essential questions 1. what were the forces that pushed europe to the brink of war in 1914? 2. how...
TRANSCRIPT
Essential Questions• 1. What were the forces that pushed Europe
to the brink of war in 1914?
• 2. How did ethnic tensions in the Balkans spark a political assassination?
• 3. How was the WW I battlefield different than those of earlier wars?
• 4. How did WW I become a total war?
• 5. How did the Allies win WW I?
• 6. What issues made the peace process difficult?
Last Unit: ImperialismCurrent Unit: World War I
Next Unit: Russian Revolution
26.1-Great War Begins
• Triple Alliances• Triple Entente• Franz Ferdinand• Gavrilo Princip• Neutral• Central Powers• Allied Powers• Western Front• Militarism• Alliances• Imperialism• Nationalism
26.2
• Trench warfare
• Total war
• Propaganda
• Battle of Verdun
• Gallipoli Campaign
• Genocide
• Battle of the Somme
26.4 War Ends• Woodrow Wilson• U-boats• Zimmerman Note• armistice• Fourteen Points• Treaty of Versailles• League of Nations• Mandate • Balfour Declaration
• Clemenceau• David Lloyd George
War by Edwinn StarrWar... Huh... Yeah!What is it good for?Absolutely nothing!Uhuh... uhuh...!
War... Huh... Yeah!What it is good for?Absolutely nothing!Say it again y'allWar... Huh... Look out!What is it good for?Absolutely nothing!Listen to me - AAH!War I despise'Cause it means destruction of innocent livesWar means tears in thousands of mothers' eyesWhen their sons go out to fight and lose their lives
CHORUS
(War) It ain't nothing but a heartbreaker(War) Friend only to the undertakerWar is the enemy of all mankindThe thought of war blows my mindWar has caused unrest within the younger generationsInduction then destructionWho wants to die?
CHORUS
(War) It ain't nothing but a heartbreaker(War) Got one friend, thats the undertakerWar has shattered many young men's dreamsMade him disabled, bitter and meanLife is but too surely precious, to spend fighting wars each dayWar can't give life, it can only take it away!
CHORUS
(War) It ain't nothing but a heartbreaker(War) Friend only to the undertakerPeace, love and understanding tell me,is there a place for these today?They say we must fight to keep our freedom,but Lord knows there's got to be a better way
War... Huh... Good God y'all!What is it good for?You tell me!Say it, say it, say it, say it!War... Good God now... Huh!What is it good for?Stand up and shout it! (Nothing!)
Proud to be an American by Lee GreenwoodIf tomorrow all the things were gone,I’d worked for all my life.And I had to start again,with just my children and my wife.
I’d thank my lucky stars,to be livin here today.
‘ Cause the flag still stands for freedom,and they can’t take that away.
And I’m proud to be an American,where at least I know I’m free.And I wont forget the men who died,who gave that right to me.
And I gladly stand up,next to you and defend her still today.‘ Cause there ain’t no doubt I love this land,God bless the USA.
From the lakes of Minnesota,to the hills of Tennessee.Across the plains of Texas,From sea to shining sea.
From Detroit down to Houston,and New York to L.A.Well there's pride in every American heart,and its time we stand and say.
CHORUS
CHORUS
What is war?
What causes war?
Definition war: Open armed conflict between countries or
between factions (groups) within the same country.
SCENARIO:Imagine that a little kid threw a snowball at a bully one day. What do you think would
happen?
Now, let’s say that the little kid had a big brother. What do you think the big brother would do?
Now, let’s say the initial bully had a bigger friend who was also a bully. What do you think that friend would do?
Now, let’s say that the bigger bully had hurt another kid the previous week. This kid had his glasses broken and is still mad at the bigger bully. He sees the bully get into the fight, what would we do?
Now, let’s say that on the way to getting this new kid, the big bully throws a snowball at another little kid in the playground who’s in the way. But this little kid has a big brother too. What do you think would happen?
SCENARIO:Imagine that a little kid threw a snowball at a bully one day. What do you
think would happen?
The bully would “go after” the kid.
Now, let’s say that the little kid had a big brother. What do you think the big
Brother would do?
Stand up for the little kid. In this situation, the little kid is
Serbia, the bully is Austria-Hungary and the big brother is
Russia.
Now, let’s say the initial bully had a bigger friend who was also a bully. What
do you think that friend would do?
Go after the big brother (Russia). Right, the bigger bully is
Germany.
SCENARIO:Now, let’s say that the bigger bully had hurt another kid the
previous week. This kid had his glasses broken and is still mad
at the bigger bully. He sees the bully get into the fight,
what would we do?
Join up with Russia. That person is France.
Now, let’s say that on the way to getting this new kid, the big
bully throws a snowball at another little kid in the playground
who’s in the way. But this little kid has a big brother too.
What do you think would happen?
They would join in. The little kid is Belgium and his big brother is Great Britain.
MAIN CAUSES OF WWI:
•M-Militarism
•A-Alliance System
•I-Imperialism
•N-Nationalism
MilitarismThe glorification of the military and armed strength
•Military power seen as symbol of national prestige
•Arms race: competition among great powers to increase their military
•Naval rivalry between Germany and Britain
•Conscription: The draft was in place during peace time in all European countries except Britain by 1870
Alliance SystemFormed between countries for protection
•Defensive measure to prevent attack
•Russian agreements with smaller Slavic nations in the Balkans to defend them
•Triple Alliance: Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary
•Allies (Britain, Russia, France)
•Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)
Imperialism
Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country
•Britain and Germany became the main economic rivals
•Germany and France competed for colonies in Africa and disputed Alsace and Lorraine.
•Britain and France become allies against Germany
•Russia and Austria-Hungary competed for control of the Slavic people in the Balkans
NationalismPride in and devotion to one’s own nation or culture.•France wanted to regain its position as the leading power in Europe. •France wanted revenge against Germany for defeat in Franco-Prussian War
– wanted the return of Alsace and Lorraine
•German pride in military power and industrial leadership•Russia promoted Pan-Slavism in Eastern Europe•Austria-Hungary feared rebellion from the Slavic groups•Balkan states wanted independence from Austria-Hungary
Notes-Map of Europe Annotation
Congress of Vienna 1815
•Goal: Return a balance of power
to Europe
•Redrew map of Europe,
without taking into account
the power of nationalism
•Relative peace in the region
for 100 years
MAIN Causes of WWI•Militarism
•Alliance System
•Imperialism
•Nationalism
Great Britain• Constitutional
monarchy• Leading power in
Europe after Industrial Revolution
• Economic wealth, imperial empire, naval supremacy
• Rivalry with France declines, new focus is Germany
• Had the least to gain from a war in Europe
France• A republic under
Napoleon III• Many longed for
glory days of Napoleon’s empire
• Imperial power• Wanted revenge
against Germany.
Russia• Absolute
Monarchy (Tsar Nicholas II)
• Economy based on serfdom
• Not fully industrialized
• Promoted pan-Slavism
Germany
• Congress of Vienna had created the German Confederation made of 6 states
• Otto von Bismarck unified the German states (1871)
• Leading industrial power by 1900
• Military buildup
Ottoman Empire• It was an empire
on the decline• 1914: German
influence in Ottoman foreign policy
• Feared the rise of nationalism and newly independent states
Austria-Hungary• Formed a Dual
Monarchy in 1867• Each had their own
constitution and parliament
• Shared defense, finance, and foreign affairs
• Slavic groups within the empire wanted independence
The Balkans• Known as the “Powder
Keg” of Europe• Nationalist feelings
divided the area• Multiple languages,
ethnic groups, religions, and cultures
• Each wanted its own homeland
• Independent states of Serbia and Greece
“The Spark” of WWI
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Heir to the Austrian-Hungarian Empire
• Wanted to give the Slavic people in the empire a role in the government
• This might have weakened the movement for an independent Slavic state
June 28, 1914
• The Archduke planned to visit Sarajevo, Bosnia– Bosnia was under A-H
rule– Home to many Serbs and
other Slavs
• Serbian nationalists were outraged– This was the same date
the Serbs had won independence from Turkey
The Black Hand
• Secret nationalist group based in Serbia
• Goal was to organize all of the Slavs in the Balkans into a single nation
• The Archduke’s plan to extend political rights to Slavs would undermine their movement
• “Unification or Death”
The Assassination
• The Archduke and his wife were killed by a member of the Black Hand, Gavrilo Princip
• Austro-Hungarian leaders held Serbians responsible
The Assassin The Assassin
GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip
Why is Serbia blamed?
• It was believed that Serbian officials were involved in planning the assassination
• The Serbian press happily reported the crime
• It gave A-H a reason to occupy Serbia• Austria- Hungary issued Serbia an
ultimatum, which is a final set of demands
The Alliances Take Action The Alliances Take ActionAlliesAlliesAlliesAllies
Central PowersCentral PowersCentral PowersCentral Powers
Great Britain
France
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Strategies of WW I
•War of Attrition•Trench Warfare•Propaganda•Total War
War of Attrition
• Each side tries to wear down the other side by constant attacks
• Battle of Verdun (German offensive)
• Battle of Somme (Br. & Fr.)
Trench Warfare• a form of combat in which soldiers dug trenches, or deep ditches, to seek protection from enemy fire and to defend their positions
Inside the Trenches
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”-area between opposing trenches
TRENCH FOOT: Caused by having feet submerged in water for long periods of time.
Austria-Hungary 100,000 3,000
British Empire 188,706 8,109
France 190,000 8,000
Germany 200,000 9,000
Italy 60,000 4,627
Russia 419,340 56,000
USA 72,807 1,462
Others 10,000 1,000
Casualties from GasTOTAL
CASUALTIES:TOTAL
DEATHS:
BRITISH FIGHTER PLANE
FRENCH FIGHTER PLANES
GERMAN FIGHTER PLANES
Why do people join the military?
• How does the video attempt to convince you to join the army?
• What does the video show you about the life of a soldier?
Propaganda
• The spreading of ideas and information to promote a certain cause or to damage an opposing cause
– used by governments to portray the enemy as evil or inhuman
– used to gain support for war effort (recruitment & financial)
– stories were often greatly exaggerated or made up
German Atrocities in Belgium
Recruitment Posters
Recruitment Posters
Total War• The channeling of a nation’s entire
resources into the war effort.
• How does a country prepare for total war?–Draft (conscription) for troops–Government controls setting prices
• rationing supplies which could be used in the war, including food
–Governments raise taxes or borrow money to pay for war costs
–Restrictions on the use of resources
• electricity, gas, coal
• Censorship of the press
–complete casualty figures and disastrous loses kept from the public
–All factories must produce supplies for the war
• Strikes are outlawed
• women enter the workforce to replace the men enlist in the armed forces (nurses)
END OF THE WAR
US Enters the War•US, under President Woodrow Wilson, remains neutral at first
•Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare and attack, sometimes sinking, civilian ships
– Ships traveling near Great Britain were subject to attacks by U-boats
– Targeted merchant ships delivering goods to Great Britain
– The Lusitania was sunk, killing 1,200 passengers including 120 Americans• Germany agreed to stop attacks (1915)
– 1917-Germans realized to win they needed to continue the submarine warfare
• 1917- US intercepted the Zimmerman note– Secret message from German diplomat
Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico
• Stated Mexico should attack the US and in return it would receive territory
• Americans began to call for war with Germany
–US had similar beliefs, ancestral ties, and trading partners with Great Britain
–April 1917- US joins the Allied Powers in war
End of Fighting•With Russia out of the war, the Germans could focus on the Western Front•March 1918-Germans make offensive on France, almost reaching Paris
– Battle had a high cost for Germany- 800,000 casualties– By June, US soldiers joined the fighting
• Gave Allies hope and discouraged German fighters
•Second Battle of Marne Allied forces stop Germans– Allies begin to gain huge amounts of territory– Many Germans began to give up realizing defeat
•October-Germans sought out Allies for an armistice– Truce- stop fighting– Peace terms were agreed upon by November 11, 1918
COST OF WAR
Human Cost•9 million soldiers killed in battle
–Russia, Germany, and France- almost an entire generation was lost
•Influenza epidemic broke out killing 50 million overall
Economic Cost•In France, Russia, and Belgium- cities and farmland were devastated•US and Japan prospered during the war•Countries who used to depend on Europe for goods, no longer do so
Political Changes•Communist revolution in Russia•Monarchies were overthrown
Unrest in Colonies•Colonized people heard talk of freedom and rights•Colonists realized they had not won any of those rights
What led the US into WWI?
• What was the cause?• Which document is best
represented by this?• Pick out a quote that could
back up your point and write it down.
A Difficult Peace
British, Italian, French, US
THE BIG FOUR- Britain, US, France, and Italy
1914--------------------1919
The Great War was to see the collapse of four continental empires. These were to be replaced by new nation states.
Map of Germany cont.
Weaknesses of the WW I Peace Settlements
1. Germany was punished and humiliated by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
–war guilt and reparations
–caused resentment by the German people towards the Allies
Treatment of Germany
2. Italy, Russia, Japan are not satisfied with the terms
– Italy did not receive lands promised by the Allies
– Russia was excluded and territory was taken away to create the Baltic States and Poland
– Japan was not allowed to keep territory conquered during the war
Allies Dissatisfaction
3. Colonies were not granted independence
– made into mandates and controlled by the Allies
4. The rebuilding of Europe was not taken into account
– the countries who had to pay reparations could not afford to do so
5. New governments collapsed under the pressure to rebuild
– Democracies fell and dictators took over (Germany, Italy)
Who are the FOUR men?
What building have the FOUR men just exited?
The Tiger was a nickname given to Clemenceau. What is meant by the quotation and his nickname?
Who is the ‘child’ weeping? Why is the child weeping?
Describe the condition of the room in which this family is living?
How is the child shown? Why?
Look at the caption, what is its political message?
How reliable is this source?
A cartoon that appeared in a British newspaper in 1919