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ESA Earth Observation

Contribution of Satellite Earth Observation Technology to Disaster Risk Management

Philippe BallyEuropean Space Agency

EOP-VAE, Applications & Future Technologies DepartmentDirectorate of Earth Observation Programs

International Charter Space & Major [email protected]

EO can contribute to a broad range of activities

Geo-information services versus market segment - market “hot spots” for EO products & services. (Review of the European and Canadian EO sector, 152 product declarations made by 75 different companies).

Can EO contribute to Disaster Risk Reduction?

EO services in many areas

A broad range of EO missions

. Optical/SAR/Atm.

(sensors)

. Resolution

(VHR HR MR)

. Revisit

(temporal)

. Throughput

(x 20 soon)

• Emergency Response, • Rapid Crisis Mapping &

Damage Assessment,• Situation Mapping.

• Prevention, Preparedness, Recovery, Reconstruction

• Detailed Damage Mapping,• Risk Assessment.

(Floods, Fires, Geo-Hazards)

• All phases• Reference Mapping,• Digital Elevation and Digital

Terrain models,• LU/LC cover Mapping,• Asset Mapping.

EO Services & Risk Management cycle

Assessing the effectiveness & efficiency of assistance & development actions

(to assess needs & define projects, evaluation of project results)

Planning/management within development projects(to monitor projects)

Planning within natural risk management (Preparedness Mitigation Response Recovery Post-crisis Rehabilitation &

Reconstruction)

Planning within post-crisis reconstruction projects(activities in post-crisis context)

Based on these issues how can EO contribute?

ESA’s understanding of DRR activities:

The international community, including the UN and EU systems, has undertaken a variety of initiatives on monitoring hazards, populations, and prevailing environmental conditions, to assist the most vulnerable nations to devise appropriate prevention and mitigation measures prior to such emergencies.

This includes the World Bank/ISDR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) launched in 2006.

Policy instruments & strategic guidelines: the UN Hyogo Framework for Action explicitly cites the need for satellite based applications and geo-information as important tools for disaster reduction (assess & minotor risks, strengthen preparedness).

Strong requirement expressed by African users during the Lisbon GMES Workshop on Security (dec 07): improve access to EO to support disaster reduction

Institutional Framework:

Role of EO based geo-information:

Underlying EO methods for disaster risk reductionhave already been developped, in addition :

new services needed to move from reactivescenarios to more anticipative & systematic EO approaches (e.g. flood defense)

techniques need to be applied to specific local risks and to include in-country training of local personnel (c.f. Matagalpa CIGMAT project)

Role of EO based geo-information:

Underlying EO methods for disaster risk reductionhave already been developped, in addition :

new services needed to move from reactivescenarios to more anticipative & systematic EO approaches (e.g. flood defense)

techniques need to be applied to specific local risks and to include in-country training of local personnel (c.f. Matagalpa CIGMAT project)

The use of geo-information today only represents a small fraction of the activities of the DRR sector:

Evidently geo-information (and EO) is not the first & only solution in risk reduction projects

Importance of geo-information in DRR area:

Activities of the space sector

Activities of the Disaster Response community

EOGeo-information

GIS




• Detailed Damage Mapping,• Risks Assessment.





Available Globally, Operational/Pre-operational

Disaster management users (civil protections, UN, aid workers) have limited time to spend on technology if it is not directly useful & operational within their working environment

Authorised Users: Disaster management centres

Initiated in 2000 by CNES and ESA, joined by CSA, NOAA, ISRO, CONAE, JAXA, USGS, BNSC/DMCii, CNSA, ROSCOSMOS, INPE, DLR & KARI (14 members currently)

Unified system of space data acquisition / delivery in case of natural or human-made disasters (at no cost, best effort basis)

Data delivery to civil protection agencies, emergency & rescue services; UN cooperating body since 2003

Operational : 24 hrs on-duty-operator

Charter activations increasing (50 most important events per year)

Recent Activations : Tsunami/Earthquake/Nuclear (Japan), Flood (Australia) Landslide (Brazil), Earthquake (New Zealand), Snow Storm (Korea), Flood (Mozambique)….

The International Charter Space & Major Disasters

Over 9+ years the Charter has delivered data for emergencies in 80+ countries in response to main disaster types. AOIs of User requests for 220+ activations are represented as light pink cells.

Distribution of disaster risk: mortality (Columbia University)

« There are 2 types of disasters, floods and other disasters »

Charter Activations : Hazard Type

Charter activations, volume & trend: Charter events are a Charter activations, volume & trend: Charter events are a limited part of major disasters but activity is increasinglimited part of major disasters but activity is increasing

The curve at the top represents the Charter activations, the one just below represents those that alsoare counted as mass disasters in the world-wide database of CRED (yearly 50 most important events recorded in the EM-DAT database)

The International Charter Space & Major Disasters was triggered by thJapan Cabinet Office less than one hour after the earthquake impact.

JAPAN Earthquake & Tsunami, 11 March 2011

• continuous access to EO data from a wide range of sensors tasked in emergency to supply crisis imagery

• different organisations collaborate on an international basis to provide Value Adding analysis: JAXA in Japan, AIT in Thailand, DLR ZKI in Germany, SERTIT in France and UNITAR/UNOSAT in Geneva.

• French Civil Protection COGIC also has invoked the Charter in the frame of the assistance they provide to Japan with relief teams sent to the field.

• activation extended to address the nuclear accidents consecutive to the EQ & Tsunami

JAPAN Earthquake & Tsunami, 11 March 2011

Earthquake – Crisis Mapping - Zonal

Earthquake Earthquake –– Crisis Mapping Crisis Mapping –– Building LevelBuilding Level

N/AAccess to data at no cost (systematic in the framework of the Int. Charter)not counting data analysis

Cost

36h after acquisitionBetween 1 and 3 days after an event

Timeliness

Revisit: One off / possibly several times a day

Revisit :Generally high with up to several acquisitions/dayCoverage: from 15km to 150km swath (east-west) for a single scene

Coverage & Revisit

Up to better than 10cm60-250cm at best using VHR Optical imagery

Spatial Res.

Depending onthe authorisations to fly

24/7 world-wide with a rush production capacityAccess to imagery globally(independent from politics)

Availability

Aerial dataSatellite dataEO EO vsvs airboneairbone concerning DRMconcerning DRM

Landslides Landslides –– Crisis MappingCrisis Mapping

BURN SCAR MAPPING

Very High Res

Formosat 2

Olympia Site

RAPID MAPPING

Athens

Crisis Mapping - Fires, Greece

Crisis Mapping Crisis Mapping –– Flood extent (Albania, JanFlood extent (Albania, Jan’’10)10)

Oil slick in the Gulf of MexicoOil slick in the Gulf of Mexico

ENVISAT – MERIS data acquired on 29/04/2010

ENVISAT – ASAR data acquired on 26/04/2010

Examples of imagery supplied by ESA via the International Charter; repeat ENVISAT observations are supplied in Near Real Time (2 hoursafter downlink) to US authorities [NOAA & Coast Guards]

Utility assessment by users:

Charter Activations : TimelinessCharter Activations : Timeliness

Total time of an event:

• 7.8 days (2000-2005, 72 cases)

• 8.2 days (2008)

Raw Data 3Raw Data 3Acquisition 2Acquisition 2Mobilisation 1Mobilisation 1 Crisis Info 4Crisis Info 4

Total time

Response time (operations)

Response time of an activation:

• 4.5 days (2000-2005, 72 cases)

• 1.4 days (2008)

0.5 days 0.35 days3.7 days3 days

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016

delivery time (mins) ERS

Radarsat 1/2EnvisatTerraSAR-XCosmo-SkymedSentinel 1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016

tasking time (hours)

ERSRadarsat 1/2EnvisatTerraSAR-X basicCosmo-SkymedSentinel 1

• Tasking times • ie time from request to satellite

commanding (not the acquisition time: depends on where the target is)

• Processing & Delivery times

• ie time from acquisition to information delivery (Example : ship-detection)

Improved Tasking & Processing




• Detailed Damage Mapping,• Risks Assessment.





Available Globally, Operational/Pre-operational

The Geo Hazard Supersites Initiative

- support Geohazards scientific & operational users for the study of hazards in geologically active regions (earthquake, volcano or other)

- access to space-borne and in-situ geophysical data of selected sites

- initiated from the "Frascati declaration" at the conclusion of the 3rd International Geohazards workshop of the Group of Earth Observation (GEO) held in November 2007 in Frascati, Italy.

Access via [email protected]

SAR Interferometry: Envisatco-seismic strip over Honshu island

Line Of Sight displacement

Interferogram processed by INGV using 3 post-Earthquake acquisitions from ENVISAT ASAR &reference data (800+km segment, tracks from E to W: 74, 347 & 189)

Displacement map(scale: 0-2.5m, line-of-sight measurement)

Credits: INGV, ENVISAT Data: copyright ESA; INGV is the Tectonics Theme Leader of ESA’sproject Terrafirma.

Landslide Displacement Monitoring

Left: Example of integration of geologic information with ground measurements (inclinometric readings) and PS-derived information, to define or refine a model of an existing landslide. Right: This product has been used by the Arno AdB to refine the limits of the Risk-zones for which it is legally responsible (Carbonile: Red: previous R3/4 area, Pink: revised R3/4 area). Credits: TRE Europa, UNIFI.

Incl.27

Rupt. Surf.= 4, 13 m

Incl.18

Rupt. Surf.= 3 m

Clays

Debris!( -29.18 - -5.00!( -4.99 - -3.00!( -2.99 - -1.25!( -1.24 - 1.25!( 1.26 - 3.00!( 3.01 - 5.00!( 5.01 - 29.05

PS Vel. (mm/y)

Legend

Inclinometer 27

02468

101214161820

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Time

Dis

plac

emen

t (m

m)

Incl.10

Rupt. Surf.= 7 m

Slope gradient Land cover Lythology Slope aspectUpslope areaLandslide susceptibility classification with respect to different classes of landslide hazards, through the integration of ground displacements observations from Space with thematic maps (e.g. land use, slope, geomorphology, lythology).

Credits: TRE Europa, UNIFI.

Landslide Susceptibility Mapping

Infrastructure Monitoring ERS-ENVISAT integration

Every possible scene is

programmed and acquired to

MONITOR structural stability

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

cm

ERS Scenes

Envisat Scenes

Product:BarcelonaUser: City of Barcelona

25 cities in Europe, plans to extend to 200

Italian Government purchasing service for the whole national territory

Land Motion : Urban SubsidenceRome displacement (1993-2002)

Tectonics Products

The Tectonics Products are used by civil protection agencies and urban planning

entities, amongst others.

Crustal block boundaries service provides users with information on terrain motion related to faults, earthquake cycles, and vertical deformation sources.

Vulnerability map service combining PSI data with in situ measurements to identify regions with vulnerability in the case of earthquake.Credits: Terrafirma project (www.terrafirma.eu.com)

This service presents information on seismic hazards and that are oriented by the needs of the end user within two subcategories:

Plastic horizontal sliding

17000 km of water barriers: 3565 km primary water barriers (big rivers, sea, IJsselmeer, Markermeer), 14000 km regional water barriers

Courtesy R. Hansen Delft Institute of Earth Observation and Space Systems

90% dikes monitored

(1992-2005)

Blue, below sea level

Land Motion : Dike StabilityCredits: Terrafirma project(www.terrafirma.eu.com)

• what can ESA provide using Earth Observation (EO) technologies ?

ESA operate satellite missions (ERS, ENVISAT, Sentinels: toolsfor crisis mapping)

participate to the International Charter Space & Major Disasters

EO data

has an EO Exploitation programme (such as GSE, VAE, etc)

participate to international activities to develop EO capacities

Applications (the end-to-end services to users)

Framework for Disaster Risk Management :

EO can be used both for prevention & disaster response

The service offerings vary widely, two examples:

• rapid mapping w damage analysis within hours (24/7 basis)

• precise risk information with mandated organisations exploiting EO data

Take-Home Messages

International event on EO & Geo-Hazards

Relevant organisations/projects & Venue

Organisations: GEO, EC (e.g. GMES, DG ENV, etc), INVG (IT), NUA (Greece), BGS (UK), USGS, GFZ (D), DLR(D), KOERI (TK), IMM (Istanbul Megacity Municipality, TK), national geoscience centres, IPGP (F), GFDRR (World Bank), Re-insurance sector (e.g. Willis, Swiss Re, etc), UN ISDR, UNITAR, UN OCHA.

Projects: EPOS , G.E.M., GDACS, GMES ERS (GIO project), Sub-Coast, DORIS, Terrafirma, Int. Charter, Geo Hazard Supersites

Chris Browitt, [email protected] Bally, [email protected]

Take-Home Messages

• Data versus Information Products

• (Crisis Response): the International Charter is growingmore users i.e. CPAs & International Humanitarian community),

increased performance, Rapid mapping being adopted by CPAs

• Other capacities (Risks) devoted to public users are established or being developed (e.g. GMES Emergency Response)

• Example of achievements: the Italian government are purchasing INSAR data for the complete territory

• 50+ Geological Surveys are engaged via SLAs to exploit terrain deformation services for geo-hazard risk assessment

The ESA Earth Observation programmes

… understanding our planet… securing our environment

… benefiting our economy

Thank You !

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