es050 – introductory engineering design and innovation studio civil engineering design prof. jon...
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ES050 – Introductory Engineering Design and Innovation Studio
Civil Engineering Design
Prof. Jon Southen
November 12, 2008
Goals and Objectives of this lecture
Provide introduction to engineering design as practiced in Civil engineering
Provide context regarding the environment in which Civil engineering design takes place
Provide examples of engineering graphics used in Civil engineering
Civil Engineering Design
The Civil engineering project Types of project Principal players General design process
Design considerations Codes, regulations, guidelines Constructability Validation techniques
Design delivery Drawings Specifications
Civil Engineering Projects
Civil Engineering oldest discipline Civil-Military distinction
Wide variety within Civil Structural Environmental Geotechnical Wind Etc.
Basic design considerations, techniques common
CIVIL ENGINEERING WORLD
(IDEALIZED)
CIVIL ENGINEERING WORLD (REAL)
Civil Engineering
Mechanical Eng.
Elect. Eng.
Economists
Politicians
Lawyers
BankersArchitects
Urban planners
Civil Engineering Design
Project-Based Physical nature of the product
Large, heavy, and expensive Each project is unique A large part of the components are manufactured elsewhere
Ultimate use of the product a means to further production an addition to or improvement of the infrastructure of the economy a social investment (e.g. hospitals) an investment for direct enjoyment (e.g. housing)
Demand for and price of the product
The Construction Project
A project (construction or otherwise) is defined by the following characteristics:
A defined goal or objective Specific tasks not routinely performed A defined beginning and end Defined deliverables Resources being consumed
Categories Of Construction ProjectsBuilding Construction Projects• Office buildings, large apartment buildings,
shopping malls, etc.• Large segment of market, but heavily
dependent on local economy• Designed by architects with engineering
support• Built by general contractors• Privately funded• Greater technical and investment
requirements than residential projects
Categories Of Construction Projects
Heavy Construction Projects• Infrastructure – roadways, bridges, dams,
tunnels, canals• Designed by civil engineers• Built by heavy construction contractors with
engineering background or support• Typically publicly funded• Long duration – less sensitive to economy
Categories Of Construction Projects
Industrial Construction Projects• Steel mills, petroleum refineries, chemical plants,
automobile plants, etc.• Defined more by the production activities than by the
facility itself• Privately funded• Quality and time are most important• Very technical – few companies, cooperation important
throughout the project
Principal Players
1) Owner
2) Design Professional
3) Constructor
Principal Players
1) Owner Also called the client Pays the bills and receives the benefit Determines scope, schedule and
budget (either in-house or with outside assistance) – i.e. defines need
May be public or private
Principal Players
2) Design Professional Engineers, architects, consultants Assists the owner in developing the scope,
schedule and budget Prepares construction documents that are
used to build the project Responsible for the physical integrity of the
project (licensed)
Principal Players
3) Constructor Contractor, general contractor, prime
contractor, builder, construction manager
Interprets the contract documents and physically constructs the project
May employ subcontractors
Linear Project Life CycleProject Formulation Phase
Planning Process
EngineeringAnd DesignProcess
ConstructionProcess
UseManagementProcess
Disposal Process
UserRequirements
ProjectFeasibilityand Scope
ProjectEngineeringand Design
ProjectField
Engineeringand
Construction
Facility Use and
Management
Facility Demolition
or Conversion
NE
ED
Awarenessof Need
ProjectConcept
Formulation
ProjectScope
Definition
FullProject
Description
ProjectCompletion
and Acceptancefor Use
Fulfillmentof Need
Civil Engineering Design Sequence
Civil Engineering Design
The Civil engineering project Types of project Principal players General design process
Design considerations Codes, regulations, guidelines Constructability Validation techniques
Design delivery Drawings Specifications
Civil Engineering Design Considerations Owner requirements basis for problem
definition – refined by feasibility study phase
Objectives and constraints influenced by owner requirements as well as outside factors – codes, regulations, guidelines
Constructability also a key factor
Building Codes
Used locally to regulate building construction Intent is to protect public health and safety National Building Code
of Canada 2005 “Model” building code
Ontario Building Code Regulated building code
based on NBCC
Building Codes
Set minimum standard of construction quality
Includes definition of occupancy groups and construction types, with corresponding limitations on building size, components, construction methods, etc.
Other codes pertain to specific building systems (e.g. plumbing)
Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code CAN/CSA-S6-06 Canadian Highway
Bridge Design Code Used in all Provinces to
design bridges over 3m
span
Design Guidelines and Manuals
Various organizations have developed guidelines and design manuals to assist engineers in designing components not covered in general building codes.
E.g. Concrete Design Handbook (Canadian Cement Institute), Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual (Canadian Geotechnical Society)
Provide specific guidelines for designing various civil engineering components
Regulations
Civil engineering designs often directly related to public activities
Regulations may dictate many aspects of design, especially environmental
E.g. landfill design – Ontario Regulation 232/98
O.Reg. 232/98 – Landfill Design – Groundwater Protection
O.Reg. 232/98 – Landfill Design – Groundwater Protection
O.Reg. 232/98 – Landfill Design – Groundwater Protection
O.Reg. 232/98 – Landfill Design – Groundwater Protection Alternatively, a site-specific design for
groundwater protection may be used, provided it can be demonstrated that the design meets the Ontario Reasonable Use Guidelines pertaining to groundwater resources
Civil Engineering Design
Specific elements of the overall project are designed with due consideration of applicable codes, guidelines and regulations
Engineering judgment required to assess what is applicable and whether the proposed design meets requirements
Engineering science principles not expressed in codes, etc. must be adapted and applied to specific design constraints
Goal is to ensure project objectives are met while ensuring safety
Cost Analysis
Often primary basis for choosing among several viable design alternatives
Preliminary designs offer basis for estimating construction costs – estimating
Value engineering takes cost implications into consideration throughout the design iteration process
Constructability
Constructability (how easily the proposed design can actually be built) is often a key factor in project cost
Often the involvement of a construction manager is incorporated in the design phase to ensure constructability is considered and thus enhance the value engineering process
Civil Engineering Design
The Civil engineering project Types of project Principal players General design process
Design considerations Codes, regulations, guidelines Constructability Validation techniques
Design delivery Drawings Specifications
Design Delivery
Client (owner) retains designer (engineer) to prepare bid package for constructor (contractor)
Bid package (final design) fully describes project such that contractor can construct the design and estimate cost to do so (i.e. prepare bid for owner)
Final design consists of drawings and specifications which fully describe design
Civil Engineering Drawings
Civil engineers typically use two-dimensional representations to describe designs
What must be described and the level of detail is dependent on the current phase of the project
Civil Engineering Drawings
Topographic Base MapsCreated based on site investigations and
surveysUsed during feasibility and conceptual
planning stages of projectShows contours (grade), control points,
natural and artificial features, etc.
Topographic Base Map
Civil Engineering Drawings
Planning-level drawingsUsed early in project to describe conceptsLimited engineering analysis to supportMay be simple sketch, or include key
dimensions where cost information necessaryGeneral plan and typical section views
Planning-level Drawing
Civil Engineering Drawings
Conceptual-level drawingsDeveloped to compare costs, evaluate
relative advantages/disadvantages and identify flaws so a preferred concept can be selected
Drawings more detailed than planning-level, but not suitable for construction
Plan and one (or more) cross sections
Conceptual-level Drawing
Civil Engineering Drawings
Final design drawingsUsed by contractor to construct designContain all necessary information (with
specifications) to bid and build projectUsed to support permit applicationsUsed to prepare accurate estimate of costsMore detailed and more drawings typically
required
Final Design Drawing
Final Design Drawings
Typically a set of drawings is required to fully characterize the project, e.g.
1. Title Sheet2. Abbreviations / Legend / General Notes3. Existing Conditions4. Subsurface Conditions5. Group Drawings (Civil, Structural, Mech., etc.)
General Layout Plans Detailed Layout Plans Sections and Details Sheets
6. Miscellaneous Details Sheets
Design Controls
A set of benchmarks, coordinate grids, control points, baselines, centrelines, etc.
Used to determine the design alignment and dimensions avoid interference between different members of the
design team enable the surveyor to establish line and grade
Plan of Design Controls
Civil Engineering Drawings
A number of typical 2-D views are used by Civil engineers to represent a 3-D design
3-D views (e.g. isometric, oblique) are usually not used in Civil drawings
Various views are used: Plan View Section View Elevation View Profile View Detail View
Plan View
Typically most important view – all others are supplemental
Depicts the design in context with the existing site details
Section View
Also called a cross section, basically a cut through a structure
Shows the internal relationships among various components of a structure
Adequate number required to show all internal features
Elevation View Shows the vertical
relationship of various features
Is an external view of the side – not a cut like a section view
More common for concrete and mechanical structures
Profile View
Essentially a long section view along an entire structure
Useful for highways, tunnels, pipelines, etc. Usually has different horizontal and vertical
scales (exaggerated vertical)
Detail View
Show design features and requirements when overall plan, section and other views do not have proper scale and resolution to do so
Essentially enlargements of design features, included in other views
Technical Specifications
Used in conjunction with drawings to fully describe all of the technical requirements necessary to complete a project
Should not overlap information with drawings Includes things like material requirements,
testing requirements for quality control, installation procedures and tolerances, schedule requirements, safety issues and responsibilities etc.
Civil Engineering Design
The Civil engineering project Types of project Principal players General design process
Design considerations Codes, regulations, guidelines Constructability Validation techniques
Design delivery Drawings Specifications