ESS 265ESS 265Instrumentation, Data Processing

and Data Analysis in Space PhysicsPhysics

Lecture 1Lecture 1Overview; Access to Space; Analysis Tools

Vassilis AngelopoulosVassilis AngelopoulosWith contributions from: C. T. Russell

January 7, 20101

Ja ua y , 0 0

Content GradeContent, Grade• ESS 265: Instrumentation, Data Processing and Data Analysis in Space Physics:

• Course ID 578-390-200

• Catalogue Description:Principles, testing and operations of magnetometers and other instruments. Data processing, display and archiving. Time series analysis techniques, including filtering. Fourier series, eigenanalysis and power spectra. Units 4.

• Room 3820 Geology; Thursdays, 1:30-04:00 PM. See detailed schedule.

• Grading A/B/C preferred; S/U possibleGrading A/B/C preferred; S/U possible• Textbook: None required.• The grades for the course will be based on the performance on assignments during the quarter.

There is no final exam scheduled. The weighting for the final grade will be as follows:

Written assignment on instrumentation 50%gData analysis assignments 50%

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The AssignmentThe Assignment• Written Assignment

• GENERIC: Select a class of instrumentation used on a space mission. Read about the different ways that this class of instruments has been implemented on different missions. The instrumentation may be same as discussed in class, but the missions should NOT be the same as discussed in class. Prepare a written report describing th ti i i l th t th d li it ti f thi hthe operating principles, the strengths and limitations of this approach, e.g. accuracy and precision obtained. Describe the nature of the differences in various implementations. Include diagrams and instrument specifications such as dimensions, mass, power, data rates etc. Assignment will be due on February 18. This draft will be commented on and returned to the students. The final copy will be d M h 11due on March 11.

or• SPECIFIC: Instrumentation topics (calibration, modeling, simulation, data analysis) to

be discussed during instrument description.

• We will use IDL, a high-level language, for performing data analysis tasks. If you do not have an IDL license please talk to instructor for obtaining one for this class.

• A set of lecture notes for this class is available online at:

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A set of lecture notes for this class is available online at: http://www.igpp.ucla.edu/public/vassilis/ESS265

• Past year lecture notes available at the above site, under subdirectory: 2008

OverviewOverview

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On-line Material –2009On line Material 2009• Related: ESS 261: Topics in Magnetospheric Plasma Physics

http://www.igpp.ucla.edu/public/vassilis/ESS261

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On-line Material – ESS265pre-2008

Chapter 1. Access to SpaceChapter 2. Mission DesignChapter 3. Past, Present, and Future MissionsChapter 3. Past, Present, and Future MissionsChapter 4. Magnetometers (A History of Vector Magnetometry in Space by Bob Snare)Chapter 5. Ionospheric InstrumentationChapter 6. Deep Space InstrumentationChapter 7. Time Series Analysis Techniques in Space PhysicsCh t 8 F i W l t A l iChapter 8. Fourier Wavelet AnalysisChapter 9. Correlation and Regression

• Classical Error Analysis • Bootstrap, Autoregression, and Model Selection • Linear Prediction Filtering and Neural Networks

Chapter 10. SimulationsChapter 11. Distributed Information System

Previous Lectures:

Angelopoulos past lectures available at: http://www.igpp.ucla.edu/public/vassilis/ESS265/2008/Chris Russell / Angelopoulos past lectures available at: http://www-

ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/personnel/russell/ESS265/ESS265 Instrumentation.html

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gpp p _Ray Walker lessons available @ http:lucid.igpp.ucla.edu/lessons/ess265/2005 McPherron first five (2001) lectures: http://www.igpp.ucla.edu/lucid/lessons/ess265/McPherron programs and data files can be found at

ftp://ftp.igpp.ucla.edu/rmcpherr/teaching/ess265_spring_2001/

Useful BooksUseful Books• General Space Physics

– Introduction to Space Physics, (Edited by M.G. Kivelson and C T R ll) C b id U i it P 1995C.T. Russell) Cambridge University Press, 1995.

• Analysis Techniques– Analysis Methods for Multispacecraft Data, (Edited by G.

Paschmann and P.W. Daly), ESA Publications, 1998.– Time Series Analysis and Inverse Theory, D.A. Gubbins,

Cambridge, 2004.N i l R i Th A t f S i tifi C ti (FORTRAN– Numerical Recipes, The Art of Scientific Computing (FORTRAN Version), Press, Flannery, Teukolsky and Vettering, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989 – or latest versions

• Measurement Techniques• Measurement Techniques– Measurement Techniques in Space Plasmas: Fields– Measurement Techniques in Space Plasmas: Particles, (Edited

by R F Pfaff J E Borovsky and D T Young) American

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by R.F. Pfaff, J.E. Borovsky, and D.T. Young), American Geophysical Union, 1998.

Mission and Payload Descriptions• The Galileo Mission, Russell (Ed.), Kluwer, 1992.• The Global Geospace Mission, Russell (Ed.), Kluwer, 1992.• The Cluster and Phoenix Missions, Escoubet, Russell, & Schmidt, , , , ,

(Ed.), Kluwer, 1997.• The Near Earth Asteroid Mission, Russell (Ed.), Kluwer, 1997.• The Advanced Composition Explorer Mission, Russell, Mewaldt, &

Von Rosenvinge (Ed ) Kluwer 1998Von Rosenvinge (Ed.), Kluwer, 1998.• The Genesis Mission, Russell (Ed.), Kluwer, 2004.• 2001 Mars Odyssey, Russell (Ed.), Kluwer, 2004.• The Cassini/Huygens Mission Vols 1 2 3 Russell (Ed ) KluwerThe Cassini/Huygens Mission Vols. 1, 2, 3, Russell (Ed.), Kluwer,

2003, 2004.• The IMS Source Book, Russell & Southwood (Ed.), AGU, 1982.• The FAST Mission, (Edited by R. F. Pfaff, Jr.), Kluwer, 2001.• The THEMIS Mission, (Burch & Angelopoulos, Ed.), Springer, 2008• The ARTEMIS Mission, (Russell & Angelopoulos, Ed.), Springer 2010.

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Agencies Responsible for Undertaking Space S i R hScience Research

• In US– National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)– National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

• HQ – Washington, D.C.– National Science Foundation (NSF)

• HQ – Alexandria VAHQ Alexandria, VA

• In Europe– European Space Agency (ESA)

• HQ Paris• HQ – Paris– National Agencies – DLR, ASI, CNES etc.

• In JapanJ E l i A (JAXA)– Japanese Exploration Agency (JAXA)

• In Russia– Institute for Space Research

9• China, India, others (Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, Argentina…)

NASA• Administrator: Charles BoldenAdministrator: Charles Bolden

• Science Mission Directorate: E. J. Weiler C. Bolden

– Heliophysics Division: R. Fisher

– Solar System Exploration Division: J. Green E. Weiler

– Astrophysics Division

– Earth Science Division

• Exploration Directorate

– Exploration to the directorate means humans in spaceR. Fisher J. Green

p p

• Several other Directorates of lesser importance to science

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• Work is carried out at Centers

– Goddard, JPL, Ames, Glenn, Langley, Marshall, Kennedy, Johnson...

NASA Budget and Accountability• NASA Administrator reports to Congress

• NASA receives yearly funding with 4 year projections

• In response to administrator requests in early fall

• Government Accountability Office (GAO) audits and reports to Congress

• National Academy of Science and Engineering Reviews and Recommends

• NASA Advisory Council

U d t b i d d t• Used to be independent

• Changed to directed

• Now independent again?• Now independent again?

• Composed of Committees

Three science subcommittees

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Three science subcommittees

Snapshot of NASA budget/plan in 2005

Physical Structure• Goddard Space Flight Center: Greenbelt, MD • Ames Research Center: Mountain View, CAGoddard Space Flight Center: Greenbelt, MD

• Space Physics• Astrophysics• Earth Science• NSSDC

• Jet Propulsion Laboratory: Pasadena, CA

Ames Research Center: Mountain View, CA• Aeronautics / Pioneer Venus

• Johnson Space Center: Houston, TX• Manned Space Flight / Lunar Studies

• Glenn Research Center: Cleveland, OHP l iJet Propulsion Laboratory: Pasadena, CA

• Planetary• Deep Space Network

• Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL• Rockets• Space lab operations

• Propulsion• Kennedy Space Center

• Launch Facility• FFRDC: Applied Physics Laboratory, MD

• Space physics and PlanetarySpace lab operations

NASAHEADQUARTERS:

Administration

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Old Way of Doing BusinessOld Way of Doing Business• Competition within and between disciplines for p p

new start opportunities• Biggest, most ambitious program always won

Better than competition– Better than competition– Limited number of new starts– Increased NASA’s budget

• Problems– Hard to manage small number of big programs– Big projects are complex and therefore riskyBig projects are complex and therefore risky– Cost non-linearly related to size– Pressure to use space shuttle

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New Way of Doing BusinessNew Way of Doing Business• Fewer ambitious projects

D d h i G t Ob t i d– Decreased emphasis on Great Observatories and outer planets (but Pluto Flyby)

– Explorers (Small: SAMPEX, FAST, Middle: THEMIS,Explorers (Small: SAMPEX, FAST, Middle: THEMIS, IMAGE)

– Discovery (NEAR, MARS Pathfinder, others)– Scout lasted for 5 years, now combined with

DiscoveryNew Frontiers (directed targets AO missions)– New Frontiers (directed targets, AO missions)

– Smaller launch vehicles– New technology funding through generic R&D funds

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gy g g g

Obtaining FundingObtaining Funding• NASA releases Announcements of Opportunity “AOs” for

d t l i i i ti i ti ti i idata analysis, mission participation, or entire missions– Information on opportunities can be found on the NSPIRES website– Funding for data analysis, modeling is under the line “Research

Opportunities for Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES)”Opportunities for Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES)

• NSF does not usually issue AOs but does have dates for proposal evaluationproposal evaluation– Space Physics is under the Geosciences Directorate under

Atmospheric Science Programs– Code ATM funds Aeronomy, Magnetospheric Physics and Solar y g y

Terrestrial Research– These three areas have programs that sponsor annual meetings

CEDAR, GEM, and SHINE

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NASA Advisory Process• National Academy of Science (and of Engineering) run the National Research

Council that conducts independent studies for the government including NASA. The Space Studies Board is the primary advisory board from NAS/NRC i h i d b f UCLA P f C F K lNAS/NRC on space science, chaired by former UCLA Prof. C. F. Kennel

– Studies require funding so that advice is generally given only in areas in which the agencies request it.

– NASA obtains advice from the NAS/NRC Space Studies Board and its committees• Committee for Solar and Space Physics (CSSP: Chaired by Dr. Daniel Baker, LASP)• Committee for Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX: Charied by Dr. J. Veverka, Cornell)• Others, e.g., adhoc committees

– NAS/NRC runs Decadal Studies/Surveys that advise NSF and NASA. One study per:• Heliophysics (Solar/Space Physics)• Planetary Exploration• Astrophysics• Earth Science

• NASA now has an internal science advisory committee, the NASA Advisory Council (NAC), that has three subcommittees of science. It has recently been re-vitalized with new members, expect independent voices: htt // /h /h /2009/ /HQ 09 256 NAC ht l

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http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2009/nov/HQ_09-256_NAC.htmlMeetings are publicly available at: http://www.nasa.gov/offices/nac/home/index.html

Example of an Assessmentby adhoc NRC committee on NASA/HP Division Progranby adhoc NRC committee on NASA/HP Division Progran

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NASA Planning ProcessB d th t l l d i i b th NRC d th NAC d• Based on the top level advice given by the NRC and the NAC and following its top level Strategic Plan, shaped by National Policy as well as Science, NASA develops planning documents or roadmaps that address specific objectives in the Strategic Plan.

• Roadmaps are developed in Heliophysics (a.k.a. Solar and Space), Planetary, Solar System Exploration, Astrophysics and other Divisions

• When a mission from a Roadmap is selected for development, it

Astronomy and Astrophysics (2001)Solar & Space Physics (2003)Earth Science (2007)

p p ,undergoes further planning by a Science Definition Team*. When the SDT is disbanded, the mission is completed (instruments selected) and more planning takes place in Phase A of the mission.

18* Exception: In a PI-led mission, science planning is generally completed as

part of the selection process.

Mission Categories• Announcements of Opportunities (AOs) allow the submittal for• Announcements of Opportunities (AOs) allow the submittal for

proposing a PI-led mission or an investigation on a mission.• Heliophysics and astrophysics have SMEX (~$150M) and MidEx

(~$250M) missions. The cost caps are determined by launch vehicle t ( hi h 1/3 d t ½ th t t l i i t)costs (which are 1/3 and up to ½ the total mission cost)

• Planetary has Discovery, Scout (~$450 M) and New Frontiers (~$750M) missions. Scouts are Mars-specific; Discovery are general – both are PI-led missions. (Recently Discovery and Scouts were ( y ymerged.) New Frontiers are PI-led missions addressing specific objectives identified in the decadal surveys.

• Larger missions or mission lines are required to be center-led (a.k.a. “Directed” missions): Solar Terrestrial Probes and Living with a StarDirected missions): Solar Terrestrial Probes and Living with a Star missions for example [STEREO, Magnetosphere Multiscale, Radiation Belt Storm Probes, Solar Sentinels] are ~$1B or larger and are thought too large to be administered by a single PI.

• ESA has similar program lines: Cosmic Vision is the latest large• ESA has similar program lines: Cosmic Vision is the latest large program line in ESA with two classes of missions: “L” class and “M” class missions.

• Japan has Geotail (part of ISTP); Venus Climate Orbiter (alone); Bepi Colombo ith ESA

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Bepi Colombo with ESA.

Selection Process: Obtaining C i l A lCongressional Approval

• Year N-2 -Prepare request for Office of Management & BudgetS d t t OMB i F ll-Send request to OMB in Fall

-In December OMB tells NASA what it accepts-NASA makes a reclama to get more funds

• Year N-1 -In February, President sends budget to congress-House and Senate debate authorization bill-Joint committee resolves differencesH d S t d b t i ti bill hi h-House and Senate debate appropriation bill which

allows NASA to spend money-Joint committee resolves differences-Ideally money is available on October 1Ideally money is available on October 1-Recently FY10 budget has been passed resulting in:

-0.6% change in NASA/SMD+5% change in NASA/Exploration

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g p- Includes all major missions >$250M and mission lines

Selection Process: GrantsSelection Process: Grants

• AO appearsAO appears• Submit notice of intent (NOI) to propose• Write proposal and submitWrite proposal and submit• NASA sends proposals to reviewers• Reviewers send NASA their opinions• Reviewers send NASA their opinions• Panel assembles reviews and adds their opinions• NASA tells proposer if funding will be made• NASA tells proposer if funding will be made

available

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Selection Process: AO MissionsSelection Process: AO Missions• Draft proposal AO is published and community comments accepted

AO bli h d d 90 d i f l b i i• AO published and 90 days are given for proposal submission• Proposal review takes about 6 months: Science panel and TMCO• Panels look for major weaknesses, minor weaknesses, major

strengths and minor strengths in many areasstrengths and minor strengths in many areas• Several missions selected for a competitive study – Concept Study

Report. The mission then enters what is called “Phase A” or concept study phase. Recently projects have been undergoing extended-Phase A reviews trying to mature a specific instrument orPhase-A reviews, trying to mature a specific instrument or technology if deemed critical for mission success.

• After several months up to a year of study, new, very detailed reports submitted (CSR, reviews).

• Panel reviews them, makes a long list of hard questions and gives them to proposers a couple of days before a site visit

• After further deliberation one or more winners are announced (depending on mission level and funding profile)

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(depending on mission level, and funding profile).

Mission Development PhasesPhase A Concept Study Report or InitialPhase A - Concept Study Report or Initial

Planning (Feasibility) PhasePhase B - Planning or Formulation Phase

Preliminary Design Review Allows project to proceed to next phasePreliminary Design Review - Allows project to proceed to next phase

Phase C - Building or Implementation PhaseCritical Design Review - Allows project to order parts and build

Phase D - Assembly Integration Test andPhase D - Assembly, Integration, Test and Launch Operations (ATLO) PhaseOtherwise known as I&T Launch Processing PhaseLaunch Processing Phase

Pre-ship Review - Allows project to ship to launch siteLaunch - Launch and Early Orbit OperationsPh E P t l h i tiPhase E - Post-launch science operationsPhase F - Science beyond the primary objectives

There are about 2-3 dozen major reviews in each program.

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There are are twice as many peer reviews. This is expensive; andcosts increase with the size of the project: a non-linear effect.