estimation of the gas flaring emissions using sentinel-3a‘s ......application to viirs on-board...

Estimation of the gas flaring emissions using

Sentinel-3A‘s SLSTR Alexandre Caseiro Johannes W. Kaiser Berit Gehrke Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry Mainz

Gernot Rücker Joachim Tiemann David Leimbach Zebris GbR Munich

contact: [email protected]

photo from esa.int

Motivation: Monitor hot spots

Detect Hot spots: volcanoes, gas flares, vegetation fires, industry, etc. Using an adapted Nightfire algorithm

and the S3 SLSTR instrument (based on work using VIIRS by C. Elvidge/NOAA).

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Elevated gas flares in Kuwait, National Geographic 1969

Ground gas flare in Nigeria, Anejionu et al.,

2014

Steel mill, photo from Columbia.edu

Portugal forest fires 2017,

photo by Thomas Cabral

Instrumentation and concept

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S5 S6 S7/F1 S8/F2 S9

Hot spot at night = elevated value in the SWIR.

We use the S5 channel for detection. We use the radiances of all the IR bands at the detected hot spots to perform a dual Planck curve fitting

SLSTR = Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer

IR bands: SWIR = S5: 1.61 μm + S6: 2.25 μm MIR = S7: 3.7 μm + F1: 3.7 μm TIR = S8: 10.85 μm + F2: 10.85 μm + S9 12 μm

Retrieval principle

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Fit of observations = Planck curve of background (S8&S9) + Planck curve of hot source (S5) Retrieved parameters: • Temperature of background • Area of hot source • Temperature of hot source • 1-σ uncertainties

Radiative Power: RPGF = σSB × TGF4 × AGF

Based on C. Elvidge et al. (2013, 2016), application to VIIRS on-board Suomi NPP

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Hot spot detections in 2017

noise

South Atlantic anomaly

Vegetation fires

Industry

Gas flaring

Volcanoes

Hot spot examples:

Monitoring of hot spots – Symposium "Neue Perspektiven der Erdbeobachtung" – Köln, Juni 2018

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How to discriminate between hot spots?

noise

South Atlantic anomaly Vegetation fires

Industry Gas flaring


cooler hotter

transient

persistent

Volcanoes

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noise




cooler hotter

transient

persistent

Volcanoes

Persistence

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Persistent detections


Persistent hot spots: Gas flaring Industry Volcanoes

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noise




cooler hotter

transient

persistent

Volcanoes

Temperature

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Persistent detections – temperatures


Bi-modal Temperature distribution

Industry, volcanoes Gas flares

1 full year of SLSTR night time observations

- 11 - Monitoring of hot spots – Symposium "Neue Perspektiven der Erdbeobachtung" – Köln, Juni 2018

Retrieval examples - Most favourable case: S5 + S6 + MIR (25%)

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Retrieval examples - Most favourable case: S5 + S6 + MIR (25%)


Retrieval examples - Most common case: S5 + S6 (67%)


Retrieval examples: S5 + MIR (3%)


Retrieval examples: S5 only (5%)

1 full year of SLSTR night time observations


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Comparison with VIIRS Nightfire

- General good agreement globally - Differences in the number of hot spots for some regions: Mid West, China, NW Canada, …

Both datasets: ~6000 locations

SLSTR, this work

VIIRS Nightfire “flares only” (C. Elvidge, NOAA)



Comparison with VIIRS Nightfire

We detect larger flares

We detect smaller flares

Closer look at a region where gas flaring is preponderant: Persian Gulf

Google Earth image of a very large flare in Venezuela


Activity and Emissions

Activity = volume of gas flared, in BCM (billion cubic meters) Using a calibration adapted from Elvidge et al., 2016:

We estimate a global flaring activity of 156 BCM for 2017 (this compares well with Elvidge et al., 2016: 143 BCM in 2012)

Emissions of Black Carbon = applying published emission factors (Klimont et al., 2017): Linear range between: 0.57 g.m-3 : representative of efficient flaring (~2600K) 1.60 g.m-3 : representative of inefficient flaring (~1300K)

We estimate a global BC emission of 149 Gg for 2017 (this is lower than Klimont et al., 2017: 210 Gg in 2010)

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Summary

• Algorithm for retrieving temperature, size and FRP of night-time fires from SLSTR

developed (paper submitted to Remote Sensing: https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201805.0020/v2)

• 12 months of observations processed and validated against VIIRS and TET-1 • We derived a global consumption of associated gas by flares of 156 BCM,

corresponding to a global emission of 149 Gg of BC.

• New product applicable for gas flare emission calculation, e.g. in CAMS-GFAS


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Thank you!

• Paper in Remote Sensing – revisions submitted

• If you want to use the dataset please contact [email protected]

• http://www.mpic.de/en/research/atmospheric-chemistry/ag-kaiser.html


For 2017, from SLSTR:

156 BCM flared gas 149 Gg Black Carbon emitted

mailto:[email protected]


Retrieval examples - Most favourable case:

S5 + S6 + MIR (25%)

estimation of the gas flaring emissions using sentinel-3a‘s ......application to viirs on-board...

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