CEA Review : Unit 1 and 2Unit 1:

1.1 Overview of Civil Engineering and Architecture 3% 2 questions

Historical examples of amazing construction projects often lead to the realization that the ancients’ construction methods were not so different from modern methods and sometimes much more clever.

Essential Questions1. How has the work of civil engineers and architects shaped society? How is the work of civil engineers and

architects shaped by society?2. What is the difference between the art of architecture and civil engineering and the science of architecture

and civil engineering?3. How will civil engineers contribute to the solutions of the Grand Challenges for Engineering? Choose one

challenge and describe how civil engineers will most likely contribute to a solution.

Civil Engineering: An engineer trained in the design and construction of public works, such as bridges, dams, and other large facilities. Civil engineering is the oldest branch of engineering. Not only do civil engineers design systems that interact with one another, but they are also concerned with the environment’s well-being. The term “civil” was added to separate these licensed professionals from other engineersArchitecture: Art and science of designing buildings for human habitation.

Materials were chosen based on availability and climate.

Vernacular architecture is a term used to categorize methods of construction which use locally available resources and traditions to address local needs. It is often viewed as crude and unrefined, but many modern architects have claimed inspiration from vernacular architecture.

The Romans developed the arch to overcome the limitations of the post and lintel. An arch is a curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression. Because they are made from smaller and lighter blocks of stone, they are easier to erect. Blocks are placed in a curved formation in such a way that they give each other support. The wedge-shaped units in the arch are called voussoir (voo SWAR). The keystone is the voussoir at the crown of the arch, serving to lock the others in place.

The development of the arch led to the vault, which is a series of arches that form a continuous arched covering. When two of these vaults intersect, a cross vault is created. Another name for the cross vault is the groin vault. Vaults allow for the construction of bridges, walkways, and other passages.

A dome is an arrangement of several arches whose bases form a circle and the tops meet in the center.

Although some jobs were mechanized, there was little change in building materials or methods of construction from those of the Romans until the middle of the 18th century. The same simple cranes, pulley systems, wedges, and inclined planes were still commonly used to move heavy objects. The hammer, plane, and chisel were still the tools of choice of the carpenter. However, in the middle of the 18th century, iron became cheaper and more readily available. The first iron bridge was built over the Servern in 1779. A new blast

furnace nearby lowered the cost and encouraged local engineers and architects to use iron to cross the river. The use of iron allowed longer spans and lighter structures.

In the 1890s steel replaced iron as the material of choice for large construction projects. Although it contains iron, steel also contains carbon which makes the metal harder and tougher. In addition, steel is less susceptible to corrosion. Steel frames were designed to carry the building loads so that massive load bearing walls were no longer necessary. The heights of buildings grew.

The concrete mixture used by the Romans was very weak in tension and bending. Experiments with improving the tensile strength of concrete by embedding metal rods into the mixture began in the mid 1800s. Eventually engineers learned how to efficiently take advantage of the combined strength of concrete in compression and steel in tension. Since that time, reinforced concrete has been used for a variety of construction projects. The flexibility of concrete allowed the use of free flowing curves and a break from the rectilinear designs of structural steel.

1.1.2 Elements and Principles of Design

Elements of Design: A basic visual component or building block of designed objects. Color: The aspect of the appearance of objects and light sources that may be described in terms of hue, lightness, and saturation for objects and hue, brightness, and saturation for light sources. Form: The shape and structure of something as distinguished from its substance or material. Line: The edge or contour of a shape. Shape: The two-dimensional contour that characterizes an object or area. Space: The dimensions of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move. Texture: The feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface, substance, or fabric. Value: The relative lightness or darkness of a color.

Design Principles: The rules that describe how designers might put together various design elements to create an aesthetic finished product. Balance : The pleasing or harmonious arrangement or proportion of parts or elements in a design or composition. Symmetrical or Formal; Asymmetrical or Informal; Radial Emphasis: Stress or prominence given to an element of a composition by means of contrast, anomaly, or counterpoint. Rhythm: Movement characterized by a patterned repetition or alteration of formal elements or motifs in the same or a modified form. Unity: The state or quality of being combined into one, as the ordering of elements in an artistic work that constitutes a harmonious whole or promotes a singleness of effect. Proportion/Scale: Comparative relationships between elements in a design with respect to size

1.1.3 Architectural StylesTypically, people associate pyramids with Egypt. However, pyramids have been created all over the world. What makes us associate a style with a certain culture or time period? Recognizable architectural styles are often a result of nearby building material, weather, and culture.

Art Deco Arts and Crafts BungalowCape Cod Contemporary Counter CultureCubic Dutch EnglishFarmhouse Federal FrenchGarrison Georgian Greek RevivalInternational I-Style ItalianateModern Neo-Eclectic NeolithicNormandy Prairie Style Queen AnneRanch Saltbox ShedSouthern Colonial Spanish Split LevelTudor Victorian

1.1.4 Architectural Features

An architectural style can be represented by modeling an entire building or one face of a building. An architectural feature is any one element or combination of elements of a building that contribute to the identification of a building as a particular style.

1.2 Careers in Civil Engineering and Architecture 1% 1 question

“Architecture is the imaginative blend of art and science in the design of environments for people. People need places to eat, work, live and play. Architects transform these needs into concepts and then develop the concepts into building images that can be constructed by others.”

“Civil engineers are changing the world. They dream up creative, practical solutions that benefit the everyday lives of people and the communities in which we live. They work with smart and inspiring people to invent, design and build things that matter.”

1.2.2 Design Charrette

Charrette - An intensive workshop in which various stakeholders and experts are brought together to address a particular design issue.

Stakeholder - One who is involved in or affected by a course of action.

A design charrette is often described as a brainstorming/planning method used at the beginning stages of a structure, building, community, or other urban setting project. A charrette is an intensive workshop in which various stakeholders and experts are brought together to address a particular design issue.

Unit 2 Residential Design

2.1 Building Design and Construction 4% 2-3 questions

2.1.1 Wood Frame Systems

Studs - The vertical framing member in frame wall construction.

Insulation - Material used to restrict the flow of heat, cold, or sound from one surface to another.

The image shows a double top plate. The bottom plate is part of the preassembled wall. The upper member is added after walls have been lifted into place and overlap the joints between adjacent wall in order to hold the wall together.

The horizontal board on the bottom is called a sole plate.

2.1.2 Roof Systems

Many roof styles are available to designers. Consequently many factors and constraints can drive a designer’s choice for roof style. Certain roof styles are appropriate for different climates or snow loads. Other roofs do well in areas that get a lot of rain. Of course some roof choices are driven by aesthetics and others by economy. First and foremost, a roof must be durable and effective at keeping out the weather. The designer then decides what features will work best in the environment, please the customer, and fit budget constraints.

Fewer light fixtures are required when using the light from the sun. One way to provide more natural light is by using skylights.

Architects can receive Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) credits when reducing energy used by buildings.

2.2 Cost and Efficiency 10% 6 questions

Concrete often accounts for a large percentage of the total cost of a project. Many times it represents 15–20% of the total cost, depending on the building materials and methods of construction chosen. If you plan to order concrete, it is essential to order the correct amount. If you order too little, problems will arise as you take measures to quickly acquire more. If you order too much, you have wasted money and resources and will have to dispose of the excess concrete. With proper planning and preparation, the pouring of concrete usually signals an exciting beginning of a construction project.

Professionals who specialize in developing cost information that architects, engineers, owners and construction contractors need to establish the feasibility of a project and to determine budgets are often called Cost Estimators. Cost Estimators may have a two or four year degree related to engineering or architecture or may come to the profession via another educational route or through experience in the building design and construction business.

2.2.2 Shed Cost Estimate

Before you begin a project, you should know how much it is going to cost. You must ensure that you have enough money to finish the project. You may not even begin the project if you determine that it is too expensive. Large construction firms have employees who work exclusively on estimating project costs. Estimators work to allow companies to bid for job acquisition and predict costs and time required for completion. No job should be started without at least a general estimate. These estimates are used to plan work and resources.