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Wood—chemical energy stored by plants

Kinetic energy—• Water power• Wind• Wind

Fossil fuelsAlternatives

• Solar• Plant derivatives• Nuclear

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Science/Physics-and-Chemistry/Sound-and-Light/Light-Waves/Light-Waves-018.html

http://www.urbex.50megs.com/Spain/Cordoba/Cordoba.html

http://www.adamandlyn.co.uk/country/greecewindmill.shtml

Radiant energy • Released by fusion• Hydrogen fused into Helium

99+% of Earth’s energy99+% of Earth s energyConverted by plants into chemical energy

Converts CO2 and H2O to sugar and O2

Ancient algae in Archean and Proterozoic oceans released O2 by photosynthesis

Endothermic reaction

Heat released when hydrocarbons are burned

C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + 2190 JEnergy released is shown in equationEnergy released is shown in equationExothermic reaction

Energy is not created or destroyedFirst Law of Thermodynamics

Conservation of energyCannot create or destroy energy(But we can convert to less-useful form)

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From objects with higher temperature to those with lower temperature

Second law of thermodynamics

Change form from high quality to lower quality• Chemical energy to heat energy• Friction: mechanical to heat• Friction: mechanical to heat

Energy wasted as frictional heatNeed to put energy in to ‘make’ cold

Burn readilyReaction is oxidationRelease heat energy

From ancient organismsExtracted from EarthNon renewable

CoalNatural GasPetroleum

http://palaeos.com/Paleozoic/Carboniferous/Carboniferous.htm

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C + O2 CO2

AnthraciteBitumen Lignite

Incompletely decayed plantsBurial pressure releases O2 and H2Carbon remainsPaleozoic—Pennsylvanian coalPaleozoic—Pennsylvanian coal,

Carboniferous Period

Must be minedPollutants in coal

• Sulfur leads to acid rain• Also contains mercury arsenic nitrates• Also contains mercury, arsenic, nitrates

Source Cooking Reservoir Trap Trap

http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/systems_home.html

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Shale with organic material Gooey sludge on ocean floor

Planktonic organisms

Probable source of petroleumpetroleum

http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/source/source.html

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Haeckel_Stephoidea.jpg

Just right temperature Just right pressure Just right time

“There is an "oil window" that depends on subsurfaceThere is an oil window that depends on subsurface temperatures. The rule of thumb says that temperatures 7,500 feet down are hot enough to "crack" organic-rich sediments into oil molecules. However, beyond 15,000 feet the rocks are so hot that the oil molecules are further cracked into natural gas. The range from 7,000 to 15,000 feet is called the "oil window." If you drill deeper than 15,000 feet, you can find natural gas but little oil.”

http://oilismastery.blogspot.com/2008/05/oil-window.html

Porous Permeable Usually a

sedimentarysedimentary rock

http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/reservoir/reservoir.html

Has open space Sponge Permits fluid throughflow

Nylon scrubbie

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Almost no permeability or pore space

Shale (UsuallyShale (Usually not source shale)

http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/seal/seal.html

Structural Stratigraphic

Sand lensTraps frommeanderingstreams

http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/traps/strat/strat_traps.html

Reservoir rock tilted and eroded

Impermeable rock deposited abovedeposited above erosion surface

Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979

Reservoir sandCapping shale Arched fold

Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979

Reservoir existsFault creates trap

Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979

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Deposition of sand

Shale deposited above sandabove sand• Deltas• Invading seas

Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979

Mostly methaneCH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + heat

Excellent, clean-burning fuelRaw material for plastics fertilizers andRaw material for plastics, fertilizers and

other chemicals

MAJOR OIL FIELDS IN NORTH AMERICA

Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979

Oil Creek Valley in the 1860s

Phillips well (rt) 4000 bbl/day4000 bbl/day

Woodford well (lt) 1500 bbl/day

http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/pennsylvania/tarr_farm.html

Lucas Gusher, 1901Initial production

100,000 bbl/daySalt dome trapsSalt dome traps

http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/spindletop/spindletop.html

http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/bul/845/contents.htm

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On Spindletop salt dome at Beaumont, TexasTexas

http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/spindletop/spindletop.html

1932

http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/signal_hill/signal_hill2.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_well.jpg

Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979

Rocks and Fossils, Busbey, Doenraads, Willis and Roots, Fog City Press, 1997

http://www.nerc.gov.jo/oil_shale_in_jordan.htm

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http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/huebner/grg306c/graphics/oilshale.jpg http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/U4735/projections/pitman/5.55.tarsand.gif

http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/U4735/projections/pitman/5.55.tarsand.gif http://www.protectowire.com/images/applications/profiles/electric-shovels/tar_sands_lg.jpg

Natural ices of methane and waterFormed in permafrost and below 300

meters in ocean sedimentsProbably 100 times cubic feet of methaneProbably 100 times cubic feet of methane

hydrate compared to natural gas in USThaws to over 150 times its volume of

methane

http://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/gas-hydrates/gas-hydrates-3.gif

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Convert coal to methane• C + 2 H2 CH4

Use coal to make hydrogen• C + H2O CO + H2C + H2O CO + H2

Convert coal to methanol alcoholAll these are fuels that can be utilized today

Removed most pollutants in coalMore easily transported than solid coalMore efficient than burning coalCan contain or eleminate COCan contain or eleminate CO2Very promising technology