97ROTATE 73ROTATE ABOUT SCREEN Z 12ROTATE ABOUT Y-AXIS 11ROTATE ABOUT Z-AXIS 11ROTATE COPY LINE 47, 54ROTATE NODE(S) 59ROTATE NODE(S) ABOUT A COORDINATE SYSTEM 61ROTATE TRANSFORM 47, 55ROTATIONAL 66

S

SAVE 32SAVE AS 11SCALE LINE(S) 46SCALE NODE(S) 59SEATBELT CARDS 105SECTION CUT 80SEGMENT PRESSURE 99SEPARATE PART(S) 40SET CONTROL DIALOG 76SET CURRENT PART 40SHELL TO SOLID 97SHOW CONTACT 92

Function Index

SHOW LINES 48SHOW PART CONNECTION 61SHOW SET 76SLIDING PLANE 95SPC 95SPLIT AT CURSOR LOCATION 47SPLIT AT POINT ON LINE 47SPLIT AT THE INTERSECTTION OF SEC. LINE 47SPLIT ELEMENT 72SPLIT LINE(S) 47SPRING FORWARD 103SPRING ORIENTATION 104STATUS BAR 36STRAIN 98STRESS 98SUB-SEA 99SUPERPLASTIC FORMING 99, 104SURFACE MESH 70SYMMETRY FAILURE 96

T

TEMPERATURE 96, 98TERMINATION 105THERMAL 99THERMAL MATERIAL OPTION 85TIE BREAK 97TIED NODES WITH FAILURE 97TOGGLE MESSAGE LOG 36TOGGLE SESSION LOG 36TOOL WINDOW 36TOOLBAR WINDOW 36TRACER 104TRANSFORM ELEMENT 72TRANSFORM LINE(S) 47, 55TRANSFORM NODE(S) 61TRANSFORM NODES BY VECTOR LENGTH AND DIRECTION 61TRANSFORM VECTOR BY OFFSET 48TRANSLATIONAL 66

U

USA 96UV-PLANE 60

V

VECTOR 104VELOCITY 98VOID 98

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