Bu l l e t i n OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

A quarterly online publication of the Ecological Society of America

esa

Vol. 87, No. 3 July 2006

‹http://www.esapubs.org/bulletin/current/current.htm›

The Ecological Society of AmericaGOVERNING BOARD FOR 2005–2006

President: Nancy B. Grimm, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501President-Elect: Alan Covich, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602Past-President: Jerry M. Melillo, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543Vice President for Science: Gus R. Shaver, The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543Vice President for Finance: Bill Parton, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523-1499Vice President for Public Affairs: Rich Pouyat, 3315 Hudson St., Baltimore, MD 21224Vice President for Education and Human Resources: Carol A. Brewer, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812-0001Secretary: David W. Inouye, Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4415Member-at-Large: P. Dee Boersma, Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800Member-at-Large: Shahid Naeem, Department of EEEB, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027Member-at-Large: Dennis Ojima, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523-1499

AIMS The Ecological Society of America was founded in 1915 for the purpose of unifying the sciences of ecology, stimulating research in all aspects of the discipline, encouraging communication among ecologists, and promoting the responsible application of eco-logical data and principles to the solution of environmental problems. Ecology is the scientific discipline that is concerned with the relationships between organisms and their past, present, and future environments. These relationships include physiological responses of individuals, structure and dynamics of populations, interactions among species, organization of biological communities, and processing of energy and matter in ecosystems.

MEMBERSHIP Membership is open to persons who are interested in the advancement of ecology or its applications, and to those who are engaged in any aspect of the study of organisms in relation to environment. The classes of membership and their annual dues for 2006 are as follows:

Regular member: Student member: $25.00 Income level Dues Life member: Contact Member and Subscriber Services (see below) <$40,000 $50.00 Emeritus member: Free $40,000–60,000 $75.00 >$60,000 $95.00 Subscriptions to the journals are not included in the dues. Special membership rates are available for individuals in developing countries. Contact Member and Subscriber Services (address below) for details.

PUBLICATIONS The Society publishes a bulletin, four print journals, and an electronic data archive. The Bulletin of the ecological Society of america, issued quarterly, contains announcements of meetings of the Society and related organizations, programs, awards, articles, and items of current interest to members. The journal Ecology, issued monthly, publishes essays and articles that report and interpret the results of original scientific research in basic and applied ecology. Ecological monographS is a quarterly journal for longer ecological research articles. Ecological applicationS, published six times per year, contains ecological research and discussion papers that have specific relevance to environmental management and policy. frontierS in ecology and the environment, with 10 issues each year, focuses on current ecological issues and environmental challenges; it is international in scope and interdisciplinary in approach. ecological archiveS is published on the Internet at ‹http://esapubs.org/Archive› and contains supplemental material to ESA journal articles and data papers. No responsibility for the views expressed by the authors in ESA publications is assumed by the editors or the publisher, the Ecological Society of America. Subscriptions for 2006 are available to ESA members as follows: Regular Student FrontierS in ecology Free to members Ecology $65.00 $50.00 Bulletin of the Ecological Free to members Ecological monographS $30.00 $25.00 Society of America Ecological applicationS $50.00 $40.00 ecological archiveS Free

Application blanks for membership may be obtained from the Ecological Society of America, Member and Subscriber Services, 1707 H Street, N.W., Suite 400, Washington, DC 20006, to which all correspondence concerning membership should be addressed. Checks accompanying membership applications should be made payable to the Ecological Society of America. For additional information on the Society and its publications, visit ESA’s home page on the World Wide Web ‹http://esa.org›.

July2006�

Cover Photo: White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons) gleaning rice fields after harvest near Lake Miyajimanuma, in central Hokkaido, Japan, appear to base their behavior on the advantages of group foraging. The geese benefit from aggregation in feeding flocks, because alarms about potential predators are quickly spread through the flock, despite the local depletion of food resources. The authors found that a model allowing for incomplete knowledge about the distribution of food resources, combined with the benefits of aggregation, best described both individual flock behavior and the seasonal variation in flock size. For additional photographs associated with the article by T. Amano, K. Ushiyama, S. Moriguchi, G. Fujita, and H. Higuchi, see “Incompletely informed group foragers” in the Photo Gallery.

Click on a title to view that section

ANNOUNCEMENTS189 Society Notices189 Call for Student Award Judges190 Other Notices190 Defenders of Wildlife Conservation Support Network 190 Smithsonian Institution’s Monitoring and Assessment of Biodiversity Training Course190 Disease Ecology on the Web191 EcoSummit192 Workshops at The Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling (CREEM)193 Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data

PHOTO GALLERY: Images from upcoming articles in our scientific journals194 Reproductive Division of Labor. Kirk E. Anderson, Jürgen Gadau, Brendon M. Mott, Robert A. Johnson, Annette Altamirano, Christoph Strehl, and Jennifer H. Fewell196 Incompletely Informed Group Foragers. Tatsuya Amano, Katsumi Ushiyama, Sachiko Moriguchi, Go Fujita, and Hiroyoshi Higuchi198 Forest Disturbances. E. N. Broadbent, D. J. Zarin, G. P. Asner, M. Peña-Claros, A. Cooper, and R. Littell199 Tropical Fruit Fly. Pierre-François Duyck, Patrice David, Guillemette Junod, Caroline Brunel, Raphaël Dupont, and Serge Quilici200 Coral Reef Recovery. Helen E. Fox and Roy L. Caldwell201 Invasive Argentine Ants. Núria Roura-Pascual, Andrew V. Suarez, Kristina McNyset, Crisanto Gómez, Pere Pons, Yoshifumi Touyama, Alexander L. Wild, Ferran Gascon, and A. Townsend Peterson

The BULLETIN OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA (ISSN 0012-9623) is published quarterly

by the Ecological Society of America, 1707 H Street, NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20006. It is available online

only, free of charge, at ‹http://www.esapubs.org/bulletin/current/current.htm›. Issues published prior to January

2004 are available through ‹http://www.esapubs.org/esapubs/journals/bulletin_main.htm›.

V O L U M E 8 7, N O. 3, J U L Y 2 0 0 6

Table of Contents continues on next page

Visit the Photo Gallery for more photographs submitted by our scientific journal authors.

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Photo Gallery continued…202 Salmon, Wildlife, and Wine. Joseph E. Merz and Peter B. Moyle204 Adding Infection to Injury. Pieter T. J. Johnson, Eric R. Preu, Daniel R. Sutherland, John M. Romansic, Barbara Han, and Andrew R. Blaustein206 Oak Forest Insect Herbivores. June M. Jeffries, Robert J. Marquis, and Rebecca E. Forkner

CONTRIBUTIONS212 Commentary 212 A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 21. Réaumur and His History of Insects. F. N. Egerton225 SEEDS of a New Millenium. SEEDS Scholars

DEPARTMENTS229 Emerging Technologies229 LINK: A Land Conservation Decision Support Tool237 Society Section and Chapter News237 Southeastern Chapter Newsletter

Section Editors, Emerging Technologies D. W. Inouye, Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 E-mail: inouye@.umd.edu S. Scheiner, Div. of Environmental Biology, Natl. Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22230 E-mail: sscheine@nsf.gov

Section Editors, Ecological Education: K–12 S. Barker, Dept. of Secondary Education, 350 Education South, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G5 Canada E-mail: susan.barker@ualberta.ca C. W. Anderson, 319A Erickson Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 E-mail: andya@msu.edu

Associate Editor David A. Gooding ESA Publications Office, 127 W. State Street, Suite 301, Ithaca, NY 14850-5427 E-mail: dag25@cornell.edu

Production Editor Regina Przygocki ESA Publications Office, 127 W. State Street, Suite 301, Ithaca, NY 14850-5427 E-mail: esa_graphics@cornell.edu

Section Editor, Ecology 101 H. Ornes College of Sciences, SB310A, Southern Utah University Cedar City, UT 84720 E-mail: ornes@ssu.edu

Bulletin Editor-in-Chief E. A. Johnson Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 1707 H Street, NW, Washington DC 20006

Phone (403) 220-7635, Fax (403) 289-9311, E-mail: bulletin@esa.org

Section Editor, Public Affairs Perspective N. Lymn Director for Public Affairs, ESA Headquarters, 1707 H Street, NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20036 E-mail: nadine@esa.org

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AnnouncementsSociety Notices

REQUEST FOR STUDENT AWARD JUDGESMurray F. Buell Award E. Lucy Braun Award

Judges are needed to evaluate candidates for the Murray F. BuellAwardfortheoutstandingoralpresentationbyastudentandtheE.LucyBraunAwardfortheoutstandingposterpresentationbyastudentattheAnnualESAMeetingatMemphis,Tennesseein2006.Weneedtoprovideeachcandidate with at least four judges competent in the specific subject of the presentation. Each judge is asked to evaluate3–5papersand/orposters.Currentgraduatestudentsarenoteligibletojudge.ThisisagreatwaytobecomeinvolvedinanimportantESAactivity.Wedesperatelyneedyourhelp!

Pleasecompleteandsendthisformbymail,fax,ore-mailtotheChairoftheStudentAwardsSubcommittee:ChristopherF.Sacchi,DepartmentofBiology,KutztownUniversity,Kutztown,PA19530USA. Call (610)683-4314;FAX:(610)683-4854ore-mail:sacchi@kutztown.edu

If you have judged in the past several years, this information is on file. If you do not have to update your in-formation,simplysendmeane-mailmessage,“Yes,Icanjudgethisyear.”

Name Currentmailingaddress June/Julymailingaddress Currenttelephone Summertelephone E-mail Fax YearM.S.received YearPh.Dreceived

Areas of expertise (check all that apply):

D�sc�pl�ne Research approach (please rank) Organ�sms Botany Populationecology Vertebrates Zoology Communityecology Types: Microbiology Ecosystemecology Invertebrates Appliedecology Types:

Hab�tat Physiologicalecology Plants Soil Behavioralecology Types: Terrestrial Paleoecology Fungi Freshwater Theoreticalecology Microbes Marine Evolutionaryecology Types: Provide a few key words or phrases that describe your interests and expertise:

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Announcements

Other Notices

Defenders of Wildlife Conservation Support Network

Defenders of Wildlife recently launched the Conservation Support Network to assist federal employees in promotingscience-basedsolutionsforthemanagementofendangeredwildlife.ThisprogramwillbetterenableDefenders of Wildlife to work with federal employees on behalf of imperiled wildlife and advocate for a stron-ger role for science in decision making. For more information, please visit the web site ‹http://www.conserva-tionsupportnetwork.org›

Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring Course, Smithsonian Institution

The Smithsonian Institution‘s Monitoring and Assessment ofBiodiversity Program (MAB) is offering a professional trainingcourse for international scientists, resource managers, and educa-tors. The course will take place 17 September–9 October 2006 in FrontRoyal,Virginia,USAattheNationalZoo‘sConservationandResearchCenter.Thecostis$3350,whichincludestuition,coursematerials, lodging and meals, and local transportation.Topics in-clude vegetation, mammals, and arthropods, an introduction toprojectplanning,GIS,andstatistics.Formoreinformationcontact

Disease Ecology On The Web

TheYale Institute forBiosphericStudies,Center forEcoEpidemiology,hasposted twoforumproceedingsrecentlyheldatYaleonitswebsite‹http://www.yale.edu/yibs/research/CEE›.

The “Forum on Climate and Disease” (held on 9 and 10 December 2005) features talks by Richard Spinrad (NOAA), David Rogers (Oxford), Duane Gubler (Hawaii), Daithi Stone (Oxford), Rita Colwell (Maryland), Gregory Glass (Johns Hopkins), Rodolfo Acuna-Soto (Mexico), Cecil Viboud (NIH), and Andrew Comrie (Arizona).

The “Forum on Avian Reservoirs of Human Pathogens” (held on 21 April 2006) features talks by Robert Webster (St. Jude Hospital), Nicholas Komar (CDC), Bjorn Olsen (Sweden), Durland Fish (Yale), Theodore Andreadis (CAES), Jonathan Day (Florida), John Sauer (Patuxent, Maryland), Peter Mara (SmithsonianInstitution),andWilliamKaresh(WCS).

Complete audio and video of each presentation (17 hours total) can be selected using Real Player and a broad-bandconnection.Thepresentationsarehighqualityandsuitableforclassroomuse.

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Announcements

Theworldisexperiencingrapidurbanization,industrializationandglobalization.Thepace,depth,andmag-nitude of these changes, have exerted severe ecological stresses on humankind living conditions and life support ecosystems across all scales - from local to regional, and global scales. Water shortages, desertification, soil degradation, greenhouse gas emissions, elevated sediment and nutrient fluxes to the coastal seas and other envi-ronmentalproblemsareincreasinglybecomingthecommonsideeffectsofthosehumanactivities.Sustainabilitycanonlybeassuredwithanecologicalunderstandingofthecomplexinteractionsbetweenenvironmental,eco-nomic,political,andsocial/culturalfactorsandwithcarefulplanningandmanagementgroundedinecologicalprinciples.Ecologicalcomplexityandsustainabilityarebecomingacoreconceptandinstrumentforimprovingourcommonfuture.

ThisEcoSummitwillfocusonintegrativeaspectsofallecologicalscienceanditsapplicationunderthegen-eral theme of “Ecological Complexity and Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for 21st-Century’s Ecol-ogy”.TheaimofthisEcoSummitistoencourageagreaterintegrationofboththenaturalandsocialscienceswith the policy and decision-making community to develop a better understanding of the complex nature of eco-logicalsystems.Thisunderstandingwillprovidethebasisforsustainablesolutionstoenvironmentalproblems.

Weexpectthismeetingtoattractthebroadestrepresentationsofecologicalorganizations,ecologistsandprac-titioners on ecological sustainability issues from all over the world. We intend to show the unification and deter-mination of our ecological community as a whole to maximize our commitment to use ecological knowledge and understandingtomeetthechallengesraisedfromtheEarthSummit(1992),theWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment(2002),andtheUnitedNations2005MillenniumReviewSummit.

Our scientific program will feature: plenary sessions, symposia, contributed oral and poster sessions, and spe-cial evening sessions. A variety of scientific field trips will also be planned.

We will have 14 world known plenary speakers and more than 10 Elsevier ecology journals plan to publish specialissuesfromthisconference.ThelanguageoftheconferenceisEnglish.

Formoreinformationgoto‹http://www.ecosummit2007.elsevier.com/›

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Announcements

MelissaBellmanatbellmanm@si.edu or look online at ‹www.si.edu/simab›

Workshops at The Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Mod-elling (CREEM)

The Centre is hosting three linked workshops in the summerof2006inourpurpose-builtfacilitiesattheUni-versity of St Andrews, Scotland. The aim of these work-shopsistotrainparticipantsinthelatestmethodsforde-signandanalysisofdistancesamplingsurveys,including

line and point transects. The workshops are taught by leading researchers in the field, using industry-standard software.

The first workshop (3 days) will run at an introductory level, and will focus on “conventional” distance sam-pling methods, as described in the standard reference book Introduction to Distance Sampling. The workshop willbeablendoftheoryandpractice,andparticipantswilllearnhowtousetheprogram“Distance.”Partici-pantswillgainasolidgroundinginbothsurveydesignandmethodsofanalysisfordistancesamplingsurveys.

The second workshop (2.5 days) will cover recent advances in distance sampling research and software, as described in the book Advanced Distance Sampling.Itisintendedforthosealreadyfamiliarwithconventionaldistance sampling methods (e.g., those who have attended an introductory workshop). Participants will learn the useofcovariatesformodellingthedetectionfunction,double-platformmethodsforwhendetectionatthelineorpointisnotcertain,automatedsurveydesign,andadaptivesampling.Participantswillalsolearnthemoreadvancedfeaturesof“Distance.”

The third workshop (2.5 days) will focus on methods of predicting abundance or density of biological data using the “count” method of Hedley and Buckland (Advanced Distance Sampling:Chapter4, 2004. In thesesituationsvariationinanimaldensity/abundanceismodeledasfunctionsofcovariatessuchaslandcovertype,bathymetry,altitudeordepth,orothercharacteristicscollectedduringadistancesamplingsurvey.Generaladdi-tive models (GAMs) or general linear models (GLMs) will be fitted to estimated densities along transects using a new analytical engine inside the program “Distance.” This is an advanced workshop for those already familiar withdistancesampling.

For all three workshops, participants are encouraged to bring their own data sets, and can expect to do some preliminary analyses with their data. Participants intending to model their own data in the third workshop will be required to have it formatted according to precise specifications prior to arrival at St. Andrews. Computer ses-sions take place in our modern PC-classroom (attached to the seminar room); participants can use our computers orbringtheirownPClaptops.

Furtherdetailscanbefoundatourwebsite:‹http://www.ruwpa.st-and.ac.uk/distance.workshops/›orcontact:

EricRexstadResearchUnitforWildlifePopulationAssessmentCentreforResearchintoEcologicalandEnvironmentalModellingUniversityofSt.AndrewsSt.Andrews,ScotlandKY169LZ+44(0)1334461833

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Announcements

Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data

Do You Want to Learn More About Analyzing Your Data?

Come and take part in the course we have been offering for almost 10 years: Multivariate Analysis of Eco-logical Data using CANOCO. This course will be held again 16–27 January 2007 in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.Courseparticipantsareintroducedtothemodernwayofanalyzingmultivariatedata,withmuchtimeallocated to work on their own projects.

In-depthlecturesandpracticalsareprovidedforthefollowingtopics:

• Classical ordination methods (PCA, CA, DCA, PCO, NMDS),

• Constrained ordination methods (RA, CCA) including partial analyses and permutation tests ofmultivariatehypotheses,

• Effectiveproductionandinterpretationofordinationdiagrams.

All the ordination methods will be demonstrated using the latest version of the CANOCO for Windows pack-age. In addition, classification methods (cluster analysis, TWINSPAN), modern regression methods (GLM, GAM,CART),andtheprinciplesofexperimentaldesignwillbeintroducedduringthecourse.

This course centers around the book written by course lecturers and published by the Cambridge University Press:J.LepšandP.Šmilauer,Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data using CANOCO(2003).

Allthenecessarydetailsaboutthecoursecanbefoundatitswebpage:‹http://regent.jcu.cz›;youcanalsocontactthecoursemanager,PetrŠmilauer,E-mail:petrsm@jcu.cz

JanLepšandPetrŠmilauerFacultyofBiologicalSciencesUniversity of South Bohemia, České BudějoviceCzechRepublic

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Photo GAllery

Reproductive division of labor

The reproductive division of labor is perhaps the defining and most interesting feature of social insect success. The worker caste is sterile and performs all tasks related to colony maintenance and growth. The queen caste specializes in reproduction, generating tens of thousands of worker eggs over the course of her life, but colony fitness is determined primarily by the production of new reproductive individuals, males, and potential new queens (gynes). Subsequently, this reproductive potential depends on early and sustained worker production such that the colony can attain reproductive maturity.

The process of caste determination in most social insects is governed by environmental influences

on development, but colonies from many populations of Pogonomyrmex barbatus exhibit genetic caste determination (GCD) generated by the interbreeding of two distinct yet interdependent lineages. Maintenance of this system relies on obligate polyandry, because same-lineage matings produce gynes, while alternate-lineage matings produce workers. The sperm ratios acquired from mating randomly with multiple males of each lineage result in a genetic load for a subset of queens that mate with primarily same-lineage males. This translates into a nutritional load for the incipient colony because the limited resources of the founding queen are diverted from worker production, and invested in nonfunctional gyne-destined brood.

All photographs in this section are provided by authors of papers in our scientific journals and are used by permission. All rights reserved.

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This photograph illustrates the article, “Distribution and evolution of genetic caste determination among cryptic lineages of seed-harvester ants Pogonomyrmex barbatus and P. rugosus,” by Kirk E. Anderson, Jürgen Gadau, Brendon M. Mott, Robert A. Johnson, Annette Altamirano, Christoph Strehl, and Jennifer H. Fewell, part of the Special Feature on Interspecific Hybridization in Ants, tentatively scheduled to appear in Ecology 87(9), September 2006.

Photo Gallery

Two gynes produced by an incipient GCD colony devouring the larva of a sibling worker.

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Photo Gallery

Incompletely informed group foragers

Many species face uncertainties about foraging patch quality in their decision-making processes. White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons) foraging on harvest remains of rice in Japan represent a typical example. The geese are likely to be uncertain about the distribution of poorly visible rice grains among straw in the harvested fields (photos 1 and 2), while seasonal variations in the flock sizes of geese seem to be determined by the trade-off between the costs and benefits of group foraging (photo 3), which cannot be explained by existing social foraging models. We developed a new foraging model for incompletely informed foragers that benefit from foraging in groups, where expected gain rates were used for decision making on diet choice, patch departure, and flock joining. This model agreed most

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The photographs are associated with the article by Tatsuya Amano, Katsumi Ushiyama, Sachiko Moriguchi, Go Fujita, and Hiroyoshi Higuchi, “Decision-making rules in group foragers with incomplete information on patch quality: a test with White-fronted Geese using an individual-based model,” which is tentatively scheduled to appear in Ecology 87(11), November 2006.

Photo Gallery

closely with the observed patterns, both in the spatial distribution and fat deposition parameters of geese, compared to existing models. Therefore, we concluded that these White-fronted Geese seem to use expected gain rates for decision making with incomplete information on foraging patch quality.

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Forest disturbancesPhoto Gallery

T h e i n f l u e n c e o f forest disturbances from selective logging on new and established remote-sensing analytical methods is investigated in the article by E. N. Broadbent, D. J. Zarin, G. P. Asner, M. Peña-Claros, A. Cooper, and R. Littell, “Recovery of forest structure and spectral properties after selective logging in lowland Bolivia,” published in Ecological Applications 16(3):1148–1163, June 2006.

A canopy emergent t ree (Ficus boliviana), nearly 40 m tall, stretches its branches over the rain forest canopy in a logging concession in lowland Bolivia. During selective logging such trees are felled, producing gaps in the forest canopy. Selective logging in Bolivia, and throughout the Amazon, produces distinctive patterns of forest disturbances, including felling gaps, skid trails, and roads. Recent advances in satellite imagery analysis may help to detect these disturbances, and thus to detect logging activities, over large areas. However, to date the sensitivity of these analyses to forest disturbances in Bolivian forests have not been quantified.

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The photograph is associated with the article by Pierre-François Duyck, Patrice David, Guillemette Junod, Caroline Brunel, Raphaël Dupont, and Serge Quilici, “Importance of competition mechanisms in successive invasions by polyphagous tephritids in La Réunion Island,” published in Ecology 87(7):1770–1780.

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A female of the Mascarenes fruit fly, Ceratitis catoirii Guérin-Mèneville. This endemic species from Mascarenes (a tropical archipelago of the Indian Ocean), is a weaker competitor compared to the three successive invasive fruit flies from the same family (Tephritidae) now present in the archipelago. Ceratitis catoirii has become extinct in Mauritius and is now very rare in La Réunion.

Tropical fruit fly

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Coral Reef Recovery

Photo Gallery

The article with which these photographs are associated, by Helen E. Fox and Roy L. Caldwell, “Recovery from blast fishing on coral reefs: a tale of two scales,” is tentatively scheduled to appear in Ecological Applications 16(5), October 2006.

An undamaged coral reef in Indonesia (left), adjacent to a crater left by a home-made bomb used for reef fishing (upper right, two years after the blast). There was substantial recovery from single blasts after five years (lower right). However, the multiple blasts characteristic of extensive and continued reef fishing using explosives left a shifting rubble field, producing an unstable substrate for the settlement of new corals, and preventing reef recovery during the seven years of the study. Photo credits: left photo, R. Caldwell; right photos, H. E. Fox.

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Photo Gallery

The photographs are associated with the article by Núria Roura-Pascual, Andrew V. Suarez, Kristina McNyset, Crisanto Gómez, Pere Pons, Yoshifumi Touyama, Alexander L. Wild, Ferran Gascon, and A. Townsend Peterson, “Niche differentiation and fine-scale projections for Argentine ants based on remotely sensed data,” tentatively scheduled to appear in Ecological Applications 16(5), October 2006.

By applying an ecological niche modeling approach, our study examines the role of niche similarities and differences in predicting the geographic potential of a highly success-ful invasive species. Native to South America, Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) are now established worldwide, causing severe eco-logical and economic impacts (as seen on the photographs, where Argentine ants tend scale insects on citrus trees in California). In spite of some geographic variations between re-gions, our model results suggest that ecologi-cal niche characteristics of the Argentine ant do not differ markedly between native and invaded ranges at the spatial and temporal scale of our analysis. Photographs by Alexan-der L. Wild.

Invasive Argentine ants tending scale insects on citrus trees in California

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Salmon, wildlife, and winePhoto Gallery

(Top) Turkey vulture and salmon carcass. The scene shows a turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), a common scavenger of salmon carcasses in the California Central Valley. Even in human-dominated watersheds, wherever salmon runs still remain, carcasses continue to provide an important ecological component to these systems, including source nitrogen for riparian crops, such as wine grapes.

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The photographs are associated with an article by Joseph E. Merz and Peter B. Moyle, “Salmon, wildlife, and wine: marine-derived nutrients in human-dominated ecosystems of Central California,” published in Ecological Applications 16(3):999–1009, June 2006. All photographs by Joe Merz.

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(This page) Salmon nutrients in human-dominated ecosystems. This composite displays a variety of vertebrate scavengers responsible for the transfer of salmon-derived nitrogen to riparian vegetation, including wine grapes in California’s Central Valley (center). Clockwise from upper left: opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), river otter (Lutra canadensis), Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo regalis), coyote (Canis latrans), Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus).

(Opposite lower) Gray fox and salmon carcass. The scene shows a gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), a scavenger of salmon carcasses in the California Central Valley.

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Adding infection to injury

Photo Gallery

Long-toed salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum) exhibit a wide diversity of limb and digit malformations following exposure to injury and parasite infection. Despite numerous historical accounts of limb anomalies in salamanders, the causes and implications of such abnormalities have rarely been examined. By combining field studies and controlled experiments, results of this article suggest that conspecific attack and trematode infection may interact synergistically to determine the frequency and severity of limb abnormalities in salamanders.

Limbs exposed to both injury (a common result of attempted predation) and Ribeiroia infection exhibited 3–5 times more malformations than those exposed to either factor alone, including extra limbs, extra digits, skin webbings, and truncated bone structures. These findings emphasize that the effects of predators and parasites need not be antagonistic; instead, the two may interact positively to affect the levels of disease. The photographs on the facing page show a cleared and stained salamander from the parasite exposure experiment, illustrating the extent of bone malformations.

(Left) Photograph by P. T. J. Johnson. (Right) Photography, clearing, and staining credits: Stanley K. Sessions. Used by permission, all rights reserved.

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The article with which these photographs are associated, by Pieter T. J. Johnson, Eric R. Preu, Daniel R. Sutherland, John M. Romansic, Barbara Han, and Andrew R. Blaustein, “Adding infection to injury: synergistic effects of predation and parasitism on amphibian malformations,” is tentatively scheduled to appear in Ecology 87(9), September 2006.

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Oak forest insect herbivores

This study shows that the community of insect herbivores on white oak (Quercus alba L.) changes in concert with that of the plant community across a chronoseries of Missouri oak forests ranging in age from 2 years to 300+ years. Insect herbivore richness and abundance on white oak in the communities pictured here increases with forest age. In addition, insect communities in forests 122–300+ years are uniquely different from those found on white oak in forests of younger age.

Eighteen years after harvest, Mark Twain National Forest, Doniphan Ranger District.

Over 100 years after harvest, Mark Twain National Forest, Potosi Ranger District

These photographs illustrate the article by June M. Jeffries, Robert J. Marquis, and Rebecca E. Forkner, “Forest age influences oak insect herbivore community structure, richness, and diversity,” published in Ecological Applications 16(3):901–912, June 2005.

Photo Gallery

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The 300 + year-old Current River Natural Area is one of the few examples of old-growth forest in Missouri. In 1954 this old forest was purchased by Leo Drey, a Missouri forester, to protect it from imminent conversion to whiskey barrels. Mr. Drey donated the forest to the L-A-D Foundation in 2004.

Forest photos by Matt Jeffries.

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Following are some of the most abundant insect herbivores of white oak (Quercus alba) found in the Missouri Ozark region. Over 260 insect species can be found feeding on Missouri oaks. Because insect diversity increased with increasing forest age, to ages well beyond those normally harvested for timber resources, our results suggest that the timing and spatial distribution of timber harvests may influence insect herbivore diversity on white oak.

Himella intractata (Morr.) (Noctuidae) is an abundant herbivore on white oak, found only in the spring on expanding leaves.

Lambdina fervidaria (Hbn.) (Geometridae), is often abundant in the spring and summer in the Ozarks (final instar shown).

Insect photos by Robert Marquis.

Photo Gallery

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Phyllonorycter fitchella (Clem.) (Gracillaridae), abundant throughout the spring, summer, and fall, is a tiny leaf-miner, feeding within the cell layers of the leaf to form a characteristic blotch.

Chionodes adamas Hodges (Gelechiidae) is an abundant spring leaf roller that curls the oak leaf into a sheltering roll.

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This Stigmella species (Nepticulidae) is a leaf-miner that creates a serpentine path inside the leaf, leaving a dark trail of frass inside.

A c r o n i c t a i n c r e t a (Morr.) (Noctuidae) is usually found resting in a “C” shape. The last instar caterpillars can be quite variable in color pattern. There are two generations per season in our region.

P s e u d o t e l p h u s a sp. , (Gelechi idae) i s known as a leaf-tying ecosystem engineer. The leaf sandwich this moth caterpillar creates by joining leaves with silk anchors provides shelter for many other arboreal arthropods.

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The caterpillars of Pococera expandens Walker (Pyralidae) are gregarious in early in-stars and tie multiple leaves into a silken nest. The nests are often filled with frass, as seen in this photo.

Psilocorsis reflexella (Pack.) (Oecophoridae) is a late-season leaf tier. The head capsule and exuvium of the previous instar can be seen just above the caterpillar.

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Commentary

c o n t r i b u t i o n s

A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 21: Réaumur and His History of Insects

On 21 November 1877, Thomas Henry Hux-ley gave a talk at Cambridge University, occasioned by the presentation of an honorary LL.D degree toCharles Darwin, in which he commented (Huxley 1900, I:480): “I know of no one who is to be placed in the same rank with [Darwin] except Réaumur.” Had he spoken a few years later he could have added LouisPasteurtothattinygroupofourgreatestbiolo-gists. The range of sciences that Réaumur investigated was as broad as Darwin’s, and his lifelong productiv-ity may have been comparable (Wheeler 1926:263–274, Torlais 1961, Grasse 1962, Gough 1975, Drouin 1995), though Réaumur is credited with no scientific theory like Darwin’s theory on evolution by natural selection. Réaumur is remembered for his thermom-eter (1731), but one historian of meteorology thinks “his work on thermometry was far below the stan-dard of much of his other scientific work” (Middleton 1966, 1979). Perhaps so, but his thermometer never-thelessdominatedFranceuntilreplacedinrevolution-ary France by the Centigrade thermometer in 1794 (Birembaut 1958). His thermometric studies may have piqued his interest in the relationship betweentemperature and the rate at which insects develop. His primary fameand importance restsonhisMémoires pour servir à l’histoire des insectes (six volumes,1734–1742), which is also where his significance for ecologicalscienceslies.Becauseofhisstudiesonin-sectbehavior,Wheeler(1926,1936)consideredhimafounderofethology.

Fig. 1. Réaumur as a young scientist.

René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683–1757) was from a prominent La Rochelle family, and heprobablyattendedCatholicschoolsthereandelse-where before going to Paris in 1703. In Paris he stud-iedmathematicsunderPierreVarignon,whonominat-ed him for membership in the Académie Royale des Sciences, to which he was admitted in 1708. During hiscareerhewas itsdirector12 timesand itssubdi-rector9 times.French ironandsteelproductionwasbackward compared to some other European coun-tries, and the government generously supported hisexperiments to improve this technology. His book on iron production (Réaumur 1722) is translated into English (1956), as are his The Art of Hatching and

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Bringing Up Domestic Fowls (Réaumur [French edi-tion] 1749, [English edition] 1750), his incomplete memoirsonants (1926),andpartofhismemoirsonbees (1800). InFrench, there isanexcellent, ifunil-lustrated,modernanthologyofhiswritingscompiledbyhisbiographer,JeanTorlais,thatincludesextractsfrom incomplete memoirs on ants, spiders, beetles,frogs, and toads (Réaumur 1939:213–255). (Amphib-iansandreptilesfellunderhisconceptof“insects.”)His early papers on geometry (1708–1709) were out-standing (Taton 1958), and in 1740 he drew upon mathematicsindiscussingtheconstructionofhoney-combs by bees (Réaumur 1734–1742, V:389, Drouin 1995:206–207). In 1709 he began studying the growth ofshellsofaquaticanimals,andhesubsequently in-vestigatedawide rangeofnaturalhistory topics, in-cluding the silk of spiders (1710), making purple dye from mollusks (1711), regeneration of crustacean legs (1712), and the production of artificial pearls (1717). His movement toward entomology was gradual, and didnotinvolveabandonmentofotherinvestigations.

Réaumur’s first notable study on insects was on the clothes moth (1728), and this led to his study of cater-pillars in the first volume of his history of insects. He hadalreadywrittenat thebeginningof the introduc-tion to Volume I (Réaumur 1734–1742, I, 3; translated by Wheeler in Réaumur 1926:29):

I am not in the least inclined towards a pre-cise enumeration of every kind of insect, even if it could be undertaken. It seems to me suffi-cient to consider those kinds which prove to us that they deserve to be distinguished…the many hundreds and hundreds of species of gnats and very small moths which exhibit nothing more remarkable than a few slight differences in the form of the wings or legs, or varieties of col-oration or of different patterns of the same co-lours, may be left confounded with one another.

He was right about the countless species of insects, but John Ray’s approach of trying to identify and study those in one’s locality was a good strategy. Fortunate-

ly, Réaumur’s volumes are well illustrated. Like Leeu-wenhoek, he was no draftsman, but hired one or more women who were competent. His species were iden-tified and named by Carl Linnaeus (1758:362–618) andlaterrestudiedbyVallot(1802)andBodenheimer(1928–1929, I:415–448 and II:379–399). A few de-terminations remain debatable (Müller and Wheeler1982),butthatprobablywouldhavebeentrueevenifRéaumur had been more concerned with naming them himself.

Hawkmoth caterpillars refused all food except leaves of spurge. He put some of its milky juice on his tongue and soon his mouth was on fire, and wash-ing did not relieve it. Yet hawkmoth caterpillars drank itwithno illeffects.Whenheputcaterpillarsof thecabbagemoth(Mamestra brassicae)andthecommondagger-moth(Acronyctasp.)withyoungcabbages,thenext day he failed to find them. Yet the cabbage leaves weregnawed.Whenhesearchedtheearthinthepotswith cabbages, he found them. He returned at night with a candle and found them feedingon the leaves(Miall1912:254–255).

The first memoir of the second volume concerns the effect of temperature on the time needed for in-sectstodevelop,atopicthatSwammerdamandLeeu-wenhoek had briefly explored. Pupae kept in hot-houses in winter produced moths long before otherskept in cool places. He also froze some caterpillars in 1736 and later discovered they were still alive when thawed(Rostand1962a, b).Realizingthatinsectsde-velop faster in warm weather, Réaumur (1734–1742, II:322–315) attempted to estimate the annual rate ofincrease for a butterfly, which he knew developed in about a month in warm weather. He had seen adults of the species throughout the year, but since he knew it woulddevelopslowerduringthewinter,heestimatedthat therewereprobably sevengenerationsperyear.Since females laid9 to14 eggs, heused10 eggs incalculations. Using Leeuwenhoek’s method of cal-culation (Egerton 1967:2006), he showed that from onebreedingpair,156,250 individualscouldbepro-duced in the seventh generation, and that the year’s totalwas195,310.Sincenosuchrateofincreasewas

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Fig. 2. Caterpillars, chrysalises, and butterflies, showing specific species attracted to specific plant species. Réaumur 1734–1742, II:Plate 2.

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achieved,heconcludedthatawormhedescribedlim-itedtheincreasebyeatingimmatureforms.

In a following memoir, Réaumur (1734–1742,

II:335–339)discussedaplagueofcaterpillars(Plusia gamma) that had erupted throughout France in Juneand July 1735. The butterfly involved produced only one batch of eggs in its lifetime. The first generation of theseasondevelopedin thespringfromeggsthathadoverwintered.Thisgenerationthenproducedan-othergenerationthatlaidtheeggsthatnextoverwin-tered.Afemalelaidabout400eggs,whichmeantthatiftherewereonly20individualshatchedinalocalityinthespring,thesecondgenerationcouldpotentiallyproduce 800,000 eggs to overwinter. He then con-cluded that itwasnotas important toexplainwhyaplagueeruptedoccasionally,as toexplainwhyitdidnothappenmoreoften.First,everyspeciesofbutter-fly has parasites and predators, which greatly limit its numbers. Diseases and weather likewise restrict their increase.A plague year would therefore occur whenweather favored the butterfly but not its diseases, parasites,orpredators.Thisexplanationwasinaccor-dancewiththefactthatcaterpillarshadbeenverynu-merous in autumn 1731, spring 1732, and in 1737. But a plague of the proportions of 1735 had not occurred during those three years because flies that lay eggs in the caterpillars had also been numerous. Réaumur re-peated from Richard Bradley’s A General Treatise of Husbandry and Gardening (1721–1724, II:221) the plausible but inaccurate statement that killing two but-terflies in August before they reproduced was as good as killing 8000 caterpillars the following June.

Memoir5 inVolumeII ison leaf rollersand leaf

folders. He explained that one can watch these cat-erpillars at work by cutting off leaves that are rolled orfolded,expellingthecaterpillars,andthenplacingthem on other leaves of the same plant. They quickly work to conceal themselves using these leaves, secur-ing their abode with silk threads.

The same leaf that provides shelter is also eaten.Tortrix caterpillars are common on oaks in summer,

andsometimescompletelystripthetreesofleaves.Initsrolledleaf,itisscreenedfromviewbyouterturnsofitsgreencase,andcaneatinnerturnsatleisure.Itmusthaveaway toescapeanenemy. Itmoveswithgreat agility andoften escapes at anopen endof itstube, and then drops off the leaf on a silk thread; when all is quiet, it climbs back to its leaf, coiling the thread andeatingit.Whenitoutgrowsonetube,itbuildsan-other; the lastonebecomes thechrysalis inwhich itchanges to an adult (Miall 1912:264–265). Réaumur devoted Memoir 11 in Volume II to the enemies ofcaterpillars,describingindetailmanyof theirpreda-tors and parasites. He stressed knowing which species wereharmful(believingtherewereonlyaboutadozenin France), and which animals attack them.

Réaumur made substantial contributions to the knowledge of parasites, studying parasitic fungi, worms, mites, and insects (Bodenheimer 1931:412–414, Théodoridès 1959a).IntheprefacetoVolumeII(1736) he reviewed claims for spontaneous generation ofinsects,andthenagreedwithRedi,Swammerdam,and Leeuwenhoek that such ideas were undermined bycarefulstudy:“Nospeciesofinsectgeneratesanyinsect of a species other than its own.” (Réaumur 1734–1742, II:xl). He explained that what we call en-tomophagosparasites arise in threeways: (a) by theparasite’s eggs introduced from plant leaves, (b) by the parasite fixing its eggs on the body of the caterpillar, and(c)bytheparasitelayingeggsinthebodyofthecaterpillar. He provided a clear illustration of larvae of the ichneumonid fly Apaneles glomeratus insidea pierid (Whites family) caterpillar (Réaumur 1734–1742, II:Plate 34, reproduced in Théodoridès 1959a:xv). Eventually he observed the flies coming from the worms in the caterpillars (Réaumur 1734–1742, II:440–442).Insomelarvalentomophagosendopara-siteshediscovered ectoparasites (hyperparasites, pp.444–445)andspeciesthatlaytheireggsintheeggsofbutterflies (oophagos parasites, p. 448).

Leeuwenhoek had discovered that aphids are parthe-

nogenic(Egerton2006),whichattractedgreatinterest.In Volume III, Memoir 9, Réaumur claimed that both

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Fig. 3. Leaf rolling and folding caterpillars. Réaumur 1734–1742, II:Plate 16.

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Fig. 4. Insect galls had already been studied in detail by Redi, Leeuwenhoek, and others before Réau-mur, yet the subject was vast enough for him to make new discoveries. Réaumur 1734–1742, III:Plate 40. Captions (pages 521–522 for Plate 40) describe all the figures in detail.

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wingedandwinglessaphidsareadults,sincebothareviviparous. Leeuwenhoek had thought the wingless ones were immature and would later acquire wings.Leeuwenhoek had also concluded that ants prey on aphids (they do, rarely, on injured ones; Réaumur 1926:158), but later naturalists had concluded thatants merely drink the honeydew produced by aphids, and Réaumur agreed. He discovered red ants (prob-ably Formica rufa) that live underground with greyaphids (Miall 1912:270).

Robert Hooke (1665:185–191), as we have seen

(Egerton 2005:95), laid a good foundation for mos-quito studies using his microscope, and Réaumur fol-lowedhisexample.Whenhehadthethoraxandheadof mosquitoes drawn, he and his draftswoman alsousedeitheramicroscopeormagnifyingglass(Fig.5).It is one of six excellent plates he devoted to them.Of course, at the time, no one knew that female mos-quitoes transmit deadly microorganisms when theybite,sotheirstatuswasthatofanannoyingpestratherthanadangerousone.Nevertheless, threeauthoritieson mosquitoes commented: “Réaumur, in his classic work [1734–1742, IV:615–622], gives a detailed and mostinterestingaccountoftheegg-layingprocessinthe common house-mosquito, Culex pipens. The ac-countofthiswonderfulobserverissofaithfulthatwereproduce it here…” (Howard et al. 1912:140). They quotedit inEnglishtranslation,but it is toolongformetorepeat.

Réaumur’s Memoirs 5–13 in Volume V (1740), more than 500 pages, constitute the most impor-tant treatise on bees published in the 1700s (Mi-all 1912:271–274, Théodoridès 1959a:71–74 and 1968:27–31). It is partly translated into English (Ré-aumur1800).Itincludesdescriptionandillustrations(reproduced in Théodoridès 1959a:xvi)ofBraula cae-ca,adipterousectoparasiteofbees,whichhecalleda“pou” (louse) (pp. 711–712 and Plate 38, Figs. 1–3). In the first memoir of Volume VI he reported that inside thebodiesofbumblebee(Bombus)queenshefoundand illustrated (Plate 4, reproduced in Théodoridès 1959a:vii) clusters of worms. Sometimes the clusterwas as large as a small cherry, and at first he thought

theywerethe“germs”(sperm)thatentertheeggs,butfurther study showed they were eel-like worms that live at the expense of the female. Furthermore, theyprevented her eggs from developing (Réaumur 1734–1742, VI:22–23). Théodoridès (1959a:vi)tellsusthatthisnematode(Sphaerularia bombi) was only official-ly named and described in 1837 by Léon Dufour.

Réaumur described in detail, and had illustrated in

detail, flies that lay eggs on or in the skin of mam-mals (illustrations reproduced in Théodoridès 1959a:xvii–xxiii).Particularlyinnovativewashisillustrationof fly larvae and pupae that infect the pharynx of deer (Fig.6).

Réaumur had intended to publish a seventh volume of his insect histories, and he made a good start onit (Réaumur 1939:213–255). His seven memoirs on beetlesforthisvolumewerevirtuallycomplete,with21 plates having numerous illustrations, yet the vol-ume remained unpublished until 1955. It merits thedetailedattentionofahistorianofentomology,but Ipassoverithereinfavorofhisincompletememoironants,whichisbriefer,buthastheadvantageofbeingaboutsocialinsects,whichhavemoregeneralappealthanspecieshavingsolitaryhabits,andisavailableinbothFrenchandEnglishversions.ThereasonWilliamMorton Wheeler chose to translate Réaumur’s manu-scriptonants rather than theoneonbeetles isobvi-ous:Wheelerwasaleadingauthorityonants(Evansand Evans 1970).

Réaumur wrote “Histoire des fourmis” for Volume VII, probably between October 1743 and the end of January 1744 (Wheeler 1926:xiv), though he set it aside before he completed it. Wheeler first edited and published it with annotated translation in 1926; the“Histoire des fourmis” and part of his treatise on bees remain Réaumur’s only substantial writings on insects inEnglish.Muchofthetreatiseonantsisofecologi-cal interest. His experiments on ants were innovative and among his best (Drouin 1987:42–44). Réaumur wrote that John Ray had found only five species of ant in England; Réaumur said (without naming them) that France had all five plus many more species.

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Fig. 5. Thorax and heads of mosquitoes. Réaumur 1734–1742, IV:Plate 41, Fig. 1 male, Figs. 2–7 biting females.

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Réaumur’s approach of concentrating on conspicu-ous species did allow him to make some generaliza-tions. There were no known species of solitary ants, like the solitary bee and wasp species (still true when Wheelercommentedonthis).Someantspecieshavepermanent abodes and other species have only tem-porary abodes. Even those with permanent abodesabandon it when a drought or excessive rain makes it unsuitable.Somespeciesbuildformicaries(anthills)withlittlepiecesofdeadwood,othersliveinhollowtrees, others burrow tunnels in the ground, and stillothers hide their formicary under rocks or flower pots (Réaumur 1926:135–140). He dismissed as folklore theancient storyof industriousants storingupgrainforthewinter,becausehehadneverdiscoveredsuchstores when he excavated formicaries, and he even

ran experiments with enclosed ants that were givengrain and nothing else to eat; they starved (Réaumur 1926:147–149). Wheeler (1926:230, note 29) pointed out that Réaumur was correct about ants in northern Francethathibernate,buttherearespeciesaroundtheMediterraneanSeathatdostoregrain.

In the country, the trees usually had lines of antsgoing up and down, and Réaumur found they usually didnoharm,fortheysoughttheexcretionsofaphidsand scale insects. However, he discovered that a dark-brown moderate-size species did gnaw the flowers, buds,andyoungfruitofapricottrees.Sometimesdif-ferent species,ordifferentcoloniesof thesamespe-cies, fight for possession of a tree (pp. 155–156). Ants like honey, and if they find egg cells of solitary bees withhoneystoredinthem,theycanforcethefemaleto abandon the site. He cited the French translation (1743) of Richard Bradley’s The Gentleman andGar-dener’s Kalendaronhowtodestroyantsthatbecomepests: chop up an earthworm on a flat dish, place it nearthem,andwhenitiscoveredwithantstheycanbe killed. Ants kill caterpillars placed on their formi-caryandsometimesalsoonestheyencounteronelmtrees. The best way to clean a skeleton is to bury the animal in a formicary. Several species of spider layeggsonfoldedtreeleaves,andthemotherstayscloseby to protect them. Réaumur drove away a spider and placedtheleafwitheggsontheground,andinafewhours ants had eaten the eggs (pp. 157–159).

No one before Réaumur had reported on ants mat-ing. Swammerdam had thought that all winged antswere male, but in September 1731 Réaumur saw fly-ingswarmsofinsects,whichhediscoveredweremat-ing ants, male and female. He saw them, after mating, return to the formicary they had left. He realized that theyonlyneededwingsformatingandthattheylatershed them (Drouin 1987:39–42). However, a question he could not answer was whether ant colonies (Réau-mur 1926:177)

…are founded, like those of the wasps, by a single mother, without the aid of any worker, or whether they are founded by one or several fe-

Fig. 6. Deer head dissected to reveal fly larvae and pupae. Reaumur 1734–1742, V:Plate 9.

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males that are accompanied by several workers for the purpose of taking charge of operations.

Wheeler (1926:247, note 71) said both types of colony formation occur among different ant species.On 10 June 1720, Réaumur found a formicary that atnighthadallentrancesexceptasmallonestoppedup; the others were opened in the morning (Réaumur 1926:213). He discovered that larvae and nymphs can onlybefoundinformicariesduringwarmmonths,andthattheyarelocatedmoreorlessdeeplywithinthemaccordingtothehourofdayandtheweather,andthatworkers stay busy moving them about. If the formi-cary is disturbed, workers quickly carry them to safety. Somespeciesdonotspincocoons,butmanydo,and

alarvacompletesacocooninabout29hours.Itsoonmetamorphosesandremainsdormantoneortwodaysbefore shedding its skin to become an adult. Formi-caries normally increase in population, because antsareproducedmorerapidlythantheydie.Thiscausesaconstantenlargementoftheformicaryaslongasitispracticable,butafterthat,aswarmprobablyleavestomake a new formicary. One can distinguish between a migrating colony and normal ant traffic to and fro, because a migrating colony goes in only one direc-tion and carries its larvae and cocoons. Sometimesadultsevencarryotheradults,inwhichcasethepairlock mandibles; generally, larger ones carried smaller ones,andhesuspectedthattheantsbeingcarriedweremales (Réaumur 1926:189–194).

Réaumur (1926:187–188) cited the remarkable Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium (1705, 1980; see Bodenheimer 1928–1929, I:401–407, Ruck-erandStearn1982,Rice1999:90–119),bytheequallyremarkable Maria Sibylla Merian (1674–1717), for her gorgeous color illustrations (Wettengl 1997), and account of tropical ants occasionally swarming intohouses.Peoplehadlearnedto tolerate them,becausethey cleaned out the cockroaches and other insects and spidersbeforeleaving.Shealsoreportedthatleaf-cut-ting ants sometimes defoliate a tree. Some of themclimb up and cut the leaves from the branches, andwhen they fall to the ground, others take them to the formicary,apparentlyasfoodforlarvae.Later,Thom-as Belt (1874:71–84) reported that the leaves were used within the formicary as compost on which togrowfungalfoodforbothadultsandlarvae(Wheeler1926:250–251,note90).

Réaumur’s natural history of insects was widely readandappreciated,anditinspiredothernaturaliststo make similar studies. He carried on an extensive correspondencewithsomeofthem,andmanyofthoselettersarepublished.Theseare themostnotableex-amples. Pierre Lyonet read Réaumur’s work and be-gan his own investigations in 1736 on the anatomy of insects (Miall 1912:291–293,Van Seters 1962, Pier-son 1973). In 1737 Charles Bonnet read Réaumur’s work and began a correspondence that resulted in his

Fig. 7. Réaumur in his later years.

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studies on parthenogenesis in aphids and other sub-jects(Miall1912:284–291,Bodenheimer1928–1929,I:476–486, Savioz 1940, Pilet 1970, Dawson 1987). In 1739 Abraham Trembley read Réaumur’s work; he began his famous investigations on hydra in June 1740 and reported his findings to Réaumur in October (Mi-all 1912:279–284, Trembley 1943, Baker 1952, 1976, de Beer 1960, Dawson 1987). Jacques François Artur, aphysicianintheFrenchcolonyofCayenne(FrenchGuiana), began corresponding with Réaumur in 1741 and sent many observations that Réaumur used in his Memoires (Chaïa1968).CharlesdeGeerwaselectedto the Swedish Academy of Sciences at age 19 in 1739, and he initiated his correspondence with Réaumur in 1744 (Landin 1972). De Geer so admired Réaumur that he gave his own seven-volume work (1752–1778) the same title as Réaumur’s. August Johann Roesel von Rosenhof was inspired by Maria Sybilla Merian’s book to study insects, but then turned to Réaumur’s work for scientific guidance (Miall 1912:293–303, Bodenheimer 1928–1929, I:361–367, Geus 1975); I amunawareofanycorrespondencebetweenhimandRéaumur.

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Réaumur, R.-A. F. de. 1734–1742. Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire des insectes. Six volumes. Aca-démie Royale des Sciences, Paris, France.

Réaumur, R.-A. F. de. 1749. Art de faire éclorre et d’élever en tout saison des oiseaux Domestiques de toutes espèces. Two volumes. Imprimerie royale, Paris,France.

Réaumur, R.-A. F. de. 1750. The art of hatching and bringingupdomesticfowls.London,UK.

Réaumur, R.-A. F. de. 1800. Short history of bees I. Thenaturalhistoryofbees...PrintedforVernorand Hood in the Poultry, by J. Cundee, London, UK.

Réaumur, R.-A. F. de. 1926. The natural history of ants, from an unpublished manuscript. W. M.Wheeler, editor and translator. [Includes French text.] Knopf, New York, New York, USA. Reprint-ed 1977. Arno Press, New York, New York, USA.

Réaumur, R.-A. F. de. 1939. Morceaux choisis. Jean Torlais,editor.Gallimard,Paris,France.

Réaumur, R.-A. F. de. 1955. Histoire des scarabées. M. Caullery, introduction. Volume 11 of Encyclopédie Entomologique.PaulLechevalier,Paris,France.

Réaumur, R.-A. F. de. 1956. Memoirs on steel and iron.A.G.Sisco,translator.C.S.Smith,introduc-tionandnotes.UniversityofChicagoPress,Chi-cago,Illinois,USA.

Rice,T. 1999.Voyages of discovery: three centuriesof natural history exploration. Natural History Mu-seum,London,UK.

Rostand,J.1962a. Réaumur et les premiers essays de lethargie artificielle. Revue d’histoire des sciences etdeleursapplications15:69–71.

Rostand,J.1962b. Réaumur et la résistance des insects à la congélation. Revue d’histoire des sciences et deleursapplications15:71–72.

Rucker, E., and W. T. Stearn. 1982. Maria Sibylla Me-rianinSurinam:commentarytothefacsimileedi-tionofMetamorphosisinsectorumSurinamensium(Amsterdam 1705). Pion, London, UK.

Savioz,R.1940.UnmaîtreetundiscipleauXVIIIesiècle (Charles Bonnet et Réaumur). Thalès 4:100–112.

Taton, R. 1958. Réaumur mathematician. Revue d’histoire des sciences et de leurs applications 11:130–133.

Théodoridès, J. 1959a. Réaumur (1683–1757) et les insectssociaux.Janus48:62–76.

Théodoridès, J. 1959b. Réaumur et la parasitologie. Biologie Médicale 48, numéro hors série:iii–xxiv.

Théodoridès, J. 1968. Historique des connaissances scientifiques sur l’abeille. Pages 1–34 in Traité de biologie de l’abeille. R. Chauvin, editor. Masson, Paris,France.

Torlais, J. 1961. Un esprit encyclopédique en dehors de “L’encyclopédie”: Réaumur. Blachard, Paris, France.

Trembley,M.,editor.1943.Correspondance inedited

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entre Réaumur et Abraham Trembley. Georg, Ge-neva,Switzerland.

Tuxen, S. L. 1973. Entomology systematizes and de-scribes: 1700–1815. Pages 95–118 inR.F.Smith,T. E. Mittler and C. N. Smith, editors. History of entomology.Annual Reviews, PaloAlto, Califor-nia,USA.

Vallot, J. N. 1802. Concordance systématique, servant de table des matières à l’ouvrage de Réaumur intit-ulé Mémoires… Paris, France.

Van Seters, W. H. 1962. Pierre Lyonet, 1706–1789: sa vie, ses collections de coquillages et de tableauxses recherches entomologiques. Martinus Nijhoff,The Hague, The Netherlands.

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Acknowledgments

For their assistance I thank Bénédict Bilodeau, Centre Alexandre Koyré, Paris; Jean-Marc Drouin, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; and Anne-Marie Drouin-Hans, Université de Bourgogne.

Frank N. EgertonDepartment of HistoryUniversity of Wisconsin-ParksideKenoshaWI53141E-mail: frank.egerton@uwp.edu

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Commentary

SEEDS of a New Millennium

Though I do not believe that a plant will spring up where no seed has been, I have great faith in a seed. Convince me that you have a seed there, and I am prepared to expect wonders.

—Henry David Thoreau

Ideas thateachofusnurtured inprivateseemedto blossom when we shared them at a recent lead-ership workshop held in Phoenix, Arizona by the StrategiesforEcology,Education,DevelopmentandSustainability (SEEDS)Program.Weare12youngscientists,representingthreecohortsoftheEcologi-cal Society of America’s SEEDS Program, who have beenawardedUndergraduateResearchFellowshipsin 2004–2007. We were chosen from America’s mi-nority and immigrant populations.Someof us rep-resent Native Americans, including Hawai′ians andthe Lakota, Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nations. Someofourparentsorweourselvescomefromothercountries, including Mexico, Puerto Rico, Honduras, Peru,Africa,andChina.Morethananodtopoliticalcorrectness and affirmative action, we embody the diversity that ESA seeks, a diversity that is necessary for the advancementof science and society.Today,weshareourthoughtswiththosewhosettheagendafor the field we are now part of. We believe it is im-perative toexpand the focusofecologyandunder-standtheimportanceofhardscience.Weareglobalcitizens who feel a deep obligation toward servingourcommunities.Asemergingecologists,theinheri-torsofESA,wewishtoexpressourviewsandcon-cerns regarding the future of this field.

Currently African Americans, Hispanics, and Na-tive Americans make up nearly 25% of the national population, yet they receive only 13% of all United States science and engineering bachelor’s degrees, and 7% of all science doctoral degrees (Mojica Rey

2001). Similarly, African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans compose <5% of ESA’s total mem-bership(ESA2005).ESArealizedtheneedtoincreasethe presence of underrepresented ethnicities in thefield of ecological research by creating the SEEDS Program. The mission of SEEDS is to promote op-portunities, to spark and nurture the interest of under-represented students in the science of ecology.SEEDSvalues cultural diversity in ecology by viewing it asacrucialtooltoexpandglobalenvironmentalaware-ness,advancescience,andincreasecommunitydevel-opment.

TheSEEDSProgramhasgivenminoritystudentsthe chance to learn and apply rigorousWestern Sci-ence through practical hands-on use of the scientific method, without being forced to deny or forsake the wisdom that is inherent and embedded in their cul-tures.Wemustremaintruetobothscienceandourcul-tureswhilebeingcarefultodistinguishthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinthesetworealms.Culturalwisdomgoes beyond the traditional science methodology byincludingnotonlythehoworwhy,butalsopurposeofunderstandingthenaturalworld.TheSEEDSprogramrecognizesouruniqueperspectivesandconstantlyen-couragesuswithsupportandopportunities.

SEEDS has given us the chance to conduct in-dependent ecological research projects through theSEEDSUndergraduateResearchFellowship.Throughexperiencingwhatgraduatestudentsandcareerecolo-gistsdo,wearebeginning tounderstandandvisual-ize what it takes to pursue an ecological profession. Theteachingsthatwereceivefromthisprogramandour mentors are priceless. The support of ESA andSEEDShasmaximizedourlearningpotentialbyalsoenablingus toparticipate inotherSEEDSactivities:taking ecological field trips, attending and presenting at the ESA Annual Meetings, networking with other ecologists,andoftenparticipatinginourlocalcampusSEEDSChapters.

AllofuswereintroducedtoSEEDSdifferently,ei-therthroughfacultymembers,mentors,and/orSEEDS

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Chapters. Prior to SEEDS many of us did not know what the field of ecology entailed. We all possessed a sincere interest in environmental science andnature,but we did not know where our passions lay or how to pursuethem.SEEDShasshownusthemanydifferentrealms of ecology, allowing us to find an ecological discipline that is close to our personal interests. Our interests encompass a variety of areas: biogeochem-istry,urbanecology,rangelandecology,tropicalecol-ogy, Northern Plains ecology, agro-forestry, marineecology, and population ecology. SEEDS students,with our diverse cultural, geographic, and disciplin-ary backgrounds, are a vivid message to the ecological community that diversity can greatly strengthen theprofession.

SEEDShasenhancedmultilingualandmulticultur-alrelationsbyunitingdiversestudentswhoaredeeplycommitted to ecology, equity, and culture. We havemadelifelongfriendships,andsupporteachother,re-gardlessofhowmanymilesliebetweenus.SEEDSisa family that makes us not only want to become ESA members, but also active participants in shaping thefutureoftheorganization.Thechancetomeetandcol-laboratewithstudentsandscholarsfromdifferenteth-nic backgrounds has given us a positive and optimistic outlook on science. We believe that the future of eco-logicalresearchliesincollaborationacrossboundarylines: geographical and intellectual. Borrowing toolsfrom other disciplines and incorporating differentmethodological and theoretical perspectives will make ecology prepared for future challenges. SEEDS hasopenedoureyesandmindstoawholenewworldofpossibilities—possibilities we would never imaginedhad we not found SEEDS, or maybe if SEEDS hadn’t foundus.

Studying ecology has helped us understand theworld’s complexity. However, the lack of pristine ecosystems has affected our paradigm in research,leading us to focus on restoration, preservation, andurbanecosystems.Toaddresstheenvironmentalprob-lemsweseeintheworldandinourcommunities,wehave a broad view on research questions, perspec-tives on research, and approaches to solutions, such

asthecombinationofscienceandtraditionalecologi-cal knowledge. We wish to conduct scientific research that is credible in the scientific community, but that canalsobeappliedinreal-worldsettings.Asscientistswe have the knowledge of how systems may func-tion, and we believe that with knowledge comes the responsibility to act. Within the scientific community, professionalshavecollaboratedandaresharinginfor-mation with each other, but now we must take the next stepforwardbyensuringitispassedontosocietyandapplied for the benefit of everyone.

As emerging young scientists of the new millen-nium we understand and admire the goals of ESA.Thoserelatedtodiversifyingandcommunicatingsci-enceinclude:

• Improve ecological science and its application by increasing the diversity of ecologists, including the representation of cultural, ethnic, gender, intellectual, and disciplinary perspectives, and persons with disabilities.

• Improve communication and enhance education and public awareness.

• Increase resources and inform policy.

In order to fulfill these goals, ESA members and all

ecologistsshouldbecomemoreinvolvedinincreasingdiversity in ecology, educatingcommunities, and in-forming policy makers.

Duringourundergraduatecareers,wealreadyarefulfilling ESA’s goals and strengthening the science of ecology by asking broad ecological questions, doing ecologicalresearchindifferentinternationallocations,and actively using our ecological knowledge to influ-encesocietyandthepublic.Forexample,afellowattheUniversityofTexasElPaso (UTEP)directs, de-signs,andparticipatesinrestorationandoutreachproj-ects that expose grade school students to the field of ecology,andstrengthens theirabilities insciencefor

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the annual Texas mandated test. At Occidental College inLosAngeles,aSEEDSfellowfoundedanddirectsthe Scientific Scholars Achievement Program (SSAP). SSAPhelpsstudentsfromunderrepresentedgroupsinunder-fundedpublichighschoolssuccessfullypursuetheir scientific passions by offering mentoring/tutoring sessionsandastrongsupportivecommunity.AnotherSEEDSfellowatUTEPispresidentof theUniversi-ty’s Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Na-tiveAmericansinScience(SACNAS)chapter,andisactivelyinvolvedinbuildingasciencecommunitybycreating student–mentor relationships, journal read-ingclubs,andtutoringopportunities.AtUnitedTribesTechnical College in North Dakota, a SEEDS fellow tutors other students in math and science, and wasalso recently awarded the honor of representing theAmerican Indians in Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC), as Ms. AIHEC. We also have members who arepresidentsoftheirlocalESASEEDSchaptersandhave recruited many students into ecology on theirowncampuses.

Due to the nature of campus life, one student’s achievementsinstantlybecomemotivationandcurios-ity builders for other students. Just being part of aninnovative program like SEEDS makes each and ev-ery one of us a spokesperson for the ESA wherever webringourscience.Theculturaldiversitywithinourgroup helps us gain awareness of different perspec-tivesonlife,science,andcommunitydevelopment.

As large as the field of ecology can appear to be, it canonlygoasfarasthescientiststhatcomposeit.WebelieveESAmembersandecologistsshouldbecomemoreinvolvedinoutreachprogramsforpeopleofallages.Atthistime,withmuchscienceinthenews(e.g.,globalclimatechange,diseases,pollution,extinctionof species, etc.) all the world’s people, starting at an early age, shouldbe able tounderstand science, andhow science can help them. Some concrete sugges-tionswehaveforecologistsarethefollowing:

1) Volunteeratlocalhigh/middle/elementaryschools or at community centers and work withchildrenandcommunitymembersbygivingsimplepresentations.

2) Createprogramsthatincorporatecommunitymembers,students,andscholarsatyouruniversity.

3) Mentorminorityundergraduatestudentsandhighschoolstudentsinyourlaboratories.

4) GetmoreinvolvedintheSEEDSprogram.MentorstudentsatESAmeetingsandattendthediversityluncheonanddiversitymixerattheAnnualMeetings.

5) Make your research understandable to a broader audience and work with local, regional,state,andfederalagenciesandgovernment officials.

6) Make an effort to publish your research in mediathatareavailabletothepublic,suchasnewspapersandmagazinesthatcanbepurchasedreadily.

7) Become actively involved in government and community policy-making.

8) Increasecross-disciplinarycollaborations

ofsciencewitheconomics,sociology,anthropology,psychology,etc.

9) Maintainanopenmindtodifferentcultures

andindigenouswisdom.

10)Respectandinvolvethecommunitiesthatyoustudy.

Throughourexposuretoecologyandtoeachotherwehaveconcludedthatsciencedoesnotreachitsfullpotentialuntilithasbeenappliedtoreal-worldissues.Wefeelecologymustincludethetransmissionofsci-entific knowledge back to the people who can use it onadailybasis to improve their lives.Through thisempowerment, individuals can apply scientific knowl-edge that can help them make informed decisions that willaffecttherestoftheworld.Itisourobligationaseducatedscientistsandcitizens tousewhatwehavelearned to make a difference in society. It is impera-tive that we work with educators in other disciplines

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andwithmembersof all segmentsofour communi-ties.Asecological issuesbecomeincreasinglypress-ing, it is time for us to build a foundation of knowl-edgeandmethodsthatwillprotectourglobalenviron-ment, making the earth a better place for us and the generationstocome.

Literature cited

ESA.2005.EcologicalSocietyofAmericaannualre-port.EcologicalSocietyofAmerica,Washington,D.C.,USA.

Mojica Rey, C. 2001. Making room for diversity makes sense. Science 293:1611–1612.

SEEDS Fellows:

ChristinaWong, Noemi Baquera, Ricardo Colón-Rivera, Bruce Machona, Chris McLaughlin, JorgeRamos, Andrea Rivera, Colibrí Sanfiorenzo, Marla Striped Face-Collins, Thalia Tooke, Lucero Vasquez-Radonic, Ku`ulei Vickery.

EVERYBODY’S TALKING ABOUT

Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment...full-color scientific journal of the Ecological Society of America

Here’s what they are saying...“Frontiers is the only journal that I read cover to cover. I'm impressed and your team of editors should be congratulated.”– Robert B. Srygley, University of Oxford

“…One of the few that I skim, cover to cover, every issue. Keep up the wonderful work!”– Jonathan Foley, University of Wisconsin-Madison

“Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment receives glowing praise – one of the most unanimous reactions that Ihave ever heard from our membership in the past 30 years.”– William Schlesinger, 2004 ESA President, 2004 Annual Report

“I am very much enjoying reading Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. It is very well prepared and containsexcellent articles of current ecological issues. It serves my current needs of trying to keep up-to-date with ecologicalissues in the complexity of current life.”– Roger Hnatiuk, Emeritus Member of ESA

Join ESA – Receive Frontiers (Institutional subscriptions also available)To Join ESA or Order your College, University, Department, or Library Copy

Visit our website, www.esajournals.org, and click on “Subscriptions” or call 202-833-8773.

Contents: editorials • breaking international news • readers’ letters • high-impact research communications of broadinterdisciplinary interest • readable synthetic reviews on ecology and environmental science • multi-author debateson current issues and controversies • essays on legal issues affecting the environment • reviews of the latest websites• resident columnist

Not Just a Must-Read but a Want-to-Read esa

228 BulletinoftheEcologicalSocietyofAmerica

D e P A r t m e n t s

LINK: A Land Conservation Decision Support Tool

Introduction

Publicandprivatelandmanagersareinneedoftoolsthat ably incorporate landscape, species, and habitatrelations into their conservation planning processes.Avarietyofgeographicinformationsystem(GIS)applica-tionsfacilitatingthespatialaspectsoflandmanagementare currently available and growing in number (e.g.,Mladenoff et al. 1996,Andelman et al. 1999, Pattisonet al. 2004, Carr and Zwick 2005, Fitzhugh 2005). Con-servation agencies are increasingly taking advantage of theseGIScapabilitiesby incorporating them into theiroperations (Bettinger 1999, Green 2001, Jansen et al.2002). Despite these developments, there are few spa-tial decision support systems providing a link between abroadarrayofspeciesandtheirhabitat(Nelsonetal.2005),constrainingintegratedregionalspeciesmanage-menttoaseriesofinchoateprocesses.TheUpperMid-westEnvironmentalSciencesCenterhasalonghistoryofdevelopingdecisionsupporttoolsthataddrigortoen-vironmental management (DeHaan et al. 2000, Fox et al. 2003,Nelsonetal.2005);LINKisthelatestproductinthishistoryofsoftwaredevelopment.

Geographic information system tool linking species to habitat

LINKisasetofArcGIStoolsfromtheEnvironmentalSystemsResearchInstitute(ESRI,Redlands,California,USA)designedtomapspecies–habitatpatternsacrossalandscape.Anyspecies thatcanbescoredagainst landcover can be modeled with this tool, including birds,herpetiles,andmammals.Similar toprevious toolsde-velopedattheUpperMidwestEnvironmentalSciences

Center (Foxetal.2003), LINKusesspecies–habi-tatmatrices tomodelpotential specieshabitatandhabitatdiversity.Thesespecies–habitatmatricesareuser-contributed,and typicallyarecreated throughexpert opinion regarding species–habitat associa-tions.WhatsetsLINKapartfromitspredecessors,suchastheComprehensiveConservationPlanningGIS Tool ‹http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/manage-ment/dss/gis_tools_for_conservation_planning.html› is that it relates these user-contributed spe-

Emerging Technologies

Fig.1.LINKcombinesaspecies–habitatmatrixwitharastersource layer toprovidemeanpoten-tial species occurrence (PSO) and potential species richness(PSR)fortheentiremappedspatialextent.Sourcelayer(e.g.,landcover)diversityisalsopro-vided (SDI).Themetricsofoccurrenceand rich-nesscanbesummarizedbaseduponazonallayerandrestrictedbaseduponspeciesrangemaps.

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cies–habitat matrices to raster data sources such aslandcover.RasterdataallowsLINKtomodelhabitatassociations over a much larger spatial extent (e.g.,counties, states/provinces, regions) than its vector-basedantecedents.

LINK’s main purpose is to make comparisons of conservationpotentialbetweenmanagementunitsandthesurroundinglandscape.Itdoesthisbysummarizingpotential species richness,meanpotential speciesoc-currence,andhabitatdiversityforanycombinationoftaxa identified by the user. Three main data sources are neededtorunaLINKquery:aspecies–habitatmatrix,sourcelayers,and(optionally)zonallayers(Fig.1).

A species–habitat matrix relates, for each habitattypewithintherastersourcelayer,ascorerepresent-ingspecies–habitatsuitability(Fig.2).Species–habitatsuitabilityrangesfrom0(littletonovalueashabitat)

to100(primehabitat).ARelationshipManagerallowstheusertocreateanassociationbetweenmatricesandsource layers, and between source layers and zonallayers.

Thesourcelayerisarasterspatialdatalayercon-taining landscape information for species listed inthematrix.ThesourcelayermustbeanintegerESRIGrid(e.g.,NationalLandCoverDataset1992‹http://landcover.usgs.gov/natllandcover.asp›, Land Coverof Canada 1995 ‹http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/optic/coarse/boreal/land_e.php›, CORINE Land Cover Database ‹http://terrestrial.eionet.eu.int/CLC2000›). A zonallayer is a vector (polygonal) spatial data layer usedtodivide the landscape intounitsofcomparisonandmust be in an ESRI Shapefile format. Bird Conser-vationRegions, countiesor townshipswithin a stateorprovince,ormanagementunitswithina refugeorconservationarea,areexamplesofappropriatezonallayers.

Queries

LINKrelatesvaluescontainedinthespecies–habi-tatmatrixtothesourcelayer,allowingthegenerationofseveralindicesofpotentialhabitat(Table1).Theseindicesincludemeanpotentialspeciesoccurrenceandpotentialspeciesrichness,andmaybecalculatedforanindividualspeciesoragroupofspecies.Iftheuserchooses,theprogramcansummarizetheseindicesforeach zone within a zonal layer.A zonal layer is notrequiredtorunaLINKquery,butsummarizinghabitatinformationbyzonehelpstoillustratethedistributionof habitats across a region; the use of a zonal layerprovidesaunit-by-unitevaluationofpotentialhabitatwithintheareaofinterest.

Limiting avian species predictions to range boundaries

DuetointerestwithintheFishandWildlifeServiceMigratoryBirdsProgram,wedevelopedanextensiontotheLINKtoolthatincorporatesbirdspeciesrangesintomodelsofhabitatsuitability(Fig.3);inthisway,avianspeciesaremodeledonlyforthoseareasintheir

Fig. 2.A species × habitat matrix represents theassociationofspeciestohabitat.Inthisexamplethesourcelayerhabitatisbaseduponalandcoverclas-sification.

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rangeinwhichtheyarebelievedtooccur.Thisrangelimitationemphasizes that theLINK toolmodelspo-tential rather than occupied habitat. As part of thisextension,weincorporatedrangesforallbirdsintheWestern Hemisphere, as provided in the collection of digitaldistributionmapsbyNatureServe (Ridgelyetal.2003)andtheBreedingBirdSurvey(Sauer2004).The NatureServe ranges act as a 0/1 binary mask of the predictions, allowing predicted habitat to showonlyforareaswithintherangeofthespecies,whereastheBreedingBirdSurveyrangesactasweightstothepredictions,weighingpredictedspeciesoccurrencebythescaledspeciespredictedabundance.

An example implementation of LINK: priority birds in Minnesota

Currently,thetoolisloadedwithsourcelayers(Na-tionalLandCoverDataset1992),variouszonallayers,and a species–habitat matrix developed for birds ofthe Prairie–Hardwood Transition Bird Conservation Region. It is easy, however, for users to insert theirownspecies–habitatmatrices,sourcelayers,andzonallayersintoLINKusingtheimporttooldevelopedforsuchapurpose.

AsanexampleofhowLINKmaybeused,wecal-

Table1.Examplesoftabular,charted,andmappedoutputavailablefromLINK.

Output measure Description

Numberofspeciesqueried NumberofspeciesqueriedusingtheLINKQuerydialog.

Potential species richness(PSR)

Numberofqueriedspecieshavingamatrixscore>0forthesourcegridclass.Thepossiblerangeofvaluesis0ton,thenumberofspe-ciesqueried.

Meanpotentialspeciesoc-currence (PSO)

Meanmatrixscoreofqueriedspeciesforthegridclass.Thepossiblerangeofvaluesis0−100.

Sum of potential speciesoccurrence

Sumofthematrixscoresforthesourcegridclass.Thepossiblerangeofvaluesis0ton,thenumberofspeciesqueried×100.

Area-weighted mean PSO Score

Summaryforeachqueriedspeciesforextentofthesourcelayer.Val-uescanrangefrom0to100.

PSRbyzone Summarystatisticsofpotentialspeciesrichnessforeachzoneofthezonallayer.

PSO by zone Summarystatisticsofpotentialspeciesoccurrenceforeachzoneofthezonallayer.

SDIbyzoneSimpson’s diversity index of source layer classes possessing a mean PSO > 0. Values range from 0−1;highervaluesindicategreaterdi-versityofhabitat.Nonhabitatisexcluded.

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culatedmeanpotentialspeciesoccurrenceandpoten-tialspeciesrichnessforallregularlybreedingUnitedStates Fish andWildlife Service Priority 1 bird spe-cies in Minnesota (Table 2), summarized the resultsbycounty(zonallayer),andweightedthesummarybytheBreedingBirdSurveyrangemaps(Fig.4).

This summary, which took approximately 10 min-utesofprocessingtime,suggeststhattheprioritybirdsasawholeinMinnesotaareconcentratedinabandinthe north-central portion of the state.This area con-sistsofatransitionbetweentheborealhardwoodandprairie–hardwood ecoregions, a zone possessing themixofhabitats that theseecologicallydisparatespe-ciesrequire.InferencesforindividualspeciessuggestBlack-billed Cuckoo, Upland Sandpiper, Golden-wingedWarbler,andWoodThrushexhibitthegreatestpotentialoccurrencewithinthestateandarepredictedto occur over a fifth of the area. Conversely, Acadian

FlycatcherandPeregrineFalconareexpectedtooccuron <1% of the area of the state. With this information, management authorities may now devote their con-servationefforts toaparticular subsetofcountiesasopposedtotheentiresetofcountieswithinthestate,concentrating scarce conservation funds on focusedareas.

Summary

LINKisaspatialdecisionsupportsystemallowingnaturalresourcemanagerstodrawinferencesregard-ingthecombineddistributionofspeciesoverlargear-eas.LINKisdesignedtooperatewithintheESRIArc-GIS9.XplatformwiththeSpatialAnalystextension,usesraster-basedsource layers, ismostapplicable torelativelylargegeographicareas(e.g.,states,counties,regions),andproducesoutputdepictingmeanpoten-tialspeciesoccurrenceandpotentialspeciesrichness

Fig.3.AnextensiontoLINKlimitspredictionsofsuitableavianhabitattothoseareasinwhichspeciesare known to range. The image on the left is a prediction of Upland Sandpiper occurrence for Ohio, whereas the imageon the right is the samepredictionafter limiting theprediction to the areawithin the speciesrange, weighted by the Breeding Bird Survey’s predicted abundance. The northeastern population has high predictedoccurrence,butlowobservedabundanceaccordingtotheBreedingBirdSurvey,andthereforethearea,afterlimitingbyrange,receivesareducedpredictedoccurrence.

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foreachgridcellwithinthemappedextent,orsummarizedperzoneormanagementunit.Anyspeciesthatcanbescoredagainsthabitatcanbemodeledwiththistool.Thesoftwarecomeswithanextensivehelpsection.

LINK is most useful as a tool to generate and test quickly hypotheses regarding the potential conservation valueofparticularhabitatsorparticularzoneswithinabroadergeospatialextent.Itmaybeespeciallyusefulin a workshop setting attended by a group of planners, biologists, and decision makers, as the speed of the tool makes it amenable to answering questions of potential focus areas on-the-fly. It is not meant to be a sub-

Table 2. Mean predicted species occurrence (area-weighted mean PSO) of regularly breeding Minnesota birds identified as Priority 1 species for the upper midwestern United States. Occurrence values vary between 0 and 100. Black-billed Cuckoo is predicted to occur across one-quarter of the state, whereas the Blue-winged Warbler is predicted to occur in one-tenth of the state. Peregrine Falcons are predicted to occur on <1% of the areaofthestate.

Commonname Species Area-weighted mean PSO

Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus 25.68

UplandSandpiper Bartramia longicauda 24.63

Golden-wingedWarbler Vermivora chrysoptera 24.61

WoodThrush Hylocichla mustelina 22.64

Dickcissel Spiza americana 15.79

SedgeWren Cistothorus platensis 15.28

Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus 15.24

Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus 12.78

CeruleanWarbler Dendroica cerulea 12.03

Blue-wingedWarbler Vermivora pinus 10.25

Black Tern Chlidonias niger 9.54

MarbledGodwit Limosa fedoa 9.51

Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus 6.37

Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus 5.93

Henslow’s Sparrow Ammodramus henslowii 2.70

CommonTern Sterna hirundo 1.65

Wilson’s Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor 1.28

AcadianFlycatcher Empidonax virescens 0.75

PeregrineFalcon Falco peregrinus 0.23

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Fig.legends

Fig. 4. Potential Species Richness (PSR), Mean Potential Species Occurrence (PSO), and PSR and PSO sum-marizedbythezonallayerCounty.TheassemblageofPriority1speciesfortheuppermidwesternUnitedStatesismostrichinabandrunningfromnorthtosouth,whereasspeciesoccurrenceisgreatestinthecentralportionofthe state; this area demarcates the Boreal Hardwood north from the Prairie–Hardwood Transition in the south.

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stitute for complex statistical single-species models,especiallythosedesignedtoevaluatehabitatqualityorpredict the effect of specific management practices.

Users should understand that the validity of theLINKproductsaredirectlyconstrainedby(1)theac-curacy, resolution, and classification categories of the geospatial data set (land cover), and (2) the qualityand validity of the user-supplied habitat-associationmatrix.Giventhoseconstraints,however,LINKispo-tentially a useful tool filling the void between geospa-tial prioritizing guesswork and expensive modeling processesthatmayormaynotproducemoreaccurateresults.Itisalsoveryusefulinthewayitcanbeusedto summarize habitat value across multiple species,priority species, or other focus groups. Because itweightsthepotentialvalueofhabitatsforeachspeciesinthespecies–habitatmatrix,LINKismoreinforma-tive than simplepresence/absencemodels applied tobroadhabitatcategories,suchasthoserepresentedbytheNationalLandCoverDataset.

Interested parties may download this tool, alongwith demonstration data and a user’s help manual, fromtheInternetat‹http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/man-agement/dss/bird_conservation_tools_link.html› or by sendingane-mail to tfox@usgs.gov,withyourship-pingaddressandtheversionsofArcGIS(8.xor9.x)andWindowsoperatingsystemthatyouareusing.

Acknowledgments

Data provided by NatureServe in collaborationwith R. Ridgely, J. Zook, The Nature Conservancy–MigratoryBirdProgram,ConservationInternational–CABS, World Wildlife Fund–US, and EnvironmentCanada–WILDSPACE. This manuscript was im-provedbycommentsfromthreeanonymousreviewersandT.Will.

Literature citedAndelman,S.,I.Ball,F.Davis,andD.Stoms.1999.

SITESV1.0: an analytical toolbox for designingecoregional conservation portfolios. The Nature

Conservancy,Alexandria,Virginia,USA.Bettinger,P.1999.DistributingGIScapabilitiestofor-

estry field offices. Journal of Forestry 97:22−26.Carr, M., and P. Zwick. 2005. Using GIS suitabil-

ity analysis to identify future land use conflicts in North Central Florida. Journal of Conserva-tionPlanning1. ‹http://www.journalconsplanning.org/2005/volume1/issue1/carr/manuscript.pdf›

DeHaan, H. C., T. J. Fox, C. E. Korschgen, C. H. Theiling, and J. J. Rohweder. 2000. Habitat needs assessmentGISquerytoolfortheupperMississip-pi River system: user’s manual. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis, Missouri,USA.

FitzHugh, T. W. 2005. GIS tools for freshwater biodi-versityconservationplanning.TransactionsinGIS9:247−263.

Fox,T.J.,J.J.Rohweder,K.P.Kenow,C.E.Korsch-gen, and H. C. DeHaan. 2003. Geographic infor-mation system tools for conservation planning:user’s manual. U.S. Geological Survey, Biological ResourcesDisciplineInformationandTechnologyReportUSGS/BRD/ITR—2003–0005.

Green,D.S.2001.GISStrategicPlan formanagingGeographicInformationSystems(GIS)andspatialdata in the U. S. Fish andWildlife Service, withthefocusonFY2001–2004.U.S.FishandWildlifeService, Arlington, Virginia, USA. ‹http://www.fws.gov/data/gisplan_fws.html›

Jansen, M., M. Judas, and J. Saborowski, editors. 2002.Spatialmodellinginforestecologyandman-agement: a case study. Springer Verlag, Berlin,Germany.

Mladenoff, J. D., G. E. Host, J. Beoder, and T. R. Crow. 1996. LANDIS: a spatial model of forestlandscapedisturbancesuccessionandmanagement.Pages 175−179 inM.F.Goodchild,L.T.Steyaert,B. O. Park, C. Johnston, D. Maidment, M. Crane, andS.Glendinning,editors.GISandenvironmen-tal modeling: progress and research issues. GISWorld,FortCollins,Colorado,USA.

Nelson,J.C.,T.J.Fox,M.G.Knutson,J.R.Sauer,andW.E.Thogmartin.2005.Regionalbirdconser-vation internet mapping tool takes flight with GIS.

Departments July2006235

ArcNews 27:21. ‹http://www.esri.com/news/arc-news/summer05articles/regional-bird.html›

Pattison, D., D. dosReis, and S. Hamilton. 2004. An inventoryofGIS-baseddecision-support tools forMPAs.PreparedbytheNationalMarineProtectedAreas Center in cooperation with the National Oce-anicandAtmosphericAdministrationCoastalSer-vicesCenter.‹http://www.mpa.gov/virtual_library/Publications/FINAL_Decision%20Sup%20Rpt.pdf›

Ridgely, R .S., T. F. Allnutt, T. Brooks, D. K. McNi-col, D. W. Mehlman, B. E. Young, and J. R. Zook. 2003.DigitalDistributionMapsoftheBirdsoftheWestern Hemisphere, version 1.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, USA. URL: ‹http://www.na-tureserve.org/getData/birdMaps.jsp› (for version2.1ofthebirddistributionmaps).

Sauer,J.R.2004.TheNorthAmericanBreedingBirdSurvey,ResultsandAnalysis1966−2003.Version2004.1. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Lau-rel,Maryland,USA.URL:‹http://www.mbr-pwrc.

usgs.gov/bbs/geographic_information/geographic_information_products_.htm›

Wayne E. Thogmartin, Timothy J. Fox, Jason J.Rohweder,andMelindaG.Knutson1

USGS Upper Midwest Environmental SciencesCenter

2630FantaReedRoadLaCrosse,WI54603(608) 781-6342Fax: (608)783-6066

TomWillU.S.FishandWildlifeService1FederalDriveFt.Snelling,MN55111USA

1andU.S.FishandWildlifeService2630FantaReedRoadLaCrosse,WI54603

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236 BulletinoftheEcologicalSocietyofAmerica

Society Section and Chapter News

Southeastern Chapter Newsletter

Chapter officersChair: James Luken (2004–2006) ‹JoLuken@coastal.edu›Vice-Chair: Neil Billington (2005–2007) ‹askdrb@troy.edu›Secretary/Treasurer:NicoleTurrillWelch(2004–

2006)‹nwelch@mtsu.edu›Web-Master: Mark Mackenzie‹mackenzi@forestry.auburn.edu›Chapter Home page: ‹http://www.auburn.edu/seesa/›

2006 ASB Meeting

The 2006 meeting of the Association of South-eastern Biologists was held 29 March–1April 2006,inGatlinburg,Tennessee,hostedbytheUniversityofTennessee.

SE-ESA Chapter Luncheon

Wegatheredforourannualluncheonandbusinessmeeting on Friday, 31 March 2006, at the GlenstoneLodge, Gatlinburg, Tennessee. Thirty-two membersattended. Frank Gilliam was elected Chair and will serve during 2006–2008. Howie Neufeld was elected Secretary/Treasurer andwill also serveduring2006–2008.GaryWeinandDianeDeStevenwereelectedtothe Odum Award Committee. Mike Held was elected Chair of the 2007 Quarterman-Keever Committee, and Danny Gustafson will serve as Chair of the 2007 Odum Committee. Frank Gilliam and Nicole Turrill Welch, 2006 Chairs of the Quarterman-Keever and Odum Award Committees, respectively, thanked their com-mittee members and judges. Members were encour-aged to donate to the Quarterman-Keever and Odum Award funds when renewing their ESA membership.BillMartinandJimFralishvolunteeredtocontactESA

andlearnthestatusofformalfundraisingfortheQuar-terman-Keever Award. Scott Franklin gave details on the2006ESAMeetinginMemphis,Tennessee(morebelow). Lastly, members expressed concern for the“outdated”papercategoriesusedtoorganizetheASBMeetingandProgram.Completeminutesofthebusi-ness meeting are available on the Chapter Homepage.

Elsie Quarterman-Catherine Keever Award for Best Student Poster

Undergraduateandgraduatestudentswereeligibleforthisawardandhadtobethesoleorseniorauthoron a poster clearly dealing with an ecological topicand representing a completed research project. An-gela Scarborough, Central Missouri State University,earned the 2006 Quarterman-Keever Award for herposter “Tree canopy myxomycetes: patterns and dis-tributions.”

Angela Scarborough, Central Missouri StateUniversity,2006Quarterman-KeeverAwardwinner.

Departments July2006237

Eugene P. Odum Award for Best Student Paper

Daniel Johnson, Wake Forest University, earned the 2006 Odum Award for his paper “Effects of cloud immersiononunderstorylightenvironmentandpho-tosynthesisinthesouthernAppalachianMountains”(co-authored with William Smith). Like the Quarter-man-KeeverAward,undergraduateandgraduatestu-dentswereeligibletocompeteandthestudenthadtobethesoleorseniorauthoronapaperpresentationclearly dealing with an ecological topic and repre-sent- ingacompletedresearchproject.

2006 ESA MeetingSE Chapter Brown Bag Lunch

Our chapter’s Brown Bag Lunch at the ESA Meet-inginMemphis,Tennessee,willbeWednesday,9Au-gust2006,noon–1:00pm.

Vegetation Section

TheVegetationSectionofESAwillhaveitsmeet-ing and mixer Monday, 7 August, 6:30-8:00 pm.

Symposia organized by Chapter members

Cliff Huff organized the symposium, “Exchange between channel and floodplain in large rivers,” with colleague Jack Grubaugh. Scott Franklin, together with Vladimir Douhovnikoff and Paul Gagnon, ar-rangedthesymposium,“Plantclonalgrowth—ecolog-ical implications.” Please check the meeting program fortimesandlocationsofthesesymposia.

Keeping in touch

Check the Chapter Home page: ‹http://www.au-burn.edu/seesa/› for updates and additional informa-tion. Join the Southeastern Chapter of ESA LIST-SERVER. To join the listserver, send a message to‹majordomo@mail.auburn.edu› with “subscribe sc-esa”inthebodyofthemessage.Pleasesendnewsorannouncements to ‹scesa@mail.auburn.edu› for dis-tribution to the listserver,or to‹neufeldhs@appstate.edu›forinclusioninthenextquarterlynewsletter.

Respectfullysubmitted,NicoleTurrillWelchSecretary/TreasurerE-mail:‹nwelch@mtsu.edu›

Daniel Johnson, Wake Forest University, 2006 Odum Award winner.

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238 BulletinoftheEcologicalSocietyofAmerica

DEADLINES: Contributions for publication in the Bulletin must reach the Editor’s office by the deadlines shown below to be published in a particular issue:

Issue Deadline January (No. 1) 15 November April (No. 2) 15 February July (No. 3) 15 May October (No. 4) 15 August

Please note that all material for publication in the Bulletin must be sent to the Bulletin Editor. Materials sent to any address except that of the Editor, given below, must then be forwarded to the Editor, resulting in delay in action on the manuscripts. Send all contributions, except those for Emerging Technologies, Ecology 101, Ecological Education K–12, and Obituaries/Resolutions of Respect (see addresses below), to E. A. Johnson, Bulletin Editor-in-Chief, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada. (403) 220-7635, Fax (403) 289-9311, E-mail: bulletin@esa.org.

MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION: The manuscript should be submitted as a WordPerfect or Microsoft Word (for Mac or DOS) manuscript, preferably as an e-mail message attachment to bulletin@esa.org. E-mailed photographs and diagrams must be in .tif or .eps format. Other forms of electronic copy (text embedded in e-mail messages, diskettes sent by post) or hard copy can be submitted if absolutely necessary. If formatting could be troublesome (e.g., tables, European alphabet characters, etc.), hard copy also should be sent via fax to E. A. Johnson at (403) 289-9311, or via post. Hard-copy manuscripts should be double-spaced, with ample margins. Plain formatting must be used on hard-copy and electronic manuscripts. PLAIN FORMATTING consists of a single font of a single size, left justification throughout, line spacing the same throughout, and up to three different weights of headings. Other formats will not be accepted for publication. The author should THOROUGHLY PROOF the manuscript for accuracy, paying special attention to phone and fax numbers and web site and e-mail addresses, which are frequently incorrect.

COVER PHOTOGRAPHS: The photo should illustrate ecological processes or an ecological research design. The cover of the July, 2004 issue is a good example. It helps if the colors in the photo are bright,

although black and white photos are considered if they are well composed with good contrast. If you would like to submit a digital file, submissions can be small jpegs (72 dpi) but if the image is selected for a cover the final image must be 300 dpi and at least 7 inches wide and 5 inches high. E-mail the file as an attachment to the Editor of the ESA Bulletin at bulletin@esa.org.Or send a single 5 x 7 or 8 x 10 photo to the Bulletin. On an accompanying photocopy, give your name, address, a photo legend up to 100 words, and, if the photo describes a paper in ESA or in another journal, the literature citation or title of the accepted manuscript. If you wish unused photos to be returned please include a self-addressed return envelope.

L E T T E R S T O T H E E D I T O R A N D COMMENTARIES: Please indicate if letters are intended for publication as this is not always obvious. The Bulletin publishes letters, longer commentaries, and philosophical and methodological items related to the science of Ecology. There are no page limits but authors may be asked to edit their submissions for clarity and precision. Previously published items from other sources can be republished in the Bulletin if the contributor obtains permission of the author and the copyright holder, and clearly identifies the original publication.

MEETING ANNOUNCEMENTS: Submit a brief prose description of the upcoming meeting, including title, a short paragraph on objectives and content, dates, location, registration requirements, and meeting contact person’s name, street address, and phone/fax/e-mail address. Please do not submit meeting brochures in the expectation that the Editor will write the prose description; he won’t. Compare the publication deadlines above with the meeting deadlines to be sure the announcement will appear in time.

MEETING REVIEWS: The Bulletin publishes reviews of symposia and workshops at the annual ESA meeting, as well as important and appropriate meetings that are unrelated to the annual ESA meeting. The reviewer should strive for a synthetic view of the meeting or symposium outcome, i.e., how the various presentations fit or conflict with each other and with current scientific thought on the topic. Review length is open, although about four double-spaced pages should be enough to capture the essence of most meetings.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONTRIBUTORS

July2006�

The following advisory items are provided to help focus your review. a) Meeting title, organizer, location, sponsoring organizations? b) What were the meeting objectives, i.e., what scientific problems was the meeting organized to solve? Who cares (i.e., what was the relevance of this scientific problem to related ones under examination)? c) How well did the meeting meet the objectives? Were there specific papers delivered or roundtables/discussion groups that were exemplary in reaching the objectives? You may concentrate the review on only the outstanding papers to the exclusion of all others, or give a comprehensive view of all presentations/meeting activities, or examine a selection of papers that neither describes all, nor focuses on a very few. d) What new was discussed? What previously weak hypotheses were strengthened, confirmed or supported? Were any breakthroughs, or new or innovative hypotheses presented, that forced participants to rethink current concepts? e) Was there anything else important that the meeting accomplished that may not have been part of its explicit objectives? f) What subjects relevant to the meeting objectives were missing or left out? Did the scientific components of the problem that were included produce a strong slant or serious void by virtue of blind spots by the organizers, failure of invitees to appear, or similar difficulties? g) Are there plans for a proceedings issue or meeting summary document, and if so who is editing it, who is publishing it, and when is it planned to appear (i.e., where can interested folks learn more about the meeting?)

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES: Submissions for this section should be sent to the Section Editors in charge of the section: Dr. David Inouye, Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. E-mail: inouye@.umd.edu; or Dr. Sam Scheiner, Div. of Environmental Biology, Natl. Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22230. E-mail: sscheine@nsf.gov

ECOLOGY 101: Submissions should be sent to the Section Editor in charge of this section: Dr. Harold Ornes, College of Sciences, SB 310A, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT 84720. E-mail: ornes@suu.edu

E C O L O G I C A L E D U C AT I O N K – 1 2 : Correspondence and discussions about submissions to this section should be sent to Susan Barker, Department of Secondary Education, 350 Education South,, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G5 Canada. E-mail: susan.barker@ualberta.ca(780) 492 5415 Fax: (780) 492 9402orCharles W. (Andy) Anderson, 319A Erickson Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA. E-mail: andya@msu.edu(517) 432-4648 Fax: (517) 432-5092

FOCUS ON FIELD STATIONS: Correspondence and discussions about submissions to this section should be sent to E. A. Johnson, Bulletin Editor-in-Chief, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada. (403) 220-7635, Fax (403) 289-9311, E-mail: bulletin@esa.org.

OBITUARIES AND RESOLUTIONS OF RESPECT: Details of ESA policy are published in the Bulletin, Volume 72(2):157–158, June 1991, and are abstracted below. The death of any deceased member will be acknowledged by the Bulletin in an Obituary upon submission of the information by a colleague to the Historical Records Committee. The Obituary should include a few sentences describing the person’s history (date and place of birth, professional address and title) and professional accomplishments. Longer Resolutions of Respect, up to three printed pages, will be solicited for all former ESA officers and winners of major awards, or for other ecologists on approval by the President. Solicited Resolutions of Respect will take precedence over unsolicited contributions, and either must be submitted to the Historical Records Committee before publication in the Bulletin.

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