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Ergonomic Design Guidelines for

Flat Panel Display Televisions

Special Committee on FPD-TV Ergonomics

Japan Ergonomics Society

Special Committee on FPD-TV Ergonomics in Japan Ergonomics Society

List of the committee members (in kana order of family name)

Yoichi Igarashi Panasonic LCD Co.,Ltd.

Kazuhiko Inoguchi Sharp Corp.

Naoaki Umezu Toshiba Corp.

Kazuyuki Kishimoto Sharp Corp.

Hiroki Kitajima The Institute for Science of Labour

Chair Satoru Kubota Seikei University

Seiichi Goshi Kogakuin University

Susumu Saito The Institute for Science of Labour

Tokihiko Shinomiya Sharp Corp.

Masanori Takemoto Seikei University

Takehiro Nakatsue Sony Corp.

Yoshitomo Nakamura Mitsubishi Electric Corp.

Shuichi Haga Sony Corp.

Hisatake Yuuzo Toshiba Mobile Display Co.,Ltd.

Tatsuhiko Matsumoto Sony Corp.

Yoshitaka Yamamoto Sharp Corp.

Ryoji Yoshitake IBM Japan

Ergonomic design guidelines for flat panel display televisions

Japan Ergonomics Society

All rights reserved

Published: January, 2012

Contents

1. Introduction ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・1

2. Intended audience ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・1

3. Contents ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・1

4. Perspectives on ergonomic design for flat panel televisions ・・・・・2

5. Display luminance ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・3

(1) Screen illuminance 4

(2) Screen visual angle 6

(3) Average luminance level 7

(4) Multiple regression models of optimum display luminance 8

(5) Effects of aging on optimum display luminance 10

6. Black level luminance ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・12

7. Luminance contrast ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・13

8. White point (color temperature) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・15

(1) Preferred color temperature 15

(2) Effects of aging 18

9. Viewing distance ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・19

10. Display height ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・22

11. Screen tilt angle ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・24

(1) Optimum tilt angle 24

(2) Minimize screen glare by tilting screen 26

12. Viewing angle ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・30

13. Conclusions ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・33

References ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・34

Annex

Results of Web questionnaire survey on viewing conditions of

LCD televisions at home ‐ A comparison of six countries ‐

(Brazil, China, India, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United

States) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・39

These guidelines are based on the results of laboratory experiments and field

surveys, which were supported by NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology

Development Organization)

Ergonomic Design Guidelines for Flat Panel Display Televisions

Japan Ergonomics Society 1

1. Introduction

Cathode ray tube (CRT) televisions are rapidly being replaced by large flat panel LCD

and plasma televisions that support high-definition digital broadcasts. Development of high

definition television (HDTV) began after the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, with the first standard

proposed in 1972 by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), formerly the

Consultative Committee on International Radio (CCIR). Based on experimental research

performed at that time, initial ergonomic specifications were established for items such as

screen visual angle, aspect ratio, viewing distance, and resolution1)–6). Because that research

predominantly used static images projected from film, however, and broadcasters, not

manufacturers, developed the proposed standard, certain ergonomic design issues that arise

during actual television viewing were likely not taken into consideration. Given the recent

full transition to digital terrestrial broadcast and trends toward viewing television on

state-of-the-art large flat panel displays, new ergonomic design guidelines that take into

consideration current television viewing environments are needed.

Establishment of such guidelines would not only provide viewers with better conditions

for watching flat panel televisions, but also contribute to lowering energy consumption7), 8).

Ergonomic design guidelines benefit television manufacturers by promoting healthy

development of display technologies, and benefit consumers through the establishment of

conditions for comfortable home television viewing with lower energy costs.

2. Intended audience

These Guidelines were created as a reference for television engineers (including those

performing work related to displays, image processing, image quality evaluation, appliance

design, quality control, etc.) to design and develop flat panel televisions in accordance with

ergonomic considerations that will allow viewers to watch television in appropriate,

comfortable conditions. These Guidelines are also intended to serve as a reference for

content creators, broadcasters, and broadcast technicians in regard to the actual viewing

conditions under which televisions are best watched.

3. Contents

Display luminance .................................................................................... Section 5

Black level luminance .............................................................................. Section 6

Luminance contrast .................................................................................. Section 7

Screen white point (color temperature) .................................................... Section 8

Viewing distance ...................................................................................... Section 9

Display height ........................................................................................ Section 10


2

Screen tilt angle ...................................................................................... Section 11

Viewing angle ......................................................................................... Section 12

4. Perspectives on ergonomic design for flat panel televisions

One of the most important goals of ergonomics is human-centric product design. Such

design requires a firm understanding of the conditions under which the product will be used,

and design optimization that will maximize user satisfaction. Many product specifications

are mutually related, meaning that ergonomic design must be comprehensively

implemented from the initial stages of product development. Figure 1 shows an overview

of ergonomic design for flat panel televisions.

First, designers must have a sufficient understanding of the viewing environment. When

designing display luminance, luminance contrast, and color reproduction, for example,

lighting conditions affect not only viewer adaptation to luminance and color, but also the

display itself. Survey data related to viewing distance and angle are also vital when

designing features related to display luminance and viewing angle. These Guidelines

provide a wide scope of data related to home television viewing environments and

conditions, and furthermore provide conditions for maximizing viewer satisfaction based

on multifaceted laboratory experiments.

Figure 1. Overview of flat panel television ergonomic design.

Display luminance Luminance contrast Black level Color reproduction White point Viewing angle dependence Gray scale Frame rate Motion artifacts, etc.

Display（image

properties）

Displaycontents

Viewer

Viewingenvironment

Evaluation criteria

・Preference・Pleasantness・Visual fatigue・Total image

quality

Lighting environment・Screen illuminance・Color temperature of ambient light

Viewing distance Screen visual angle Viewing direction Disturbing reflections of

ambient light sources, etc.

Content genre Average luminance level Gamut Moving characteristics Angle of view, etc.

Vision・Visual acuity・Color sensitivity・Accommodation・Contrast sensitivity

Age Individual variation Gender Viewing time, etc.

Subjective evaluation・Rating scale method・Pairwise comparison method・Ranking method, etc.

Psychophysical evaluation・Method of adjustment・Method of limits, etc.



Second, characteristics of the displayed image must be known. For example, required

luminance and luminance contrast values are strongly influenced by the image’s average

luminance level (ALL) after gamma correction. These Guidelines analyze terrestrial digital

broadcast signals and find statistical values for ALL to allow for consideration of such

characteristics.

Third, the influence of viewer characteristics, particularly visual characteristics, must be

taken into consideration. Given the ongoing aging of society in many countries, changes in

vision that occur with increased age are of particular concern. Even among individuals

within a particular age group there is significant variation in optimal settings for various

design elements, and consideration of how technology can adapt to such variation is

another topic for ergonomic design. These Guidelines were designed to allow reference to

the distributions, standard deviations, and percentiles for such data.

Finally, there is a need to assess the above factors through experiments with a variety of

participant groups. Where possible, such assessments should involve at least 15 participants

who are not display experts for each study. Factors related to the ergonomic design of flat

panel televisions such as preference, comfort, fatigue, and overall image quality require

quantification using methods from psychological evaluation such as ratings scales and

pairwise comparisons. For some design elements, psychophysical experimentation methods

such as methods of limits and adjustment may be applied.

When presenting guidelines for design elements, these Guidelines use perspectives such

as those described above to describe viewing environments and conditions. Note that these

Guidelines were developed using survey results obtained within Japan, and therefore may

not be applicable to the use of flat panel televisions in overseas markets. The fundamental

perspective of these Guidelines, however, is applicable to the design of flat panel

televisions in any country. To that end, we have included as an annex the results of surveys

related to flat panel television viewing from six countries (Brazil, China, India, Japan, the

United Kingdom, and the United States). Comparison of differences in television viewing

environments between Japan and other countries should allow for the application of the

Guidelines to the design of flat panel televisions for overseas markets.

5. Display luminance

Television screen settings related to appropriate display luminance are important for

reducing visual discomfort and energy consumption. Excessive luminance not only

increases the risk of visual fatigue9)–11), but also wastes electricity7), 8).

As shown in Figure 2, optimum display luminance depends on a number of factors,

including ambient luminance, angular screen size, ALL after gamma correction, and viewer

age7), 8), 12)–17). Here, we define optimum display luminance as the white luminance


4

(including components of reflected luminance) after the viewer has adjusted the display

luminance to the most preferred brightness when a particular image is displayed.

Ambient illuminance determines the viewer's luminance adaptation level, and also

affects black level luminance and luminance contrast. When designing displays, the

influence of ambient illuminance is estimated by taking screen illuminance as the vertical

plane illuminance incident to the screen.

Figure 2. Primary factors affecting the optimum display luminance of television screens.

(1) Screen illuminance

Figure 3 shows the distribution of screen illuminance settings for televisions in living

rooms in Japan7), 8). The distribution is based on per-minute measurements of powered-on

televisions in 77 households, combining daytime and nighttime measurements. Values are

20 lx at the 10th percentile, 92 lx median, and 305 lx at the 90th percentile. Appropriate

display luminance should be adjustable according to this illuminance distribution. Figures 4

and 5 show screen illuminance distributions divided between daytime and nighttime

measurements, respectively. The respective mode values (78 lx and 71 lx) are nearly

identical, but median values are 123 lx for daytime and 74 lx for nighttime, and 90th

percentile values are 518 lx and 140 lx, respectively.

It is furthermore necessary to allow adjustment of appropriate display luminance while

viewing in low illumination or dark environments, such as found in home theaters. As

shown in the Annex, while only 1% of Japanese households view television with lights

turned off, 10% of households in Western countries do so18).

Another factor related to appropriate display luminance is the effects on viewing

luminance from areas behind the screen, which is related to screen illuminance. In a typical

Optimum display luminance(ODL)

Spatial viewing conditions

Image content

Environmental illumination

Viewer characteristics

ASL／ALL

Viewing distance ／Screen visual angle

Viewer age ／ Age-related changes

Screen illumination ／Visual field luminance



living room, the average nighttime luminance in a 180° view excluding the television

screen is 5 cd/m2 for a screen illuminance of 30 lx, and similarly 17 cd/m2 at 100 lx, and 50

cd/m2 at 300 lx7). This is equivalent to a behind-screen wall with a reflectance of 60% (N8).

As described in the Annex many households in Japan have televisions positioned facing

away from south-facing windows19), making it difficult to use screen illuminance to predict

the luminance of visual field during daytime television viewing20).

Figure 3. Screen illuminance with television on, based on per-minute

measurements over 24 h in 77 households.

Figure 4. Daytime screen illuminance with Figure 5. Nighttime screen illuminance with television on, based on per-minute television on, based on per-minute

measurements over 24 h in 77 households. measurements over 24 h in 77 households.

0

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Screen illuminance (lx)

Distribution of screen illuminance with television on (77 households over 24 hours)

Mode 71 Unit：lxGeometric mean 84Median 92Mean 17210th percentile 2090th percentile 305Min. 0.1Max. 42600

Full day

0

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Nighttime


6

(2) Screen visual angle

The screen size and the viewing distance determine the screen visual angle. Table 1

shows the relationship between the screen visual angle (deg), relative viewing distance (H:

screen height), and viewing distance (cm). Figure 6 shows the viewing distance for

televisions in Japanese living rooms7), 21), for which the 10th percentile is 165 cm, the

median is 252 cm, and the 90th percentile is 417 cm. The viewing distance depends more

on room size and placement of sofas and other furniture than on screen size7), 22), 23). It is

therefore necessary to select an appropriate screen size for the viewing distance. In Section

9, the preferred viewing distance for each screen size is discussed.

Figure 7 shows a graph of measurement results for various screen sizes. Here,

measurements were performed by seating a household member in the most preferred

position for television viewing and measuring the horizontal visual angle to the television

(angular size in degree). A 3H (three times the screen height) relative viewing distance

gives a horizontal visual angle of 33°, but the data show that most households view

television from a greater distance. Screen sizes around 40 in. had visual angles of around

15° to 30°, with an average of approximately 20°. As shown in Table 1, a horizontal visual

angle of 20° is equivalent to a viewing distance of 5H. When viewing a 40-in. screen from

about 250 cm away, the display angle is 20°.

Table 1. Relationship between horizontal visual angle (deg), relative viewing distance (H), and viewing distance (cm). Screen aspect ratios were 16:9.

24 in. 32 in. 40 in. 46 in. 55 in. 65 in.

10 10.2 304 405 506 582 696 822

12 8.5 253 337 421 484 579 685

14 7.2 216 288 361 415 496 586

16 6.3 189 252 315 362 433 512

18 5.6 168 224 280 321 384 454

20 5.0 151 201 251 289 345 408

22 4.6 137 182 228 262 313 370

24 4.2 125 167 208 240 286 338

26 3.9 115 153 192 221 264 312

28 3.6 107 142 178 204 244 289

30 3.3 99 132 165 190 227 269

32 3.1 93 124 154 178 212 251

34 2.9 87 116 145 167 199 235

36 2.7 82 109 136 157 187 221

38 2.6 77 103 129 148 177 209

40 2.4 73 97 122 140 167 198

Horizontalvisual

angle (deg)

Relativeviewing

distance (H)

Viewing distance (cm)



Figure 6. Viewing distance distribution for 393 members of 83 households.

Figure 7. Relationship between diagonal screen size (in.) and horizontal visual angle (deg) for the most preferred television viewing positions in 83 households.

(3) Average luminance level

After a device receives a broadcast image signal, it applies gamma correction based on

the gamma value of the received image, and converts the results to an ALL that takes a

fully white screen as a relative value of 100. A typical decoded gamma is approximately 2.2.

The ALL of an image varies with the type of broadcast, but analysis of terrestrial digital

broadcasts of five Japanese channels for one week resulted in an overall average of

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LCD N=32

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8

approximately 25%. Figure 8 shows a distribution of ALL values for all broadcast frames

from the five major Japanese television stations during one week in 200924). The 5th

percentile is 5%, and the 95th percentile is 44.8%. Average signal level (ASL) before

gamma correction was 44.8% overall, and 45.9% during prime time, approximately the

same as ALL values recorded over 200 days of satellite broadcasts25). Note, however, that

average luminance may be higher for television shows broadcast in Japan; when overall

ASL was measured over 40–60 h of broadcasts in the United States, the United Kingdom,

Australia, France, and Japan as part of establishing measurement methods for the television

power consumption measures of IEC 6208726), the obtained value was 34%, approximately

10% lower than the Japanese case. Data on viewing frequencies of shows by broadcast type

are included as the Annex. As compared with other countries, viewership of variety shows

is particularly high in Japan, as is their frequency of broadcast. In the United States,

viewership of movies is the highest. The relatively high ASL values seen in Japan may be

due to such differences in broadcast genre preferences.

Figure 8. Distribution of ALL values for all broadcast frames from the five major Japanese television stations (data measured between July 31 and August 7, 2009).

(4) Multiple regression models of optimum display luminance

To find optimum display luminance (ODL) values we performed multifactor laboratory

experiments with participants of various ages, using the above-described screen

illuminance, visual angle, and image ALL as test variables7), 8), and found a double

logarithmic, linear relationship between each of these three factors and ODL. With respect

to ODL, as each factor acts independently, we were also able to derive a multiple

regression model to predict ODL. Here, ODL refers to the white luminance (including

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Image average luminance level (ALL) (%)

NHK-GNippon TelevisionTBSFuji TelevisionTV Asahi

Overall average= 25 %5th percentile= 5 %

10th percentile= 8 %90th percentile= 45 %95th percentile= 51 %



components of reflected luminance) during display of a specific image with display

luminance set to the viewer’s most preferred brightness.

Equation (1) is the model for a participant group with average age 22. Equation (2) is a

similar model for elderly viewers, created using a participant group with average age 71.

These models were found from the geometric mean of values from 24 participants from

each age group, so that ODL distributions would be lognormal under each test condition as

set by the participants. In terms of geometric standard deviations, variation between

participants was approximately 0.6 times the geometric mean at the –1 standard deviation

level, and 1.7 times the geometric mean at the +1 standard deviation level. In other words,

approximately 68% of test results should fall within this range. For example, given an ODL

of 100 cd/m2, roughly 68% of participant data should fall within the range 60–170 cd/m2.

Such individual differences should be taken into consideration when designing the range

over which display luminance can be adjusted.

• ODL regression model for young group (average age 22).

log PL=2.40+0.27 log E－0.22 log SA－0.32 log AL (1)

(F(3,23)=1051, p<0.001, R2=0.99)

• ODL regression model for elderly group (average age 71).

log PL=2.87+0.13 log E－0.34 log SA－0.21 log AL (2)

(F(3,23)=141, p<0.001, R2=0.94)

Here, PL is the ODL (cd/m2), E is the screen illuminance (lx), SA is the horizontal visual

angle (deg), and AL is the image ALL (%).

Figure 9 is a contour map based on the young group ODL model of Equation (1),

showing ODL (white luminance) according to screen illuminance and visual angle when

ALL is taken as the 25% average level of general broadcasts. Figure 10 similarly uses the

elderly group ODL model of Equation (2).

Figure 11 shows ratios of elderly to young ODL values, indicating the differences in

ODL between young and elderly viewers under the various conditions. Of particular note is

that the differences between young and elderly viewers increase as screen illuminance

values and visual angles decrease.


10

Figure 9. ODL by screen illuminance Figure 10. ODL by screen illuminance and screen visual angle, young group and screen visual angle, elderly group (average age 22) for 25% ALL. (average age 71) for 25% ALL.

Figure 11. Ratio of elderly and young participant ODL for screen illuminance and screen visual angle (ratio of values from Figures 9 and 10).

(5) Effects of aging on optimum display luminance

Figure 12 shows the ODL values after performing a similar experiment with a wide

range of ages. These values were obtained with screen illuminance values of 30, 100, and

300 lx, the actual average horizontal visual angle of 20° (5H at the viewing distance), and

ALL of 25%. The figure shows that as age increases ODL increases linearly, indicating the

necessity of allowing setting of display luminance according to user age. As described

above, there are furthermore significant differences in ODL among individuals. Table 2

100

120

140 160

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10

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30 100 300

Hori

zon

tal

visu

al an

gle

(deg

)


cd/m2Young group (average age 22)ALL 25 %

50

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260280

300320

34010

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zon

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visu

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gle

(deg

)Screen illuminance (lx)

cd/m2Elderly group

(average age 71)ALL 25 %50

30

20

50 200

1.2

1.3

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1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

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70

30 100 300

Hori

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(deg

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Elderly／Young

50

30

20

50 200



summarizes the geometric mean and geometric standard deviation for ODL values, a

summary that is possible because ODL closely follows a lognormal distribution.

Approximately 68% of participants will fall within the range of ±1 geometric standard

deviations. These values for individual variation should be considered when setting the

range of luminance adjustments.

Figure 12. Television ODL as a function of age, under typical real-world viewing conditions of 20° horizontal angle (5H viewing distance) and 25% ALL.

Table 2. Television ODL (white luminance) by age, for actual viewing conditions of 20° horizontal angle (5H viewing distance) and 25% ALL. Because ODL closely follows a lognormal distribution, values are given as geometric means and geometric standard deviations (GSD). Approximately 68% of participants will fall within the range of ±1 GSD.

-1GSDGeometric

mean+1GSD -1GSD

Geometricmean

+1GSD -1GSDGeometric

mean+1GSD

20s 71 118 201 96 160 273 129 215 365

30s 83 138 234 109 182 309 140 234 398

40s 91 152 258 118 197 334 148 247 419

50s 101 168 286 128 214 363 157 261 444

60s 117 195 332 144 241 409 170 283 482

70s 127 211 359 154 256 436 177 296 503

Units：cd/㎡

Agegroup

Screen illuminance（lx）

30 100 300

50

500

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Opt

imu

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um

inan

ce;

wh

ite

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cd/㎡

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Age

Screen illuminance 300 lx Screen illuminance 100 lx Screen illuminance 30 lx

100

200

300

400

Viewing angle 20 degALL 25 %


12

6. Black level luminance

Black level luminance is an important factor in high-quality image display. The level of

black level luminance required to prevent the “floating black” effect depends on the image

content and environmental lighting conditions27). The conditions that result in the lowest

black level luminance demands are a full black screen under low illumination28). In other

words, if the floating black effect does not arise under these conditions, then it will not for

any image displayed. Figure 13 shows the results of testing using a 32-in. LCD television

in a nighttime family living room environment29). The values indicate the black level

luminance that does not result in floating blacks when viewing an all-black screen from a

3H viewing distance. Here, laboratory walls were covered with N8 (60% reflectance) cloth,

similar to conditions commonly found for walls behind televisions in residential living

rooms. To minimize the effects of reflected luminance components due to specularity of the

screen, the area in front of the screen (viewer’s side) was covered with black velveteen

cloth, allowing for almost no difference between antiglare and clear processed surfaces. A

test participant viewed an LCD television through a hole cut in the center of the cloth and

adjusted LCD backlighting until floating blacks were no longer perceptible thereby finding

the appropriate black level luminance value. Figure 13 shows the black level luminance

values that were the target of this experiment.

Figure 13. Luminance values at which floating blacks are not detectible for a full screen black display. Values are geometric means and percentiles for 21 individuals viewing a 32-in. LCD television from 3H (33° horizontal angle). Wall behind the screen is N8 (60% reflectance), the approximate average of living room walls.

y = 0.0087x0.61

R² = 0.99

y = 0.0039x0.70

R² = 0.99

y = 0.0252x0.47

R² = 0.96

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1

10 100 1000

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Geometric mean of 21 subjects5th percentile95th percentile

0.02

0.03

0.05

0.2

0.3

0.5

20 30 50 200 300 500

3.7 5.0 14.3 25.9 49.4 Average luminance of visual field(cd/㎡)



The black level luminance required during image display also depends on the ALL of

the image itself, so it is not necessary to lower luminance to these values for every image27).

For television displays, the ratio of black level luminance and white luminance is often

taken as the contrast for device specifications. Using ODL levels as a basis of evaluation

can allow for dynamic range display luminance to meet display demands. Luminance

contrast is discussed in the following section.

7. Luminance contrast

The luminance contrast required for a television display can be defined as the ratio

between the ODL and the black luminance level required to prevent floating blacks on an

all-black screen under a given set of viewing conditions. This means that the display

luminance required for a display will dynamically change according to current conditions,

and that the ratio of the minimum and maximum luminance for a specific image cannot be

used. Table 3 shows the values for luminance contrast required for a display with an ODL

as discussed in Section 5, and a black level luminance that does not result in floating blacks,

as discussed in Section 6 (values are the former divided by the latter). In the case of

transmissive LCD televisions, these values are the luminance contrast required by the panel

with no backlight control.

Under 10th percentile screen illuminance (20 lx) and 5th percentile average luminance

for a typical broadcast (5% ALL), the required luminance contrast is approximately 3200.

Figure 14 shows a graph of needed luminance contrasts according to screen illuminance

and the ALL of a displayed image. When ALL and ambient illuminance are low, the

required contrast is high, but under actual viewing conditions, 5- and 6-figure luminance

contrasts are somewhat over-engineered from an ergonomics standpoint. Note, however,

that here we have not taken into consideration the reliance of display and black level

luminance on viewing angle. Section 12 discusses dependence of display characteristics on

viewing angle.


14

Table 3. Required luminance contrast for given screen illuminance and image ALL. Required luminance contrast = ODL/black-screen luminance required to prevent

floating blacks.

Figure 14. Required luminance contrast by screen illuminance and image ALL. Required luminance contrast is the ratio of the black luminance required to prevent floating

blacks on an all-black display and the ODL (white luminance) for each ALL image.

100

1000

10000

1 10 100 1000

Req

uir

ed lu

min

ance

con

tras

t


5%

25%

51%

Average luminance level （ALL） of displayed image

200

300

500

2000

3000

5000

Black levelluminance requiredto prevent floating

blacks

Luminance for anall-black screen

(cd/m2)

5 25 51 5 25 51

A B C D A/D B/D C/D3 104 62 50 0.017 6100 3600 290010 145 86 69 0.035 4000 2400 190020 174 104 83 0.054 3200 1900 150030 195 116 93 0.069 2800 1600 130050 223 133 106 0.095 2300 1400 1100100 269 160 128 0.144 1800 1100 800200 325 194 154 0.220 1400 800 700300 362 216 172 0.282 1200 700 600500 416 248 198 0.386 1000 600 500

Optimum display luminance,

white luminance (cd/m2)Required luminance contrast

Screenillumiance

（lx）

↓

Geometric mean of ALLvalues for 20 viewers age 20–

29 at a 20° viewing angle

Optimum display luminance /Black level luminance required

to prevent floating blacks

Image ALL (%) Geometric meanfor 21 viewers

age 20-29

Image ALL (%)



8. White point (color temperature)

(1) Preferred color temperature

The color temperature at a preferred white point depends on the color temperature of

environmental illumination, image content, screen visual angle, and display luminance30)–32).

Of these, the color temperature of environmental illumination has the largest effect. Figure

15 shows a distribution of relative color temperatures for incident ambient light of daytime

and nighttime television screens in the living rooms of 83 households. The nighttime

distribution is divided into two, to distinguish between the significant differences in color

temperatures between filament-based or colored fluorescent light bulbs and 4000 K and

higher white fluorescent or daylight fluorescent bulbs. Because daytime lighting includes

the effects of external light, the 4000–4500 K optimum range covers a wide distribution.

Preferred color temperature settings under such lighting conditions are needed.

Figure 15. Distribution of color temperatures for room lighting in household living rooms. Measurements were made in 83 households, some during both daytime and nighttime.

Figure 16 shows the preferred color temperature for the white point when displaying

several images under room illumination color temperatures30). These results were obtained

from experiments with 20 student participants, under conditions of 100 lx screen

illuminance and 150 cd/m2 white luminance as the display luminance. Preferred

conditions were roughly 5500–6500 K when environmental illumination was incandescent

lighting, 7000–9000 K under white fluorescent lighting, and 7500–10,000 K under daylight

fluorescent lighting. Higher color temperatures were desired for natural scenes than for text

screens, but on average color temperature should be set at roughly 3000 K higher than the

color temperature of the room lighting.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

～20

00

～25

00

～30

00

～35

00

～40

00

～45

00

～50

00

～55

00

～60

00

～65

00

％

Color temperature (K) of room lighting

Daytime N=78Nighttime N=31


16

Preferred color temperature is also affected by the apparent screen size, that is, by the

screen visual angle. As Figure 17 shows, when the visual angle is small, in other words

when the viewing distance is long, higher color temperatures are preferred. Figures 18 and

19 show that there is also a relationship between display luminance and ambient

illuminance and that higher color temperature is preferred for higher display luminance and

lower ambient luminance. This is likely because viewers prefer higher color temperature

images when the screen appears to be relatively brighter.

Figure 16. Illumination color temperatures and television screen preferred color temperatures. Data are the mean with ±1 standard deviation of 20 college students. Images used: “Fruit basket”, Standard Image JIS XYZ/SCID, sRGB, JIS X9204:2000 compliant; and “Woman and glass”, Standard Image JIS XYZ/SCID, sRGB, JIS X9204:2000 compliant.

90

100

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130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200150200250300350

Inve

rse

colo

r te

mpe

ratu

re (m

ired

)

Pre

ferr

ed c

olor

tem

pera

ture

(K)

Illumination color temperature (mired)

White screenText screenFruit basketWoman and glass

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

2950K 4600K 5800K



Figure 17. Television screen preferred color temperature and screen visual angle (viewing distance). Data are the mean with ±1 standard deviation for 20 college students.

Figure 18. White point preferred color temperature by display luminance and screen illuminance. Image used is “Woman and glass” JIS XYZ/SCID. Data are the mean with standard deviation for 20 college students.

90

100

110

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130

140

150

160

170

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190

200150200250300350

Inve

rse

colo

r te

mpe

ratu

re (

mir

ed)

Pre

ferr

ed c

olor

tem

pera

ture

(K

)

Illumination color temperature (mired)

"Woman and glass" and "Fruit basket" average

48°(2H)17°(6H)

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

2950K 4600K 5800K

Viewing angle

8090100110120130140150160170180190200210

30cd/㎡ 150cd/㎡ 30cd/㎡ 150cd/㎡

Inve

rse

colo

r te

mpe

ratu

re (m

ired

)

Pre

ferr

ed c

olor

tem

pera

ture

(K)

Display luminance (cd/㎡)

"Woman and glass" JIS XYZ/SCID30lx 300lx

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

100001100012000

5800K

Illumination temperature

Screen illuminance

2950K


18

Figure 19. White point preferred color temperature by display luminance and screen illuminance. Image used is “Fruit basket” JIS XYZ/SCID. Data are the mean with standard deviation for 20 college students.

(2) Effects of aging

Aging also affects preferred color temperature33), 34). The change is not a simple shift in

color temperature preference that advances with age, however; preferences shift according

to the degree of yellowing of the field of vision (due to cataract formation). Figure 20

shows the results of two contrasting experiments with 20 elderly participants aged 63–79

(average age 71, artificial lens recipients not included)33). In the first experiment, an image

with fixed color temperature was displayed and the preferred display luminance determined

using the adjustment method. In the second experiment, paired displays were used to

display images at 5000 K, 6500 K, and 9300 K and the same luminance, and Scheffe’s

pairwise comparison test was used to evaluate preferences. Figure 20 shows, for each

participant, the obtained preferred display luminance values on the horizontal axis, and the

results of the color temperature evaluation test on the vertical axis.

Participants who preferred high luminance also preferred relatively high color

temperatures, and those who preferred low luminance tended to prefer low color

temperatures. No such trend was seen in similar testing on young participants. This

suggests that older participants who preferred high luminance have experienced advanced

field of vision yellowing (cataract development), and that this yellowing results in a

preference for higher color temperatures. In the future, when designing and developing

television screens, display engineers will increasingly need to take into consideration such

individual differences in the effects of aging.

8090100110120130140150160170180190200210

30cd/㎡ 150cd/㎡ 30cd/㎡ 150cd/㎡

Inve

rse

colo

r te

mpe

ratu

re (m

ired

)

Pre

ferr

ed c

olor

tem

pera

ture

(K)

Display luminance (cd/㎡)

"Fruit basket" JIS XYZ/SCID30lx 300lx

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

100001100012000

Screen illuminance

2950K 5800K

Illumination temperature



Figure 20. Test results for preferred display luminance at fixed color temperature (horizontal axis) and paired comparison testing for preference using displays with varying color temperature (vertical axis). Results are from a combination of two tests with 20 participants, aged 63–79 (mean age 71).

9. Viewing distance

The standard viewing distance for an HDTV set is 3H (three times the height of the

screen), the distance at which individual pixels are no longer visible to a viewer with

normal vision. This standard viewing distance, however, is not necessarily the same as the

viewer’s preferred viewing distance, which comes from the distance at which a feeling of

presence occurs and scan lines are not discernable when viewing a static image1)–6). When

determining the viewing distance for televisions in general residences, the preferred

viewing distance should be used as the optimum viewing distance21), as viewing television

from within an appropriate range is necessary for reducing visual discomfort9). The

optimum viewing distance is influenced by both the television’s screen size and display

luminance16), 17), 21), 35)–37), but screen size is the dominant factor21), 35)–37).

Figures 21 and 22 show the optimum viewing distance and minimum acceptable viewing

distance for various screen sizes21). Figure 21 shows viewing distances in actual dimensions,

while Figure 22 shows viewing distances as a multiple of screen height (H). Note that

given screen sizes are in the range 24–65 in., and display luminance is assumed to be 200

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Com

para

tive

tes

t re

sult

s fo

r pr

efer

red

colo

r te

mpe

ratu

re; S

hef

fe's

pai

rwis

e co

mpa

riso

n s

core

Results of separate testing for preferred display luminance (cd/㎡)

5000K

9300K

6500K

White point○9300K rating R2=0.43

●5000K rating R2=0.48

Pre

ferr

ed→

←D

isli

ke

Individual participant data set


20

cd/m2. Mean values and ±1 standard deviations are given for each case. Table 4 gives the

information in Figures 21 and 22 as actual values. Before selecting a screen size, viewers

should consider the available space in the room in which the television will be placed to

ensure that a sufficient viewing distance is available.

Figure 23 shows actual viewing distances for households with flat panel televisions.

Almost no homes with relatively large screens had sufficient space for viewing from a 3H

distance. Also of note is that in many homes, viewing occurs from beyond the optimum

distance.

Figure 21. Optimum viewing distance (cm) and minimum acceptable viewing distance (cm) for various screen sizes. Means and ±1 standard deviations (SD) for 27 participants are given for each case.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

20 30 40 50 60 70

DA

: Vie

win

g di

stan

ce (c

m)

S: Diagonal screen size (in.)

DAPreferred=3.41S +93

DAClosest=1.81S +50

Optimum viewing distance

Minimum acceptable viewing distance

+1SD

-1SD

+1SD

-1SD



Figure 22. Optimum viewing distance (H: multiple of screen height) and minimum acceptable viewing distance (H) for various screen sizes. Means and ±1 standard deviations (SD) for 27 participants are given for each case.

Table 4. Optimum viewing distance and minimum acceptable viewing distance. Means and ±1 standard deviations (SD) are given for optimum viewing distance. Approximately 68% of participants fall within ±1 SD.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

20 30 40 50 60 70

DH

:Rel

ativ

evi

ewin

g di

stan

ce （

H）

S: Diagonal screen size (in.)

+1SD

-1SD

+1SD

-1SD



cm H cm H-1SD Mean +1SD -1SD Mean +1SD Mean Mean

24 138 175 212 4.60 5.85 7.09 93.4 3.13

26 143 182 220 4.41 5.61 6.81 97.1 3.00

32 158 202 246 3.97 5.07 6.17 107.9 2.71

37 171 219 267 3.71 4.75 5.80 117.0 2.54

40 179 229 280 3.59 4.60 5.62 122.4 2.46

42 184 236 288 3.52 4.51 5.51 126.0 2.41

46 194 250 305 3.39 4.36 5.33 133.3 2.33

50 205 264 322 3.28 4.23 5.18 140.5 2.26

52 210 270 331 3.24 4.17 5.11 144.1 2.22

55 217 281 344 3.17 4.09 5.02 149.6 2.18

58 225 291 356 3.12 4.02 4.93 155.0 2.14

60 230 298 365 3.08 3.98 4.88 158.6 2.12

65 243 315 386 3.00 3.89 4.77 167.7 2.07

Optimum viewing distanceDiagonalscreen size

(in.)

Minimumacceptable viewing

distance


22

Figure 23. Screen size and viewing distance (H) for homes with flat panel televisions. Values are for 16:9 aspect ratio LCD and plasma televisions only (CRT-based televisions are excluded). The graph shows experimentally determined values for both optimum viewing distance and minimum acceptable viewing distance.

10. Display height

General guidelines for the optimum height for a television screen differ from those for

computer monitors. The best height for a computer monitor is generally taken to be such

that the top edge of the monitor is at the same height as the eyes, or slightly lower38), but

television heights should be such that the viewer’s eyes are at an equal height to the center

of the screen38) (see Figure 24). This guideline does not vary with screen size or viewing

distance, a finding that has been verified through both experiments and field surveys39).

Figure 25 shows the results of preferred screen height adjustments for viewing 32-, 42-,

and 65-in. televisions while sitting in chairs and on the floor. Eye height was approximately

110 cm above the floor in the former case, and 80 cm in the latter, so preferred height was

equivalent to one in which eye level was even with the middle of the screen. Figure 26

shows eye height while viewing television for 393 persons in 83 households. Setting aside

the case of viewing from a reclined position, televisions should be placed in accordance

with these heights.

Figure 27 shows the line of sight angle for these 393 persons while looking at the center

of the screen. The distribution has a mode of 0° horizontal, indicating that positioning so

that the center of the screen is at eye level is the most common real-world case.

Figure 28 shows a graph of screen size and screen center height for 83 households.

Screen center height was roughly 60–100 cm, and was not dependent on screen size.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

Vie

win

g di

stan

ce (H

)

Diagonal screen size（in.）

LCD (32 households, N=149)

PDP (10 households, N=41)

Standard viewing distance: 3H





Figure 24. Optimum television screen height.

Figure 25. Optimum television screen height (from floor to screen center). Mean and ±1 standard deviations for 31 participants.

Figure 26. Actual eye height (distance from floor to eyes) while viewing television.

50

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150 250 400

Opt

imu

m s

cree

n h

eigh

t (c

m)

0150 250 400

32 in. 42 in. 65 in.

Sitting on chair Sitting on floor

Viewing distance （cm）

Average eye height

sitting on chair

Average eye height

sitting on floor

0

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10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

105

110

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Fre

quen

cy

Viewer eye height （cm）

Sprawl on floorSitting on floorSitting in chair

N=393

Screen height should be such that the line of sight is horizontal when viewing the screen center


24

Figure 27. Line of sight angle to screen center.

Figure 28. Television screen center height for 83 households.

11. Screen tilt angle

(1) Optimum tilt angle

We take optimum tilt angle as the most preferred vertical surface angle as determined by

test participants when given a device allowing them to freely change the screen tilt angle

while viewing television. Defined this way, tilting the screen so that a line drawn from the

viewer’s eyes the television screen center is normal to the screen does not necessarily result

in the optimum tilt angle. The actual optimum tilt angle varies with the relationship

between eye and screen height, as shown in Figure 29. When these heights are equal, an

approximately 1.5° forward tilt was the optimum tilt angle. When the screen center height

is 30 cm lower than eye height, at a 3H viewing distance the predicted optimum angle

based on a screen-normal line is an 8° backward tilt, but the optimum tilt angle is actually

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

Scr

een

cen

ter

hei

ght

（cm

）

Screen size (diagonal in.)

CRT N=41 LCD N=32 PDP N=10

0

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-6

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24

Fre

quen

cy

Line of sight angle to center of screen (deg)

Sprawl on floorSitting on floorSitting in chair N=393

Mean -1.06°

UpDown



an approximately 2° backward tilt. Conversely, when the screen center height is 30 cm

above eye height, at a 3H viewing distance the predicted optimum angle based on a

screen-normal line is an 8° forward tilt, but the optimum tilt angle is actually an

approximately 4° forward tilt (see Figure 30). These values are based on viewing a 58-in.

plasma television from a 3H viewing distance, but roughly the same values were obtained

from a 5H viewing distance, indicating that within a 3–5H viewing distance range there is

little influence of viewing distance on optimum tilt angle. Equation (4) gives the

relationship between optimum screen tilt angle and screen center height for a 3–5H viewing

distance:

Θ = 0.10 h + 1.58 (4)

where the screen optimum tilt angle θ (deg) is positive for a forward tilt, and negative for a

backwards tilt, h (cm) is the relative screen center height with eye height taken as 0, and

–40 ≤ h ≤ 40.

Figure 29. Optimum tilt angle of TV screen as a function of screen center height.

Data from 25 participants.

-12

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-8

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-2

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-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

θ：O

ptim

um

til

t an

gle

(deg

)

h: Screen center height relative to eye height (cm)

80cm110cm

140cm

Screen center height

Below eye height← ｜→Above eye height

Bac

kw

ard

←｜→

For

war

d

θ＝0.10h＋1.58

Angle of line connectingscreen center and eyes

0°＋－

ForwardBackward

＋

－

Scr

een

Cen

ter

Hei

ght 3H～5H

Backrest angle is 105 deg

Experimental Setting

θ

Scr

een

cen

ter

hei

ght

Experimental setting


26

Figure 30. Screen height and screen optimum tilt angle.

(2) Minimize screen glare by tilting screen

For large-screen televisions, changing the screen tilt is a common way to avoid glare

from reflected lighting fixtures. Figure 31 shows a distribution of lighting fixture

reflections on television screens, based on a television viewing environment survey of 83

households40). The figure uses the relationship between television screen placement,

lighting fixture placement, and viewer eye position to show where lighting fixtures would

be reflected, causing glare, if screen size were increased. Plots assume a vertical screen

surface.

Figure 32 shows the probability that lighting fixtures will be reflected on various sizes

of television screens, based on the results of Figure 31. In other words, the figure shows the

probability that lighting fixtures will be reflected in field living rooms when the display

height is changed for different screen sizes. As the screen size or height increases, the

probability that lighting fixtures will be reflected also increases. Even for a 50-in. television,

if the height of the screen’s lower edge is 70 cm, lighting fixtures will be reflected, causing

glare, in close to 10% of households.

Figure 33 shows lighting fixture reflection angle distributions, divided into vertical and

horizontal directional components. Taking the vertical components, most reflections are in

the range 8–15° normal to the screen surface, indicating that reflection avoidance can be

realized with a relatively shallow cutoff angle for lighting fixture shielding.

Tilting the screen forward can also lower the probability of light fixture reflection.

Figure 34 shows the effects of reflection reduction through forward screen tilting, and

indicates that a forward tilt of 5° reduces the probability of lighting fixture reflection by

Preferred tilt angle is not thesame as the angle at whichline of sight is normal toscreen. Preferred tilt angle isthe same at 3H and 5H,indicating no relation in the3H-5H range.

Angle at which line of sight is

normal to screen from 3H

Preferred tilt angle

3H 5H30cm

30cm

+4° +8°

+1.5°

0°

- 2° - 8°



roughly half. The remaining problem is to what extent the screen can be tilted before

interfering with image viewing. Figure 35 shows extents to which viewers find screen tilt

annoying, and indicates that when screen height is at eye level a screen tilt of up to around

5° is permissible. Forward screen tilting within this range is therefore a useful method for

avoiding lighting fixture reflection.

Figure 31. Distribution of lighting fixture reflections, overlaid with various television screen sizes with bottom edge 60 cm above floor.

Figure 32. Probability of lighting fixture reflection by screen size and height for living rooms of 83 households.

0

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150

200

250

300

-350 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Hei

ght

from

flo

or (

cm）

Distance from screen center (cm)

For screen bottom edge 60 cm above floor

42 in.2％

150 in.92％

65 in.15％

100 in.67％

52 in.5％

83 households (n=1015)

0

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40

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30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Pro

babi

lity

of r

efle

ctio

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)

Diagonal screen size (in.)

0 cm35 cm50 cm70 cm

Height of bottom edge


28

Figure 33. Distribution of illumination fixture reflections on television screens in 83 households.

Figure 34. Reduction of illumination fixture reflection through tilting the screen forward. Bottom edge of screen is assumed to be 60 cm above floor.

0 5 10 15

-10-6-226

10141822263034384246

Frequency (%)

Inci

den

ce a

ngl

e of

ref

lect

ion

, ve

rtic

al c

ompo

nen

t （de

g)

83 householdsN=1015

+

‐ 0

5

10

15

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Fre

quen

cy (

%)

Incidence angle of reflection, horizontal component (deg)

83 householdsN=1015

+‐

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pro

babi

lity

of r

efle

ctio

n (%

)

Screen tilt angle (deg)

4050607080

Diagonal screen size (in.)

＋

－

Top view

＋

－

Side view



Graphs are results for television viewing in the four situations shown below:

Figure 35. Relationship between screen tilt angle and degree of annoyance. Mean and ±1 standard deviation for 24 viewers at a 3H viewing distance.

110cm

3H

3H

①

Side view Top view

140cm

3H

3H

②

Side view Top view

110cm

3H③

30°

Side view Top view

④

30°

Top view

140cm

3H

Side view

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5

Mea

n R

atin

g

Screen tilt angle （deg）

Front / 110cm height

Front / 140cm height

Right / 110cm height

Right / 140cm height

Viewing comfort rating for tilted screen

Imperceptible

Acceptable limit

Slightly annoying

Annoying

Very annoying

①

②

③

④

↓ See figure below


30

12. Viewing angle

No display can avoid the differences in display characteristics such as display

luminance, contrast, and chromaticity that arise from varying the viewing angle. Under

actual viewing conditions, however, such differences are not a problem as long as such

changes are less than perceptible limits, or at least within acceptable limits. It is therefore

necessary to establish what range of viewing angles allows for television viewing in actual

homes. Restricting changes in display characteristics in that range to within acceptable

levels will thus be a goal for ergonomic design and development.

Figure 36. Viewing positions for 393 locations in 83 households.

Figure 36 shows a graph of eye positions with respect to television screen centers

during television viewing from 393 locations in 83 household living rooms. Data were

obtained during a survey conducted between 2007 and 20088), 19). No significant difference

according to display technology or screen size was indicated. As described above, actual

viewing positions are largely determined by furniture placement and room size.

Figure 37 shows a distribution of the absolute value of viewing angles normal to screen

center, split into horizontal and vertical components, for which 95th percentile values are

40° horizontal and 10° vertical. Results obtained in television viewing position surveys

conducted in 200422) and 200525) are roughly the same as these values, despite different

ratios of screen size and display technology between those years. These results also agree

with experimental tests performed to find tolerable horizontal viewing angle ranges for

LCD screens41). Therefore, to satisfy 95% of viewers in terms of viewing angle

characteristics, such changes must be held to within imperceptible or tolerable ranges for

0

200

400

600

200

400

600

-90° -75°-60°

-45°

-30°

-15°

0°

15°

30°

45°

60°

75°90°

CRT N=203

LCD N=149

PDP N=41

cm

cm

cm

cm

0

200

400

600

200

400

600

-30°

-20°

-10°

0°

10°

20°

30°

Top view

Screen center

Side view

83 households, N=393 No significant difference in viewing range by display



viewing angles of ±40° horizontally, and ±10° vertically. Note, however, that the discussion

so far extends only to viewing domains based on the screen center, but, as shown by Figure

38 and Equation (5) therein, the viewing angle in actual television viewing is greatest for

far side edges, so screen size must also be taken into consideration42).

Figure 37: Viewing angle distributions, normal to screen center. Left: horizontal direction. Right: Vertical direction.

Figure 38. Difference in viewing angles for screen center and screen edge.

Figures 39 and 40 respectively show distributions of viewing angles for screen far side

edges (farthest points) of 32-in. and 55-in. screens, divided into horizontal and vertical

direction components. For the 32-in. screen horizontal angle (Figure 39, left) the 95th

percentile value is 46°, and that for the 55-in. screen (Figure 40, left) is 50°, both of course

larger than the screen center value of 40°. The vertical values are 17° for the 32-in. screen

(Figure 39, right) and 21° for the 55-in. screen (Figure 40, right). It is therefore necessary

0

10

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40

50

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70

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0

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40

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60

Cu

mu

lati

ve fr

equ

ency

(%

)

Fre

quen

cy

Horizontal viewing angle from screen center (deg）

83householdsN=393

95 %

ile

90 %

ile

75 %

ile

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Cu

mu

lati

ve fr

equ

ency

(%

)

Fre

quen

cy

Horizontal viewing angle from screen center (deg）

95 %

ile

90 %

ile

75 %

ile

83householdsN=393

Vertical direction Horizontal direction

VD

D

θ

Viewing angle with respect to the far edge of the screen

α

θ: Viewing angle with

respect to the far edge of

the screen (deg)

VD： Viewing distance (cm)

α ： Viewing angle to the

center of the screen (deg)

D ： Distance from screen

center to the edge （cm）


32

to design screens, LCDs in particular, so that changes in display characteristics within these

ranges are within imperceptible or at least tolerable levels.

Table 5 shows 95th percentile, 90th percentile, 3rd quartile, and 75th percentile values

for a variety of screen sizes from 24 to 65 in. for analyses similar to those of Figures 39 and

40. Keeping image display changes to an imperceptible level for the given ranges will

result in the applicable percentage of viewers viewing the television without noticing any

change in display characteristics due to viewing angle. As these results indicate, it is

necessary to sufficiently take screen size into account when designing viewing angle

characteristics.

Figure 39. Viewing angles for farthest point on a 32-in. screen. Left: horizontal direction. Right: vertical direction.

Figure 40. Viewing angles for farthest point on a 55-in. screen. Left: horizontal direction. Right: vertical direction.

010

2030

405060

7080

90100

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2 8 14 20 26 32 38 44 50 56 62

Cu

mu

lati

ve fr

equ

ency

(%

)

Fre

quen

cy

Horizontal viewing angle for farthest point on screen (deg）

83 householdsN=393

90 %

ile

95 %

ile

75 %

ile

0102030405060708090100

0102030405060708090

100

2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 34

Cu

mu

lati

ve fr

equ

ency

(%

)

Fre

quen

cy

Vertical viewing angle for farthest point on screen (deg）

95 %

ile

90 %

ile

75 %

ile

83 householdsN=393

32 in., Horizontal direction 32 in., Vertical direction

55 in., Horizontal direction 55 in., Vertical direction

0102030405060708090100

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2 8 14 20 26 32 38 44 50 56 62

Cu

mu

lati

ve fr

equ

ency

(%)

Fre

quen

cy

Horizontal viewing angle for farthest point on screen (deg）

83 householdsN=393

90 %

ile

95 %

ile

75 %

ile

0102030405060708090100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 34

Cu

mu

lati

ve fr

equ

ency

(%)

Fre

quen

cy

Vertical viewing angle for farthest point on screen (deg）

83 householdsN=393

90 %

ile

95 %

ile

75 %

ile



Table 5. Actual television viewing angles for screen center and farthest screen point at various screen sizes, with percentile values.

13. Conclusions

These Guidelines use real-world viewing of flat panel display televisions and

multifaceted laboratory testing to summarize principles that should be taken into

consideration in the ergonomic design and development of televisions that can most

comfortably be viewed under real-world environments and usage conditions. These

Guidelines were created with the goal of allowing engineers involved in many aspects of

television technology to incorporate such factors into their designs as viewing environment

and conditions, individual differences due to age and other causes, and differences in

displayed images. Please note that the optimum values given for the various design factors

discussed here are optimal developmental goals strictly from the standpoint of ergonomics,

and should be pursued only to the extent possible within the scope of other product

development constraints.

Developing new displays that better suit the display characteristics for a wide variety of

viewers and viewing conditions will result in more comfortable viewing, while consuming

less energy. To that end, we hope that these Guidelines will be useful to a wide variety of

television engineers.

24 32 42 55 65

Horizontal 40 45 46 48 50 52

Vertical 10 15 17 19 21 24

Horizontal 35 40 42 44 46 48

Vertical 7 13 14 16 19 21

Horizontal 25 32 33 35 38 40

Vertical 5 9 11 13 15 17

Unit：deg

75th

Viewing anglewith respect

to screencenter

Diagonal screen size (in.)Percentile Direction

Viewing angle with respect to screen's farthestpoint at various sizes

95th

90th


34

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36

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38

Annex

Results of Web questionnaire survey on viewing conditions of

LCD televisions at home

‐ A comparison of six countries ‐

(Brazil, China, India, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States)

Country Survey period Number of samples

2011／7／20－7／21 2,060

2011／7／13－7／27 1,000

2009／7／28－8／16 580

Results of Web questionnaire survey on viewing conditions of LCD televisions at home

- A comparison of six countries -

（ Brazil , China , India , Japan ,the United Kingdom , the United States ）

Gender and age

Male

20s 206 120 115 100 58 58

30s 206 120 115 100 58 58

40s 206 104 107 100 58 58

50s 206 109 109 100 58 5860s

or more 206 47 54 100 58 58

Sub total 1030 500 500 500 290 290

Fem

ale

20s 206 130 162 100 58 58

30s 206 130 162 100 58 58

40s 206 115 130 100 58 58

50s 206 104 40 100 58 5860s

or more 206 21 6 100 58 58

Sub total 1030 500 500 500 290 290

Total 2060 1000 1000 1000 580 580

The number of samples for each category

Japan China India BrazilThe United Kingdom

The United States

39

No. Question

Q1 How many televisions do you have in your home?

Q2 Which direction(s) do the windows face?

Q3 Do you adjust the lighting when watching television?

Q4 When did you purchase the LCD television that you mainly watch in the living room with your family and such?

Q5 Have you ever made any picture quality adjustments (brightness, color, etc) on the LCD television that you mainly watch in the living room with your family and such?

Q6 What is the screen size of the LCD television that you mainly watch in the living room with your family and such?

Q7 What size television would you like to put in your living room, etc. in the future to mainly use with your family and such?

Q8 What size television could you actually fit in the room (e.g. living room) where you would put the television to be mainly watched with your family and such?

Q9 On average, how many hours a day do you spend watching television?

Q10What is the number of people at your home who watch the television that you mainly watch in the living room with your family and such? *Please include yourself in the number. *Answer with the most frequent number of people watching television together.

Q11 What kinds of programming do you frequently watch on the television that you mainly watch in the living room with your family and such. Choose up to three.

Q12 This question concerns the LCD television that you mainly watch in the living room with your family and such. Do you use the television for anything else other than watching television?

Q13 This question concerns the television that you mainly use at home LCD. For each statement below, choose one response that best applies to you.

Q14 Which of the following features do you think are necessary?

18.1%

231.4%

333.8%

415.9%

57.9%

6 or more2.9%

(n=1000)

19.0%

229.0%

326.4%

422.6%

57.8%

6 or more5.3%

(n=580)

116.9%

234.0% 3

25.9%

416.6%

54.0%

6 or more2.8%

(n=580)

131.4%

250.5%

314.6%

42.6%

50.5%

6 or more0.4%

(n=1000)

120.1%

251.6%

323.2%

44.2%

50.5%

6 or more0.4%

(n=1000)

134.8%

230.4%

319.6%

410.1%

53.3%

6 or more1.7%

(n=2060)

Q1：How many televisions do you have in your home?

Avg：2.2 televisions Avg：2.1 televisions Avg：2.7 televisions

Avg：1.9 televisions Avg：2.9 televisions Avg：3.1 televisions40

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

North

East

South

West

インド (n=1000)

ﾌﾞﾗｼﾞﾙ(n=1000)

中国 (n=1000)

日本 (n=2060)

ｲｷﾞﾘｽ (n=580)

ｱﾒﾘｶ (n=580)

Q2：Which direction(s) do the windows face?

I don't adjust

the lighting57.9%

I turn down the

lights21.4%

I turn off the lights14.3%

Others6.4%

(n=580)

Q3：Do you adjust the lighting when watching television?

I don't adjust

the lighting90.3%

I turn down the

lights8.1%

I turn off the lights1.2% Others

0.5%

(n=2060)

I don‘t adjust

the lighting63.5%

I turn down the

lights24.5%


Others5.1%

(n=1000)

I don't adjust

the lighting77.7%

I turn down the

lights16.7%


Others0.2%

(n=1000)

I don't adjust

the lighting56.6%

I turn down the

lights27.6%


Others5.5%

(n=580)

I don‘t adjust

the lighting60.6%

I turn down the

lights22.7%


Others1.8%

(n=1000)

41

Within last year

19.9%

Within last 2 years43.5%




More than 10 years ago

0.4%

Don‘t know0.4%

(n=1000)

Within last year

34.7%






0.3%

Don't know3.6%

(n=2060)Avg：1.9 years agoAvg：2.1 years ago

Within last year

39.1%






1.7%

Don't know1.4%

(n=580)

Within last year

35.3%






0.5%

Don't know1.2%

(n=580)

Within last year

34.2%






0.6%

Don‘t know0.4%

(n=1000)

Within last year

45.9%Within last 2 years34.6%





0.3%

Don‘t know0.4%

(n=1000)

Q4：When did you purchase the LCD television that you mainly watch in the living roomwith your family and such?

Avg：1.7 years ago

Avg：1.4 years ago Avg：1.7 years ago Avg：1.9 years ago

Yes39.5%

No60.5%

(n=580)

Yes61.2%

No38.8%

(n=1000)

Yes64.6%

No35.4%

(n=1000)

Yes56.3%

No43.7%

(n=1000)

Q5： Have you ever made any picture quality adjustments (brightness, colour, etc) on the LCD television that you mainly watch in the living room with your family and such?

Yes43.8%

No56.2%

(n=2060)

Yes43.1%

No56.9%

(n=580)

42

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

19 in. or

smaller

20-24 in.

25-29 in.

30-34 in.

35-39 in.

40-44 in.

45-49 in.

50-59 in.

60 in. or

larger

インド

(n=1000)

ﾌﾞﾗｼﾞﾙ

(n=1000)

中国

(n=1000)

日本

(n=2060)

ｲｷﾞﾘｽ

(n=580)

ｱﾒﾘｶ

(n=580)

Q6：What is the screen size of the LCD television that you mainly watch in the living room with your family and such?

31.3 in.

Average

36.2 in. 38.3 in. 35.3 in. 34.0 in. 39.8 in.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%19 in

. or sm

aller

20-24 in.

25-29 in.

30-34 in.

35-39 in.

40-44 in.

45-49 in.

50-59 in.

60 in. or

larger

インド

(n=1000)

ﾌﾞﾗｼﾞﾙ

(n=1000)

中国

(n=1000)

日本

(n=2060)

ｲｷﾞﾘｽ

(n=580)

ｱﾒﾘｶ

(n=580)

Q7：What size television would you like to put in your living room, etc. in the future to mainly use with your family and such?

31.2 in.

Average

37.0 in. 39.4 in. 35.8 in. 33.9 in. 40.1 in.

43

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

19 in. or

smaller

20-24 in.

25-29 in.

30-34 in.

35-39 in.

40-44 in.

45-49 in.

50-59 in.

60 in. or

larger

インド

(n=1000)

ﾌﾞﾗｼﾞﾙ

(n=1000)

中国

(n=1000)

日本

(n=2060)

ｲｷﾞﾘｽ

(n=580)

ｱﾒﾘｶ

(n=580)

Q8：What size television could you actually fit in the room (e.g. living room) where you would put the television to be mainly watched with your family and such?

35.4inch

平均

41.7inch 40.6inch 41.0inch 45.2inch 51.4inch35.4 in.

Average

41.7 in. 40.6 in. 41.0 in. 45.2 in. 51.4 in.

0

10

20

30

40

50

ｲﾝﾄﾞﾌﾞﾗｼﾞ中国日本英国米国

31.3 36.2 38.3

35.3 34.0 39.8 31.2

37.0 39.4 35.8 33.9

40.1 35.4

41.7 40.6 41.0 45.2

51.4 Owned screen size

Wanting screen size

Can be set up screen size

① Owned screen size

② Wanting screen size

③ Can beset up

screen size② － ① ③ － ① ③ － ②

31.3 31.2 35.4 -0.1 4.2 4.2

36.2 37.0 41.7 0.8 5.5 4.7

38.3 39.4 40.6 1.1 2.2 1.2

35.3 35.8 41.0 0.5 5.7 5.2

34.0 33.9 45.2 -0.1 11.2 11.3

39.8 40.1 51.4 0.3 11.6 11.3 (Unit : in.)

in.

Average

44

Q9：On average, how many hours a day do you spend watching television?

Mean

Category3.6 3.2 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.7

Gen

der

Male 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.8 4.1 4.8

Female 4.0 3.4 3.6 4.5 4.3 4.5

Age

20s 3.3 3.0 3.6 3.4 3.8 4.4

30s 3.3 3.1 3.2 4.0 3.8 4.6

40s 3.3 3.0 3.2 4.1 4.5 4.3

50sor more 3.9 3.6 3.4 4.6 4.4 5.0

(Unit ： hour)

I watch it alone22.4%

I watch it with another person54.0%

I watch it with 2 others14.1%

I watch it 3 or more

others9.5%

(n=580)

I watch it alone

6.7%


I watch it with

2 others36.2%


others9.7%

(n=1000)



I watch it with

2 others17.2%


others8.1%

(n=2060)

I watch it alone

6.5%


I watch it with

2 others33.1%


others29.5%

(n=1000)



I watch it with

2 others27.1%


others12.7%

(n=1000)



I watch it with

2 others15.0%


others13.6%

(n=580)

Q10：What is the number of people at your home who watch the television that you mainly watch in the living room with your family and such?※Please include yourself in the number.※Answer with the most frequent number of people watching television together.

Avg：2.1 persons Avg：2.5 persons Avg：2.2 persons

Avg：3.0 persons Avg：2.5 persons Avg：2.2 persons45

Q11： What kinds of programming do you frequently watch on the television that you mainly watch in the living room with your family and such. Choose up to three.

Order Genre Frequency(%) Genre Frequency

(%) Genre Frequency(%) Genre Frequency

(%) Genre Frequency(%) Genre Frequency

(%)

1 News 71.0 News 84.7 News 72.1 News 70.5 Movies 56.4 Movies 59.3

2 Variety 45.3 Drama 67.9 Movies 53.2 Movies 47.1 News 53.1 News 56.6

3 Drama 42.3 Movies 33.3 Music 33.5 Drama 45.6 Drama 52.6 Drama 44.8

4Informatio

n and talk show

30.7 Variety 32.9 Sports 32.0 Sports 41.3Document

ary, learning

37.8 Sports 31.2

5 Sports 25.0 Sports 32.5 Drama 24.5Informatio

n and talk show

24.6 Sports 27.4Document

ary, learning

27.2

6 Movies 24.3Informatio

n and talk show

16.4Informatio

n and talk show

19.4Document

ary, learning

19.7 Variety 15.3 Variety 15.0

7Document

ary, learning

18.6Document

ary, learning

12.7Document

ary, learning

11.7 Cartoons/animation 18.4

Information and

talk show12.1 Cartoons/

animation 14.1

8Cartoons/animation 11.8 Cartoons/

animation 6.8 Variety 11.2 Variety 15.6 Music 11.4Informatio

n and talk show

8.8

9 Music 10.1 Music 6.1 Cartoons/animation 11.1 Music 4.3 Cartoons/

animation 9.8 Music 5.5

71.6

25.3

18.2 16.3

21.9

36.5

0.6

15.2

83.0

32.3

14.9 12.4

24.9

32.2

1.1

10.0

64.5

22.4 24.3

18.4

32.3 33.3

0.5

17.4

60.3

26.5

5.1 2.9

11.4 9.2

0.7

29.9

75.2

37.9

9.0 7.6

14.5 15.9

2.1

15.3

75.9

36.2

5.7 7.1 10.2 9.1

1.4

19.1

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Watch DVDs Games Internet Use as PCmonitor

Playbackcamcorder

footage

View imagesfrom digitalstill camera

Other Only use forviewing

television

インド

(n=1000)

ﾌﾞﾗｼﾞﾙ

(n=1000)

中国

(n=1000)

日本

(n=2060)

ｲｷﾞﾘｽ

(n=580)

ｱﾒﾘｶ

(n=580)

Q12：This question concerns the LCD television that you mainly watch in the living room with your family and such. Do you use the television for anything else other than watching television?

46

-1.6 -1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6

The room is bright, contrast is low

The room is dim, contrast is low

Too bright

Too dark

Reflections on the screen from other light sources

The viewing angle is narrow

The motion blur bothers me

The colors seem too saturated

The colors seem to lack saturation

It hard to read stationary text

It hard to read moving text

Ghosting on the screen

Sometimes my eyes get tired

Sometimes I feel motion sick

It hard to look at other things

インド

(n=1000)

ﾌﾞﾗｼﾞﾙ

(n=1000)

中国

(n=1000)

日本

(n=2060)

ｲｷﾞﾘｽ

(n=580)

ｱﾒﾘｶ

(n=580)

Q13：This question concerns the television that you mainly use at home LCD. For each statement below, choose one response that best applies to you.

No opinionNotice Don’t notice

Weighted average （ Definitely notice it：‐2 ～ Don’t notice it：+2 ）

1 1.5 2 2.5 3

3DLED backlight

Automatic volume adjustment for commercialsAutomatic sensor ON/OFF function

Timer ON/OFF functionFull high-definition display

Built-in Blu-ray driveRecording function

Simultaneous recording of multiple programsViewing of on-demand TV shows

PC functionPlayback function

Freeze-frame functionPlayback while recording

TV phoneHigh sound quality

Multi-picture displayAutomatic picture quality control

Double-speed technologyUSB terminal(s)

HDMI terminal(s)Wireless TV tuner

Clear panel TVVoice recognition function

Built-in video gamesE-mail function

Subtitles (teletext)

インド

(n=1000)

ﾌﾞﾗｼﾞﾙ

(n=1000)

中国

(n=1000)

日本

(n=2060)

Q14：Which of the following features do you think are necessary?

Will use if available Must haveNot required

Weighted average （ Not required：+1 Will use if available：+2 Must have：+3 ）

47

ergonomic design guidelines for flat panel display televisions€¦ · ergonomic design guidelines...

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