Ernest Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961)

A spokesman of lost generation

“ Lost Generation”

created by Gertrude Stein, a lost generation writer

herself ；

a literary genre （类型） after the First World War in

the United States

applied to the disillusioned （幻想破灭的） intellectuals

and aesthetes of the years following the First World

War, who rebelled against former ideals and values;

What?

“ Lost Generation”

When World War I broke out, most of them

were young people aged around 20. Under

the demagogic slogan （蛊惑性宣传） of the

USA "to save the world's democracy" and

with the ideals of democracy, they went to

the European battlefield.

How?

“ Lost Generation”Having witnessed the unprecedented massacre of

mankind, they found the war is far from their original

idea of the cause of the kind of hero, the so-called

"democracy" and "glorious", "sacrifice" things are

deceptive.

They experienced all sorts of suffering during the war .

This is left in their hearts and can not be healed any

more . Their work reflects these negative thoughts and

feelings.

“ Lost Generation”

Francis Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯 ·斯科特 ·菲茨杰拉德 Ezra Pound 艾兹拉 ·庞德Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德 ·安德森 William Faulkner 威廉 ·福克纳Ernest Hemingway 海明威

Representatives

Francis Scott Fitzgerald

representive of the Jazz Age;

Work: The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖比茨》

Ezra Pound

an American poet, critic and

intellectual;

Work: In a Station of the Metro

《地铁车站》The apparition of these faces in the crowd;

petals on a wet, black bough.

( 这几张脸在人群中幻景般闪；

湿漉漉的黑树枝上花瓣数点。 )

Sherwood Anderson （安德森）

an American writer, most

notably the collection

Winesburg, Ohio 《小城畸人 》 ;

William Faulkner （福克纳）

•a Nobel Prize-winning American author;

The Sound and the Fury

喧哗与骚动

Ernest Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961)

childhood:*the second child, and first son ;

*raised in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb

of Chicago ；*father — a successful

physician ， love fishing and

hunting;

*mother — a music teacher ；*music lessons were useful in his

writing and a lifelong passion for

outdoor adventure and for living in

remote or isolated areas ；

school life:

*attended Oak Park and River Forest High School and excelled both academically and athletically （运动地） ;

*first writing experience was for the school‘s newspaper and yearbook（年鉴） ;

Hemingway at the Hemingway at the time of his time of his graduation from graduation from high school, 1917high school, 1917

after high school:

*worked as a reporter for The

Kansas City Star( 堪萨斯《星报》 )

before World War I for only six

months ;

World warⅠ:

*joined the Red Cross Ambulance

Corps( 红十字会战场服务队 );

*on July 8, 1918, wounded but

carried an Italian soldier to safety, received the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery;

*when in the hospital, met and fell in love with Agnes, a Red Cross nurse but rejected;

Journalist & writing:

*began as a freelancer( 自由职业 )and foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star Weekly;

*also worked as an associate editor of the Co-operative Commonwealth, a monthly journal;

*met Hadley Richardson, the first wife,and married in 1921;

Hadley Richardson

Life in Paris(1921-1928):

*settled in Paris and covered the Greco-Turkish War for the Toronto Star;

*made friends with James Joyce, F. Scott Fitzgerald ;

*His marriage to Hadley broke up as he was working on The Sun Also Rises because of his affair with Pauline Pfeiffer, divorced in January 1927 and married Pauline Pfeiffer, second wife, in May.

The 2nd wife

life in Key West:

*In 1928 ， they moved to Key West, Florida, to begin their new life together;

*his father committed suicide; *During the early 1930s Hemingway were

busy with hunting, fishing, bullfighting, traveling and writing;

Hemingway house

Spanish Civil War:

*in 1937 he reported on the war for the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA)

*he used this experience in Spain as the background for For Whom the Bell Tolls ;

After the war, Hemingway divorced with Pauline and married Martha Gellhorn, his third wife in 1940 and wrote the famous novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize；

World War II:

*in Europe from June to Dec. 1944 ;

*involved in the war activities as a war correspondent and in 1947 awarded a Bronze Star for his bravery during WW II;

*He left Martha in 1945 when preparing to return to Cuba and meanwhile, he had asked Mary Welsh, Time magazine correspondent, to marry him on their third meeting;

Later years:* had a series of accidents and

health problems after the war ;*When he traveled to the site of

WW I and began to work on Across the River and Into the Trees( 《过河入林》 );

*The next year wrote Old Man and the Sea "the best I can write ever for all of my life“ and won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952 and In October 1954 received the Nobel Prize in Literature;

“ 因为他精通于叙事艺术，突出地表现在其近著《老人与海》之中；同时也因为他对当代 文体风格之影响”

Suicide:

Discouraged by a troubled family background, illness and the belief that he was losing his gift for writing, he "quite deliberately" shot himself with his favorite shotgun in the early morning hours of July 2, 1961;

Achievements

Major Themes

Artistic features

Achievements :1.Works (Non-fictions 、 Novels 、 Short stories)

(1932) Death in the Afternoon

(1935) Green Hills of Africa

(1960) The Dangerous Summer

(1964) A Moveable Feast

Non-fictions ：

Novels ：

(1925) The Torrents of Spring 春天的激流 春潮(1926) The Sun Also Rises (1929) A Farewell to Arms (1937) To Have and Have Not 富有与贫穷(1940) For Whom the Bell Tolls 丧钟为谁而鸣 战

地钟声(1950) Across the River and Into the Trees 过

河入林(1952) The Old Man and the Sea (1962) Adventures of a Young Man 天涯游子泪(1970) Islands in the Stream (Hemingway) 海

流中的岛屿(1999) True at First Light 曙光示真(2005) Under Kilimanjaro 初秋阳光(1986) The Garden of Eden

“The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber”

“The Snows of Kilimanjaro”

“A Clean, Well-Lighted Place”

“Cat in the Rain”

“Big Two-Hearted River”

“Hills Like White Elephants”

. . .

Short stories

2. Notable awards

The Old Man and the Sea

was awarded the 1953 Pulitzer Prize and

American Academy of Arts and Letters'

Award of Merit Medal for the Novel and

played a significant role in Hemingway's

selection for the Nobel Prize for Literature

in 1954.

Characters in “The Old Man and the Sea”

Santiago ： a Cuban fisherman who is humble but proud of his own abilities. His has an unparalleled knowledge of the sea and of his craft,which helps him stay optimistic even during his long spell of bad luck.

Manolin: Santiago’s young apprentice and devoted attendant who loves his master and takes good care of him.

The Marlin: An 18-foot fish. Santiago feels a fraternal connection with the fish. Hemingway compares both Santiago and the fish to Christ.

Martin: A kind café owner who often provides Santiago with supper.

Perico: The owner of the little hotel in Santiago’s village who provides newspaper for Santiago.

Ernest Hemingway The Old Man and the

Sea may be well-known as one of the true classics of this generation. Certainly, the qualities of Ernest Hemingway's short novel are those which we associate with many great stories of the past: near perfection of form within the limitations of its subject matter, restraint of treatment, regard for the unities of time and place, and evocative simplicity of style.

Also, like most great stories, it can be read on more than one level of meaning.

On one it is an exciting but tragic

adventure story. Sustained by the pride

of his calling, the only pride he has left, a

broken old fisherman ventures far out

into the Gulf Stream and there hooks the

biggest marlin ever seen in those waters.

Then, alone and exhausted by his

struggle to harpoon the giant fish, he is

forced into a losing battle with

marauding sharks; they leave him

nothing but the skeleton of his catch.

Hemingway's Cuban fisherman is a character allowing the imagination of his creator to operate

simultaneously in two different worlds of meaning and value, the one real and dramatic, the other moral and

devotionally symbolic

On still another it is a parable of religious significance, its theme supported by the writer's unobtrusive handling of Christian symbols and metaphors. Like Coleridge's Ancient Mariner,.

About writing, Hemingway has a well-known metaphor: the tip are usually seven-eighths submerged under the

water.

Writers must reproduce the

exposed surface of the water that

one-eighth. The rest should be left

to the reader to understand and

imagine

“ The Old Man and the Sea” is a

product of this theory into

practice. It is brief, without a

superfluous word , just like

the tip of the iceberg, simple-

clear, fresh and biting.

This is a book about the old fisherman who lives alone

in sea fishing. After the 84 days with nothing he

caught a huge marlin . It had never been seen and

heard of for the old man. The fish was at least

longer than his boat two feet . The fish is very large,

dragging the boat drifted for two days and nights,

the elderly was in a never suffered through a

difficult test in these two days and two nights.

Finally the fish was stabbed and tied to the bow.

However, it is unfortunate that a shark suddenly

turned up in returning, the elderly and the Shark

had a desperate struggle, finally, the giant marlin

was eaten up by shark. After some bitter, the old

people dragged home only a bare and a skeleton of

the injury, but he still be appreciated

Themes in “The Old Man and the Sea”

1 The Honor in Struggle, Defeat, and Death:

“Man can be destroyed but not defeated.”—Even though death is inevitable, it only defeats us if we struggle against it with honor and courage. To kill or to be killed…

2 Pride as the Source of Greatness: “Pride motivates men to achieve

great things.” –Pride motivates the kill that allows Santiago to transcend defeat. It also allows him to meet each challenge with stronger determination.

3 The Holiness of Honorable Men: “The Holiness of Man is in Jesus

Christ.”—Hemingway creates several images which suggests that Santiago is Christlike because he turns loss into gains,defeat into triumph, and even death into renewed life.

Major Themes

*The “Nada” Concept

*Grace under pressure

*Code Hero

1. The “Nada” Concept

“ Nada” (“nothing”)

In the last part of the short story A Clean and Well-

lighted Place, there is an evaluation about nada:

“It was not fear or dread … It was all nothing

and a man was nothing too… Some lived in it and

never felt it but he knew it all was nada… Hail

nothing full of nothing, nothing is whit thee.”

1. The “Nada” Concept

*Man is born into a naturalistic and indifferent

universe that has no purpose, meaning, order,

or value

*“Nada” is then focused on

1. man’s confrontation with the absence of God

2. indifference and hostility of the universe

3. absence of purpose, order, meaning, value

Motifs for “Nada”*Death---is inevitable and ever present*Darkness & Disorder---chaos,

“unknowability”, and hostility of universe.*War or “violent encounter”---ever-present

pain and death*Bad Nerves---the recognition of “nada”

brings on fear, anxiety, & loss of control *Insomnia ---symbol of man’s attempt to,

and his inability to, stop thinking about nada

*Despair---absence of hope and confidence

2.Grace under pressure

----It signifies courage.

DP: `Exactly what do you mean by `guts'?‘EH: `I mean, grace under pressure.'"--Ernest Hemingway(an interview with Dorothy Parker, New Yorker, 30 November 1929)

2.Grace under pressure

In the general situation of his novel, life is full of tension and battles; the world is in chaos; man is always fighting desperately a losing battle. However, though life is but a losing battle, it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity; man can be physically destroyed but never defeatedspiritually. (Hays, 1990: 622-623)

2.Grace under pressureFor example :The Old Man and the Sea----while Santiago is struggling to fight off the sharks who are tearing apart the magnificent fish he has caught, he thinks to himself: “Man is not made for defeats. A man can be destroyed but not defeated.”

The Sun Also Rises ----Jake Barnes says, “I did not care what (the world) was all about. All I wanted to know was how to live in it.”

For Whom the Bell Tolls---- Robert Jordan knows that death is not to be feared if he can live his life to the fullest during the 72 hours he has with the Spanish Loyalists; it could mean the same as a full life of 72 years.

“Across the River and into the Trees”----Richard Cantwell struggles to maintain dignity in the face of impending death.

The phrase, Hemingway code hero originated with scholar

Philip Young. He uses it to describe a Hemingway

character who lives correctly, following certain principles

of honor, courage, and endurance which in a life of

tension and pain make a man a man.

3.The Hemingway Code Hero

Self-disciplined Knowledgeable Skillful Poised Honest Courageous Persistent Stoic

Typical traits for the Code Hero:

1.The Hemingway hero is not a thinker, he is a man of action.  But his actions are based upon a concept of life.

2. “Grace under pressure” is their motto

3.The Hemingway code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.

“A man can be destroyed but not defeated.” ----From The Old Man and the Sea

4. Maintaining free-will and individualism, never weakly allowing commitment to a single woman or social convention to prevent adventure, travel, and acts of bravery.

5.Admitting the truth of Nada

Artistic features

The iceberg technique

Language style

Hemingway's Iceberg Theory “I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eights of it

under water for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn’t show.”

“I sometimes think that my style is suggestive rather than direct. The reader must often use his imagination or lose the most subtle part of my thoughts.”

“If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about ,he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.”

---- Hemingway

*Deceptively simple*Understatement and omission (see

Iceberg Theory)*Repetition*Focus on facts

“Find what gave you the emotion; what the action was that gave you the excitement. Then write it down making it clear so the reader will see it too and have the same feeling as you had.”

Hemingway’s language Style

*Few adjectives or adverbs, few conventional emotive language, few authorial comments

*Simple ,short ,conventional words and sentences

*Concise, vivid He noted that, “a writer’s style should be

direct and personal, his imagery rich and earthy, and his words simple and vigorous. The greatest writers have the gift of brevity, are hard workers,

diligent scholars and competent stylists”

1. Introduction to “Cat in the Rain”"Cat in the Rain" is one of his

famous short stories by

Ernest Hemingway,

written while the author

was living in France. It

was first published in

1925 in the short story

collection In Our Time.

Text A Reading Comprehension

(1) What is the setting of the story?

An American tourist couple was stranded in an Italian hotel in rainy days, with no sight-seeing, nobody to talk to, and nothing to do.

(2) What are the characters in the story?

The American couple, the hotelkeeper, the maid and the cat.

Reading Comprehension

Leading Questions

3. What is the conflict of the story?And how did the author present it?

As the American tourist couple was stranded in an Italian hotel on rainy days they couldn’t go sight-seeing, talk to others or do other things. Their holidays were ruined. So the wife felt bored and depressed. But the husband cared little about his wife’s feeling. He just paid lip services and killed his time by reading a book. By contrasting with the hotelkeeper’s good service (though professional) the author was able to highlight the husband’s indifference to his wife’s feelings.

Reading Comprehension

(4) What is the theme of the story ？

In the story “The cat in the rain” the author described a trivial matter in common life, but brought the readers into focus a rift in the relationship between the American husband and wife.

Reading Comprehension

(5) What is the ending of the story

The hotelkeeper sent a cat to the American wife.

Sad, cold and unfriendly

(6) What is the atmosphere of the story?

(To create this atmosphere Hemingway uses words such as "empty" or "the motorcars were gone".)

3.Symbol

The Cat

It represents the American wife’s emotions in regards to the marriage, such as loneliness, obedience and oppression.

it also represents the woman’s consciousness about wanting to change her marital status

It represents the different results of the American wife’s marriage

the war monument (mentioned three times)

This maybe is done to tell us that a conflict is

to be

expected.The mirror

Self-pity

From girl to wife

girl innocent and vulnerable

wife grown-up

Farewell to Arms is a semi-autobiographical

novel written by Ernest Hemingway concerning events during the Italian campaigns during the First World War. The book, which was first published in 1929, is a first-person account of American Frederic Henry, serving as a Lieutenant ("Tenente") in the ambulance corps of the Italian Army.

The Hemingway Code Hero

Throughout many of Hemingway’s novels the code hero

acts in a manner which allowed the critic to formulate a

particular code.

     -   he does not talk about what he believes in.

     -   He does not talk too much.  He expresses himself

not in words, but in actions. 

The Hemingway man is not a thinker, he is a man of

action.  But his actions are based upon a concept of life.

“ Grace under pressure” is their motto

Whatever is the result is, they are ready to

live with grace under pressure.

No matter how tragic the ending is, they will

never be defeated.

Finally, they will prevail because of their

indestructible spirit and courage.