es ti mat ing the soil ero sion and de po si tion rateloss or de po si tion re dis tri bu tions...

ES TI MAT ING THE SOIL ERO SION AND DE PO SI TION RATEUS ING 137Cs TRACER METHOD IN THE CATCH MENT

OF DRENOVA RES ER VOIR (B&H)

by

Radislav TOŠI] 1*, Slavoljub S. DRAGI]EVI] 2, Ištvan S. BIKIT 3, Sofija FORKAPI] 3,Dušan MRDJA 3, Nataša TODOROVI] 3, and Branislav BLAGOJEVI] 4

1Fac ulty of Sci ences, Uni ver sity of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Re pub lic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina2Fac ulty of Ge og ra phy, Uni ver sity of Bel grade, Bel grade, Ser bia

3Lab o ra tory for Nu clear Physic, De part ment of Phys ics, Fac ulty of Sci ences,Uni ver sity of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Ser bia

4Wa ter Agency for Sava River Dis trict, Bijeljina, Re pub lic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sci en tific pa perDOI: 10.2298/NTRP1203247T

There are many lim i ta tions as so ci ated with tra di tional ap proaches to es ti ma tion of soil ero -sion and de po si tion rates. Re cently at ten tion has been fo cused on 137Cs and suc cess ful us ageof this iso tope in soil ero sion stud ies. This pa per pres ents the re sults of mea sure ments of 137Cs in soil pro files which were sam pled within catch ments of Drenova res er voir. The pro por tional model and a sim pli fied ver sion of the mass bal ance model were used to es ti mate the mean soilloss or de po si tion re dis tri bu tions rates. The aim of this study is to es ti mate the soil ero sionand de po si tion rates us ing 137Cs tracer model, as a sup port for the re sults ob tained by em pir i -cal meth od ol ogy.

Key words: soil ero sion, soil de po si tion, 137Cs con cen tra tion, 137Cs in ven tory, catch ments of Drenova res er voir

IN TRO DUC TION

Soil ero sion is a se ri ous en vi ron men tal prob lem.In most cases, this pro cess is caused by nat u ral forces,but some hu man ac tiv i ties also no ta bly con trib ute tosoil ero sion. Re cently, there were many mod els for soil ero sion es ti ma tion as well as de po si tion rate in theworld, but the re sults of those mod els pro vided dif fer -ent pos si bil i ties for func tional us age [1].

Tra di tional mod els are still widely ap plied inmany coun tries, in clud ing Bosnia and Herzegovina.Em pir i cal model of S. Gavrilovi} has been used inBosnia and Herzegovina dur ing the last 40 years [2-4]. This model re sulted from ex per i men tal re searches atthe sta tions lo cated in Bosnia and Herzegovina as wellas on the ter ri tory of For mer Yu go sla via. Due to ananthropogenic in flu ence some sig nif i cant changeshave oc curred in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the past.The civil war has caused se ri ous con se quences andmade sig nif i cant im pact on the sta tus and the struc tureof land us age. Hence, sci en tific at ten tion is fo cus ingon re vi sion of the state and char ac ter of ero sion pro -cesses, con sid er ing dis tri bu tion of ero sion pro cesses

in Bosnia and Herzegovina and its com plex ity whichhas been de ter mined by spe cific phys i cal ge og ra phycon di tions in which these pro cesses oc cur. How ever,tra di tional meth ods, such as em pir i cal method of S.Gavrilovi} and USLE method, used to es ti mate soilero sion and de po si tion rates, are time con sum ing inBosnia and Herzegovina and the re sults ob tained us -ing these mod els, im pose the need for ap pro pri ate val i -da tion.

Ero sion and sed i men ta tion rate es ti ma tions ob -tained by us ing the 137Cs method have been re portedby sev eral au thors and are in use in many coun tries, but this was a first at tempt to ap ply this method on the ter -ri tory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ce sium – 137Cs is avery good tracer for eval u at ing ero sion pro cesses,while since us ing this method to es ti mate soil ero sionand de po si tion rates over comes some of the lim i ta -tions of the tra di tional meth ods [5]. 137Cs mea sure -ments can be used as a ba sis for study ing the spa tialvari abil ity of soil loss mag ni tude and it can be used foriden ti fy ing sed i ment sources as well [5-8]. 137Cs is afis sion prod uct. It is a gamma emit ter with en ergy of661.6 keV and its half-life pe riod is 30.02 years. These prop er ties make 137Cs iso tope a valu able tracer for soilero sion in me dium term. For the last 40 years, the fall -

R. To{i}, et al.: Es ti mat ing the Soil Ero sion and De po si tion Rate Us ing 137Cs ...Nu clear Tech nol ogy & Ra di a tion Pro tec tion: Year 2012, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 247-253 247

* Cor re spond ing au thor; e-mail: [email protected]

out of 137Cs has been widely used as an en vi ron men taltracer for study of soil ero sion [9, 10]. The method isbased on the com par i son of the 137Cs in ven to ries forsam pling points with a ref er ence point in ven tory.

The ref er ence in ven tory rep re sents the lo cal un -dis turbed in put fall out of 137Cs. This means that for aref er ence site nei ther ero sion nor de po si tion of soil oc -curred. In a place where soil ero sion oc curs, the 137Csin ven tory is lower then the ref er ence in ven tory, but for soil de po si tion area, the 137Cs in ven tory is higher thenthe ref er ence in ven tory, so this com par i son al lows rec -og niz ing ero sion and de po si tion ar eas [11-14]. To ob -tain quan ti ta tive es ti ma tion of soil ero sion we used re -la tion ship which al lows con vert ing of 137Cs data intoero sion or de po si tion rate data [14, 15]. The suc cess ful ap pli ca tion of the 137Cs tracer model de pends on theavail abil ity of re li able con ver sion mod els for con vert -ing mea sure ment of 137Cs in the soil ero sion and de po -si tion rate [16].

The aim of this study is to es ti mate the soil ero -sion and de po si tion rates for the field in the catch ments of Drenova res er voir, and use of the 137Cs tracer model to quan tify soil ero sion and de po si tion rates as a sup -port for the re sults which are the prod uct of use of em -pir i cal meth od ol ogy [2-4]. These are pre lim i nary in -ves ti ga tions, in fu ture stud ies; the num ber of sam plingpoints will be higher, as well as the num ber of con ver -sion mod els for soil ero sion and soil re dis tri bu tion. Itis nec es sary to con tinue this pre lim i nary in ves ti ga -tions on more sam pling sites in or der to con firm the re -la tion ship be tween con ver sion mod els ob tained by the mea sure ments.

MA TE RI ALS AND METH ODS

Study area

The study area se lected for the in ves ti ga tion is asmall ag ri cul tural val ley in the catch ments of Drenovares er voir. The study area is 0.61 km2, and it is lo catednear town Prnjavor, Bosnia and Herzegovina(44º49'42"N 17º31'13"E).

Av er age an nual rain fall for the study area is850 mm, and the av er age an nual tem per a ture is 10.4 ºC. Soil sam ples were col lected on three sites injuly of 2011. These are pre lim i nary in ves ti ga tionscon ducted in or der to es ti mate soil ero sion and de po si -tion rates us ing 137Cs tracer model in some of thecatch ments on ter ri tory Bosnia and Herzegovina. Pre -vi ous re searches of this study area were us ing S.Gavrilovi} and USLE em pir i cal ero sion model.Within the pre vi ous re search, a bathymetric sur veywas con ducted and ex am ined to es ti mate ra dio ac tiv ityand sed i ment de po si tion rate of the Drenova res er voir[17-19].

Method – sam pling and mea sure ments

The first step was to se lect ad e quate, un dis turbed ref er ence site where nei ther ero sion nor de po si tion has taken place. At this ref er ence site (the first sam plingpoint) the rep re sen ta tive un dis turbed 137Cs sam pleswere taken from sur face to this depth of 49 cm. Thissoil depth is di vided in 7 sam ples each of 7 cm height.The rep re sen ta tive un dis turbed 137Cs sam ples weretaken from the site which is flat, and has n’t been cul ti -vated dur ing the last 50 years. The first sam pling sitewas at 287 m above sea level, (44°47'38"N17°37'07"E). The sec ond was taken from cul ti vatedarea and this sam ple was di vided in 7 cm–1 in cre ments. The sec ond sam ple sam pling site was on at 211 mabove sea level, (44°47'39" N 17°36'52" E).

The third sam ple was taken from depositionalcul ti vated site, and this sam ple was di vided in 7 cm in -cre ments. Third sam pling site was at 175 m above sealevel, (44°47'47"N 17°36'40"E). The ver ti cal dis tri bu -tion of 137Cs in the sam ples was de ter mined by gammaspec trom e try mea sure ments at the Laboratory of Nu -clear Physic, Fac ulty of Sci ences, Novi Sad, Serbia.Soil sam ples were dried at 105 °C to a con stant mass.Af ter that all me chan i cal con tam i nants, mainly smallrocks and peaces of plant ma te rial were re moved.Dried soil sam ples were me chan i cally frag mented andho mog e nized to fine pow der. Pre pared soil sam pleswere packed in cy lin dri cal mea sure ment ves sels 62mm in height and 67 mm in di am e ter. Typ i cal mass ofthe sam ples was be tween 200 and 300 g. Ac tiv ity con -cen tra tions of gamma emit ting radionuclides were de -ter mined by the method of low-level gamma spec -trom e try. Mea sure ment time of these sam ples was70.000 s. Two high res o lu tion HPGe de tec tors wereused. First of them, pro duced by CAN BERRA has had nom i nal ef fi ciency of 36% and res o lu tion of 1.79 keV.

The de tec tor was op er ated in side the 12 cm thicklead shield with 3 mm Cu in ner layer. Sec ond one, ger -ma nium de tec tor was ex tended range ORTEC GMXtype de tec tor (10 keV-3 MeV) with nom i nal ef fi ciency of 32% and res o lu tion of 1.9 keV. The de tec tor wasshielded with the cy lin dri cal 12 cm thick lead shield.The five 0.5 m ́ 0.5 m ́ 0.05 m plas tic veto de tec tors,pro duced by SCIONIX sur rounded the lead shield.The veto plas tic scin til la tors and Ge de tec tor were op -er ated in anti co inci dence mode thus all events si mul ta -neously de tected in by any veto and Ge de tec tor werere jected. The ac tive shield re duces the in te gral back -ground by fac tor 3 in the en ergy range from 50 to2800 keV [20]. Through CAN BERRA type pre-am -pli fi ers and am pli fi ers the sig nals were con nected tomul ti chan nel an a lyzer MCA with two an a log to dig i tal con vert ers with 8192 chan nels. MCA was di rectlycon nected with PC in which mea sured spec tra werestored and an a lyzed. The gamma spec tra were ac -quired and an a lyzed us ing the Can berra Ge nie 2000soft ware.

R. To{i}, et al.: Es ti mat ing the Soil Ero sion and De po si tion Rate Us ing 137Cs ...248 Nu clear Tech nol ogy & Ra di a tion Pro tec tion: Year 2012, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 247-253

The pro gram cal cu lates the ac tiv ity con cen tra -tion of an iso tope from all prom i nent gamma lines af ter peaked back ground sub trac tion. All mea sure ment un -cer tain ties are pre sented at 95% con fi dence level. That means that prob a bil ity of er rors in re peated mea sure -ments of the same sam ple would be less than 5%.

Con ver sion mod els

There are many re la tions to for ob tain ing quan ti -ta tive es ti ma tions of soil ero sion and de po si tion from137Cs mea sure ments. Usu ally to ob tain the quan ti ta tivevalue of soil ero sion from 137Cs mea sure ments the ini -tial in put of fall out of 137Cs has to be known. This in putmay be ob tained for the study area by rel a tively sim plemea sure ments of 137Cs in soil at places with no ero sionor de po si tion. The main idea of us ing 137Cs mea sure -ments to study soil ero sion is a com par i son of the 137Csin ven tory for the in ves ti gated places with the lo cal137Cs ini tial in put. All ap proaches can be di vided intotwo groups: em pir i cal re la tion ships and the o ret i calmod els. Em pir i cal equa tion was es tab lished to ex plainthe re la tion ship be tween 137Cs loss and soil ero sion.This ap proach de mands si mul ta neous mea sure ment of137Cs loss from ero sion plots and soil loss [21, 22]. Usu -ally the re la tion ship be tween soil loss and 137Cs loss isex po nen tial [14, 23-25].

The sim plest the o ret i cal model is the pro por tional model witch es tab lishes a di rect pro por tion al ity be -tween soil loss and amount of 137Cs re moved from thesoil.

The pro por tional model is the most com monlyused the o ret i cal model for es ti mat ing soil ero sion rates from 137Cs mea sure ments of cul ti vated soils. The pro -por tional mod els were sum ma rized by [14]. The equa -tion for this model can be writ ten as fol lows

YBd X

T=

100(1)

where Y [tha–1] is the mean an nual soil loss per year, B[kgm–3] – the bulk den sity of the soil , d [m] – the depthof the plough layer, T [year] – the time elapsed sinceini ti a tion of 137Cs ac cu mu la tion, and X – the per cent -age of re duc tion in to tal 137Cs in ven tory, de fined as

XA A

A=

-×ref

ref

100 (2)

Aref [Bqm–2] is the lo cal 137Cs in ven tory and A [Bqm–2]– the mea sured 137Cs in ven tory at the sam pling point .

To cal cu late the to tal amount of 137Cs per unitarea, the 137Cs con cen tra tions [Bqkg–1] are con vertedinto area ac tiv ity [Bqm–2] by the equa tion [26]

137

1Cs inventory i i i= å

=C BD D

i

n(3)

where 137Cs in ven tory [Bqm–2] is the to tal area ac tiv ity, i– the sam pling depth, n – the max i mum num ber of sam -ple depth with de tect able 137Cs, Ci [Bqkg–1] – the ac tiv ity

con cen tra tion per unit mass for depth i, BDi [kgm–3] – thedry bulk den sity for depth i, and Di [m] – the depth in cre -ment for sam ple i.

To over come the lim i ta tions of the pro por tionalmodel, the Mass bal ance model was pro posed byKachanoski and de Jong, [14, 15, 27]. In 1990, a sim -pli fied ver sion of the mass bal ance model was pub -lished by Zhang et all. [28]. A site with a to tal 137Cs in -ven tory A [Bqm–2] less then the lo cal ref er encein ven tory Aref [Bqm–2] is as sumed to be an erod ingsite, while sites with in ven to ries higher than the ref er -ence in ven tory are as sumed to be depositional sites.Ac cord ing to this model, for an erod ing site (A < Aref)the mean an nual soil loss rate can be ex pressed as fol -lows

Y BX t

= - -æ

èç

ö

ø÷

é

ë

êêê

ù

û

úúú

-10 1 1

100

1

1986d (4)

where t – 1986 is the time elapsed since the year 1986when there was a sig nif i cant fall out of 137Cs in our re -gion due to the Chernobyl nu clear power plant ac ci -dent.

For a depositional site (A > Aref), as sum ing a con -stant depositional rate R in kg per m2 per year or con vertin t per ha per year at the site (sam pling), the sed i mentdepositional rate can be es ti mated from 137Cs con cen tra -tion of the de pos ited sed i ment Cd(t') [Bqkg–1] ac cord ingto

RA t A

C t tt tt

=-

¢ò- -

ex ref

d e d

( )

( ' ) ( ')l

1986

(5)

where Aex(t) [Bqm–2] is the ex cess 137Cs in ven tory ofthe sam pling point over the ref er ence in ven tory in year t (de fined as mea sured in ven tory less lo cal ref er encein ven tory), Cd(t') [Bqkg–1] – 137Cs con cen tra tion of de -pos ited sed i ment in year t', and l [year] – de cay con -stant for 137Cs.

RE SULTS AND DIS CUS SION

Ver ti cal and hor i zon tal dis tri bu tion of 137Cs.The re sults of gamma spec trom e try mea sure ments of137Cs ac tiv ity con cen tra tions in soil sam ples for threesam pling points are pre sented in tab. 1. The to tal areain ven to ries for each sam pling site were cal cu latedfrom 137Cs ac tiv ity con cen tra tions ac cord ing to eq. (3). The per cent age re duc tions in to tal 137Cs in ven tory rel -a tive to ref er ence 137Cs in ven tory were es ti mated us -ing eq. (2).

The val ues of 137Cs ac tiv ity con cen tra tions forthe ref er ence site (the first sam pling site-point) showex po nen tial dis tri bu tion through the ver ti cal soil pro -file, con firm ing that this soil was un dis turbed. At thesec ond sam pling point, the 137Cs con cen tra tions in soilsam ples are lower rel a tive to val ues mea sured on theref er ence point in di cat ing soil ero sion (fig. 1). For the


third sam pling site 137Cs ac tiv ity con cen tra tions arehigher than the lo cal ref er ence, sed i ment has ac cu mu -lated (fig. 1). This is the re sult of soil de po si tion pro -cess on depositional cul ti vated site. The 137Cs depthdis tri bu tion con formed to pro files re ported for un dis -turbed-ref er ence and dis turbed-depositional cul ti -vated sites by lit er a ture [7, 29, 30]. The depth of theplough layer was es ti mated to be 35 cm which is themean height of coul ter.

Soil loss-soil ero sion and soil de po si tion re dis -tri bu tions rates. There is a wide ar ray of con ven tionalmod els to es ti mate ero sion/sed i men ta tion rates such as the em pir i cal USLE and S. Gavrilovi} model. The137Cs tracer method has been widely ap plied in a va ri -ety of lo ca tions through out the world by sev eral re -search groups to doc u ment soil ero sion and sed i men -ta tion rates at the catch ment scale [16, 28-31]. Thepro por tional model (eq. 1) and a sim pli fied ver sion ofthe mass bal ance model (eqs. 4 and 5) were used to es -ti mate the mean soil loss-soil ero sion and soil de po si -tion re dis tri bu tions rates. The cal cu lated re dis tri bu tion rates are pre sented in tab. 2.

Pro por tional model (PM) yielded the value 9.19 tper ha per year for an nual soil loss on sam pling site S2.The value cal cu lated for the third sam ple site(depositional cul ti vated site) by us ing the pro por tionalmodel was 2.50 t per ha per year, but in this case wehave depositional pro cess, and this is the value ofdepositional rate. Us ing the sim pli fied ver sion of themass bal ance model (SMBM) the cal cu lated val ues ofan nual soil loss and soil de po si tion for the same sam -

pling site dif fer by a fac tor of 4. The an nual soilloss-ero sion rate for the study area cal cu lated, us ing theS. Gavrilovi}'s model, is 9.89 t per ha per year, and8.74 t per ha per year cal cu lated by USLE method [17,18]. In a com par a tive ap proach it was found out that cal -cu lated re sults sig nif i cantly var ied be tween dif fer entcon ver sion mod els (PM and SMBM).

The dif fer ent ero sion rates es ti mated us ing thepro por tional model and the sim pli fied ver sion of themass bal ance model in di cate sev eral lim i ta tions ofthese mod els. Gen er ally, re sults of pro por tionalmodel are closer to the re sults of the con ven tionalmod els, be cause the pro por tional model is a less sen -si tive model than the sim pli fied ver sion of the massbal ance model [32]. It is nec es sary to con tinue thispre lim i nary in ves ti ga tion on more sam pling sites inor der to con firm the re la tion ship be tween con ver sionmod els ob tained by the mea sure ments. Thus, in con -trast to em pir i cal mod els (S. Gavrilovi}´s and USLEmod els), 137Cs tracer model is the clear est quan ti ta -tive method. Namely, the in ten sity of ac cu mu la tionwith the USLE model is very dif fi cult to quan tify andGavrilovi}´s model gives only as sess ment based onsub jec tive field ob ser va tions. Hence, use of the 137Cstracer model would ex plain the spe cific soil ero sionor de po si tion rate in the study area better than thecon ven tional (em pir i cal) mod els [33]. In fu ture stud -ies, it is planned to take sam ples of the soil in 1 ́ 1 kmor 100 m ́ 100 m grid, and then com pare the in ten sity of ero sion in the ba sin on the ba sis of other meth odsthat are in use.


Ta ble 1. Bulk den sity of the sam ples, mea sured 137Cs con cen tra tions and the 137Cs in ven to ries atthe sam pling points S1, S2, and S3

Sample Sample depth[cm]

Bulk density[kgm–3]

137Cs[Bqkg–1]

137Cs inventory[Bqm–2]

X reductionpercentage [%]

S1 – 1 0-7 1175 71.6 ± 2.1

11002.16 0

S1 – 2 7-14 1182.5 38 ± 1.6

S1 – 3 14-21 1175.5 16.9 ± 0.8

S1 –4 21-28 1205 4.1 ± 0.3

S1 – 5 28-35 1247 <0.8

S1 – 6 35-42 1278 <0.8

S1 – 7 42-49 1364.5 0.94 ± 0.21

S2 – 1 0-7 1160 46.0 ± 2.1

6024.94 45.24

S2 – 2 7-14 1247.5 18.5 ± 1.0

S2 – 3 14-21 1259 3.1 ± 0.4

S2 – 4 21-28 1260 <0.9

S2 – 5 28-35 1183.5 <1.3

S2 – 6 35-42 1318 <1.2

S2 – 7 42-49 1341 <1.1

S3 – 1 0-7 1056.5 85 ± 4

12778.89 –16.15

S3 – 2 7-14 1068.5 63.1 ± 2.7

S3 – 3 14-21 1143.5 15.7 ± 0.9

S3 – 4 21-28 1159 1.9 ± 3.4

S3 – 5 28-35 1193.5 <1.5

S3 – 6 35-42 1200 <1.4

S3 – 7 42-49 1218.5 <1.4

CON CLU SIONS

The ob jec tive of the use 137Cs tracer modeltech nique in this work is to quan tify soil ero sion andde po si tion rate in the catch ments of Drenova res er -voir. Two conversional meth ods were used in or der to es ti mate the an nual soil loss or gain on the ba sis of137Cs ac tiv ity con cen tra tions in soil sam ples taken atdepth of 49 cm and di vided in 7 cm in cre ments. Mea -sure ments were per formed by low level gamma spec -trom e try method.

Re sults pro vided by us age of 137Cs tracer modeltech nique in to quan tify soil ero sion and de po si tion ratesin the catch ment of Drenova res er voir show that thismeth od ol ogy gives re li able cal cu la tions. First PM givesthe ero sion rate of 9.19 t per ha per year for the sam plingsite S2, which is very close to value 9.89 t per ha per yearcal cu lated by em pir i cal model of S. Gavrilovi}, and 8.74t per ha per year cal cu lated by USLE method. This goodagree ment will en cour age fu ture use of 137Cs tracermodel tech nique and pro por tional method on this cul ti -vated re gion, es pe cially when there is a need for promptstud ies and cal cu la tions of soil ero sion and de po si tionrates as a sup port for the im ple men ta tion of soil con ser -va tion pro grams, sus tain able ag ri cul tural ex ploi ta tionand en vi ron men tal pro tec tion. Us ing 137Cs tracer modeltech nique in the fu ture will re quire more sam pling pointsin or der to con firm these re la tions be tween mod els andevade er rors caused by non ideal dis tri bu tion of the ra -dio iso tope, es pe cially its con cen tra tion and dis tri bu tionon cul ti vated ar eas.


Fig ure 1. Lo ca tion of study area

Ta ble 2. Soil loss-soil ero sion (S2) and soil de po si tionre dis tri bu tion rates (S3)

Sample site PM model – Y[tha–1 per year]

SMBM model – Y[tha–1 per year]

S2 9.19 123.75

S1 2.50 23.47

AC KNOWL EDGE MENTS

The work de scribed in this pa per was donewithin the pro ject fi nanced by Wa ter agency for Savariver Dis trict, Re pub lic of Srpska D-04-357/08. Theau thors ac knowl edge the fi nan cial sup port of the Min -is try of Sci ence and Tech nol ogy of Re pub lic ofSrpska. The au thors ac knowl edge the fi nan cial sup -port of the Min is try of Sci ence and Tech no log i cal De -vel op ment of Ser bia (pro ject num ber 141002). Theau thors ac knowl edge the fi nan cial sup port of the Min -is try of Ed u ca tion and Sci ence of Ser bia, within thepro jects Nu clear Meth ods In ves ti ga tions of Rare Pro -cesses and Cos mic Rays No.171002 and BiosensingTech nol o gies and Global Sys tem for Con tin u ous Re -search and In te grated Man age ment No. 43002.

REF ER ENCES

[1] de Vente, J., et al., Pre dict ing Catch ment Sed i mentYield in Med i ter ra nean En vi ron ments: the Im por -tance of Sed i ment Sources and Con nec tiv ity in Ital ianDrain age Bas ins, 2006, Earth Sur face Pro cesses andLand forms 31: 1017-1034. DOI : 10.1002/esp. 105

[2] Gavrilovi}, S., Con tri bu tion to the Meth od ol ogy forRe search in Ero sion Plots, Proccedings, In ter na tionalSem i nar: Ero sion, Tor rents, and Al lu vial De pos its,Bel grade, 1970, pp. 12-21

[3] Gavrilovi}, S., Mod ern Meth ods for Cal cu la tion ofTor ren tial Sed i ment Yield and Ero sion Map ping, Pro -ceed ings, Sem i nar Ero sion, Tor rents, and Sed i ments,1970, pp. 85-100

[4] Gavrilovi}, S., En gi neer ing of Tor rents Flows andEro sion, Con struct Pub lishers, Spe cial edi tion (inSer bian), Bel grade, 1972, pp. 9-292

[5] Wall ing, D. E., Quine, T. A., Use of 137CsMeasurments to Onvestigate Soil Ero sion on Ar a bleFields in the UK, Po ten tials Ap pli ca tions and Lim i ta -tions, Jour nal of Soil Sci ence, 42 (1991), pp. 147-165

[6] Wallbrink, P. J., Murray, A. S., Use of Fall outRadionuclides as In di ca tors of Ero sion Pro cesses, Hy -dro log i cal Pro cesses, 7 (1993), pp. 297-304

[7] Wallbrink, P. J., Murray, A. S., Olley, J. M., Re lat ingSus pended Sed i ment to its Orig i nal Soil Depth Us ingFall out Radionuclides, Soil Sci ence So ci ety of Amer -ica Jour nal, 63 (1999), pp. 369-378

[8] Olley, J. M., et al., Iden ti fy ing Sed i ment Sources in aGullied Catch ment Us ing Nat u ral and Anthropogenic Ra dio ac tiv ity, Wa ter Re sources Re search, 4 (1993),pp. 1037-1043

[9] Ritchie, J. C., McHenry, J. R., Ap pli ca tion of Ra dio -ac tive Fall out Ce sium-137 for Mea sur ing Soil Ero -sion and Sed i ment Ac cu mu la tion Rates and Pat terns:A Re view, Jour nal of En vi ron men tal Qual ity, 19(1990), pp. 215-233

[10] Zapata, F., The Use of En vi ron men tal Radionuclides asTrac ers in Soil Ero sion and Sed i men ta tion In ves ti ga -tions: Re cent Ad van tages and Fu ture Dvelopments, Soiland Till age Re search, 69 (2003), pp. 3-13

[11] Suther land, R. A., Spa tial Vari abil ity of 137Cs and theIn flu ence of Sam pling on Es ti mates of Sed i ment Re -dis tri bu tion, Catena, 21 (1994), pp. 57-71

[12] Suther land, R. A., Ce sium-137 Soil Sam pling and In -ven tory Vari abil ity in Ref er ence Sam ples; Lit er a tureSur vey, Hy dro log i cal Pro cesses, 10 (1996), pp. 34-54

[13] Wall ing, D. E., Use of 137Cs and other Fall outRadionucides in Soil Ero sion In ves ti ga tions, Prog -ress, Prob lems and Pros pects, IAE-TECDOC-1028,IAEA Vi enna, Aus tria, 1998, pp. 39-62

[14] Wall ing, D. E ., Quine, T. A., Cal i bra tion of Ce sium –137 Measurments to Pro vide Quan ti ta tive Ero sionRate Data, Land Deg ra da tion and Re ha bil i ta tion 2,(1990), pp. 161-175

[15] Wall ing, D. E., He, Q., Im proved Mod els forEestimating Soil Ero sion Rates from Ce sium-137Measurments, Jour nal of En vi ron men tal Qual ity, 28(1999), pp. 611-622

[16] Porto, P., et al., Val i dat ing Ero sion Rate Es ti matesPro vided by Cae sium-137 Mea sure ments for TwoSmall For ested Catch ments in Calabria, South ern It -aly, Land Deg ra da tion and De vel op ment, 14 (2003),pp. 389-408

[17] Toši}, R., Ero sion Pro cesses in the Catch ment ofDrenova Res er voir (in Ser bian), Her ald of Ge og ra phy So ci ety of the Re pub lic of Srpska, 10 (2005), pp.29-48

[18] Toši}, R., et al., As sess ment of Soil Ero sion Po ten tialby the USLE Method, Case Study, Re pub lic ofSrpska-BiH, Fresenius En vi ron men tal Bul le tin, 20(2011), 8, pp. 1910-1917

[19] Toši}, R., et al., Ra dio ac tiv ity and Mea sure ments ofSed i ment De po si tion Rate of the Drenova Res er voir(B&H), Nucl Technol Radiat, 27 (2012), 1, pp. 52-56

[20] Bikit, I., et al., Study of Ac tive Shield ing for GammaSpec trom e ters in FINUSTAR-2005, (Ed. by S.V.Harissopulos et al.,) AIP Con fer ence Pro ceed ings831, AIP, Mel ville, NY, 2006, 2006409-411

[21] Menzel, R., Trans port of Stron tium-90 in Run off, Sci -ence, 131 (1960), 3399, pp. 499-500

[22] Rogowski, A.S., Tamura, T., Ero sional Be hav ior ofCe sium-137, Helth Phys ics, 18 (1970a), pp. 467-477

[23] Ritchie, J. C., McHenry, J. R., Ver ti cal Dis tri bu tion ofFall out Cs-137 in Cul ti vated Soils, Ra di a tion Dataand Re ports, 12 (1973b), pp. 727-728

[24] Ritchie, J. C., Spraberry, J. A., McHenry, J. R., Es ti -mat ing Soil Ero sion From the Re dis tri bu tion of Fall -out 137Cs, Soil Sci ence So ci ety of Amer ica, Pro ceed -ings, 38 (1974), pp. 137-139

[25] Ritchie, J. C., McHenry, J. R., Fall out Cs-137, A Toolin Con ser va tion Re search, Jour nal of Soil and Wa terCon ser va tion, 30 (1975), pp. 283-286

[26] Suther land, R. A., Ce sium-137 Es ti mates of Ero sionin Ag ri cul tural Ar eas, Hy dro log i cal Pro cesses, 6(1992), pp. 215-225

[27] Kachanoski, R. G., de Jong, E., Pre dict ing the Tem po -ral Re la tion ship Be tween Soil Ce sium-137 and Ero -sion Rate, Jour nal of En vi ron men tal Qual ity, 13(1984), pp. 301-304

[28] Zhang, X. B., Higgitt, D. I., Wall ing, D. E., A Pre lim i -nary As sess ment of the Po ten tial for Us ing Ce -


Fig ure 2. Depth dis tri bu tion of 137Cs ac tiv itycon cen tra tions for sam pling sites S2 and S3

sium-137 to Es ti mate Rates of Soil Ero sion in theLoess Pla teau of China, Hy dro log i cal Sci encesJournal, 35 (1990), pp. 243-252

[29] Wall ing, D. E., He, Q., Blake, W., Use of 7Be and 137Cs Mea sure ments to Doc u ment Short-and Me dium-Term Rates of Wa ter – In duced Soil Ero sion on Ag ri -cul tural Land., Wa ter Re sources Re search, 35 (1999),12, pp. 3865-3874

[30] Nenadovi}, S., et al., Ver ti cal Distriubution of 137Cs in Cul ti vated and Un dis turbed Ar eas, Nucl TechnolRadiat, 25 (2010), 1, pp. 30-36

[31] Haciyakupoglu, S., et al., Us ing Cae sium-137 Mea -sure ment to In ves ti gate Soil Ero sion Rates in West ernIs tan bul (NW Tur key), Catena, 64 (2005), pp.222-231

[32] Zapata, F., Hand book for the As sess ment of Soil Ero -sion and Sed i men ta tion Us ing En vi ron men talRadionuclides, Kluwer Ac a demic Pub lish ers, 2010

[33] Sac, M., et al., Es ti mates of Soil Ero sion Us ing Ce -sium-137 Tracer Mod els, En vi ron men tal Mon i tor ingand As sess ment, 136 (2008), 1, pp. 461-467,DOI:10.1007/s10661-007-9700-8

Re ceived on Feb ru ary 3, 2012Ac cepted on July 17, 2012


Radislav TO[I], Slavoqub S. DRAGI]EVI], I{tvan S. BIKIT,Sofija FORKAPI], Du{an MR\A, Nata{a TODOROVI], Branislav BLAGOJEVI]

PROCENA EROZIJE ZEMQI[TA I IZNOSA AKUMULACIJEKORI[]EWEM 137Cs TRASER METODA U SLIVU

AKUMULACIJE DRENOVA (BIH)

Postoje mnoga ograni~ewa povezana sa tradicionalnim pristupima procene erozije iiznosa akumulacije. U novije vreme pa`wa je usmerena na 137Cs i uspe{no kori{}ewe ovog izotopa ustudijama o eroziji zemqi{ta i akumulaciji materijala. U ovom radu su prikazani rezultatimerewa 137Cs u zemqi{tu profila koji su uzorkovani u slivu akumulacije Drenova.Proporcionalni model i pojednostavqena verzija modela bilansa mase kori{}eni su za procenugubitka zemqi{ta i iznosa akumulacije. Ciq ovog istra`ivawa je procena erozije zemqi{ta iiznosa akumulacije koriste}i 137Cs kao traser, i to kao proveru i podr{ku rezultatima koji sudobijeni kori{}ewem empirijskih metoda.

Kqu~ne re~i: erozija zemqi{ta, akumulacija, 137Cs koncentracija, 137Cs inventar, sliv..........................akumulacije Drenova

es ti mat ing the soil ero sion and de po si tion rateloss or de po si tion re dis tri bu tions...

Documents