3.05 Remember the structures of the Integumentary System

3.05 Remember the structures of the Integumentary System

Essential QuestionsWhat are the structures of the integumentary system?3.05 Remember the structures of the integumentary system2

2Structures of the integumentary systemLayers of the integumentary system

EpidermisDermisSubcutaneous 3.05 Remember the structures of the integumentary system3

About the thickness of a shower curtain in an adult.Structures of the integumentary systemEpidermisOutermost coveringMade of epithelial cellsAvascular NO blood cells

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EpidermisHas four cell types and five layersThickness varies with the area it covers: thinnest on the eyelids and thickest on the palms and soles.Surface layer = Stratum corneum consists of keratin.Keratin = protein that renders the skin dry and provides a waterproof covering; also serves as a barrier.

3.05 Remember the structures of the integumentary system5Epidermal CellsKeratinocytes: produce protein keratin, compromise most of epidermis

Merkel cells: sensory cells for touch

Melanocytes: make protein melanin

Langerhans cells: not the same as the ones in pancreas. These are macrophages defense of the skin3.05 Remember the structures of the integumentary system6MelanocytesProduce two classes of melanin..

Pheomelanin red to yellow in colorEumelanin dark brown to black

Light skin people have more????

Both classes of melanin bind to compounds, including drugs. 3.05 Remember the structures of the integumentary system7Epidermal LayersMiddle layer stratum spinosum ~ 8-10 cell layers thick. Contains all cells except Merkel cells. Fun Fact: under microscope this layer of skin looks prickly thus the name spinosum little spine.

Bottom layer stratum germinativum (stratum basale) ~ layer of cells mostly containing keratinocytes. Does also contain melanocytes and Merkel cells.3.05 Remember the structures of the integumentary system8Structures of the integumentary systemDermis (Corium)

True skin

Made of connective tissue

Vascular has blood vessels

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Structures of the integumentary systemDermis contains many structures (organs)Collagen tissueConnective tissue bandsElastic fibersNumerous blood vesselsNerve endings

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DermisStructuresMusclesHair folliclesOil glandsSweat glandsFat cells

3.05 Remember the structures of the integumentary system11Structures of the integumentary systemSubcutaneous layerHypodermalLies under the dermisSometimes called superficial fasciaConsists of loose connective tissueContains one-half of the bodys stored adipose tissue3.05 Remember the structures of the integumentary system12

subcutaneousepidermis, dermisNot a true part of the integumentary systemStructures of the integumentary systemWith age, the subcutaneous layer begins to disappear; this causes the skin to sag and wrinkle.3.05 Remember the structures of the integumentary system13

subcutaneousepidermis, dermis

Structures of the integumentary systemAppendages

HairNails GlandsSweat glandsSebaceous glands3.05 Remember the structures of the integumentary system14subcutaneousepidermis, dermis

Structures of the integumentary systemHairCortex and medullaRoot and shaftHair folliclePapillaArrector pili muscle

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Beards are the fastest growing hairs. Nearly 30 feet in a lifetime!HAIR Cortex consist of elongated, keratinized, non-living cells. Hair pigment located in cortex. As we age pigment replaced with air = white/ gray hair.

Hair follicle where root is embedded. Shape of follicle determines straight to curly hair.Root implanted in skin.

Shaft projects from the skin surface.

Papilla located at lower end of hair follicle, tuft of tissue which contains capillaries to nourish cells.

3.05 Remember the structures of the integumentary system16Arrector pili muscle smooth muscle attached to each hair follicle. When stimulated causes contraction which causes goose bumps. With goose bumps small amount of oil produced related to pressure on sebaceous glands3.05 Remember the structures of the integumentary system17Structures of the integumentary systemNailsMade of keratinOriginate from the nail rootEpidermal cells fuse together to form hard, keratinized plates

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Did you know????In Egypt, the status of women were established by the color of their nail red being the highest.Structures of the integumentary systemSudoriferous glandsSweat glandsPresent in large numbers under arms, forehead, palms of hands, and soles of feetCeruminous glands are modifications of sweat glands

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Structures of the integumentary systemSebaceous glands

Skin protected by Sebum thick, oily substance. Keeps skin soft and pliable.microscopic glands located adjacent to a hair follicle

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Structures of the integumentary systemMicroscopic view of the skin21

3.05 Remember the structures of the integumentary systemEssential QuestionsWhat are the structures of the integumentary system?3.05 Remember the structures of the integumentary system22

223.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary systemEssential Questions:What are the functions of the integumentary system?

What are some disorders of the integumentary system?

How are integumentary system disorders treated?

How do you relate the integumentary system to the bodys communication systems?3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system24Functions of the integumentary systemWhat are the functions of the skin?

What structures are involved in these functions?3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system25

5124367SKIN = protective covering. other names

integument or integumentary system

cutaneous membrane

It is tough, pliable, and multifunctional

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system26FUNCTIONS:A covering. Protecting from dehydration, injury, and invasion.

Regulate body temperature. Controlling heat loss with perspiration.

Help with manufacture of Vitamin D.

Site of many nerve endings. A square inch can contain about 72 feet of nerves and hundreds of receptors.

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system27Temporary storage of fat, glucose, water, and salts. Which can later be absorbed by the body and transported to other body systems.

Screen out harmful UV radiation contained in sunlight.

Special properties to absorb certain drugs and other chemical substances. Ex: Nitro-bid and Cortisone cream.

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system28Functions of the integumentary systemEpidermis Why are some people dark and others fair?Can that be changed?

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Functions of the integumentary systemDermisHow is the dermis different from the epidermis in its function?

Why is this important to your health?

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Functions of the integumentary systemSubcutaneous layerHypodermal layerHypo- dermal

What are the benefits of the subcutaneous layer of skin?

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Functions of the integumentary systemHairWhat is the function of hair?What factors influence hair type and color?What happens to your hair when you are cold? Why?

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How Our Hair Keeps Us WarmThe main function of the hair is the either warm us up or cool us down. When we are hot, the hair lies flatter against the skin and therefore allowing less heat to break through. When we are cold, the hair stands on end to trap more heat and warm up the body. The way the hair moves is through the arrector pili muscle located in the dermis layer of the skin. This tiny muscle controls how the hair lays on the skin. When warm, the hair lies flat. When cold, the hair stands up and the skin breaks into goose bumps, which is the skin raising up to collect more warmth.How our hair protects usHair grows all over our bodies the only places it doesnt grow are on our lips, the soles of our feet, our palms and our eye lids. Hair grows faster during the Summer and slower at night than during the day. The ways in which our skin protects us areRegulating our body temperatureControlling the loss of life sustaining fluids such as blood and waterProtects us from the suns damaging ultra-violet raysRacial characteristics of hair structure and colourGenetically, Africans have more variety than other races. Every time a group advanced out of Africa, or from one isolated area to another even more isolated, another batch of genetic variations was left behind. But on the surface, it's Caucasians that have the most variety, for the simple reason that they have a lot less melanin, which takes the darkness out of their skin, hair, and eyes to reveal other possibilities.

Hair colour is determined by 4 to 6 genes, each with several alleles, some with incomplete dominance (i.e. not a matter of one thing or the other, but perhaps a mix of both - like pink carnations). The basic genes involved are for black hair (with a recessive allele for not-black), one for brown hair (with a recessive for blond), and one for red hair (with a dominant allele for not-red). Some of these genes are close to eye colour genes on chromosomes 15 and 19, and tend to go along with those genes, which is why we tend to see certain combinations of hair and eye colour more frequently than others.Racial characteristics of hair structure and colour (cont.)Black is the most common hair colour in the world, and is due to a large amount of eumelanin. Brown is also common, and is due to eumelanin mixed with a bit of pheomelanin. Blond is only found in about 2% of the world's population. It is due to very small amounts of melanin. Slight amounts of black, brown, and red make for all the variations we see in blonds - such as ash, flaxen, and strawberry blond. And red hair is the rarest of all, about 1% of the world. It is due to high levels of pheomelanin plus low levels of eumelanin.

If you are curious, grey hair is due to nothing but a little black melanin, and white hair is a matter of no melanin at all.

Light coloured hair is found primarily in Scandinavia and the Baltic sea area. Blond and red hair was probably more common in Europe centuries ago (as witnessed by Greek and Roman accounts), but being recessive, it has slowly receded northward. But you can still find blonds and redheads in places like Afghanistan and northern Pakistan, where the descendants of Indo-European invaders live.

Functions of the integumentary systemNailsNot just a pretty color!

What does the condition of a persons nails tell about their general health?3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system37

NailsNails, which are modifications of the epidermis, are protective coverings on the ends of the fingers and toes. Each nail consists of a nail plate that overlies a surface of skin called the nail bed. The whitish, thickened, half-moon shaped region (lunula) at the base of the nail plate is the most actively growing region. Nails, like hair, are primarily dead keratinized cells.

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system38Did you know your nails can reveal clues to your overall health? A touch of white here, a rosy tinge there, or some rippling or bumps may be a sign of disease in the body. Problems in the liver, lungs, and heart can show up in your nails.3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system39Functions of the integumentary systemGlandsSudoriferous glandsWhy does sweat smell bad?

Sebaceous glandsWhat role do sebaceous glands have in relation to pimples?3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system40

PimpleSudoriferous glands

Sweat is produced by sweat glands in the body, which produce a watery fluid and fluid containing substances such as proteins and lipids. We sweat from up to 5 million sweat glands located all over the skin on our body. However, sweating that is triggered by emotions or stress only happen in certain areas of the body, such as the armpits, palms and head.There are two types of sweat glands on the skin: apocrine found mainly in the armpit area and eccrine glands, which are found all over the skin surface. The mechanism of perspiration, or sweating, is controlled by the bodys autonomic nervous system the part of our nervous system which is under involuntary or unconscious control.

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system41Apocrine glands Apocrine glands become active from puberty and are found mainly in the armpits. The apocrine glands produce sweat when we feel strong emotions, stress, pain or exercise. The sweat from apocrine glands is responsible for producing the smelliest body odor. Sweat produced from the apocrine gland is thought to be linked to the production of chemical communication signals or pheromones. The apocrine glands are situated close to the hair follicle and the secreted sweat fluid contains proteins, lipids and hormones, but very little water.

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system42Eccrine glands Eccrine glands are the most abundant type of sweat gland, found all over the skin and start to function soon after birth, releasing a dilute salt solution composed of 99% water. It is the eccrine gland that is responsible for the wet sensation of sweat. Sweat produced from the eccrine glands are key in keeping the body cool via thermoregulation. The eccrine glands produce a far greater volume of sweat compared to the apocrine glands in the armpits.

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system43Sebaceous glands

What do they do????

How would this have a relation to a pimple???3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system44

Functions of the integumentary systemWhat are the functions of the skin?

What structures are involved in these functions?3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system455124367

reviewFunctions of the integumentary system

The skin has remarkable ability to heal itself.

How does this happen?3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system463.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system47

Disorders of the Integumentary System3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system48Disorders of the integumentary systemAcne vulgaris: What is acne vulgaris? How is it treated?Can it be prevented?

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system49Acne VulgarisCommon and chronic disorder.Sebaceous glands secrete excessive oil.Occurs most often during adolescence. Treatment simple as topical ointment to antibiotics3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system50Disorders of the integumentary systemAthletes foot

What causes athletes foot?Does everyone have the same symptoms?How is it treated?

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Athletes foot

Contagious fungal infectionInfects superficial skin layer and leads to skin eruptionsEruptions appear as blisters between fingers and more commonly toes.Usually contracted in public baths and showersTreatment involves cleaning and drying of affected area. Also, need to use special antifungal agents; which need to be applied liberally. 3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system52Disorders of the integumentary systemBurns: traumatic injury resulting from sun, heat lamp, boiling water, steam, fire, chemicals, or electricity. Dehydration and infection can occur and can be life threatening.

First-degreeSecond-degree Third-degree

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system53Disorders of the integumentary systemBurns:First-degreeOnly involves epidermis Symptoms: redness, swelling, and pain.Healing ~ 1 week

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superficialDisorders of the integumentary systemBurns:Second degreeInvolves epidermis and dermisSymptoms: pain, swelling, redness, and blisters.Causes exposure to infectionHealing ~ 2 weeks

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system55Partial thicknessDisorders of the integumentary systemBurns:Third-degreeComplete destruction of epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layersSymptoms: loss of skin, yet no pain.May be life threatening depending on amount of skin damaged, fluid and blood plasma lost.

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system56Full thickness

Disorders of the integumentary systemBurns:Compare the different degrees of burns.

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Disorders of the integumentary systemBurns:Rule of NinesBody divided into 11 areas, each area accounts for 9% of total body surface.

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system58Used to quickly assess percentage of body surface burned.

Can be used to determine extent of treatment needed.

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Disorders of the integumentary systemDermatitis/Eczemadermat- -itis

What is dermatitis?How are dermatitis and eczema similar?How are they different?What is the treatment?

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Dermatitis Eczema

Non-specific inflammation of the skin.

Cause may be emotional or contact dermatitis from an irritant.An acute or chronic non contagious inflammatory skin disease.The skin becomes dry, red, itchy, and scaly.Most common type is atopic which occurs during 1st year of life3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system61Disorders of the integumentary systemHerpes

Herpes simplex virusTwo types of HSV:HSV type 1HSV type 2 What are the symptoms?How is it spread?What is the prognosis?

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system62Under a microscope, HSV- 1 and 2 are virtually identical, sharing approximately 50% of their DNA. Both types infect the body's mucosal surfaces, usually the mouth or genitals, and then establish latency in the nervous system. For both types, at least two-thirds of infected people have no symptoms, or symptoms too mild to notice. However, both types can recur and spread even when no symptoms are present. HSV-1 is usually mild HSV-2 is widely believed to be a painfultype 2 is usually mild-so mild that two- thirds of infected people don't even know they have it. Type 2 rarely causes complications or spreads to other parts of the body. It is the most common cause of neonatal herpes, a rare but dangerous infection in newborns; however, type 1 causes up to one-third of neonatal infections.

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system63Disorders of the integumentary systemImpetigoWhat two bacteria cause impetigo?What are some risk factors in contracting impetigo?How is it treated?

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ImpetigoAcute, inflammatory, and contagious skin disease. Most common in babies and young children.

Caused by staphylococcus and streptococcus.

Characterized by vesicles that rupture and develop distinct yellow crust.

Treatment with topical and oral antibiotics3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system65Disorders of the integumentary systemPsoriasis

Describe this picture.Who is likely to have psoriasis? What is the treatment?

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system66PsoriasisChronic inflammatory diseaseCharacterized by dry, reddish patches covered with silver- white scalesMost commonly affects elbows, knees, shins, scalp, and lower backUnknown cause; may be triggered by stress, trauma, and / or infectionNo known treatment at present, but moisturizers help keep skin soft : reducing scales 3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system67Disorders of the integumentary systemRingwormHow is it spread?What causes ringworm?What is the medical term?How is it treated?

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Two examples of ringwormHow would this be diagnosed?RingwormHIGHLY contagious fungal infection

Raised, itchy, circular patches with crusts

Can be found upon skin, scalp, and under nails

Effectively treated with griseofulvin3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system69Disorders of the integumentary systemScabies

What is the cause of scabies?

Is it contagious?

How is it treated?

How is it prevented?3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system70

SCABIESScabies is a condition of very itchy skin caused by tiny mites that burrow into your skin.Spread by close contact with someone who has scabies. Scabies can also be spread by sharing towels, bed sheets, and other personal belongings. Can be spread before you have symptoms.Prescription permethrin, such as Elimite cream, is the most commonly used medicine to treat scabies

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system71Disorders of the integumentary systemShingles

What is the cause of shingles?

Is it contagious?

Who is most at risk?

How is it prevented?3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system72

Skin eruption related to viral infection of nerve endings

Most common on chest or abdomen, accompanied by SEVERE pain

Treatment is medication for pain and itching. Protection of the area.3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system73Urticaria BoilsHivesIntensely itching wheals or weltsWelts last 1-2 daysUsually response to an allergenAvoidance of allergen to alleviate problemCarbuncles

Painful, bacterial infection of hair follicle or sebaceous gland

Treatment ranges from antibiotics to surgery3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system74Disorders of the integumentary systemSkin cancer

What are the risk factors for developing skin cancer?

How can it be prevented?

Three types:Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinomaMalignant melanoma

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Disorders of the integumentary systemSkin cancer

Basal cell carcinomaWhat is distinctive about this type of skin cancer?Where does it usually form?

Most common and least malignantUsually on face99% recovery

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system76Disorders of the integumentary systemSkin CancerSquamous cell carcinomaWhy does it develop?How is squamous cell carcinoma different from basil cell carcinoma?Most common on scalp and lower lipRapid growing and metastasizesSurvival rate good if found early

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system77Disorders of the integumentary systemSkin cancer Malignant melanomaHow is malignant melanoma different from the other skin cancers?Occurs in melanocytesMetastasizes quickly

How are skin cancers treated?

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system78https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4jgUcxMezM3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system79Disorders of the integumentary systemSkin lesions:Discuss the characteristics of the different skin lesions.

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Disorders of the integumentary systemSkin lesions:Compare these types of skin lesions.Macule

Papule

Pustule

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VesicleUlcerDisorders of the integumentary systemSkin lesion:Decubitus ulcerWhat is an ulcer?What are decubitus ulcers? How can they be prevented?How are they treated? 3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system82

Stage I UlcerSkin surface reddening

Skin remains intact

Treatment: relieve pressure3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system83

Stage 2 UlcerArea is blistered, intact or broken

Surrounding area is red and irritated

Treat: protect and clean area. Alleviate pressure3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system84

Stage 3 UlcerBreaks through ALL layers of skin

Primary site for infection

Treatment: treat and prevent infection, promote healing3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system85

Stage 4 UlcerExtends through skin and involves muscle, tendons, and/ or bone.Can produce life threatening situationTreatment: surgical removal of necrotic and decayed area. Antibiotics3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system86

Disorders of the integumentary systemwarts

What causes warts?

Are they contagious?

Can they be prevented?3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system87

There are many different types!A wart is a skin growth caused by some types of the virus called the human papillomavirus (HPV).

Warts can grow anywhere on the body

Warts are easily spread by direct contact with a human papillomavirus. You can infect another person by sharing towels, razors, or other personal items.

3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system88Essential Questions:What are the functions of the integumentary system?

What are some disorders of the integumentary system?

How are integumentary system disorders treated?

How do you relate the integumentary system to the bodys communication systems?3.06: Understand the functions and disorders of the integumentary system89