Essential Points from Introductory Unit

1. TBL supports exploration of primary sources in two stages: (a) orientation to readings, leading to TRA (b) application of key concepts (#2) to SAME reading

2. (a) course focus on practice, community & reflection

(b) avoid collapsing these when studying any culture! 3. (a) Asia’s arbitrary boundaries & striking diversity

(b) indigenous shamanic cultures survive both independently and integrated into later religious traditions

& one more thing:

choose a **daily practice** for later comparison

Lessons from Trial Application Exercise:

1. Audio-visual sources vividly depict practice & community, but may obscure reflection & history. (“Possession by Changun”)

2. Texts and artefacts more fully represent history and may, if

used with caution, provide greater insight into reflection. (“The Tsam Festival” & photos of masks)

3. The mutual influence of practice, community and reflection

is multidimensional, messy and fascinating! (unlike the definitive report of “Xg57H4y”)

Opening Questions for Unit 1

* What practices do you do, and what communities are you part of?

* In what ways do practice and community

reinforce each other in your experience?

Content Objectives for Unit 1a: Late Medieval India

By the end of this unit you should be able to describe, for an interested peer unfamiliar with these topics:

1. the influence of Muslim rulers & Sufi Islam in India from the 11th

century CE, & the corresponding decline of Buddhism, as shown in a court history & memoir of two 16-17th century CE Mughal emperors.

2. revivals of Vaishnavite Hindu tradition in northeast India during this

period, dramatized in one 15th-16th century Bengali legend. 3. the evolution of northwest Indian Sikh traditions in the 15th-17th

centuries, as reflected in collected legends of Guru Nanak. [+ see practice reinforcing & undermining community]

Thinking As You Read (part 1)

What you think about when you read should go beyond summarizing.

Consider one analogy that symbolically describes such thinking.

In putting together a puzzle, one first looks for

(a) the details of each puzzle piece & how it fits with others

but then also

(b) difficult sections shapes and colors found on many pieces,

& the images in the assembled puzzle

So too your reading moves on different levels as you prepare for both the TRA and the application exercises.

EXPANDED STUDY GUIDE KEY:

RED = important practices & source sections

GREEN = terms for TRA

BLUE = terms to choose from for Guided Reflections (which may also be tested on the TRA)

IMPORTANT: * = essential info in EB ** = related info in on-line PPT or image

reviewing basic terminology for the study of culture

“Essential Elements of Culture (on-line syllabus)

(a) “Integrating The Visible Elements of Culture” (4th section)

dimensions layers

(b) “Detecting Clues About Practice” (5th section)

informal roles written records & material artefacts

actions objects words spaces

ideal vs. actual

Abul Fazl records events in Akbar’s* court (RDR, 9-11)

[see also PPT slides 2-13]

Akbarnama Mughal dynasty** religious ideology [=Din-i-illahi*]

(a) Abul Fazl’s opening & closing eulogies (p.94 & 96)

Creator = God (=Allah) Khedive/Shahinshah Divine decree

(b) elephants battle on Akbar’s* polo ground (p.95)

Agra* Havai Ran Bagha Ataga Khan

(c) Akbar expands Sikri** (p.96)

Fatehpur**/Fatehbad khankah (=khanqah* = zawiya [vs. vihara*]) Shayk Salim

Jahangir’s memoirs of life & death at his court (RDR, 11-13)

Jahangirnama Mughal dynasty [beauty]

(a) Jahangir collects artefacts, commissions & evaluates paintings (p.98-99)

Goa* masters of painting turkey

(b) Jahangir counsels Inayat Khan, a dying loyal servant (p.99-100)

God Doomsday atonement

Dubois’ $0.02:

“The Hindu Religious Complex” (vs. 18-19th CE “Hinduism”)

• a complex of three traditions much like J/C/I traditions • each views ultimate reality (brahman) as

a different kind of personality, especially through --> veneration of icons: Vishnu & Shiva --> hymns, symbols & stories from ancient Veda

(based on fire-offering ritual, 1st mill. BCE) • since 18-19th centuries, some Hindus seek to combine

these different layers into a single package: “Hinduism”

Vrndavana Dasa recounts the story of Haridasa (RDR, 14-20)

[see also PPT slides 11, 13-17]

Vaisnava Caitanya Bhagavata Caitanyites [=Caitanya sect*] bhakti* dhikr* Sufi*

(a) Vaishnavas gather for (sam)kirtana/ chant in daily life (p.139-40, 141, 143-46)

Krsna* (=Krishna, “Husband of Lakshmi,” Hari, Govinda --> Visnu**)

Krsna-Caitanya* (= “Golden-Limbed One”) Bhagavata Purana* Advaita Acarya (=Advaita)*

brahman* (= brahmin) vs. Brahma* Navadvipa Ganga Phuliya

(b) Muslim judge has Haridasa arrested, sentenced & punished (p.141-45)

qadi* governor

(c) Haridasa dances ecstatically (p.140, 145, 146-48)

snake charmer Ananta, King of Snakes

janam-sakhi* storytellers recount the story of Guru Nanak (RDR, 21-27)

Akal Purakh (=God, Lord, Creator) [divine] Name Panth Adi Granth* [Harimandir Sahib*]

(a) Hindus & Muslims pray/fakirs go on pilgrimage, beg (p.110-11, 112-14)

Ganga (=Ganges) forefathers Mecca namaz mihrab

Saidpur Babar (=Babur*)

(b) Nanak composes and sings hymns (p.111-12, 114-18)

rabab (=rebec) Mardana Punjab

Kaliyuga [divine] judgment

(c) later Sikhs retell stories & sing songs (p.110-21)

Kadali (=Kamarupa) Angad Sikh* Khalsa*

passages to locate in these primary sources:

"At this time you mustn't draw a single breath without remembrance of God, and don't despair of His graciousness. If death grants you quarter, it should be regarded as a reprieve and means for atonement. If your term of life is up, every breath taken with remembrance of Him is a golden opportunity. Do not occupy your mind or worry about those you leave behind, for with us the slightest claim through service is much."

"Bronze shines brightly, but rub it and it sheds an inky black. Though I clean it a hundred times, polishing will never remove its stain, O heedless one! They are my real friends who accompany me now and who will accompany me into the hereafter, Who, where accounts are demanded, will stand and give an account of good deeds done. Houses, temples, and palaces may be colorful without. But let them collapse and they are useless and empty."

"As the courtiers who were witnesses of this dangerous scene were disturbed by its continuance and were unable to remonstrate, it all at once occurred to them that a remedy might be found if...the prime minister were brought, and if he by prayers and entreaties could withdraw His Majesty from this dreadful occupation, the contemplation of which turned the gall-bladder of the lion-hearted to water. When the distracted [prime minister] arrived and saw the state of affairs he dropped from his hand the thread of endurance and bared his head. He cried and lamented like oppressed suppliants for justice. Great and small raised hands of entreaty and implored from God the safety of that sacred person which is the principle of peace and tranquiltity for mankind."

"Fully realizing that one's birth and lineage are ultimately without meaning, he took birth in a lowly clan at the order of the Lord. If devotion toward [that Lord] can occur in the lowest of classes, how much more the possibilities among the self-consciously righteous, say all of the scriptures. If one is born in to the highest ranks but does not worship [that Lord], what can be done for his clan as he sinks into Hell? In order to bear direct witness of all of these scriptural truths did [he] take birth in a lowly lineage."