· currency equivalents (as of 30 november 2011) currency unit – nepali rupees (npr) npr1.00 =...

Initial Environmental Examination

November 2011

NEP: Second Small Towns Water Supply and

Sanitation Sector Project- Shivanagar Town

Project

Prepared by Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Ministry of Urban Development for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 November 2011)

Currency unit – nepali rupees (NPR)

NPR1.00 = $0.1200 $1.00 = NPR83.312

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank amsl – above mean sea level CMA – Community Medical Auxiliary DI – ductile iron Dia. – diameter DSC – Design and Supervision Consultant DWSS – Department of Water supply and Sewerage EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EPA – Environment Protection Act EPR – Environment Protection Rule GI – galvanized iron GoN – Government of Nepal HDPE – high density polyethylene pipe HHs – households IEE – Initial Environmental Examination lpcd – liter per capita per day lps – liters per second MOUD – Ministry of Urban Development NDWQS – National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA – Nepal Electricity Authority NGO – Non Government Organization Nrs. – Nepali Rupees O&M – operation & maintenance OD – outer diameter PMC – Project Management Consultant PMO – Project Management Office TDF – Town Development Fund VAT – Value Added Tax VDC – Village Development Committee WHO – World Health Organization WSSDO – Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC – Water User’s and Sanitation Committee

NOTES

(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Nepal and its agencies ends on 15 July. “FY” before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2011 ends on 15 July 2011.

(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Initial Env

Shivanaga Se

Minis

Second Small Tow Departm

nvironmental Examinationof

gar Water Supply and SanSector Project, Kailali

(Batch I, Package I)

Submitted To:

Ministry of Physical Planning Works

Government of Nepal

Singhdurbar, Kathmandu

Submitted By:

Project Management Office

Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector

artment of Water Supply and Sewerage

Panipokhari, Kathmandu

November 2011

on (IEE)

anitation

ctor Project

Initial Environmental Examination(IEE) of Shivanagar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project

ii


iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..v

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (Nepali)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (English)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..x

A. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................1

1. Name and Address of the individual institution preparing the report ............................................... 1

a. Name of the proposal .............................................................................. .................................... 1

b. Name and address of the proponent ............................................................................................ 1

c. Consultant preparing the report ................................................................................................... 1

2. Basis and extent of the IEE study.................................................................. .................................... 2

a. ADB Policy (ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009) ............................................... ................... 2

b. National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines ........................................... 3

c. Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study ........................................................................ 6

d. Relevancy of the Project .......................................................................... .................................... 6

e. Approach and Methodology ......................................................................................................... 8

B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ..................................................................................................... 11

1. Existing Water Supply and Sanitation situation .................................................... .......................... 11

a. Water Supply system ............................................................................... .................................. 11

b. Sanitation facilities ............................................................................. ........................................ 12

2. Type, category and need of the subproject .................................................................................... 12

3. Size or magnitude of operation .................................................................... .................................. 13

4. Proposed schedule for implementation ......................................................................................... 13

5. Description of the subproject ......................................................................................................... 14

a. Project components ................................................................................................................... 14

b. Project requirements ................................................................................................................. 20

C. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................... 28

1. Physical Resources ......................................................................................................................... 28

a. Topography ................................................................................................................................ 28

b. Geology and Soils ....................................................................................................................... 29


iv

c. Climate and Rainfall .............................................................................. ..................................... 29

d. Hydrology .................................................................................................................................. 29

2. Ecological Resources .............................................................................. ........................................ 30

a. National Parks and Protected Areas ........................................................................................... 30

b. Forests ....................................................................................................................................... 30

c. Aquatic Species .......................................................................................................................... 32

3. Social and Cultural Resources ..................................................................................................... 33

a. Demography .............................................................................................................................. 33

b. Health facilities .......................................................................................................................... 33

c. Educational facilities ............................................................................ ....................................... 34

d. Physical or cultural heritage ..................................................................... .................................. 34

e. Employment .............................................................................................................................. 35

4. Economic Development and Prospect for Growth ...................................................... .................... 35

a. Land use........................................................................................... .......................................... 35

b. Infrastructure..................................................................................... ........................................ 35

c. Economic Characteristics .......................................................................... .................................. 37

d. Development organization .......................................................................... ............................... 38

e. Major Environmental problems ...................................................................... ............................ 39

D. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ....................................... 40

1. Beneficial Impacts and augmentation measures ............................................................................ 40

a. Construction Phase .................................................................................................................... 40

b. Operation Phase ................................................................................... ..................................... 41

2. Adverse impacts and mitigation measure............................................................. .......................... 41

a. Pre-construction Phase ............................................................................ .................................. 42

b. Construction Phase .................................................................................................................... 43

c. Operational Phase ................................................................................. ..................................... 45

d. Resettlement, relocation and compensation issue ..................................................................... 46

3. Implementation of Mitigation Measures ....................................................................................... 55

a. Project Design ............................................................................................................................ 55

b. Project Contract ......................................................................................................................... 55

c. Bill of Quantities ......................................................................................................................... 55

E. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS ...................................... 56


v

1. Design Alternative ......................................................................................................................... 56

2. Project Site/Location Alternative ................................................................. .................................. 56

3. Alternative in Technology, Implementation Procedure and Raw Materials ..................................... 57

4. No Project Option .......................................................................................................................... 57

F. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ............................................... 58

G. GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM ....................................................................................... 60

H. MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMLEMENTING THE PROJECT AND ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMETN PLAN (EMP) ............................................................................................................. 61

1. Mitigation and Monitoring ............................................................................................................. 61

a. Monitoring Costs ........................................................................................................................ 63

2. Environmental Procedures and Institutions .................................................................................... 63

4. Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures ...................................................... .................... 64

5. Reporting Procedures .................................................................................................................... 65

6. Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates ............................................................................................ 65

7. Work Plan ......................................................................................... ............................................. 66

I. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................... 68

ANNEXES:…………………………..


vi

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Name and address of the proponent……………………………………………………………………………………1

Table 2: Name and address of the consultant………………………………………………………………………………..….1

Table 3: National policies, acts, regulations and guidelines…………………………………………………………….…3

Table 4: Criteria for requirement of IEE and/or EIA for drinking water supply project against the

conditions defined by EPA/EPR, 1997………………………………………………………………………………………………..7

Table 5: Water supply demand over the years…………………………………………………………………………………13

Table 6: Salient features of Dhangadi Municipality Water Supply and Sanitation Project…………….….19

Table 7: Materials required…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…21

Table 8: Human resource.………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…...22

Table 9: Project activities..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...23

Table 10: List of mammals.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..30

Table 11: List of birds…………………………………..……..………………………………………………………………………….31

Table 12: List of fishes…………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………..31

Table 13: Population distribution by Ethnicity…………………………………………………………………………………32

Table 14: List of schools in the project area………………………………………………………………………………….…33

Table 15: Existing sources of water supply …..…………………………………………………………………………………35

Table 16: List of other institutions in the area…………………………………………………………………………………37

Table 17: Evaluation of environmental impacts………….………………………………………………………………..…45

Table 18: Overview of potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures/ Shivanagar……..49

Table 19: FGDs held at different locations……………………………………………………………………………………….57

Table 20: Environmental monitoring schedule……………………………………………………………………………..…61

Table 21: Monitoring costs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...62

Table 22: Institutions involved in the proposed project…………………………………………………………………..62

Table 23: Annual costs for EMP……………………………………………………………………………………………………….65

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Schematic layout of project components………………………………………………………………………...25

Figure 2: Design layout of project components ………………………………………………………………………………26

Figure 3: Location map of Dhangadi municipality, Kailali district…………………………………………………..…27

Figure 4: Grievance Redress Mechanism………………………………………………………………………………………...59

Figure 5: Implementation schedule of the project………………………………………………………………………..…66

ANNEX

Annex 1: Approved Terms of Reference

Annex 2: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA)

Annex 3: Public Notice

Annex 4:Deed of Inquiry (Muchulka)

Annex 5:Recommendation letters from concerned authorities

Annex 6:List of persons contacted

Annex 7: Water Quality Test Report

Annex 8: Survey Questionnaire

Annex 9:Photographs


vii

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank

asl above sea level

DDC District Development Committee

DIZ Direct Impact Zone

DSC Design and Supervision Consultant

DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EMAP Environmental Management Action Plan

EPA Environmental Protection Act

EPR Environmental Protection Rules

FGD Focused Group Discussion

GoN Government of Nepal

GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism

HH Household

IIZ Indirect Impact Zone

lpcd litres per capita per day

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

MPPW Ministry of Physical Planning and Works

NEA Nepal Electricity Authority

NDWQS National Drinking Water Quality Standard

NWSC Nepal Water Supply Corporation

PMO Project Management Office

REA Rapid Environmental Assessment


viii

RP Resettlement Plan

STWSSSP Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

SSTWSSSP Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

TDF Town Development Fund

WUSC Water User and Sanitation Committee

VDC Village Development Committee

ZOI Zone of Influence


ix

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xi

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xii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

The Project Management Office (PMO) of Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS) is the

proponent of the current project. The sub-project is a part of the second phase of the Small Town Water

Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (STWSSSP) of the Government of Nepal which aims to

construct/extend drinking water supply systems, drainage and sanitation facilities as well as provide

sanitary health education to the community in upcoming small urban towns of the country. The project

embraces the community managed demand responsive approach and is being implemented under ADB

finance. The proposed project will facilitate ward no. 1, 5, 7 and 8 of Shivanagar Town in Dhangadi

Municipality.

Purpose off IEE, ADB policy, GoN acts and rules

The purpose of this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is to examine the environmental implication

of proposed project and its activities to ensure that it will not damage the environment and to provide

measures to remove or reduce those impacts into acceptable limits.

Both the Nepali law and ADB policy require that the environmental implications of individual

developments are taken into account in the planning and decision making process.

The statutory requirement of the Government of Nepal, that has to be adhered to for the proposed

project, is the Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 (and

amendments 2007). The present IEE study fulfills the requirements pertaining to Rule 3, Annex G of

Schedule 1 of EPR, 1997 (including amendments). Similarly, as per ADB guidelines on Environmental

Assessment requirements, the project is classified Environment Category B and IEE is required as per the

checklist suggested by ADB.

Components of the project

The proposed ‘Shivanagar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project’ is ground water based water

supply system.The project comprises of two major components-Water supply and Sanitation. The water

supply part comprises of pumping scheme in which two new deep tube wells and one test boring tube

well will be used to exploit ground water. The system also consists of water treatment facilities, storage

tanks and overhead tanks from where water will be distributed through distribution pipe lines. The

second component is sanitation services which include constructing school toilets; and waste water

management system that has been prepared but the implementation has yet to be decided by the town.


xiii

Baseline information

The existing water supply system in Dhangadi has poor reliability and the quality of services availed by

the consumers is very low and services only part of the town. The proposed area does not get regular

piped water supply and the many households have to resort to hand pumps, which are often

contaminated or have high iron content. The sanitary facilities are also quite basic in Dhangadi

municipality. Majority of households have ventilated improved pit latrine and pour flush latrines

connected to septic tank. There is absence of well managed sewerage system and solid waste

management systems. The storm water drainage system is a small stretch along the road only in core

market area.

The socio-economic condition of the area is moderate. Majority of the people depend on agriculture,

service and business for their source of income. The community has good ethnic diversity (Tharu people

in slight majority), with people from various ethnic groups living together. Kailali district lies at the

corridor of Bardiya national park and Suklaphanta conservation area, harnessing good ecological

diversity

Environmental impacts, mitigation and monitoring

No any significant adverse environmental impacts have been predicted and the anticipated negative

impacts are of local in nature and low in magnitude. The main environmental concern for water supply

system is related to construction activities such as digging of boreholes for ground water intake and

distribution line such as unsettling of street surfaces due to excavation and trenches which could lead to

soil erosion and silt run off. The mitigation measures are precautionary types such as proper back filling

of the excavated trenches and avoiding cutting of vegetation. The main issues related to the sanitation

component is during the operational phase such as nuisance due to sludge drying bed and the

mitigation measures are related to the periodic maintenance and proper disposal of sludge and soak

pits. The locations of major structures have been acquired in consultation with the user committee and

no households or community have been displaced or resettled. Therefore there are very less possibilities

of adverse impacts on the biological and socio economical environment of the project area.

Monitoring is necessary to check the implementation of mitigation measures and a detailed monitoring

schedule has been designed specifying the regular and periodic monitoring activities during the project

construction and operation phase. Before the operation of the project, PMO will develop detailed work

plan for implementing mitigation measures and monitoring plans based on Environmental Management

Plan which will be incorporated into the construction and operation contracts.


xiv

Conclusion and Recommendation

Considering the nature of the project; environmental and socio-economic situation of the area and

based on the detailed field survey and consultation with the relevant stakeholders, it can be concluded

that the proposed project will have only minor negative impacts on the area. The impacts are mostly

local in nature and can be easily and cheaply mitigated with suitable mitigation measures and regular

monitoring schedules. Implementation of the project will benefit the local people with safe and

sufficient supply of drinking water and improved sanitary situation thereby raising the living standard of

the people in Dhangadi municipality.If the project is properly implemented and environmental issues are

duly considered, there will be a significant improvement in the health of the environment and people. It

is proposed that the information suggested in the IEE report be well utilized in next phases of work and

monitoring plan followed up. Hence, IEE is sufficient and proposed project is suitable for

implementation.


1

A. INTRODUCTION

1. Name and Address of the individual institution preparing the report

a. Name of the proposal

1. The name of the proposal is ‘Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Shivanagar Water Supply

and Sanitation Project’ in Kailali District. The location map of the proposal is given in Figure2.

b. Name and address of the proponent

2. The project proponent Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

(SSTWSSSP) under Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) will be the responsible agency for

the implementation of the proposal. The name and address of the proposal is given below.

Table 1: Name and address of the proponent

Name Address

Proponent

Project Management Office Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation

Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

Ministry of Physical Planning Works Government of Nepal

Panipokhari, Kathmandu Tel: 977 1 4423848, 977 1 4412348

Fax: 977 1 4413280 E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.sstwssp.gov.np

c. Consultant preparing the report

3. ERMC (P) Ltd. has worked on behalf of the proponent for conducting IEE studies and preparing

IEE report using all the prevalent guidelines, acts, policies and regulations. The name and address of the

consultant is given below.

Table 2: Name and address of the consultant

Name Address

Consultant

ERMC (P.) Ltd Environment and Resource Management Consultant

P. O. Box: 12419, Baneshwor, Kathmandu Tel.: 4483064, 4465863,

Fax: 4483064 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermcnepal.com


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2. Basis and extent of the IEE study

4. Government of Nepal has prepared a fifteen years development plan to implement the water

supply and sanitation programmes in emerging towns or small towns in order to improve the health and

the quality of life of the people living in the project towns by constructing and extending water supply

system, drainage and sanitation facilities and providing health and hygiene education programmes in

the towns. The project follow the community managed demand responsive approach where the

community will be involved from the very planning phase to implementation phase then to operation

and maintenance of the subprojects soon after it being completed. The project, ‘Small Town Water

Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, STWSSSP’ is the outcome of that effort.Asian Development Bank

(ADB) has been providing the financial assistance to implement the project in both the phases.

Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) is the implementing agency whereas Ministry of

Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) is the executive agency.

5. Both the Nepali law and ADB policy require that the environmental implications of individual

developments are taken into account in the planning and decision making process and that action is

taken to reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. This is done through environmental assessment

process, which has become an integral part of lending operations and project development and

implementation worldwide.

a. ADB Policy (ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009)

6. The operational policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) included three safeguard policies:

the Involuntary Resettlement Policy (1995), the Policy on Indigenous Peoples (1998), and the

Environment Policy (2002) which are all due for revision. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), a

consolidated policy, describes common objectives of ADB’s safeguards, lays out policy principles, and

outlines the delivery process for ADB’s safeguard policy. The SPS is designed for application to current

and future lending modalities and caters to the varying capacities and needs of DMC clients in both the

public and private sectors and will supersede the three current safeguard policies.

7. ADB’s current safeguard policies are generally understood to be operational policies that seek to

avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse environmental and social impacts, including protecting the rights of

those likely to be affected or marginalized by the development process.

8. ADB’s SPS highlights a number of areas that require attention in ADB's environmental

assessment process. It addresses the need for more upstream environmental assessment at the level of

country programming, the need for more structured consultation in the conduct of environmental

assessments, the need for greater emphasis on monitoring and compliance with environmental

requirements during project implementation, and finally the need to view environmental assessment as

an ongoing process rather than a one-time event

9. ADB requires environment assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector

development program loans, financial intermediation loans, and private sector investment operations.

The process of determining a project’s environment category is based on a screening checklist that

considers the type, size, and location of the proposed project. Loans are classified into category A (with


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potentially significant environmental impacts); category B (with potentially less significant

environmental impacts); category C (unlikely to have significant environmental impacts); and a new

category, FI, (credit line for subprojects through a financial intermediary, or equity investment in a

financial intermediary). A project’s environment assessment category is determined by the category of

its most environmentally sensitive component, including both direct and indirect impacts. An IEE is

required for category B projects, and an EIA, requiring greater depth of analysis, for category A projects.

No environmental assessment is required for category C projects although their environmental

implications nevertheless need to be reviewed.

10. The proposed Shivanagar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project is classified as environment

Category B as per the ADB guidelines and following normal procedures for project loans, an IEE was

conducted. The IEE has been done based on the checklist completed to support the environmental

classification of project under ADB (See Annex 1 for REA checklist).

b. National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines

11. Most of the national policies and laws of the Government of Nepal (GoN) are in favor of

environmentally sound economic development and growth. Following table summarizes the relevant

policies, acts and regulations and guidelines that have been an integral part of the project and have

been reviewed during the preparation of the IEE report.

Table 3: National policies, acts, regulations and guidelines Policies

Three Year Interim Plan (2007-2010) The interim plan provides the most recent guidance on urban sector priorities highlighting, in particular, the need to address the effects of rapid urbanization on service levels, water quality and scheme maintenance. It proposes the full integration of sewerage, on-site sanitation and solid waste management in all urban schemes and specially endorses cost recovery from consumers. Local authorities are responsible for overseeing project implementation but with private sector organizations playing increasing roles.

Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 The interim constitution of Nepal realized environmental protection as the policy of the state. Clause (4) of Article (35) of the constitution states that ‘The State shall, while mobilizing the natural resources and heritage of the country that might be useful and beneficial to the interest of the nation, pursue a policy of giving priority to the local community’. The Clause (5) states that ‘The State shall make necessary arrangements to maintain the natural environment. The State shall give priority to special protection of the environment, and rare wildlife, and prevent further damage due to physical development activities, by increasing awareness of the general public about environmental cleanliness. Provision shall be made for the protection of the forest, vegetation and biodiversity, their sustainable use and for equitable distribution of the benefits derived from them’ National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Policy, 2009 Formulated to provide the overall policy support and guidance towards achieving equity in service delivery by ensuring that the financially marginalized households within the system areas are mainstreamed as valid customers of service through design and implementation of financial incentives where so required. It aims to ensure that the roles and responsibilities of central and local government bodies, external development partners, private sector including NGOs and user groups are clearly defined in scheme implementation and regulation and performance management in accordance with national decentralization policy.


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National Policy on Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation, 2004 Provides guidance on water and sanitation service provision in rural areas using community led participatory approaches. While partially relevant t the urban context, particularly around the integration of inputs and local capacity building, it generally fails to address the complex operational challenges to be faced by Municipal authorities in implementing and managing urban services. Acts and Regulations Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act, 2001 The section 3 of the act prohibits a child from engaging in work, sub clause 1 of the clause 3 states “Nobody shall engage in work a child who has not completed fourteen years of age as a labor and sub clause 2 states “Nobody shall engage a child in a risk full occupation or work set forth in the Schedule”. The section 4 states “Child not to be engaged in work against his will by temptation or fear or pressure or by any other means” Local Self Governance Act, 1999 & Local Self Governance Regulations, 2000 The Act empowers the local bodies for the conservation of soil, forest and other natural resources and implements environmental conservation activities. It also describes about the user group formation to implement the programs in the local areas. The Regulation has provisions for Village Development Committee (VDC), District Development Committee (DDCs) and municipality to coordinate and implement development projects/programs and to provide approval or clearance of the proposed project.

Water Resources Act, 1992 & Water Resources Regulation, 2000 Water Resource Act is an umbrella act governing water resource management. It declares the order of priority of water use; vests ownership of water in the state; prohibits water pollution; and provides for the formation of Water User Association and system of licensing. The Regulation sets out the procedure to register a WUA and to obtain a license and sets out the rights and obligations of WUA and license holders. Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1997 & Environmental Protection Regulations (EPA), 1999 (and amendments) EPA and EPR have several provisions to institutionalize environmental consideration in development projects. Section (5) of EPA stipulates that ‘a proponent who is desirous of implementing any proposal shall have to submit such a proposal, accompanied by the report on Initial Environmental Examination or Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposal, to the concerned agency for the approval of such a proposal. The EPR elaborates provisions to prepare and submit the scoping report, Terms of Reference (TOR), and IEE/EIA report for approval and includes public consultation processes. As per the EPR, the Environmental Assessment report, in general, should include detail information on impacts and environmental protection measures, including implementation plan, monitoring and evaluation and environmental auditing. Public consultation is a pre-requisite in all the prescribed projects. Drinking Water Regulations, 1998 Regulates the use of drinking water and deals with the control of water pollution and maintenance of quality standards for drinking water. It also sets out the conditions of service utilization by consumers Forest Act, 1993 & Forest Regulations, 1995 (including amendments) Since forest has an important role in managing water resources, Forest Act has many provisions effecting the integrated water resources management of the country. The basic objective is developing and conserving the forests of the country. The government can provide parts of any type of forest for the implementation of national priority plan with the assurance that it does not adversely affect the environment. The Regulation further elaborate legal measures for the conservation of forests and wild animals.


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Labor Act, 1992 The Act emphasizes on occupational health and safety of workers and stipulates provision of necessary safety gears and adopting necessary precautionary measures against potentially hazardous machine/equipment in the workplace. It also stipulates to make arrangements such as removal of waste accumulated during production process and prevention of dust, fume, vapor and other waste materials, which adversely affect the health of workers Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act, 1989 (and amendments) & Water Supply Management Board Act, 2006 & Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission Act,2006 These acts facilitate the improved management of water and sanitation services. They establish the legal basis for private sector management of schemes and independent fee setting and regulation applicable to all urban schemes Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 1987 & Solid Waste (Management and Resource Mobilization Rules), 1990 As solid waste has direct impact on water supply system, discharge of solid waste in either public or private places have been prohibited under this Act. The rules entrusts Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Centre, established under the Act, to provide necessary service to individual or institution in managing solid waste. As such any water resource projects may obtain such service and maintain the water resource clean. Town Development Act, 1988 The Act has provisions about the formation of town development committee in any town area to implement town planning and in carrying out the developmental and reconstruction work of that town.

Land Acquisition Act, 1977 & Land Acquisition Rules, 1969 The Land Acquisition Act and the Rules are the two main legal instruments that specify procedural matters of land acquisition and compensation. Under these, the Government is allowed to acquire any private land paying reasonable compensation to the affected party for any public purposes or for operation of any development project initiated by government institutions and the water resources laying and originating within such acquired area is spontaneously acquired under this process. Water Tax Act, 1966 Under the Act, the water user who use water through a tap distributed by the government is obliged to pay water tax as fixed by prevalent laws and charges are levied if the tax is not paid within the time as fixed by the law. Standards and Guidelines National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) and Directives, 2005 Provides details of the water quality standards to be applied to all water supply schemes. These set out the water quality parameters, which the water suppliers should adhere to. The directives also ensures that the water sampling, testing and analysis procedures used to certify that the drinking water supplied or to be supplied conforms to the NDWQS and also sets the monitoring and surveillance procedures to certify that the quality of supplied water conforms to the standards. Water Resource Strategy, 2002 Provides a systematic framework for water resource development and identifies action plans to avoid and resolve

conflicts and achieve water related development objectives. It has identified the need to integrate and coordinate all the uses of natural resources within the catchment basis and has laid emphasis on the development and management of water resources in a holistic, systematic manner, relying on integrated water resources

management.


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National EIA Guidelines, 1993 In the process of implementing National Conservation Strategy (NCS) in 1990, the government of Nepal in collaboration with The World Conservation Union - IUCN developed a locally suitable environmental assessment guideline. Although National EIA guidelines are procedural guidelines, it substantially encouraged the proponent to prepare an EIA report of the prescribed development projects and programmes and serves as the primary source of integrating environmental aspects in major development projects. The National EIA Guidelines contains objectives, methods of screening projects requiring the level of environmental assessment (IEE or EIA), scoping, impact identification and prediction, report review, monitoring and evaluation and impact auditing ensuring public participation during the preparation of the IEE/ EIA report.

c. Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study

12. The main objective of the present IEE study for Water Supply and Sanitation purpose is to fulfill

the requirements pertaining to Rule 3, Annex G of Schedule 1 of the Environmental Protection Rules,

1997 (including amendments 1999 and 2007) and to ensure the environmental and social sustainability

of the project. It aims to help the decision makers to make informed decision about the project.

13. The specific objectives of the IEE study are as follows.

i. To identify, predict and evaluate the potential beneficial and adverse impacts of the project

on the physical, biological and socio-economical resources in the project area

ii. To suggest enhancement measures to augment the benefits of the project and to propose

suitable mitigation measures to avoid, minimize and compensate the adverse impacts of the

project

iii. To prepare appropriate Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP)

iv. To consider the environmental impacts of project alternatives

v. To inform public about the proposed project and its impact on their livelihood

vi. To prepare an IEE as per the EPR, 1997

14. Scope: The present IEEE for the water supply and sanitation project is proposed for Shivanagar

Town of Dhangadi municipality in Kailali district. It identifies the environmental impacts and mitigation

measures relating to the location, design, construction and operation of all the project activities.

d. Relevancy of the Project

15. The proposed water supply and sanitation project is an extension of the existing district water

supply and sanitation which is meant primarily for the market area but has also been supplying a part of

the proposed service area. It is based on ground water as the source for water supply. The collected

water will be pumped in four stages to a storage tank positioned at a suitable location for distribution to

the service area.


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16. The main objectives of the project are to improve the water supply and sanitation facilities

including drainage and coverage and provide health and hygiene education program. The project aims

to provide improved water supply in the small towns that includes coverage of service area as per the

requirement of User’s Group with continuous 24 hours supply of drinking water and have water quality

confirming the National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS). The project will support community

participation in the development of water supply and sanitation facilities and promote community

based water quality monitoring.

17. It is expected that on implementation of the project the users of the area will be able to avail of

adequate amount of safe drinking water and need not resort to use of unsafe hand pumps to fulfill their

water needs. The proposed project will be using ground water sources (river or stream) and the

treatment capacity of the proposed units is less than 25 lps. The project does not involve construction of

any tunnels; relocation of people or households isn’t required; there is no need to settle any households

above the gravity source, and construction of river training works (more than 1 km) is not required.

Therefore, based on ADB’s guidelines and GoN’s EPR, 1997, only IEE is sufficient for the proposed

project.

18. The project needs to go through IEE process as stipulated in EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and

2007). The proposed project will be using ground water sources (boreholes). The treatment capacity of

the proposed units is less than 25 lps. The Project does not involve construction of any tunnels;

relocation of people or households, there is no need to settle any households above the gravity source,

and construction of river training works (more than 1 km) is not required. The project will benefit some

ten thousand persons in the area with higher and better water services. The groundwater abstraction

for the proposed drinking water augmentation is very miniscule compared to the available groundwater

resources of the aquifer.

19. As the proposed project falls within the definitions provided in the EPR 1997(Amendments 1999

and 2007) Annex 1 (G) for drinking water projects; only an IEE shall be necessary. The regulation stated

in Annex 1 (H) shall only be applicable, if the proposal does not fall under categories (A) through (H) of

Annex 3. The following Table 4 compares the status of the project point by point against the conditions

defined by Environment Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Regulation 1997 (Annex 1,

Schedule G and Annex 3, Schedule H of EPR, 1997 and amendment 2007 ) for which a drinking water

would require IEE or EIA.

Table 4: Criteria for requirement of IEEand/or EIA for drinking water supply project against the conditions defined by EPA/EPR, 1997

S. N Condition described in the Act

and Regulations

IEE Required as per the Regulation Annex

1 g

EIA Required as per the Regulation Annex

3 h Conditions in the project

1 River Control (training) Up to 1 kilometer Over 1 kilometer NA

2 Channeling Water from one Watershed to Another

Applicable Applicable NA

3 Rain Water Collection and Use of Spewing Wetland

Up to 200 hectares More than 200 hectares

NA

4 Supply of Water in Dry Season from Surface Water Source with a safe yield of

Up to 1 cusec and utilizing up to 50 % of the available quantity

More than 1 cusec and utilizing the total

available quantity

NA

5 Ground Water Recharge Up to 50 % of total aquifer

More than 50 % of aquifer

NA


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S. N Condition described in the Act

and Regulations

IEE Required as per the Regulation Annex

1 g

EIA Required as per the Regulation Annex

3 h Conditions in the project

6 Water Treatment Up to 25 litre per sec More than 25 litre per

sec

Within 25 litre per sec

7 Construction of Tunnel for Channeling Drinking Water

Tunnel constructed Not constructed

8 Water Resource Development which Displaces People Permanent Residents)

25 to 100 people Over 100 people Not done

9 Settlement of People Upstream of Water Source

Settlement of up to 500 people

Settlement of above 500 people

Not done

10 Supply of water to a population of

5, 000 to 50, 000 Over 50, 000 This is an extension of the existing system. Newer

service areas have been added and new sources

are to be tapped.

11 Connection of New Source to Supply Water to existing water supply system for a population

of

10, 000 - 100, 000 More than 100, 000 The current population is and the project is 16425

designed for a final population of 33662

12 Operation of a drinking water supply system with inclusion of sewage disposal system with

sewage treatment system

Installed Installed Sewage treatment plant not yet installed. There is a discussion going on as to the addition of a sewage

treatment plant on the south side of the bridge

over Ratuwa Mai.

13 Extraction of ground water from sources which are

located at point and non-point sources of biological and chemical pollution and/or their

influenced areas.

Not done Done No non point and point sources of pollution in the vicinity of the water source

14 Operation of water supply project included in a

multipurpose project utilizing a source of 25 liter per sec water. (Construction of

Multiple Purpose Reservoir Required)

Not operated Operated This is not a multipurpose project and is solely for

water supply

e. Approach and Methodology

20. The present Initial Environmental Examination report has been prepared based on the Terms of

Reference (TOR) approved by the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, of the Government of Nepal

(Refer Annex 1). The study has followed the provisions outlined in the Environmental Protection Act,

1996 and Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 and Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003


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of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The major activities undertaken during the preparation of IEE are

outlined below.

i. Desk study

21. Existing secondary data relevant to the proposed project was collected from various published

and unpublished sources from different governmental and non-governmental organizations. All the

related maps, aerial photographs, newspaper articles were gathered. The engineering report of the

project and other relevant documents were thoroughly reviewed. Policies, legislations and guidelines

relevant to the project were also refereed to.

22. The desk study also involved the preparation of questionnaire/checklists/matrices for detailed

field study to collect the primary data within the Zone of Influence (ZOI). In order to specify the area that

would be covered by the assessment, the geographical boundary of the influence area was delineated

on the topographical map. Depending upon the nature and extent of the expected impact area, the

Zone of Influence (ZOI) was categorized into Direct Impact Zone (DIZ) and Indirect Impact Zone (IIZ).

• Direct Impact Zone (DIZ)

23. The project area directly affected by the project activities are demarcated as Direct Impact Zone.

The service area of the project (ward no 1,5 7, 8) bounded by Urma VDC and Khutiya river in the

east,Behandi and Baiya Behandi in west, Jaligaun and Bijaynagar in north and Mohana river and

Purnabasti in south were delineated as Direct Impact Zone.

• Indirect Impact Zone (IIZ)

The area around the DIZ that could be indirectly affected due to project construction and

implementation activities such as mobility of people, equipment, vehicles, noise, dust, vibration are

demarcated as the Indirect Impact Zone.

ii. Field work

24. A detailed field investigation was carried out during April, 2011 to collect baseline information

on the physical, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area. The local communities

were consulted to understand the social and physical nature of the area. A walkover survey was carried

out to identify the environmental structures and to gather relevant baseline information. The details of

the field study on various aspects (physical, biological and socio-economical) are as follows and the

questionnaire used for socio-economic survey of the project area is included in Annex 7

• Physical Assessment

25. Existing physical attributes of the project area were studied through topographical map and site

observation, complemented by secondary source of information from reports and interviews.

Information on the location, topography, land use, geology, and soil hydrology were collected during

field work and from the reports obtained from different institutions.


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• Biological Assessment

26. The ecological attributes of the area was gathered during the field survey. Information on

vegetation pattern, wildlife, parks and reserves, sensitive habitats were collected. Identification of wild

flora and fauna, rare and endangered species were done during filed observation and by questionnaire

survey. The scientific names of the flora and fauna were later recorded suing secondary data/books.

• Socio-economic Assessment

27. Socio-economic and cultural environment of the project such as population, community

structure, distribution of income and sources of livelihood, and expected water users obtained through

various secondary and primary sources of data. These included literature review, questionnaire survey,

focus group discussion, and the suggestions and comments obtained from all relevant stakeholders

though public notices and public hearing process.

iii. Data processing

28. The information obtained from the desk study and field works were processed in a standard

format to maintain consistency. The data were tabulated and maps were interpreted. The mitigation

and monitoring measures were then proposed based on the impacts identified during the study.

iv. Consultation and Information dissemination

29. Public consultation and information dissemination process has been necessary to inform the

local people and concerned agencies about the project and to obtain their concern, issues and

suggestions. The methods adopted for conducting public consultation included holding meetings with

district officials, concerned departments institutions and NGOs. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and

meetings were also held with the stakeholders within the Zone of Influence (ZOI). Written form of

comments and suggestions were collected from all the concerned stakeholders.

30. Similarly the information about the project was disseminated through publication in national

newspaper giving details about the project and by inviting any comments and concerns (Refer Annex 3).

A copy of the publication was also displayed in the VDC offices, educational institutions, health

institutions and other public area in the project. The final IEE report, after incorporating the comments

from concerned department and ADB, will be made available in their respective websites and will be

made available to anyone interested upon request.


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B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

1. Existing Water Supply and Sanitation situation

a. Water Supply system

31. There is no improved system of drinking water supply built within the project area. The only

source of supply of water for the population of service area is ground water. They are drawing through

shallow tube wells of top layer of aquifer where the water is easily susceptible to pollution and

contamination. Most of these hand-pumps are installed by the dwellers themselves located within their

premises. No sanitary protection has been provided in these hand pumps.

32. Some wards of the municipality within the service area are partially served by Nepal Water

Supply Corporation (NWSC). The source of water for this system is also ground water drawn from deep

aquifer around 200 m deep. There are two overhead tanks, one a low head RCC overhead tank of 180

m3 capacity meant primarily for the market area. The second overhead tank is a modular steel structure

built with Japanese assistance of 200 m3capacity located at Hansapur. NWSC supplies water for six hours

a day .i.e. two hours each in the morning, day and in the evening. Although the operating hours are

inadequate for the urban households, daily water demand is supplemented by shallow hand pumps

which are easily installed in the area.

33. The water supply system operated and managed by NWSC has more than 3400 consumers,

which include domestic and institutional consumers. Initial estimates based on the total water

production and consumption indicates that a volume of about 120-140 liters per connection is being

supplied to the NWSC consumers. Assuming that a household constitutes of 6 persons, the per capita

consumption would be only about 25 lpcd. However, as mentioned earlier, households supplement their

supply by shallow hand pumps. However including the water supplied from NWSC system and shallow

hand pumps, the overall water consumption in Dhangadi including the proposed service area of

Shivanagar is about 100 lpcd

34. As described earlier, the present supply is not adequate to the consumers of the service area

and not safe. People of the service area are fetching water from shallow tube well and traditional

sources except at some area where NWSC system is partially supplying water. In most of the service

area, the present tapped sources are shallows tube well and traditional with limited yield and people are

facing hardship in fetching water. Therefore the demand of safe drinking water is high.

35. The present supply of water in the service area from NWSC system is very limited, therefore

supply is most negligible. Hence, it can be consider that supply of safe water is almost nil in the service

area and daily water demand of service area at base year (2013) at the end of design period will be

2466.cum and 4121 cum respectively. As the supply is negligible, the deficit will be the same.


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b. Sanitation facilities

36. Existing sanitation facilities are quite basic in Dhangadhi Municipality and the sanitary situation

of the project area is found reasonably satisfactory. Nearly 80% of households in the project area have

access to some kind of latrines. Majority of households have ventilated improved pit latrines and pour

flush latrinesand connected to septic tanks.Some of the poorer households were found to possess

simple pit latrines. Among 20% who do not build latrine, major reason behind not having latrines is

economic problems and lack of space. Very few people do not know how to build latrine and few have

habit of defecating in open space.

37. At present about 500m of open surface drain exists in the main market area of the service area,

which is not in good condition and need repair and maintenance. As reported recently, a storm water

drainage system of about 6 km long is demanded by the community of Shivanagar area. Due to lack of

proper drainage system, there occurs frequent water logging at different places mainly due to lack of

outfall structure.

38. There is no sewerage system in the project area. But the people felt necessary to have sewerage

system but due to financial constraint people may not be able to construct at present. It is observed that

about 62% of household dispose wastewater in soak pit managed by them. About 31% of households

dispose wastewater to nearby kitchen garden where as remaining household drains into public drain.

Regarding solid waste management about 85% of the household dispose domestic solid wastes in

nearby pit. Remaining households disposes to public places managed by municipality, VDC and others.

2. Type, category and need of the subproject

39. The proposed ‘Shivanagar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project’ is ground water based

water supply system covering ward no. 1, 5, 7 and 8 of Dhangadi Municipality.The project comprises of

two major components-Water supply and Sanitation. The water supply part comprises of pumping

scheme in which two new deep tube wells and one test boring tube well will be used to exploit ground

water. The system also consists of water treatment facilities, storage tanks and overhead tanks from

where water will be distributed through distribution pipe lines. The second component is sanitation

services which include constructing school toilets; and waste water management system that has been

prepared but the implementation has yet to be decided by the town.

40. The project falls under Category B of ADB’s Environmental Categorization with potentially less

significant environmental impacts thereby requiring only an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE).It is

a demand led project. The local people of the area had submitted their request for the project and the

project has been undertaken accordingly. Although the existing water system in Dhangadhi has been

functioning for over a decade now, the reliability and quality of services availed by the consumers is very

low and services only part of the town. The proposed area does not get regular piped water supply and

majority of the households have to resort to hand pumps, which are often contaminated or have high

iron content. In this scenario, when most of water supplied is poor quality and most of the households

within the service area cannot avail proper drinking water services, the consumers in Shivanagar felt the

need for a reliable and sustainable system. In light of this situation and desire for better and improved


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services, the consumers of Shivanagar organized themselves to approach the Small Towns Water Supply

and Sanitation Sector Project to assist them in their quest. As a result of their efforts, the government

has given the consent and project has been undertaken through SSTWSSSP as per their rules and

regulations.

3. Size or magnitude of operation

41. The system has been designed extract 60lps of ground water from the tube wells. There will be

two new tube wells and one test boring tube well used to exploit the ground water. The system also

consists of water treatment facilities, storage tanks at the ground of 800 m3capacity and RCC overhead

tank of 450 m3capacities that distributes water through distribution pipe line of total length 37.6 km.

42. The scheme has been designed for base population of 14858 in 2819 households (year 2013)

and a design population of 29418 in 5581 households (end of year 2027). The domestic water supply

demand for these years is presented in the following table

Table 5: Water supply demand over the years Service

Year No. of Taps Domestic Demand (cu.m) Non-

Domestic Demand (cu.m)

Total/day (cu.m) Fully

Plumbed Yard Taps

Community Taps

Non- Domestic

Taps

Total Taps

Fully Plumbed

Yard Taps

Community Taps

2013 846 1268 35 150 2299 446 435 64 157 2323 2027 3628 1395 35 260 5318 1912 478 132 378 6048

4. Proposed schedule for implementation

43. The exact schedule for implementation of the project will be known after the work has been

assigned to the contractor. For the feasibility study, detailed engineering design study and construction,

three years period has been assigned. Therefore the base year for the project has been as the year 2013

and the design year has been taken as end of year 2027.

44. The main task associated with the project will be as follows.

i. Review of detailed engineering design

ii. Preparation of working drawings

iii. Preparation of quantity and cost estimates

iv. Carrying out of economic and financial analysis and level of water tariff

v. Preparation of socio technical profile

vi. Environmental study of the sub project area

vii. Preparation of tender documents

viii. Awarding of contract

ix. Construction

x. Operation and Maintenance


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45. The project has been designed in the principles of active community participation from the

design stage itself. The implementation strategy of the project is based on community management

approach. Therefore, user participation at the outset of the planning and design exercise is an essential

requirement. The community has to contribute 50% of the construction cost. Out of it, 5% has to be

deposited before implementation of the project as upfront cash, other 30% to be contributed by taking

loan from TDF, and remaining 15% to be contributed either by direct financing if the community can

afford or by taking loan from TDF. The loan is to be returned within 15 years along with the interest of

5% per annum through their affordable water tariffs. Tariff raised by the service has to support towards

maintenance of the supply system of the water supply system. DWSS is acting as the

initiator/coordinator for the purpose.

5. Description of the subproject

a. Project components

46. The Shivanagar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project has been designed as a ground water

based water supply system that will provide sufficient quantity and good quality of water to the

residents of Dhangadi municipality. The water supply component of the project consists of construction

of following components-

i. Water supply component

• Potential Source and Intake

47. Ground Water is the only source available for the system. Three numbers of 300 mm/200 mm

diameter deep boreholes have been proposed including one no. test bore. Each borehole will have

borehole platform.

• Well Design

48. Based on the test well data so far obtained, the proposed production well (DTW) has been

designed and proposed for the installation and development. The proposed well will be 150.00 m deep

maximum having size of 300/200 mm diameter and screen of 24 length (SS Screen), The depth may be

changed and it depends on how hydro-geological features changes in the locality. This will be fixed with

lithology and electrical log of the drilled borehole during the designing of the proposed tube well.

Theoretically the well can be pumped up to 40 lps with DWL of up to 20.00 m

49. Two nos. of deep tube well are proposed to construct each with continuous production capacity

of 20 liters per second in addition to the one no of test production tube well which was completed

recently. For the design of tube well, reference has been taken from just recently completed test bore.

The average tube well depth of about 120-150 m is envisaged. The initial casing shall be of 300 mm

diameter and nearly 50 meters deep from the ground level. The screen and other tube well pipes shall


15

be of 200 mm diameter. All the tube well casing and pipes will be MS iron ERW. The screen sizes will be

designed to ensure 15% openings.

50. Considering static water level of 10-20 m below ground level and a drawdown of 25 m, the

pumping level below ground will be about 40-50 m. Therefore the submersible pump will be placed at

the 40-50 meters below ground level. The boreholes shall be in operation alternatively to avoid

unnecessary wear and tear and excessive drawdown and reliability.

• Borehole Platform

51. A RCC borehole platform will be constructed at each borehole with GI pipe gantry for the

installation and removal of pumps from boreholes. All the required fittings have been estimated which

will be installed on the top of the boreholes.

• Design of Motor Pump

52. 3 sets of submersible pump have been designed in project to lift up water from tube well to

ground water reservoir via aerator and pressure filter. Similarly, another 3 sets of submersible have

been designed and proposed to lift water from ground reservoir to overhead tank.

• Electrical Facilities

53. The 11 KV transmission line through 11/0.4 KV-125 KVA step down transformer to the

generator/pump house to supply electric power to the system has been proposed. A three phase 11 KV

electrical power line will connect the control panel for the pumps. For well no. 1 and 2 and other

requirements, a 125 KVA transformer is proposed whereas for well no. 3, a 50 KVA transformer is

proposed. A 140 KVA generator (standby) has been proposed with generator house for the emergency

period when there is no electricity. The control panel for generator and pumps will be installed in

generator house.

• Transmission Line

54. Transmissions (From boreholes to ground reservoir then to overhead reservoir) pipe lines has

been designed using the Hazen-Williams formula for calculating head losses in the pipe line. The

minimum and the maximum residual heads as recommended in SSTWSSSP design norms has been

followed as far as practicable. Other criteria technically suitable for smooth and economical design of

pipe lines have been taken into consideration. DI and MS pipes are proposed for conveyance of water

from tube well to treatment plant then to overhead tank (OHT).

• Treatment Facility including Chlorination

55. The quality of water obtained from the test boring has been tested; the test result shows that

quality of water is well within the NDWQS limit except turbidity and iron contents which are slightly

higher than the limit. Therefore proposed water supply system will include treatments like aeration and

filtration (pressure filters). In addition to this, chlorination will be done to remove the bacterial


16

contamination. These water treatment units shall treat the water such that the quality of water supplied

is in accordance with NDWQS.

• Ground and Overhead Reservoir

56. There does not exists any storage or service reservoir in the proposed service area and it is

desirable to build a ground reservoir to store treated water and an overhead RCC tank to distribute

water effectively. The ground clean water reservoir shall be a RCC tank with a capacity of 300 cum and

the distribution overhead tank shall also be 450 cum. in size. This shall optimize the system and also

regulate the supply in a reliable manner. The base of the overhead reservoir tank is proposed at an

elevation of at least 20 meters above the ground. This will insure adequate pressure at the pipeline of

the system. The capacity of the reservoir has been determined by the recommended consumption

pattern and proposed pumping hours.

• Distribution System 57. About 36 km of pipe line has been designed for the distribution system of the project. DI, GI and

HDPE pipes has been proposed wherever applicable. DI and GI pipes have been proposed for main

distribution line along the black topped and main feeder road whereas HDPE in other type of road in the

system. The distribution system comprises of a pipe networks with loops and branches. The network has

been analyzed using EPA net, a design analytical software tool based on Hazen-Williams formula for

head loss calculation. DI pipes have been proposed for pipe sizes 150 mm diameter and above. GI pipes

have been proposed up to 100 mm diameter whereas an HDPE pipe size varies between 160 mm to 40

mm diameter. Pipes size with lesser than 40 mm diameter has not been proposed in the system.

• House/Private Connection

58. The system has been designed predominantly as a house connection with a very few shared

community stand posts. The system is analyzed for a design capacity of providing for more than 2000

house connections. Consumers have been classified in two categories depending upon their choice and

present water consumption level and types of connection they want to have. Consumers having high

level of consumption are placed in fully plumbed category i.e. private connection. Consumers of low

income group, who cannot afford the water tariff of private connection, will be delivered service

through community taps.

• Community Connection

59. The opinion and requirement of WUSC has been instrumental in deciding whether community

connection is required in the service area. It has been indicated that a number of households below the

poverty line in the service area and several other households indicated their desire to have community

connection. Therefore about 10 numbers of community connections have been provided in consultation

with WUSC and beneficiaries. Each community connection will be shared among the members only who

are eligible to use it. A locking system will be provided so that only members can use the stand post.


17

• Other System Appurtenances

60. Some other components have been proposed for the project in addition to components

explained above. Two types of valve chambers at branch points and connection points were settlement

is dense (Bazaar Area) in distribution system, fire hydrant at main corner and junction of main roads,

generator house, pump house etc have been proposed which are essential for smooth and effective

service delivery.

• Water Testing Laboratory 61. A small water testing laboratory has been provided with necessary kits to test water after and

before treatment.

• Guard Water Office Building

62. An office building has been built in the premises of overhead tank compound to run and operate

the system after completion of the project. Similarly one guard quarter has been proposed to take care

of the premises.

• Compound Wall

63. Fencing works at reservoir, treatment plants, office building, and guard quarter is required for

security reasons.

ii. Sanitation component

64. The sanitation component of the project consists of construction of storm water drainage

system (about km) in the market area; onsite sanitation program in the rural part and sewerage system

in the urban core; construction public toilet and training and awareness generation programmes for

solid waste management. A sanitation master plan with its major components such as surface drainage

system, Sewerage system waste with treatment plants, solid waste management, public and

institutional toilets with septic tanks have been conceptualized

• Surface Drainage

65. This plays the vital parts in the improvement of environmental sanitation of the project area.

But the people of the service area are not aware of its importance. At present there is about 500 m long

open drainage exist in the main bazaar area of the municipality from campus mod to Seto pul. The

condition of drainage system is not good and water logging problem has been reported in the market

areas due to lack of outfall structure. There is no other surface drainage facility in other parts. As

reported recently, a storm water drainage system of about 6km long is demanded by the community of

Shivanagar


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• Solid Waste Management

66. Waste management is one of the key issues that have to be addressed to keep the environment

of the area clean. Waste disposal is a key factor for maintaining a healthy community. The solid wastes

like rubbish, garbage etc produced by the community has to be properly disposed off. This issue is more

aggravated among the low class people at low income cluster. They are not aware of the problems

created due to the haphazard dispose of solid wastes in health and hygiene. Regarding other people

having better income, they are using garbage pit near their own house or is the compound to dispose of

the solid wastes. The present situation is that about 85% of the household dispose domestic solid

wastes in nearby pit, very little households given to private collector. Therefore, the project feel and

propose, to conduct a series of training and awareness government programs to the people of the

service area so that people will get aware to reduce, reuse and recycle the wastes from the household

and will help to produce zero waste. Hence its cost has been calculated and kept as part of Conceptual

Sanitation Master Plan.

• Sewerage System and Onsite Sanitation

67. The service area comprises of bothsemi urban and rural is character. The main market area

looks like to be semi urban in character where as other parts of the service area seems to be rural in

character most of the household are scattered. Therefore in these areas, on site sanitation programme

will be suitable rather than the sewerage system. The same programme will be launched. For that public

awareness campaign and training will be conducted so that people will realize about the important of

sanitation. Efforts will be made to help and encourage people to construct private latrines by

themselves. If necessary, some subsidy has to be giving to promote the latrine construction. Even in the

core market area, sewerage system is not so much essential at present. As most of the households use

septic tanks, its timely cleaning and proper disposal of sludge is necessary at present. However, in the

long run sewerage system might be necessary to dispose of the domestic sewerage. The sewerage

system for the core market area will be designed including waste water treatment plant and nearest

efficient disposal point and their cost will be incorporated conceptual master plan

• Public Sanitation

68. Public sanitation under SSTWSSSP primarily counts for public toilets and drainage works.

Shivanagar being a sparsely populated settlement, waste management has not yet become a big

problem. So, there was not much demand for heavy investment in drainage works and public toilets.

However it may be a problem in the long run. Therefore, building of surface drainage at last in the main

core bazaar area is essential in addition to maintaining the existing surface drain. Also construction of

toilets in major service area also essential. The proposed public sanitation requirement of the project

area is constructed of institutional toilet at various schools for betterment of facilities in the schools, and

the construction of surface drain in the core market area for the better environment of the project area.

Regarding toilet construction in the schools, separate toilet units has to be build for boys and girls in

seven schools in the service area.

69. The sanitation investment needs for Shivanagar, as mentioned earlier are, construction of

school, toilet and drinking water spouts, surface drainage works in core market area (about 6km long)

and maintaining of existing drain, construction of sludge drying beds and sewerage system including


19

treatment plant and efficient disposal system and cost for awareness campaign and training to be

provided to users.

70. The salient features of the proposed project are presented in the following table.

Table 6: Salient Features of Dhangadhi Municipality Water Supply and Sanitation Project

S.N. Items Description

1 Name of Project Shivanagar (Dhangadhi) Town Water Supply and

Sanitation ProjeProject

2 Type Pumping (Lifting)

3 Study Level Detailed Engineering Design

4 Location Area

Region Far-Western Development Region

Zone Seti

District Kailali

VDC/Municipality Dhangadhi Municipality

Wards 1, 5, 7 and 8

5 Available Facilities

Road East-West Highway

Supply Water System NWSC and Handpumps

Electricity Available

Communication Available

Health Services Available

Banking Facilities Available

6 Source Characteristics

Source Name Deep Tubewell

Source Type Ground Water

No of well 2 (New) + 1 (test)

Source Location W.N. 1 near KM campus

Safe Yield (lps) 20*3= 60lps

7 Type of Structures

(a) Bore Hole Drilling 2 Sets proposed + 1 set existing test bore

(b) Pumps, Electricity line, Transformer and

Generator 6 Sets

(c) Overhead Tank ( Capacity / Nos.) 450 Cu. m. / One

(d) Ground Reservoir 300 Cu. m. / One

(e) Valve Chamber 02 Nos.

(f) Guard House / Boundary Wall 1 No.

(g) Generator House 1 No.

(h) Household Connection 2191 Nos.

(i) Community Tap Stand 30 Nos.

(j) Fire Hydrant 8 Nos.

(k) Electro-Mechanical Treatment Plant 3 Sets

Total Length of pipe:

Distribution Network 36070 m.

Pipe Used:

DI 8338 m. (150 to 350 mm Ø)

GI 8829 m. (125 to 40 mm Ø)


20

HDPE No of road crossing Length

18903 m. (40 to 110 mm Ø) Approx 24 nos in major road Approx 6 m in each crossing

8 Social Status

Present Population (2010) 15075

Base Year Population (2013) 17093

Design Year Population (2028) 31665

Weighted Growth Rate % 5 %

9 Total cost of the water supply scheme 178,794,067.00

10 Cost sharing arrangements

GoN component (50%) 89,397,033.50

TDF Loan (45%) 80,457,330.15

WUSC contribution upfront cash (5%) 8,939,703.35

11 Tariff

Average income: monthly bill (NRs/m) 342.88

Minimum HH income: monthly bill (NRs/m) 191.97

12 Economic analysis

FIRR 4.01%

EIRR 54.83%

b. Project requirements

i. Land area

71. Location of proposed components especially Overhead Tank (OHT) and Tube well boreholes

including pump house, ground tank and treatment facilities is in ward no 8 of Dhangadhi Municipality

and the valve chambers are located at various places of service area.

72. The location area of the major project structures were decided by the WUSC after successful

test boring in the site. The land was then subsequently purchased by the WUSC themselves and the

location had been accordingly surveyed and used for detailed engineering design and estimate.

73. The existing land owned by the project is 2880 sq meters which include the location of

boreholes, reservoir, treatment plant and the distribution tank and the entire area is at present non-

cultivated, with few patches of shrubs/grasses. No additional land is required for construction of any

other structures of the project. No temporary land is likely to require during the project execution. The

construction camp will be located within the compound wall of the land owned by the project. The spoil

and waste disposal site is located on the south of the project area at Shantinagar in ward no. 1.

74. The project, especially during distribution, will not entail relocation of any existing public and

private facilities such as power lines, communication lines, water supply and sewerage pipelines, canals,

foot-trails etc. The desire of the community was to have pipe lines on both sides of main roads

especially black topped roads. This will prevent frequent trench digging on this black topped road for

service connection.

75. Additional electricity line, stretching around half kilometers, is necessary from the supply point

to the OHT compound on the location of bore hole in order to pump water and operate the filtration

plant. The additional electricity line will not entail disruption of any public utilities as the adjacent area

has no settlement and cultivation.


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ii. Materials

76. The following table gives the main materials required during construction and operation of

Shivanagar Water Supply and Sanitation Project

Table 7: Materials required Particulars Unit Quantity Source Distance Adequacy

Reinforcement M. Ton -

Cement Bag 5798

Dhangadhi bazar

1km sufficient

Bricks Nos. -

Aggregate Cu m 587

Khutiya river

20km sufficient

Sand Cu m 1147

Khutiya river

20km sufficient

Wood Cu m -

Other Kg -

Stone Cu m -

iii. Electricity requirement

77. The power supply is basically required for the following applications:

a) Light and power to the guard house,

b) Light and power to the office building,

c) Light and power to the generator/pump control room,

d) Light and power to the treatment plant/shed,

e) Light to the STWSS compound/site, such lighting to be provided by fitting an arm to the

• Steel tubular poles or

• PCC poles or

• Poles provided solely for compound light.

78. The electrical load demand of such facilities is assessed assuming (i) lighting loads in the Guard

House and Office Building for average 6 hours a day (ii) Diesel Generator/Pump control room, Treatment

plant shed and SSTWSSP compound illumination for average 8 hours a day, while (iii) all pumps are

considered operated for total 24 hours a day.

79. At Shivanagar Wells/Bore Holes and Reservoir site of SSTWSSP, the power supply will be availed

by extending NEA 3 -phase 11 kV feeder line Tap-off from the main-road. The extended 11 kV line up to


22

the site (dimensions 130.7x21.48) will be terminated on an H-pole structure for mounting a distribution

transformer of adequate capacity for catering the loads of Well/Bore Hole Nos. 1 & 2.The location of

Well/ Bore No. 3 is envisaged at about 300 m away from the identified RVT/OHT site. In view of the

operational requirements of three phase pumps; three phase power supply will be availed to Well/Bore

Hole No. 3 as well, by extending 3 wire 11 kV lines on PCC poles in triangular configuration from the H-

pole structure of the RVT/OHT site. Separate transformers will cater the loads of the sites including

operational loads of the pumps. Based on average operational load, the capacity of the transformer for

Well/Bore Hole Nos. 1 & 2 is determined as100kVA and that for Well/Bore hole No. 3 as 50kVA

80. The line extensions will use 30 sq. mm. (Weasel) ACSR conductors on PCC poles with cross-arms

as per the accepted norms and practices of NEA. The PCC poles used will be of 11 m. long Type for 11 kV

lines and 9 m. long Type for LV lines and both these poles will be of NEA standard.

iv. Human resource

81. The following table gives the details of human resource (skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labor)

required during the construction and operation and maintenance of the project.

Table 8: Human resource S.N Activities Type of Labor required (Quantity )

Unskilled labor Semi-Skilled Labor Skilled Labour

Construction work 1. Earthwork 27.08 1 2. PCC work 76.14 8.4 3. Form work and scaffolding 176.947 104.995 4. Concrete mixture and water proofing 0.60 0.50 5. Reinforcement 126 96 6. Brick work 40.35 20

7. Door and window work 10.849 109.49 8. Cement and Plaster 145 113 9. Floor and wall tiles 40 30.50

10. Painting work 25.80 35.30 11. Railing work 20.21 14.22 12. HDPE pipe laying and jointing(butt welded

joint) including fitting 22 11 10.53

13. GI pipe laying and jointing (Socket joint) excluding fittings.

72.784 11 22.485

14. Ductile Iron Pipe Laying & Jointing (Tyton joint) excluding fittings.

74.75 13.25

15 Miscellaneous works 176.661 66.377

Operation and Maintenance work S.N. Personnel (monthly) Number

1. System manager 1 2. Administrative / Account Assistant 1 3. Plant operator/ Pump operator 2 4. Plumber/Maintenance worker 2 5. Meter readers 4 6. Watch man/peon 2


23


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v. Project activities

The following table gives the details of the project activities during the construction and operation and

maintenance phases of the project.

Table 9: Project activities S.N. Description of Activities

Construction

a. General work

i. Work related to transportation facility, survey equipment and filed assistance,

b. Civil Work

i. Surface Dressing, Earthwork, Sand Filling and Other Earth Material Related Works

ii. Brickwork

iii. Stone work

iv. Concrete Related Work for PCC, RCC, DPC, PCC Finishing & Placing of Prefabricated RCC Elements

v. Form Work for Shuttering, Reinforcement and Scaffolding Works

vi. Surface Finishing Works

vii. Wood Work

viii. Metal & Metal Related Work including Non-Pressurized GI Pipes & Fittings Works

ix. Hume Pipe Work

x. Gabion Work for River Crossing

xi. Dismantling and Re-sealing of Road

xii. Water Quality Lab Establishment

c. Pipe line, Pipe Fitting and Other Pipe Line Related Works

i. Supply of Pipe, Pipe Fitting, Pipe Laying, Pipe Jointing for Plumbing House Connection

ii. House Connection

iii. Borehole Platform

iv. Pipe supply works

v. Pipe laying and jointing works

vi. Supply and Installation of Pipe Fittings for Junction

vii. Supply and Installation of Pipe Fittings for OHT premises

viii. Supply and Installation of Pipe Fittings for OHT

ix. Supply of Pipes, Pipe Fittings for sanitary works of Guard cum Office Building at OHT premises x. Fire Hydrant

xi. Community Tap Stand Connections

d. Electrical & Mechanical Works

i. Supply, install including testing & commissioning of electrical items as per NEA standard and Engineer's instruction

ii. Electrification Works of OHT 450 m3, Guard cum Office Building at OHT premises, Generator House, Dosing

Pump House and Chemical Store


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iii. Supply and Installation of Submersible Pumps

iv. Supply & Installation of Water Treatment Plant

e. Supply of Tools and Equipment

i. Supply of Tools and Equipment for Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply Distribution Network

ii. Bore Hole Drilling and Installation of 300/200mm Diameter Deep Tube Well by Rig Machine

f. Environmental Mitigation Work

i. Supply, plantation and caring of different species of flowers and plants (As per layout of the reservoir/OHT premises) and other measures as described in environmental management plan of the project and as

directed by engineer Operation and Maintenance

i. Operation and Maintenance activities including operating the system and managing personnel, energy, chemicals, office and water safety plan.


26

Figure 1: Schematic layout of project components


27

Figure 2: Design layout of project components


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C. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

1. Physical Resources

a. Topography

82. Kailali district is one of the two districts in Far Western Region that lies in the Terai belt of the

country. It is located between 28' 22o and 29' 05o latitude and 80' 30o and 81' 180 longitude.

Geologically, Kailali district is divided into 2 different regions, Chure and Terai belt respectively. The

proposed ShivanagarWater Supply and Sanitation Project lies in Terai belt of Seti Zone and Far Western

Development Region of Nepal. It is surrounded by Urma VDC and Khutiya River to the East, Mohana

River to the West, Geta and Beladevipur VDCs to the North and Mohana River and India to the South.

83. Topographically, the project area Shivanagar of Dhangadhi Municipality lies in the western Terai

region which is a flat terrain with an average elevation of 100 m to 110 m above mean sea level.

Figure 3: Location map of Dhangadi municipality, Kailali district


29

b. Geology and Soils

84. Almostthe entire landmass within the municipality consists of flat land. The project area lies in

the Southern Terai Zone and consists of main sediments of Gangetic Plain. This zone is composed of

finer sediments like sand, silt and clay. This zone is composed of finer sediments. The sediments become

finer and also show change of farcies. The water table is about 3 m below the surface.

c. Climate and Rainfall

85. Since the district covers both Terai as well as Chure region, the climate of the project area

ranges from tropical to a temperate climate type. The average maximum temperature ranges about

19oC-43oC where as average minimum temperature ranges about 7.5oC-23.5oC. However, the average

annual temperature of the district is about 38oC. The temperature rises during the pre-monsoon period

(February to May) and declines during the post monsoon season (October to January). The average

rainfall is about 1840 mm of which 80 – 85 % of the total rainfall occurs during monsoon season. The

area receives a small amount of rain brought by the south westerly winds from the Arabian Sea. It lies in

thermo-xero-chimenic bioclimatic zone represented by hot and humid bio-climates with 5-6 dry months.

d. Hydrology

86. There is a small stream, Sukuti Nala, which runs north to south between Ward No. 8 and 1 of the

project area near to the location of the proposed drilling site for the source of ground water. Another

smaller stream Kapani Nala drains from Devariya Forest to this stream. This stream finally joins Mohana

Nadi in the south.There is a pond in the middle of the Dhangadhi VDC. The water table of the area is at a

depth of around 3 meters below the surface. The following natural lakes are found in Devariyaforest in

ward no. 7, namely; Jokhar Tal (0.3 ha), Murfatta Tal (2.3 ha), Murfatti Tal (0.9 ha). Besides, this there is

a lake called Tilke Lake near the project area.

87. Apart from the surface water source as described above (which are not reliable sources), the

most reliable water source for the project area is ground water source. Two types of ground water are

available. One type is shallow tube well (Hand pump) which is used by the people in service area and

another one is deep tube well in which water has to be exploited from the inner aquifer layer. Water

from this aquifer is supposed to be safe biologically and chemically. The average depth of the aquifer is

about 120 m - 150 m inside the ground.


30

2. Ecological Resources

a. National Parks and Protected Areas

88. No protected area exists in the project area.However Kailali district lie in the corridor of two

important conservation areas in Nepal: Bardiya national park and Suklaphanta conservation area.

Dudhiya national park lies in India across the border. These are not in the vicinity of the project area and

need not be considered for the project.

b. Forests

89. The main natural vegetation of the project are in the eastern border which is a natural forest of

sal, mixed sal-saz forest, riverine hair, jamun forest and grass land and other submerged floating and

emergent species. This can be considered the natural vegetation of the project area. Similarly lots of

mammals and birds are available in the forest and fishes found in Devariya tal.

i. Flora

90. On the eastern border of the Project area is a natural forest of sal (Shorea robusta), mixed sal

saz (Shorea robusta-Terminalia alata), forest, riverine khair-jamun (Acacia catechu-Eugenia jambolina)

forest and grassland (Imperata spp., Saccharum sp). The details of the types of vegetationfound in the

area are as follows:

• Terrestrial Vegetation

91. (a) Sal Forest: Shorea robusta is the most dominant tree species with thick lianas and under

growth. Other tree species include, Amala (Phyllanthus emblica) Bel (Aegle marmelous) Kusum

(Schleichera oleosa), Sindhure (Mallotus philippinensis) and karma (Adina cordifolia). The undergrowth

vegetation is dominated mainly by Clerodendron viscosum, Murraya koenigii and Bauhinia vahlii.

(b) Sal-saj (Shorea robusta- Teminalia alata) Forest: Shorea robusta and Terminalia alata are the

dominant species in between Jakhor Tal and Murfatta Tal. In this forest Bhalayo (Semecarpus

anacardium), Bhogate (Maesa macrophylla), (Mallotus Philippinensis) form secondary stratum.

Forests of the north-east side have a rich growth of Dhanyero (Woodfordia fruticosa).

(c) Riverine forest: The forest located near Jakhor tal, Murfutta tal and Murfutti tal area is relatively

open riverine forest dominated by Eugenia kurzi, Acacia catechu and Dalbergia sissoo, species.

Secondary stratum is composed of curry plant (Murraya koenigii), saplings of Jamun (Eugenia kurzi)

and sindure (Mallotus philippinensis).


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(d) Grassland: The adjacent terrestrial grassland vegetation is equally rich comprising Cyperus

distans, Phragmites karka, Cyperus esculentus. Cyperus imbricatus, Cassia tora, Chrysopogon

acicualatus, Desmodium triflorum, Alternanthera sessilis, Phyllanthas urinaria, Cynodon dactylon,

Centella asiatica, Justicia spimplex, Imperata cylindrica. In the less grazed area, species like Cynodon

dactylon and Centella asiatica are found dominant.

• Wetland vegetation

92. Submerged species: The dominant species are Hydrilla verticillata, Chara sps., Ceratophyllum

demesrum and Utricularia aurea.

(a) Floating Species: The dominant species are Eichornia crassipes, Pistia stroites, Azolla imbicata,

Lemna minor and Wolffia sps. Ludwig sps., Nymphoea nouchalia, Potomogeton natans, and

Nelumbo nucifera . Other floating species are Ipomoea aquatica, Trapa bispinosa

(b) Emergent species: Monochoria vaginalis, Cyperus esculentus, Persicaria hydropiper are found

frequently in the Jakhor Tal. Species like Ranunculus scleratus, Phragmites karka, Saccharum

spontaneum , Marselea quadrifolia, Cyperusspp. Persicaria glabrum are dominant in the nearby

forests.

ii. Fauna

93. The mammals reported to be present in the nearby forests are listed in the table below:

Table 10: List of mammals Common Name Scientific Name Rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta Hanuman langur Presbites entellus

Jungle cat Felis chaus Fishing cat Felis viverrina Leopard cat Felis bengalensis

Panther Panthera pandrus Common mongoose Herpestes edwardsi

Jackal Canis aureus Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensis

Dhole Cuon lurtra Otter Lutra lutra

Squirrel Fanambulus sps Flying squirrel Petaurista petaurista

Jungle rat Bandicota indica Hare Lepus nigrcollis

Blue bull Boselaphus tragocamelus Sambar Cervus unicolor

Swamp deer Cervus duvauceli Chittal Axis axis

94. Some of the birds reported in the forest areas are listed in the table below:


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Table 11: List of birds Common name Scientific Name Indian moor hen Gallunila chloropus

Pigmy goose Nettapus coromandeeliarnus White breasted kingfisher Halcyon smyntensis

Stork-billed kingfisher Pelargopsis indicus Pond Heron Ardeola grayii Purple Heron Ardea purperea

Large golden-backed woodpecker Chrysocolaptes lucidus Gray tit Parus major

Jungle babbler Tudoides striatus Pin tail duck Anal acuta Jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos Spotted dove Streptopelia chinensis

Blossom headed parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala Rose ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri

Scarlet minivet Pericrococotus pandicerainus Lesser wood shrike Tephrodomis pondicerianus

Gray hornbill Tockus birostris Red whiskered bulbul Pycnonulus jocosus

Gray headed fly catcher Cullcicappa ceylonensis Red jungle fowl Gallus gallus

c. Aquatic Species

95. Fishes found in the Devariya Tal in Dhagadhi municipality are given in the table below:

Table 12: List of fishes Common Name Scientific name

Rawa Cirrhinus sps. Rohu Labeo rohita

Andha bam Amphipnos cuchia Katle Acrossochelius hexagonalepsis Bhoti Chauna gachura Bam Mastacembelus sps.

Garahi Chauna punctatus Mahasir Tor putitora Sahar Tor tor


33

3. Social and Cultural Resources

a. Demography

i. Population and settlement pattern

96. The total population of the municipality is 68,680 which are increasing at the rate of 4.5%. Out

of which 35,870 (52.22%) are male and 32,810 (47.77%) are female. The total number of household in

the municipality is 10,028 where 12,037 families are residing. The average household size is 6.53.

97. The total population of the project area as per socio economic survey done by the project is

15075 residing in 2435 households including rented population of 2240. This means the permanent

dwellers are 12635 out of which 6997 are male and 5838 are female.

98. Shivanagar is the part of Dhangadhi Municipality and is relatively densely populated except

some outskirt areas within ward no. 7 which is still growing. Most of the households in the project area

are pucca houses with few rural households.

ii. Caste and Ethnicity

99. The ethnic composition of the beneficiary population is presented in the table below. The major

ethnic groups in the project area are Brahmins, Chhetries and Chaudary and Rana Tharus.

Table 13: Population Distribution by Ethnicity

Ethnicity

Wards Total HHs %

1 5 7 8

Dalit 13 1 16 21 51 2.1

Janjati 161 20 244 358 783 32.2

Other 474 88 466 570 1598 65.6

Muslim 2 1 3 0.1

Total 650 109 727 949 2435 100 (Source: DWSS, 2010)

b. Health facilities

100. The district hospital exists in the municipality although not within the project area itself. There

is an Eye treatment centre and Seti Ayurvedic hospital within the Project area

101. Only about 240 households avail the services of the existing NWSC system and the rest have to

depend upon shallow handpumps. Those who have water supply from NWSC have also to use

handpumps to supplement the supply as the current supply is not adequate. The shallow hand- pump


34

water is prone to contamination from various infectious bacteria. The population suffers from water

borne infections.

102. The periphery within the municipality also consist different health institution. Along with Seti

Zonal Hospital there is one community hospital as well as a vaccination center and primary health care

centers whose administrative responsibility has been undertaken by the municipality.

c. Educational facilities

103. The educational status of the project beneficiaries is also quite good. Nearly 90 % of the project

population are literate and / or with higher educational status. The details of the educational status of

the project area are given in the table below.

104. There are eighteen schools and one campus (Kailali Multiple Campus) in the Project area. The

following is the list of the schools, and their locations:

Table 14: List of schools in the project area

S.N. School/ Campus Name Address, Ward No.

1 Kalika Devi English School Basanta Tole-1 2 New Era English Boarding School Laxmi Nagar-1 3 Heaven's Garden Boarding School Laxmi Nagar-1 4 Malika English Boarding School Buddha Marga-1 5 Gyan Jyoti Bidya Niketan Shivanagar-1 6 Greenland English Boarding School Shivanagar-1 7 Delight Boarding School Manehara-7 8 Sarswoti Lower Secondary School Manehara-7 9 Pashupati Boarding School Debariya-7

10 Tharu Hostel Debariya-7 11 Aristo English Boarding School Campus Road-8 12 Dhangadhi Higher Secondary School Dhangadhi Gaon-8 13 Nav Durga English Boarding School Dhangadhi Gaon-8 14 Kailali Bidya Niketan Sichhya Nagar-8 15 Three Star English Boarding School Sichhya Nagar-8 16 Api Bidya Niketan Dhangadhi-8 17 Shining Star Boarding School Dhangadhi-8

d. Physical or cultural heritage

105. There are usual temples at various locations in the project area but no culturally important place

106. However, Kailali district have several cultural and religious sites as listed below:

• Jokhar Baba Lake

• Buddha Temple

• Pashupati Temple

• Nainadevi Temple

• Kalika Bhairav


35

• Bandevi Temple

• Godha-Godhi Lake

• Laxmi-Narayaan Temple

• Rajyog Sewa Kendra

107. The main festivals celebrated in the area are Dashain, Tihar, Maghi, Gaura, and Holi.

e. Employment

108. Most of the populations (over 90 %) in the project area are employed. Major occupational

activity is agriculture (29.68%) and service / jobs holder (29.03%). Other activities in the project area are

business and trading (16.52 %) followed by daily wage earners (8.21%). Other occupational activities in

the area are remittance and small scale industries.

4. Economic Development and Prospect for Growth

a. Land use

109. The areas adjoining the project area even within the municipal boundary are agricultural land.

Many of the rural households are dependent upon agriculture products and the area is famous for its

paddy production. The major crops produced here are paddy, wheat, maize and seasonal vegetables

110. Land use pattern of the district shows that almost 65% of the area is covered by forest land.

About 27.8% comprises of agricultural land and only 1.94% comprises of pasture land. The remaining

part of the district has been occupied by rivers and rivulets, market area, etc which makes up about 5.43

%.

b. Infrastructure

i. Transportation

111. The Project area is located on all weather black topped road some 16 kilometers from Attariya,

the major junction of on the East-West Highway. The nearest airport is the Dhangadhi airport at Geta

VDC, where daily flights from Kathmandu provide their services. Beside, this there was airport located in

Tikapur called Tikapur Airport which at present is out of order. In addition to this the project area is near

the Indian Border and thus can also be accessed at Gauri Phanta border.


36

112. From the bus park located in Dhangadi Municipality number of buses operate to different parts

of Nepal. Both night as well as day bus services are available in the district. Nearly all the wards of the

municipality are linked by all weather black topped road. Ward Nos. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10 and 13 are

facilitated and linked by all weather black topped road which make up about 70 km. Other than this

within the municipality, 140.4 km road has been graveled where as 200 km road is at vulnerable state as

they are not all weather road. During summer these roads gets very dusty where as during monsoons

travelling through any form of transportation is very difficult. Rickshaws are the major medium of

transportation within the municipality. Most people in the project area have bicycles which is also major

medium of transportation in Dhangadi Municipality.

ii. Drinking Water Supply

113. The existing NWSC water system is a groundwater based system with overhead tanks and

intermittent supply through private household connections. Source of water for the existing system is

groundwater boreholes, over 150 meters in depth and fitted with submersible pumps.In the district

nearly 93% population has got access to drinking water.

114. Altogether there are 3800 private tap and 13 community taps being distributed in the

municipality. The municipality is supplying drinking water through various sources which are shown in

the table below.

Table 15: Existing sources of water supply S.N Source Percent (%) 1 Pipeline 42.9 2 Well/Tube Well 50.96 3 River/Stream 4.86 4 Others 1.38

(Source: District Profile of Kailali District, 2006)

iii. Surface Drainage, Sanitation and Sewerage

115. The topography of the most parts of the service area is flat land so the need of surface drain

system is inevitable. At present there are few surface drains to drain street run-off along the highway

and in the market area but these are not in proper condition and need rehabilitation. In some area the

surface drain has been blocked by masonry materials, plastics and leaf litter as a result of which there is

overflow in certain parts along the surface drain.

116. Existing sanitation facilities are quite basic in Dhangadhi Municipality. The latrine coverage of

the project area is quite satisfactory as nearly 80% of households in the project area have access to

some kind of latrines. Majority of households have ventilated improved pit latrines and pour flush

latrines and connected to septic tanks.Some of the poorer households were found to possess simple pit

latrines.

117. Although the area covered by the municipality is 95 sq.km, the municipality has facilitated

sewerage pipeline of just 14.78 km which has not been enough for proper management of sewerages


37

generated in the municipality. There is absence of well managed sewerage system in the project area. It

is observed that about 62% of household dispose wastewater in soak pit managed by themselves. About

31% of households dispose wastewater to nearby kitchen garden where as remaining household drains

into public drain. Regarding solid waste management about 85% of the household dispose domestic

solid wastes in nearby pit. Remaining households disposes to public places managed by municipality and

VDC and others.

iv. Electricity

118. All the wards of the Dhangadimunicipality have electricity for household consumption supplied

by Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) through its national grid. Altogether there are 8,363 consumers of

electricity in the municipality. A total of 105,650 households have electricity supplied from NEA and

among these only 24.6% of household have metered connection. Apart from NEA, the consumers fulfill

their electricity demand from alternative sources such Solar Home System (SHS).

v. Communications

119. Dhangadi Municipality has been facilitated by telephone and mobile phone services which

include GSM, CDMA,and sky mobile. Most of the organizations in the district have telephone as well as

internet facilities. In the district 5.38 telephone lines have been distributed per thousand people. In the

project area there are 15 cyber cafes which are providing internet facilities to the public residing within

the municipality. Majority of people living in and around municipality have television in their home.

53.7% households of the district have access to radio facility. Municipality is facilitated by different

national daily newspapers like Kantipur, Rising Nepal, Rajdhani, etc. Besides, there are altogether 15

local newspapers which are being published either on daily, weekly or monthly basis. There is also good

facility of postal service in the district as there are one district post office, 13 regional post offices and 33

additional post offices.

c. Economic Characteristics

i. Industries

120. There are no sizeable industries in and around project area but there are 153 industries

operating within the municipalities. Majority of these industries are of small scale or cottage industry.

Regarding commerce, there is no big business in the service area but few small businesses for local

residents are found running well


38

ii. Agricultural development

121. The areas adjoining the project area even within the municipal boundary are good for

agriculture and many of the rural households are dependent upon agriculture produce. The area is

famous for its paddy production. The major crops produced are paddy, wheat, maize and seasonal

vegetables. Beside agriculture most of the families maintain some livestock.

iii. Mineral development

122. Mineral exploitation activities are nonexistentin the project area and in the Kailali district

iv. Tourism development

123. The project area hasn’t got any significant tourist attraction, however, tourism industry is

flourishing well in the Kailali district for internal as well as external tourists. Presence of airport in the

district could be the plus point in attracting both national as well as international tourists. Jokhar Baba

and Tilke Lake could be major tourist attracting destination of the district. Jakhaur Lake

is nearestrecreational centre within the municipality for local, domestic as well as international tourists.

Presence of cool and pleasant environment with dense covering of Sal forest is major attraction of the

area around Jokhar Lake. Devariya Botanical garden if maintained and upgraded can generate lot of

national as well as international currency for the municipality through its natural beauty.

d. Development organization

124. The training centre of Agricultural Development Bank of Nepal is located in Ward no. 1. Besides

this there are several government and non-government including private institutions in the project area.

A list of the same is provided in the table below:

Table 16: List of Other Institutions in the Area

Name of the Office / Organization Address

(Ward / Cluster) Type

Agricultural Development Bank, Regional Training Centre

Basanta Tole-1 Bank

Accham Sewa Samiti Shiva Nagar-1 CBO Dudir Consultancy Overseas Shiva Nagar-1 Private

Lok Chakra Buddha Bihar Buddha Marga-1 Private

Spiritual Centre Jan Jagaran Samaj Kendra Debariya-7 NGO

NNDSWO Campus Road NGO Nav Durga Anugaman Kendra Dhangadhi Gaon-8 Spiritual Centre

Nepal Netra Jyoti Sangh Buddha Nagar - 1 NGO


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Kamaiya Pratha Unmulan Samaj Shiva Nagar - 1 NGO

Nepal Dalit Samaj Kalyan Shiva Nagar - 1 NGO Tek Raj Dharmashala Ward no. 8

e. Major Environmental problems

125. Some of the environmental problems prevalent in the municipality are-

i. Lack of landfill site for solid waste management as currently solid wastes are dumped along

river side.

ii. Lack of proper management of medical wastes from Seti zonal Hospital.

iii. During the rainy season there is major problem of river bank erosion along the alignment of

the Mohana river due to which the nearby crop land suffer severe damage to its fertility and

production capability.


40

D. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

MEASURES

1. Beneficial Impacts and augmentation measures

126. The development of water and sanitation will have numerous beneficial impacts to individual as

well as to the entire community. Availability of clean and adequate drinking water and sanitary

environment are one of the basic human needs and any development efforts aimed at improving water

and sanitation needs of an area will significantly contribute towards improving the quality of life of that

area.

127. Some of the major beneficial impacts of the project and their maximization measures are

described below.

a. Construction Phase

• Employment generation

128. The project will generate direct employment opportunities to the local people of the area for

the construction work as project will offer opportunities for various skilled and non-skilled work forces.

The amount of money earned by the local people will directly affect the local economy thereby reducing

the chances of seasonal migration of the local people. The project will provide short term direct

employment benefit to majority of the construction workers and even long term employment to few

workers during the operation of the project. In order to augment such benefit, priority will be given to

employ local laborers as far as possible.

• Skill enhancement

129. The construction of the project will not only provide direct employment opportunities but also

ensure the transfer of skills and technical know-how to the local workforce. The project activities such as

drilling, constructing tanks, drains, slope stabilization methods will provide transferable skills. These

skills will directly benefit the local people in long term for similar activities in future. Such benefit will be

augmented by making proper work plan and code of conduct during the construction period.

• Local trade and business opportunities

130. In order to meet the food and other demands of the construction workers, there will be

opportunities to establish small market, tea shops around the vicinity of project area. The demand of

the local food items; beverages and other necessary items of the workshop will provide direct benefit to

the supplier, farmers and retailers. These will increase the local trade and business opportunities in the


41

area which can be augmented by providing awareness and ensuring good relation between the local

people and outside work force.

b. Operation Phase

• Improved health and hygiene

131. Deteriorating water quality and unsanitary conditions are often the causes of water borne

communicable diseases. The survey report showed that the people in the project area are mostly

dependent on water drawn from shallow tube wells which have high chances of contamination and have

high content of iron. After the implementation of the project; the health and hygiene of the local

people will improve and will help to reduce the occurrence of water borne communicable diseases in

the area. In order to enhance such benefit regular maintenance of the water supply and sanitation

components should be done so that the project operates smoothly and the benefits are intact.

• Increased economic opportunities

132. After the construction of the project, due to improved living condition, there could be increased

migration towards the town from surround rural areas which will create opportunities for shops and

other business activities in the area. Due to increased economic opportunities, the land value of the area

could increase which will uplift the economic status of the local people. These benefits can be

maximized by ensuring regular maintenance of water supply and sanitation components and by

promoting land development activities in the area.

• Benefits to women

133. Women and girls are mainly responsible for household activities such as fetching water and

cleanliness. Improved water supply and sanitation will improve the health and hygiene of women, girls

and the entire household members. The time they save from fetching water from distant location and

cleanliness can be utilized in other economic activities. The beneficial impacts to women and girls can

be enhanced by conducting health and awareness programs to the local community.

2. Adverse impacts and mitigation measure

134. The potential impacts of the proposed Shivanagar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project are

of physical, biological and socio-cultural in nature and can occur at various phases of the project such as

design phase, construction phase and operation and maintenance phase. The magnitude of the impacts

will be small, moderate or high depending upon its severity and also will be temporary or last

permanently. The impacts are not necessarily always negative; some impacts are positive as well. The

attempt is to augment the positive impact and remove or minimize the negative impacts by applying

suitable mitigation measures.


42

135. The summary of the anticipated environmental impacts and the mitigation measures are given

in Table 17.

a. Pre-construction Phase

i. Environmental impacts due to project location

136. Before the commencement of actual construction work, it is necessary to identify the impacts

that not only affect the environmental aspect but could also delay the construction work. Such impacts

are mostly related to the location of the project and its components. It is important to consider such

impacts as they are permanent anddirect in nature and can considerably affect the activities in latter

phase of the project.

137. One of the pre-construction impacts is the related to the location of major structures of the

system such as boreholes, reservoirs, treatment plant and sludge drying bed. There are chances of

conflict with local people during intake selection and especially on choosing the appropriate site for

sludge drying bed. Legal obstruction may result in delay of work and create unnecessary dispute. Such

issues will be mitigated by ensuring proper participation of local people and concerned agencies for

choosing appropriate location; by forming user committees that can own and manage the utility; by

conducting awareness programs and by obtaining necessary letters of approval and agreement for

acquisition of site and properties.

138. There could be risks associated with the abstraction of the ground water such as chances of

inadequate yield of the aquifer and excessive abstraction which could affect the discharge of existing

shallow tube wells and eventually lead to land subsidence. To mitigate such impacts, the design will

consider a yield monitoring program especially to measure the abstraction percentage during the dry

season flow. Project will be redesigned with alternative water sources if the proposed abstraction rate

exceeds sustainable yield. There will be gap on extraction of water and the boreholes which are to be

used alternatively to avoid excessive withdrawal.

139. There is a risk of water contamination especially in those areas where storage and distribution

tank are located.To avoid such risks, a properly protected intake and storage tanks will be constructed

and distribution pipes will be located away from drains to avoid infiltration of drain water. Similarly to

avoid the risk of pollution of ground water from seepage from the sludge drying bed, the beds will be

constructed in such a way that (e.g. use of clay liner or geo-membrane liner at the bed) there is minimal

possibility of pollution. For the risk of arsenic contamination of the ground water, the water quality will

be tested for arsenic contamination


43

b. Construction Phase

i. Physical Environment

• Disturbance of land system and soil erosion

140. Construction related activities such as drilling of boreholes, vibration and trench excavation

during lying of pipes and during construction of storm water drainage system, can affect the local land

system and cause soil erosion and silt run off. The unsettled street surfaces could bring about ponding of

water and create disposal problems. Since the proposed area is flat terrain, the chances of slope

disturbances and landslides are minimal. However the land disturbances and soil erosion will be

minimized by taking precautionary measures so that there is minimal vibration drilling boreholes;

excavated soil will be reused and proper backfilling of the trenches will be done and the excavated soil

will be placed safely against erosion.

• Surface and Ground water quality

141. There is a small stream Sukuti nala, which flows North to South between ward no. 8 and 1 of

the project area near to the location of the proposed drilling site and other small streams such as Kapani

nala nearby the project area. The excavated soil during the construction period, if not properly

managed, could eventually find its way to the surface water and may increase the turbidity and

sometimes reduction in dissolved oxygen in such water bodies. As far as possible, construction work will

be avoided during rainy season so that the impact will be minimal.

142. There is also possibility of pollution of ground water from the waste water generated during

drilling of boreholes and during tubewell construction. Proper protection during and after drilling will be

provided and the well will be disinfected after drilling.

• Impact from quarrying of raw materials

143. The construction of intake well, treatment plant, reservoir tanks and other structures of the

project will require river bed materials, boulders, and other construction materials. The extraction of

these materials from inappropriate places or in excessive amount can cause damage to the local

environment and accelerate erosion, landslide, disturb drainage pattern and cause water logging and

water pollution. To mitigate such impacts, unstable and erosion prone sites will be avoided for quarrying

and only safe, approved quarries will be used. Quarrying activities for extraction of construction

materials from rivers and streams will not be done so as to change the river cross sections and

longitudinal profiles. After the extraction is complete, the quarry site will be properly leveled to suit the

local landscape.

• Air and Noise pollution

144. Trucks and tractors used for the transportation of construction materials will create noise and

release emissions. The excavation activities may release dust and particulate matters and the drilling

machine may emit some dust and smokes and create noise. All these effects will be temporary and will


44

last during the construction period only. Use of old and worn out equipments and vehicles and low

quality fuel will be prohibited to reduce the noise and air pollution. The equipments will be checked by

technicians before the commencement of work and working night shift with equipments producing high

noise will be prohibited. To minimize the dust and particulate matters, sprinkling of water will be done

and the construction materials will be covered during transportation to avoid dust generation.

ii. Biological Environment

• Degradation of cultivated land and vegetation

145. Some of the major structures of the project will be constructed in private land. There will be no

major disturbance of vegetation in the project area but some ground vegetation has to be cleared for

the construction of those structures. Some of the topsoil and vegetation may also be lost during pipe

laying works. Minimization of vegetation clearing and careful cutting of ground vegetation will be done.

Trees and shrubs will be planted wherever possible.

iii. Socio-economic Environment

• Impact to local residents

146. The construction related activities that generates dust, noise and impede access could disturb

the local residents. To minimize the disturbances, construction work will be conducted as quickly as

possible. The local residents will be consulted and informed about the disturbances in advance.

Temporary diversions and signboards will be provided for the pedestrians.

• Problems from outside work force

147. Haphazard disposal of solid waste and improper sanitary conditions generated by the

construction workers may cause the pollution of surrounding environment and affect the health of local

people. Mechanism of safe disposal of waste will be developed in the project site and construction camp

before the actual commencement of work. Unwanted littering and discharge of waste haphazardly will

be prohibited.

148. Some social problems will arise due to irresponsible behavior of the work force such as

gambling, alcoholism and disrespect to local people and their culture. Contractor should give proper

instructions to the workers for them to act responsibly and prohibit activities such as gambling and

alcohol uptake in the work site. Given that local people are engaged in the work, it minimizes the chance

of cultural discrepancy and conflict.

• Occupational Health and Safety

149. During the construction work, the laborers involved in the construction activities will be exposed

to different level of health risks and are prone to accidents. A site health and safety plan will be

prepared encouraging use of safety measures such as mask, helmet, hand gloves and rubber boots. The


45

laborers will be insured for their health and safety. First aid box will be kept at a proper and easily

accessible place. General publicwill be excluded from all the construction sites.

c. Operational Phase

• Contamination of distributed water

150. Improper operation and management could lead to contamination of distributed water

increasing the chances of water related diseases in the consumers. Regular testing and maintenance of

the aeration plant, pressure filter and chlorinator and testing of residual chlorine will be done on a

routine basis and recorded. Regular water quality monitoring of water in the distribution system will be

carried out and the staff will be trained and supervised.

• Production of sub standard effluent

151. If the water treatment plant and the sanitation system does not function properly or the system

is not maintained regularly; sub standard effluent may be produced that may pollute nearby water

sources. In order to avoid that, periodic flushing and cleaning of the settling tank will be done and strong

monitoring unit will be set up. Similarly seepage due to sludge drying bed in rainy season and bed

clogging could also wash unwanted effluents which could pollute nearby water source. Therefore, the

quality of effluent and river water will be regularly monitored and regular operation and maintenance of

the sludge beds (lime spreading on beds) will be done.

• Nuisance due to operation of treatment plant and sanitary facilities

152. The operation of treatment plant and sludge drying beds and the transport of sludge could

generate nasty odor; attract rodents, vectors which couldbring disturbance to the local residents. The

treatment plant should produce no nasty odor in normal operation with proper maintenance. The effect

on air quality due to transport is negligible. However, the proper transportation vehicle will be provided

that covers the waste properly. Similarly, while cleaning of settling tank and emptying of septic tank

some bad odor is generated and health hazard to the workers are possible. The odor is temporary and

insignificant impact. Health hazard to the workers will be minimized by following proper health and

safety measures. The breeding and resting sites of the vectors will be modified or destroyed by using

appropriate chemicals or sprays.

153. There are also chances of blockage of sewer line in dry season due to disposal of solid wastes

into it. When the waste water cannot flow smoothly, it will create nuisance odor. Therefore periodic

flushing of the drain lines will be done and local people will be educated not to dump solid waste on the

drain lines.

• Impact on aquatic life

154. The discharge of sub-standard effluent and the slit runoff that find its way to nearby water

sources. The increased turbidity and effluent can pollute the water thereby affecting the aquatic life. In


46

order to mitigate such impacts, strong monitoring unit will be set up and regular monitoring for illegal

connections will be done.

d. Resettlement, relocation and compensation issue

155. The various system alternatives do not require resettlement of households or relocation. The

major structures are to be built either in public land or in area that have been chosen by the WUSC

themselves. The location area has been finalized after consultation with the local community and those

areas have been chosen where no households are located. Similarly, the system network for the

distribution of water will follow public property line. Therefore any issue of resettlement or relocation is

not evident with any need to compensate

Table 17: Evaluation of Environmental Impacts S.N Project Activity

Potential Environmental Impacts Nature Duration Magnitude

Water Supply Component

Location Impact 1. Location of boreholes and

reservoirs 1.1 Dispute in intake selection

1.2 Risk of insufficient yield in

the chosen area

Direct Permanent Moderate

2. Ground water pumping (abstraction)

2.1 Risk of inadequate yield of aquifer

2.2 Excessive abstraction could affect the existing shallow tube

2.3 Excessive abstraction could

lead to land subsidence

2.4 Risk of arsenic contamination

Direct Permanent (during dry

season)

Moderate

3. Location of the storage tank and distribution

system

3.1 Risk of contamination of distributed water

3.2 Spread of water epidemics

Direct Permanent Significant

4. Location of treatment plant

4.1 Conflict with local people Direct Permanent Moderate

Construction Phase Impacts Physical Environment

5. Drilling of Boreholes 5.1 Generation of waste water

5.2 Surface runoff and transportation of excavated materials to nearby bodies

5.3 Disturbance of the land system

Direct Temporary Moderate


47

5.4 Contamination of ground water

6. Quarrying of raw materials

6.1 Disturbance of land system, erosion and landslide

6.2 Changes in morphology of

water system


7. Trucks and tractors used for the transportation of

construction material and noise during construction

activity

7.1 Noise pollution

7.2 Air pollution due to release of emissions

Direct Temporary Small

8. Excavation and digging of trenches during drilling and

other construction work

8.1 Unorganized disposal of excavated earth

8.2 Soil erosion, silt runoff

8.3 Possible pollution of surface

water

8.4 Deterioration of air quality due to dust

8.5 Disturbance to the

pedestrians


9. Waste management and disposal

9.1 Generation of excess grease, solid waste and other

construction waste

9.2 Pollution of nearby irrigation canals and water bodies


10. Distribution pipes along the roadside

10.1 Obstruction in pedestrian and traffic movement

10.2 Removal of excavated

material can affect the local land system (erosion and soil

instability)


Biological Environment 11. Clearing of natural

vegetation (cultivated land, agricultural land)

11.1 Loss of vegetation and habitat

Direct Permanent Small

Socio-Economic Environment

12. Local residents

12.1 Local residents could be disturbed by noise, dust and

impeded access

Direct Temporary Small

13. Influx of outside workforce 13.1 Problems due to irresponsible behavior of work

force (e.g. gambling, disrespect to the local area and people)

Indirect Temporary Moderate

14 Occupational and Community Health and

Safety

14.1 Risk of accidents to the workers and public

Direct Temporary Significant


48

O&MPhase Impacts Physical Environment

15. Distribution of water 15.1 Risk of contamination of water in distribution system


16. Operation of Treatment plant

16.1 Production of substandard effluent


Biological Environment 17. Discharge of effluent from

treatment plant

17.1 Impact on aquatic life

Indirect Permanent Small

Socio-Economic Environment 18. Use of chemicals 18.1 Health hazard to workers

and public due to unmanaged use of chlorine


19. Supply connections 19.1 Connection conflict in users

Indirect Temporary Moderate

Sanitation Component

Location Impacts 20. Location of (sewerage

system) and sludge drying bed

20.1 Public health hazard

20.2 Rejection of the location by people

Indirect Permanent Moderate

21. Seepage from sludge drying bed

21.1 Pollution of ground water from seepage from sludge

drying bed


Construction Phase Impact Physical Environment

22. Excavation of soil (during construction of storm water

drainage system, sludge drying bed, latrines)

22.1 Unorganized disposal of excavated earth

22.2 Surface runoff, pollution of

water ways

22.3 Nuisance to pedestrians



Biological Environment 23. Clearing of natural

vegetation (cultivated land, agricultural land)

23.1 Loss of vegetation and habitat

Direct Permanent Small

Socio-Economic Environment 24. Occupational and

Community Health and Safety

24.1 Risk of accidents to the workers and public

Direct Temporary Significant

O & M Phase Impact Physical Environment


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25 Operation of Storm water drainage

25.1 Blocking of drainage especially during dry season by

people throwing waste


26. Operation of sludge drying beds

26.1. Nuisance due to odor and vectors

26.2 Nuisance to the

neighboring areas due to transportation of sludge

26.3 Flooding of bed during

rainy season and bed clogging

26.4 Pollution of nearby river (Sukuti Nala) due to discharge

of effluents


27.

Operation of latrines (public and household)

27.1 Pollution of shallow ground water used for domestic purpose

27.2 Nuisance due to odor,

insects and rodents


28. Solid waste management 28.1 Pollution of river water due to waste disposal

28.2 Nuisance to neighboring areas due to transportation of

waste


Biological Environment 29. Discharge of effluent and

wastes 29.1 Impact on aquatic life

Indirect Permanent Small

Socio Economic Environment 30. Cleaning of septic tank,

treatment plant and other maintenance work

30.1. Communicable disease hazard to workers

Indirect Permanent Significant


50

Table 18: Overview of potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures/ Shivanagar

SN Potential Environmental Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures Implementation timing

Responsible Institutions

Mitigation cost (NRs)

Beneficial Impacts

i Employment generation Maximize the use of local laborers Construction

Phase

Contractor No extra cost

ii Skill enhancement Maximize the use of local laborers

Make standard working plan ad code of conduct

Construction Phase


iii Local trade and business opportunities

Training program for local people for skill augmentation

Training program on

entrepreneurshipdevelopment

Construction Phase

PMO 50,000

iv Improved health and hygiene Ensure regular operation and maintenance of the water supply

and sanitation system

Operation and Maintenance

Phase

WUSC No extra cost

v Increased economic opportunities

Ensure regular operation and maintenance of the water supply

and sanitation system


Phase

WUSC No extra cost

vi Benefits to women Provide health and awareness programmes


Phase

WUSC, PMO 50,000

Adverse Impacts

Water Supply Component

Location Impact

1. 1.1 Dispute in intake selection

1.2 Risk of insufficient yield in the chosen area

Public consultation and awareness program

Formation of users committee

Review of design, estimates and specifications

Pre-construction Phase

DSC, DWSS 50,000

2. 2.1 Risk of inadequate yield of aquifer

2.2 Excessive abstraction could affect the existing

shallow tube

2.3 Excessive abstraction could lead to land subsidence

2.4 Risk of arsenic

contamination

A yield monitoring program, will be developed, especially for the

abstraction percentage during dry season flow

Redesign project with alternative

water source if the proposed abstraction rate exceeds

sustainable yield.

The water is proposed to be drawn from a depth of over 120m, below the impervious level which would

have insignificant effect to the existing shallow tube wells.

Furthermore, the boreholes are to


DSC, DWSS 20,000 (for water

quality testing)


51

be used alternatively to avoid excessive with drawl and pump only required amount of ground

water

Water quality analysis will be done

3. 3.1 Risk of contamination of distributed water

3.2 Spread of water epidemics

Properly protected intake and storage tanks will be constructed

and distribution pipe will be located away from drains (to avoid infiltration of drain water)


DSC No extra cost

4. 4.1 Conflict with local people Public consultation and awareness program


DSC, DWSS Covered by cost for S.N.1

Construction Phase Impact 5. 5.1 Generation of waste water

5.2 Surface runoff and

transportation of excavated materials to nearby bodies

5.3 Disturbance of the land

system

5.4 Contamination of ground water

Reuse of water by the consumers in the nearby settlements to irrigate their farmland and

vegetable gardens

While drilling boreholes minimal vibration and disturbances willbe

ensured

Proper protection during and after drilling and disinfecting after

drilling will be done

Construction Phase

WUSC, Contractors

No extra cost

6. 6.1 Disturbance of land system, erosion and landslide

6.2 Changes in morphology of

water system

Unstable and erosion prone sites will be avoided and only approved

quarrying sites will be used

Quarrying activities from rivers/streams will not be done so

as to change the river cross sections and longitudinal profiles

Quarry site will be leveled to suit

the local landscape after extraction is complete

Construction Phase

Contractor, DSC

30,000

7. 7.1 Noise pollution

7.2 Air pollution due to release of emissions

Use of old and worn out equipments and vehicles, low quality fuel will be prohibited to

reduce the noise and air pollution.

The equipments will be checked by technicians before the

commencement of work and working in night shift with

equipments producing high noise will be prohibited.

The construction material will be covered during transportation to

avoid dust generation

Construction Phase



52

8. 8.1 Unorganized disposal of excavated earth

8.2 Soil erosion, silt runoff

8.3 Possible pollution of

surface water


8.5 Disturbance to the

pedestrians

Precautionary measures will be taken during construction to avoid

caving

Excavated soil will be placed against erosion

Reuse of excavated soil and

backfilling of trenches will be done

As far as possible construction activities will be avoided in the

rainy season.

Sprinkling of water to avoid dust

Temporary diversions and signboards will be provided for the

pedestrians

Construction Phase

Contractor 30,000

9. 9.1 Generation of excess grease, solid waste and other

construction waste

9.2 Pollution of nearby irrigation canals and water

bodies

Mechanism of solid waste management will be developed in the project site before the actual

commencement of work

Prohibition of unwanted littering and discharge of waste

Construction Phase

Contractor Municipality

No extra cost

10. 10.1 Obstruction in pedestrian and traffic movement

10.2 Removal of excavated material can affect the local

land system (erosion and soil instability)

While excavating and laying pipes minimal vibration and slope disturbances will be ensured

Excavated soil will be dumped in outer side of trench opposite to roadside and backfilling will be

done properly

Excavated soil will be placed against erosion

Construction Phase

Contractors, No extra cost

11. 11.1 Loss of vegetation and habitat

Provision of minimization of vegetation clearing and careful

cutting of ground vegetation

Plantation of tree and shrub where ever possible

Construction Phase

Contractor WUSC

50,000

12. 12.1 Local residents could be disturbed by noise, dust and

impeded access

Work to be conducted as quickly as possible to minimize

disturbance

Residents will be consulted and informed about the disturbances in

advance

Construction Phase


13. 13.1 Problems due to irresponsible behavior of work

force (e.g. gambling, disrespect to the local area and people)

All the workers will be instructed to act in a responsible manner

Prohibition of alcohol, gambling

Local people will be employed as far as possible

Construction Phase



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14 14.1 Risk of accidents to the workers and public

A site health and safety plan including safety measures such as

provision of mask, helmet, hand globes and rubber boots to

workers will be prepared and implemented

First aid will be kept at hand in

working area

General public will be excluded from all construction sites

Insurance will be provided to the

workers

Construction Phase

Contractor 100,000

O&M Phase Impacts 15. 15.1 Risk of contamination of

water in distribution system Regular testing and maintenance

of the aeration plant, pressure filter and chlorinator and testing of

residual chlorine will be done on a routine basis and recorded

Regular water quality monitoring of

water of the distribution system System staff will be trained and

supervised


Phase

WUSC PMO

100,000

16. 16.1 Production of substandard effluent

Periodic flushing and cleaning of settling tank

Strong monitoring unit will be set

up


Phase

WUSC, PMO

No extra cost (covered by

S.N.15)

17. 17.1 Impact on aquatic life

Regular monitoring of illegal pipeline connections will be done


Phase

WUSC No extra cost

18. 18.1 Health hazard to workers and public due to unmanaged

use of chlorine

Usage, handling and storage of chlorine will be prescribed and

guidelines developed

First aid measures will be located in emergencies


Phase

WUSC 50,000

19. 19.1 Connection conflict in users

Public consultation and awareness


Phase

WUSC 50,000

Sanitation Component

Location Impact 20. 20.1 Public health hazard

20.2 Rejection of the location

by people

Sludge drying bed will be located after consulting all the

stakeholders


DSC WUSC

Municipality

No extra cost

21. 21.1 Pollution of ground water from seepage from sludge

drying bed

Sludge drying bed will be properly developed to avoid possibility of pollution (Use clay liner or geo-

membrane liner at the bed)


DSC No extra cost


54

Construction Phase Impact 22. 22.1 Unorganized disposal of

excavated earth

22.2 Surface runoff, pollution of water ways

22.3 Nuisance to pedestrians

22.4 Deterioration of air quality

due to dust

Disposal against erosion and re-use of excavated soil

Sprinkling of water to avoid dust

Temporary diversions and

signboards will be provided to the pedestrians

Construction Phase

Contractors No extra cost (covered by

S.N.8)

23. 23.1 Loss of vegetation and habitat

Provision of minimization of vegetation clearing and careful

cutting of ground vegetation will be done

Trees and shrubs will be planted

wherever possible

Construction Phase

Contractor WUSC

No extra cost (covered by

son 11)

24. 24.1 Risk of accidents to the workers and public

A site health and safety plan will be prepared and implemented

Construction Phase

Contractor No extra cost (covered by

S.N.14)

25 25.1 Blocking of drainage especially during dry season by

people throwing waste

Periodic flushing of the drain lines Educating locals not to dump solid

waste


Phase

WUSC No extra cost (covered by

S.N.19)

26. 26.1. Nuisance due to odor and vectors

26.2 Nuisance to the

neighboring areas due to transportation of sludge

26.3 Flooding of bed during

rainy season and bed clogging

26.4 Pollution of nearby river (Sukuti Nala) due to discharge

of effluents

Regular O&M of the sludge beds (lime spreading on beds) will be

done

Vector breeding sites and resting sites will be modified (e.g. using appropriate chemicals, spray)

Providing buffer zone around the area and plant trees in the buffer

zones to cover sludge drying area

Properly covered transportation systems will be provided

Quality of effluent and river water

will be regularly monitored


Phase

WUSC PMO

50000

27. 27.1 Pollution of shallow ground water used for domestic

purpose

27.2 Nuisance due to odor, insects and rodents

The latrines/soak pits will be kept away from tube wells

Periodic maintenance and regular

emptying


Phase

WUSC Households

No extra cost

28. 28.1 Pollution of river water due to waste disposal

28.2 Nuisance to neighboring areas due to transportation of

waste

Waste sorting and disposal will be managed

Proper transportation systems will be provided (waste will be properly

covered in the vehicle)


Phase

WUSC PMO

No extra cost


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3. Implementation of Mitigation Measures

156. Most of the mitigation measures specified are part of contractual obligation during the project

constructions and therefore will be integrated into project design and tender documents. By including

mitigation measures in the contract of in specific items in the Bill of Quantities, monitoring and

supervision of mitigation implementation will be covered under the normal engineering supervision

provisions of the contract. The mitigation measures implementation elaborated in Table 18 will be

monitored through direct observation, records of contractors, consultation with people etc weekly or

daily as required.

a. Project Design

157. For most of the adverse environmental impacts likely to occur during project construction and

operational phase, mitigation measures will be integrated in the design of the project itself so as to

strengthen the benefits and sustainability of the project. This will enhance the mitigation measures in

terms of specific mitigation design, cost estimation of the mitigation measure, and specific

implementation criteria. The proponent will ensure that the mitigations measures are included in the

design of the project

b. Project Contract

158. The project contract will clearly specify themitigations measures that are part of the project

construction and the contractor will be bound by the parameters identified in the environmental

assessment pertaining to specific mitigation measures. The proponent will ensure the compliance of the

proposed measures from the contractor and the final acceptance of the completed work will not occur

until the environmental clauses have been satisfactorily implemented.

c. Bill of Quantities

159. The tender instruction to the bidders will explicitly mention the site-specific mitigation measures

to be performed, the materials to be used, labor camp arrangements, and waste disposal areas, as well

as other site specific environmental requirements.

29. 29.1 Impact on aquatic life

Strong monitoring unit will be set up


Phase

WUSC No extra cost

30. 30.1. Communicable disease hazard to workers

A health and safety plan will be prepared and implemented


Phase

WUSC No extra cost (covered by

S.N. 15)


56

E. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT

SITUATIONS

160. The aim of the project is to provide safe and sufficient water supply to the residents of Dhangadi

municipality in Kailali district. The various alternatives to achieve the objectives of the project with

minimum impact to the environment are presented in the following sub-sections.

1. Design Alternative

161. The proposed project has been formulated to provide reliable and continuous drinking water

supply in adequate quantity and quality to the consumers of the service area. In order to achieve that, a

new system needed to be designed with additional sources of water, increased distribution network,

treatment plant and enhanced storage facilities. The additional system need to be integrated with

existing storage facility providing cross-connected distribution network. Ground water is the only source

available for the system. There are few small streams that run across the project area, but their yield is

very low and is not reliable source for water supply. The project has been designed to exploit ground

water from inner aquifer layer through deep tube wells. The average depth of the aquifer is about

120m-150m inside the ground and water from the aquifer is safe biologically and chemically as shown

by the water quality test results. The test boring has shown that the extraction rate is within the safe

yield. Therefore the proposed project has been envisaged to streamline the various systems and

develop a reliable and sustainable system. The present project is designed with due consideration of

these aspects and thus the proposed design has no alternative

2. Project Site/Location Alternative

162. No significant adverse environmental impacts are found with present location of the project.

The location of the treatment site has been finalized after consultation with the local community and

distribution lines are fixed where with minimum impacts on the environment. After successful test

boring, the immediate surrounding area was purchased by the user committee for the construction of

project structures. The location of the new drill sites were finalized on the basis of geo-hydrological

requirements i.e. 150m North and East of the test boring. The location of structures especially the

elevated reservoirs, borehole, and distribution pipe line will be retained as decided during interaction

with WUSC and beneficiaries. Therefore, the proposed location of the project has no alternatives.


57

3. Alternative in Technology, Implementation Procedure and Raw Materials

163. The technologies proposed in the project are reliable. The source of water, being ground water

exploited from deep aquifer, is a reliable one. Its yield is found to be at the same range at all season.

The yield of proposed tube well is expected to be equal to or more than the yield of existing NWSC tube

wells in Dhangadi Bazaar. Altogether 3 boreholes have been proposed (include one test borehole),

which will be used alternately. For ground water, it has to be pumped against the static head of about

25 m from the borehole by mechanical and electrical equipments. The proposed source is found

technically viable for the proposed system.

164. The work involved is labor intensive and minimum use of mechanical equipments is involved.

Most of the construction work will be done by labor force which will produce minimum environmental

impacts. Trained manpower will be used so that there is minimum disturbance of the local system and

no health and safety hazards to workers arise.

165. The working procedures proposed are participatory one and the beneficiaries will be actively

participating in all the phases of the project. Except from some mechanical equipment for drilling of

boreholes, most of the raw materials used will be local in nature. Similarly, as far as possible, local

people will be employed for the project so that the chances of conflict are minimal.

4. No Project Option

166. The No-project alternative prevents the implementation of the project. Such action will impede

the local people of the area from having the facility of safe and sufficient drinking water and also living

in sanitary environment. If the project is not implemented, the people will have to continue depending

upon the existing shallow hand pumps which are not safe for drinking purpose. It also limits the chances

of socio-economic development of the area.

167. On the other hand, if the project is implemented, the people of the area not only benefit from

the supply of safe and sufficient drinking water but also improve their health and hygiene conditions.

The project implementation will create job opportunities, thereby improving the socio-economic

condition of the local people and help in improving their quality of life. . The Implementation of the

proposed project will produce only negligible and insignificant environmental impacts. The do-nothing

option will be able to avoid some minor environmental impacts; however, difficulty of having safe and

reliable water supply; remoteness and poverty of the area will remain intact.


58

F. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

168. One of the important objectives of IEE is to facilitate the participation of all the stakeholders and

general public right from pre-construction phase of the project to its operation. Several consultations

were held with the locals in the project area to understand their views of the project and to get their

consensus.

169. The project has involved a variety of concerned groups, including non-governmental

organizations, line agencies, community based organizations and local people while preparing the IEE

report.After the TOR was approved from MPPW on 13 February 2011, a notice was published in the

Rajdhani daily on 6 March 2011 informing the local people and stakeholders about the project and to

obtain suggestions about the possible environmental impacts and likely mitigation measures during the

implementation of the project. A copy of the notice was also displayed at concerned VDC office, local

school, health posts and other public places (Refer Annex3).

170. During the field survey Focused Group Discussions were held with the local people and public

meeting was held in local area to understand the public attitude and views and to get consensus of the

project. Written forms of suggestions were collected during the meeting and from relevant government

agencies. The recommendation letters from the concerned agency has been attached in Annex5. During

the public consultation, the project objectives were explained and people were requested to give their

opinions and suggestions. The lists of key people contacted are given in Annex 6.

171. The FGDs were held at different settlements along the ZOI of the project

Table 19: FGDs held at different locations Date Activity Address

April 11, 2011 Interaction, discussion with local people Gaurishankar tole, Ward no 5 April 12, 2011 Interaction, discussion with local people Satbhawana tole, Ward no 7 April 13, 2011 Interaction, discussion with local people Campus road, Ward no 8 April 14, 2011 Interaction, discussion with local people Main road, Ward no 1

172. The main issues raised during the public consultation were regarding-

• Information dissemination of the project (SSTWSSSP)

• Roles and responsibilities of WUSC, community and other stakeholders.

• Required cash contribution and modality of project: WUSC and community were fully aware of it

and they are ready to co-operate with the team and others during implementation of the

project.

• Reconfirmation of service area delineation: There is no change in the service area as

demarcated during feasibility study. Few areas that are not interested in the project could be

avoided.

• Change in design of distribution networks:Generally there is no change in distribution networks.

Few areas that are not interested in the project could be avoided.


59

• Water Quality Assessment: Consumers wanted pure and potable water to drink.

Thereforeappropriate treatments have to be done to meet the quality of water as per National

drinking water quality standard

• Drainage and Sewerage System: These components are equally important to construct. But due to

lack of fund, these could not be constructed at present. Right now, in the urban area septic tanks are

in use and in the rural area pit latrines are in practice. Drainage and sewerage system should be

constructed in near future.

173. Draft IEE was sent to DWSSand ADB for review and comments. After incorporating the

comments and suggestions from all the concerned stakeholders, final IEE report will be prepared and

sent to MPPW for approval.

174. The information about the project is disclosed not just by active participation of stakeholders

during public consultation process but also formally by making the related material available in a form

and at a location that is easily accessible to the stakeholders. This normally involves making the draft

reports available (in local language) at public locations in the community and providing a mechanism to

obtain the comments and suggestions back from the community. ADB encourages governments to

upload all the documents into their website. The Executive Summary of the IEE study is made public

through depository library system and ADB websites. The full IEE of the proposed project is posted on

ADB website and also made available to the interested parties upon request.


60

G. GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM

175. The projects also aim to facilitate a grievance and redress mechanism to address the

environmental and social concern of the community who are affected by the project activities. The

proposed project doesn’t involve resettlement of any community, and a Resettlement Plan that

addresses the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is not necessary. However, all the stakeholders are

to be made aware of the project-specific GRM so that there is an appropriate channel of communication

and a formalized procedure to settle dispute.

176. The process requires a GRM committee to be established as a local level to assure accessibility

to the Affected Person or Stakeholder. The committee willconsist of members with sufficient knowledge

about the project, with technical know-how and expertise and someone aware about the socio-cultural

dynamics of the community. The GRM requires that issues and comments are first lodged with the local

level GRM committee for handling of grievances at project site. The GRM committee will conduct their

meeting within 3 weeks of receipt of complaint and solution needs to be provided at meeting or within 3

weeks.

177. If the grievance cannot be solved at the project level, the GRM committees need to submit it to

the PMO. The PMO with assistance from Environmental Specialist and WUSC experts will resolve the

grievance. If the grievance cannot be solved by the PMO, it will be referred to the VDC and district

DWSS. And if the grievance cannot be resolved even by VDC and DWSS, the case will be referred to

court of law to adjudicate the matter

Figure 4: Grievance Redress Mechanism

Affected

Person

VDC

GRM Committee

PMO

WUS

C

Environmental Specialist

DWSS

Redress Grievances

Court of Law

Grievance/


61

H. MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMLEMENTING THE PROJECT

AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMETN PLAN (EMP)

1. Mitigation and Monitoring

178. Environmental Monitoring is necessary to check the implementation of environmental measures

in a manner that had been prescribed earlier and to ensure that the project activity complies to the

environmental protection standards. Monitoring can be done before the project construction begins

(Baseline Monitoring); during the construction and operation phase (Impact Monitoring) and

periodically even after completion of the project activity (Compliance Monitoring).

• Construction and operation phase monitoring of the mitigation measures will mainly consider

the following impacts due to

• Construction phase: Soil erosion; sedimentation and slope stabilization; vegetation clearing;

change in hydrology of surface waters; water, air and noise pollution; solid waste; land intake ac

compensation; health, safety and sanitation of the work force; and traffic management

• Operation phase: Drinking water treatment operations; discharge of waste water into surface

waters ; sludge disposal; and quality of drinking water supplies

179. Some of the baseline monitoring that needs to be done before the start of the construction

activities so as to compare the results before and after the construction works are:

• Monitoring of air quality and noise levels (vibration) before and during the construction work

• Water quality analysis of the nearby streams (Sukuti nala, Kapani nala, Mahani nala) in order to

examine the physical, chemical and biological quality of the water.

• Water quality analysis of the shallow water hand pumps and wells at various places that is used

by the local people

180. The Monitoring Plan is designed in a way that the contractor is monitored to ensure that the

mitigation measures are followed during the construction period. It also requires regular and periodic

monitoring of the actual environmental impacts during the project operation over the years following

project completion. Summary of monitoring parameters, monitoring method, frequency and the

monitoring responsibility is presented in the following table.


62

Table20:Environmental MonitoringSchedule Predicted Impacts

Indicators Location Monitoring Method Monitoring Frequency

Responsibility

Physical Parameters Disturbance to

the land system and soil erosion

Excavation technique

Soil disposal area

Stacking of soil

Construction site

Direct observation and record inspection

Daily during construction

Contractor DSC

Surface and ground water

quality

Water quality (Dissolved oxygen, BOD, Turbidity etc)

Laboratory Record inspection Monthly DWSS DSC

Quarrying Quarrying activity Local aesthetics

Quarry site Direct observation and contractor

records

Once DWSS DSC

Air and Noise pollution

Use of equipments and vehicles

Quality of fuel

Sprinkling of water

Use of mufflers

Construction and Operation

site

Record inspection Weekly DWSS DSC

WUSC

Biological Parameters Loss of

vegetation Cleared area

No of

trees/shrubs planted

Construction site

Observation and record inspection

Weekly Contractor WUSC

Impact on aquatic animals

Quality of effluent Construction site and outlet of treatment

plant

Record inspection Monthly WUSC DWSS

Socio-economic Parameters Problems from

outside workforce Behavior of the

workers

Uses of alcohol Records of fights

Project area Record inquiry

Local survey

Communication with people

Monthly and as needed

Contractor WUSC

Disturbance to the local people

Use of signboards, notice board

Disposal area

Project area Record inquiry Communication with

people

Weekly Contractor WUSC

Occupational Health and Safety

Type and number of accidents

First aid and

emergency services

Construction site

File record Daily DWSS


63

a. Monitoring Costs

181. Most of the monitoring cost for the proposed project isrelated to the expenses for experts for

observation and monitoring during construction and operation phases of the project. The following

monitoring costs are to be incurred by the project.

Table 21: Monitoring costs Expert Team Monitoring Cost Duration

(Month) Rate Amount (NRs)

Environmental Management Specialist 3 75,000 225,000 Sociologists 2 50000 100,000 Support Staff 2 20000 40,000

Cost for monitoring by MPPW/DWWS LS 200,000 Transportation and others

Report preparation LS LS

40,000 30,000

Total 635,000

2. Environmental Procedures and Institutions

182. Institutions have a crucial role to play during monitoring. There should be firm institutional

commitment by the agencies responsible for monitoring. The Ministry of Environment (MOE) is in

charge of environmental control and management for all sector agencies. The Ministry of Physical

Planning and Works (MPPW) has the overall responsibility for environmental monitoring of all water

supply and sewerage projects. In case of an EIA, it has to be finally approved by MOE. In case of an Initial

Environmental Examination (IEE), the final approval lies with MPPW.

183. The different agencies involved in the Shivanagar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project are

as explained in the following table.

Table 22: Institutions involved in the proposed project S.N Organization Roles and Responsibilities 1. Ministry of Physical Planning and Works

(MPPW) It is the executive agency for the implementation of Second Small

Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project. It is responsible for monitoring of project design, construction and

operation activities according to the approved IEE report. It is also responsible for approving the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the

IEE and approving the IEE studies.

2. Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS)

DWSS is the implementing agency for the SSTWSSP. It is responsible for ensuring that all the environmental measures to

be adopted during different phases of project implementation and operation have been fully adhered to. It is also responsible for

water quality monitoring.

3. Project Management Office (PMO) PMO under DWSS implements the project. It ensures that all the mitigation measures prescribed by approved IEE have been fully adopted. It acquires permits and approval for project construction

and assists WUSC on source registration and transfer of land ownership. It also ensures that responsibilities of other

stakeholders are incorporated as per agreements.


64

4. Town Development Fund (TDF) TDF provides funding to the WUSC. It ensures that necessary environmental screening and assessments have been carried out

during the funding decisions.

5. Water User and Sanitation Committee (WUSC)

WUSC is responsible for forming member based water user group and registering it. It is responsible for ensuring the

implementation of environmental measures recommended especially during the construction and operation phase. Activities such as public awareness on sanitation and maintaining record of

the water quality data are some of its responsibilities.

6. Design and Supervision Consultant (DSC)

DSC is responsible for conducting the feasibility study and detailed design. It ensures that all the mitigation measures are

incorporated in the final design of the system and the environmental prescriptions are being met by the construction

contractor.

7. Contractor It is responsible to ensure that the mitigation measures are specified during the construction

184. Apart from the above mentioned agencies, there are other institutions that are directly and

indirectly involved in the project and during the IEE studies. Local bodies such as District Development

Committee (Kailali), Municipality (Dhanghadi) and Village Development Committees help in

disseminating information about the project to local people and related stakeholders and in giving

permits to conduct the IEE studies.

4. Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures

185. In parallel to the suggested mitigation measure, it is important to encourage opportunities to

enhance the project and its elements so as to have minimal environmental disturbance. The proposed

project has both positive and negative impacts and the present stage gives an opportunity to enhance

these positive features through innovative measures. Some of such potential environmental measures

include:

• Ensuring resource mobilization and participation of the local community to develop a sense

of ownership and empowerment of the project

• Determining roles and responsibilities of all the stakeholders and institutions to promote

effective coordinated action

• Providing training and awareness program in health and sanitation issues; water cost and

usage; environmental pollution and waste management

• The local youth clubs and NGO within the municipality should be mobilized to monitor the

environment in areas affected by project activity and report back the problems to PMO.


65

5. Reporting Procedures

186. For an effective implementation of mitigation measures and Environmental Management Plan,

it is necessary to have a mechanism in place to report the entire mitigation operation plus the reports

on progress and status of each mitigation conducted.

187. The contractor has a crucial role in ensuring that the mitigation measures are implemented

during project construction phase. The contractor will develop an Environmental Mitigation Execution

Plan (EMEP) based on EMP. The contractor has to report weekly about the progress of its work together

with day-to-day practical aspect of project implementation to the DSC. It is suggested that a team

comprising of WUSC member and contract workers be established at the onset of the project to make

periodic reporting to the DSC.

188. The DSC then isresponsible for ensuring that all the procedures and final design that includes

the mitigation measures are followed.DSC is responsibleto check the weekly progress report of the

contractor and field verify whether the implementation of mitigation measures have been conducted as

decided in the EMEP or not.

189. DSC then will prepare an environmental monitoring report based on the weekly progress report

of the contractor. DSC will report the status of the project and the monitoring report to the PMO for its

review. PMO will then forward the monitoring report to review by the Environmental Specialist of the

DSC. 10 copies of the reports will be submitted to PMO every month, which will be distributed to the

responsible agencies for review. The Environmental Specialists of the DSC will then review the

comments and suggestions from the various authorities and act accordingly.

190. Monthly progress reports, including bi-annual and annual reports on the implementation of

EMP will be produced on a regular basis. The report will contain information of all the activities

conducted within the given time including the cases of non-compliance. A feedback mechanism of

reporting will be developed and based on the results of monitoring, the Environmental Management

Plan willbe adjusted accordingly.

6. Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates

191. The cost for the recommended mitigation measures and monitoring activities are described in

the section 5.3 and G.1.a. as shown in the following Table 24. Cost of mitigation measures directly linked

to the construction activities (such as erosion control measures) are not included in the cost estimates

as most of these are already included in the construction and operation and maintenance cost of the

project.

192. An independent Third Party Monitoring environmental consultant will be hired once a year for

the duration of the project to monitor whether the EMP of the project has been effectively

implemented.


66

Table 23: Annual cost for EMP S.N. Item Cost (NRs) 1. Benefit Augmentation Measures 100,000 2. Mitigation Budget 530,000 3. Monitoring Budget 635,000 4. Independent Third Party Monitoring 300,000

Total 1,565,000

7. Work Plan

193. Before operation, PMO/DSC, with the help of its Environmental Specialists will develop detailed

work plans for implementing mitigation measure and monitoring plans based on EMP. These plans will

be incorporated into the project contracts.

194. Before construction, PMO will develop detailed responsibilities and requirements for

contractors and will provide detailed cost estimates of mitigation measures and environmental

monitoring in construction contracts.

195. Before operation, PMO will develop detailed work plans for environmental management and

monitoring during operation based on the EMP which will be submitted to the concerned persons to

help them supervise implementation

196. The EMP implementation schedule is given in following figure for a period of 2 years.


67

Figure 5: Implementation schedule of the project

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Tendering + Award of Contract

Presentation of Security Performances

Field Mobilization

Procurement of Materials

Transportation of Materials

Structural Works

Installation Works

Piping Works

Mechanical + Electrical Works

Finishing Works

Months

Activities

Te

nd

eri

ng

+

Ap

pro

va

l o

f c

on

tra

ct

Co

ns

tru

cti

on

/ P

roc

ure

me

nt


68

I. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

197. Considering the nature of the project; environmental and socio-economic situation of the area

and based on the detailed field survey and consultation with the relevant stakeholders, it can be

concluded that the proposed Shivanagar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project will have only minor

negative impacts on the physical, biological and socio-cultural aspects of the area. The impacts are

mostly local in nature and can be easily and cheaply mitigated with suitable mitigation measures and

regular monitoring schedules.

198. The implementation of the project will have several beneficial impacts to the people of

Dhangadhi municipality in Kailali district. The local people will benefit from safe and sufficient supply of

drinking water and have improved sanitary situation. All this will significantly raise the living standard of

the people in the Dhangadi municipality.

199. From this IEE study it can be seen that the beneficial impacts of the proposed project outweighs

the negative impact and thus full scale EIA is not required. Both in terms of GoN requirement and ADB’s

requirement, a full scale EIA is not required and IEE is sufficient.

200. The present IEE study with recommended environmental mitigation and monitoring plan

becomes a complete EIA. It is proposed that the information suggested in the IEE report be well utilized

in next phases of work and monitoring plan followed up.


69

REFERENCES

ADB (2003). Environmental Assessment Guidelines. Asian Development Bank.

ADB (2009). Safeguard Policy Statement. Asian Development Bank.

DWSS(2010). A socio-economic profile of Shivanagar Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Dhangadi

Municipality, Kailali District. Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

District Development Committee (2006). District profile of Kailali.

HMG/N (1996). Environmental Protection Act (with amendments). His Majesty’s Government of Nepal.

HMG/N (1997). Environmental Protection Rules (with amendments). His Majesty’s Government of

Nepal.

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) on Duhabi Town Water Supply and Sanitation (2009).

Government of Nepal.Project Preparatory Technical Assistance from the Asian Development Bank.

Joshi, S. R. et al. (2010). District and VDC profile of Nepal: a socio-economic database of Nepal. Intensive

Study and Research Centre. Kathmandu.

MPPW (2011). Socio-economic profile of Shivanagar Water Supply and Sanitation Project. Ministry of

Physical Planning and Works. Prepared by Environment and Resource Management Centre. Kathmandu.

Other related Policies, Acts, Regulations and Guidelines.


70

ANNEXES


71

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Shivanagar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Annex 1: Approved Terms of Reference

GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL MINISTRY OF PHYSICAL PLANNING AND WORKS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

Second Small Towns Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Project

Project Management Office Panipokhari, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu


for

Shivanagar Water Supply and Sanitation Project

Kailali District

[ADB GRANT NO. 41022 – (NEP)]

TERMS OF REFERENCE

December, 2010


72

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Shivanagar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 ORGANIZATION PREPARING THE TERMS OF REFERENCE .......................................................................... 2

2 BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................. 22. 1 Relevancy of the Project ................................................................................................................................... 2

2. 2 Project Background .......................................................................................................................................... 4

2.2.1 Existing Water Supply System .................................................................................................................... 4

2. 2. 2 Existing Sanitation Situation ................................................................................................................... 5

2. 2.3 Essential Features of the Sub-Project........................................................................................................... 5

2. 2.4 Components of Sub-Project ......................................................................................................................... 6

2.2.5 Water Supply System................................................................................................................................... 6

2.2.6 Sanitation and Drainage ............................................................................................................................... 8

2.2.7 Sanitation Improvement ............................................................................................................................... 8

2. 3 Base Line Condition of the Project Area .......................................................................................................... 8

2.3.1 Physical Environment .................................................................................................................................. 8

2.3.2 Geo-Physical Profile .................................................................................................................................... 9

2.3.3 Ecological Profile ........................................................................................................................................ 9

2.3.4 Human and Economic Development ......................................................................................................... 12

2.3.5 Infrastructure Facilities .............................................................................................................................. 14

2.3.6 Resettlement, Relocation and Compensation Issue ................................................................................... 15

2.3. 7 Air Pollution .............................................................................................................................................. 15

3 PROCEDURES TO BE ADOPTED WHILE PREPARING THE REPORT ............................................................ 153.1 Environmental Assessment............................................................................................................................. 16

3.2 Socio-Economic Assessment .......................................................................................................................... 16

3.3 Public Participation ........................................................................................................................................ 16

4 POLICIES, LAWS, RULES, DIRECTIVES AND GUIDELINES .......................................................................... 17

5 TIME, ESTIMATED BUDGET AND SPECIALIST/EXPERTS REQUIRED .......................................................... 185.1 Time Schedule and Work Plan ....................................................................................................................... 18

5.2 Estimated Budget............................................................................................................................................ 18

5.3 Resource Persons ............................................................................................................................................ 18

6 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT .............................................................................. 18

7 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT ..................................................................... 18

8 MITIGATION MEASURES ........................................................................................................................ 19

9 MATTERS TO BE IMPLEMENTED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT .................................................. 199. 1 Environmental Management Plan................................................................................................................... 19

9. 2 Environmental Monitoring Plan ..................................................................................................................... 19

9. 3 Information Disclosure, Public Consultation and Participation ...................................................................... 20

9. 4 Grievance Redress Mechanism ...................................................................................................................... 20

10 REPORTS ................................................................................................................................................ 20

11 RELEVANT INFORMATIONS .................................................................................................................... 21


73


LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Criteria for requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking water supply Projects as per Annex 1 and

Schedule g and Annex 3 schedule h of Environment Protection Regulation 1997 amendment 2007 compared with the situation of the project ...................................................................................3

Table 2.2 : Salient Features of Shivanagar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project.............................5 Table 2.3 : Mammals in the Project Area .............................................................................................. 10 Table 2.4: List of Birds in the Project Area ............................................................................................ 11 Table 2.5 : List of Fishes Found in the Project Area ............................................................................... 11 Table 2.6 : Population Distribution by Ethnicity .................................................................................... 12 Table 2.7 : Gender Ratio ...................................................................................................................... 12 Table 2.8 : Ownership of Houses in the Project Area ............................................................................ 12 Table 2.9 : Educational Status of the Project Area ................................................................................ 13 Table 2.10 : List of Schools in the Project Area ..................................................................................... 14 Table 2.11 : List of Other Institutions in the Area ................................................................................. 15 Table 5.1 : Proposed Work Schedule .................................................................................................... 18


74


ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank BPT Break Pressure Tank CAD Computer Aided Design CAP Community Action Plan DDC District Development Committee DWSO District Water Supply Office DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMAP Environmental Management Action Plan EMP Environment Management Plan EPA Environment Protection Act EPR Environment Protection Regulation FGD Focus Group Discussion FIDIC Federation Internationale Des Ingenerus Conseils GoN Government of Nepal HH (s) Household (s) HMG/N His Majesty's Government of Nepal IEE Initial Environmental Examination KUKL Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited LPCD/lpcd Liter per capita per day lpd Liter per day lps Liter per second MOPE Ministry of Population and Environment MPPW Ministry of Physical Planning and Works NGO Non Government Organization PMO Project Management Office PWD Public Work Directories QOL Quality of Life RWSSP Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program S.N Serial Number STWSSSP Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project TDF Town Development Fund ToR Terms of Reference TPO Town Project Office VDC Village Development Committee WSS Water Supply and Sanitation WSST Water Supply and Sanitation Technician WUC Water Users' Committee WUG Water User's Group WUSC Water User's and Sanitation Committee


75


INITIAL ENVIRONMENT EXAMINATION Terms of Reference for the Shivanagar Town Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation Project

1 ORGANIZATION PREPARING THE TERMS OF REFERENCE

The Environment Protection Regulations of 1997 (amended in 2007) mentions that a ToR for an IEE is required. This ToR is prepared to carry out Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Shivanagar Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Kailai District. The project proponent, STWSSSP of Government of Nepal, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) is responsible for the preparation of IEE report.

Name of the Proponent: Project Management Office Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Ministry of Physical Planning Works Government of Nepal

Address of the Proponent: Panipokhari, Kathmandu Tel: 977 1 4423848, 977 1 4412348 Fax: 977 1 4413280 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sstwssp.gov.np

2 BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

2. 1 Relevancy of the Project

As per the TOR issued to the EDCs, it is stated that the Project needs to be studied from the environmental point of view as per EPA 1997 and EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007). The proposed water supply and sanitation project is an extension of the existing DSTWSS which is meant primarily for the market area but has also been supplying a part of the proposed service area. It is expected that on implementation of the project the users of the area will be able to avail of adequate amount of safe drinking water and need not resort to use of unsafe hand pumps to fulfill their water needs. The project needs to go through IEE process as stipulated in EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007). The proposed project shall be using ground water sources (boreholes). The treatment capacity of the proposed units is less than 25 lps. The Project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households, there is no need to settle any households above the gravity source, and construction of river training works (more than 1 km) is not required. The project shall benefit some ten thousand persons in the area with higher and better water services. The groundwater abstraction for the proposed drinking water augmentation is very miniscule compared to the available groundwater resources of the aquifer. As the proposed project falls within the definitions provided in the EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007)


76

Annex 1 (G) for drinking water projects; only an IEE shall be necessary. The regulation stated in Annex 1 (H) shall only be applicable, if the proposal does not fall under categories (A) through (H) of Annex 3. Table 2.1 compares the status of the project point by point against the conditions defined by Environment

2


77


Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Regulation 1997 (and its amendments 2007) for which a

drinking water would require IEE or EIA. Table 2.1: Criteria for requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking water supply Projects as per Annex 1 and Schedule g and Annex 3 schedule h of Environment Protection Regulation 1997 amendment 2007 compared with the situation of the project S. N Condition described in IEE Required as EIA Required Conditions in the

the Act and Regulations per the Regulation as per the project Annex 1 g Regulation Annex 3

h

1. River Control (training) Up to 1 Over 1 NA

kilometer kilometer

2. Channeling Water from Applicable Applicable NA

one Watershed to Another

3. Rain Water Collection and Up to 200 More than 200 NA

Use of Spewing Wetland hectares hectares

4. Supply of Water in Dry Up to 1 cusec More than 1 NA

Season from Surface Water and utilizing up to cusec and utilizing

Source with a safe yield of 50 % of the the total available

available quantity quantity

5. Ground Water Recharge Up to 50 % of More than 50 NA

total aquifer % of aquifer

6. Water Treatment Up to 25 litre More than 25 Within 25 litre per per sec litre per sec sec

7. Construction of Tunnel for Tunnel Not constructed

Channelling Drinking Water constructed

8. Water Resource 25 to 100 Over 100 Not done

Development which people people

Displaces People

Permanent Residents)

9. Settlement of People Settlement of Settlement of Not done

Upstream of Water Source up to 500 people above 500 people

10. Supply of water to a 5, 000 to 50, Over 50, 000 This is an extension population of 000 of the existing system. Newer service areas have been added and

new sources are to be

tapped.

11. Connection of New Source 10, 000 - 100, More than The current

to Supply Water to existing 000 100, 000 population is and the water supply system for a project is 16425

population of designed for a final

population of 33662

12. Operation of a drinking Installed Installed Sewage treatment water supply system with plant not yet installed. inclusion of sewage There is a discussion

disposal system with going on as to the

sewage treatment system addition of a sewage treatment plant on the south side of the bridge


78

over Ratuwa Mai.

13. Extraction of ground water Not done Done No non point and point from sources which are sources of pollution in

located at point and non- the vicinity of the water

3


79


point sources of biological source

and chemical pollution

and/or their influenced

areas.

14. Operation of water Not operated Operated This is not a

supply project included in a multipurpose project multipurpose project and is solely for water utilizing a source of 25 liter supply

per sec water.

(Construction of Multiple

Purpose Reservoir

Required)

2. 2 Project Background

The proposed Shivanagar (Dhangadhi) Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project has been envisaged to serve ward nos. 1,5,7 and 8 of Dhangadhi Municipality in Kailali District of Far Western Development Region of Nepal. It is a demand led project. The people of the project area had submitted their request for the project and the project has been undertaken accordingly.

The project area Shivanagar (Dhangadhi) is located at 28

0 48' N latitude 80

0 33' E longitudes on the south

of east west highway and about 16km south of Attariya. It is situated in the southern part of Kailali district having about 3.5 km east- west length and about 3 km north south width. The Shivanagar (Dhangadhi) Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project lies within the Dhangadhi Municipality. It is located on all weather black topped road some 16km from Attariya, the major junction on the east west highway. It is connected with the Kohalpur- Mahanedranagar highway. As it is linked with National Highway, day and night bus services are easily available. The nearest airport is at Geta which is only 8 km away, which has regular air services to Kathmandu. The project area is near the Indian border and be accessed at Gauriphanta border.

2.2.1 Existing Water Supply System

There is no improved system of drinking water supply built within the project area. The only source of supply of water for the population of service area is ground water. They are drawing through shallow tube wells of top layer of aquifer where the water is easily susceptible to pollution and contamination. Most of these hand-pumps are installed by the dwellers themselves located within their premises. No sanitary protection has been provided in these hand pumps. However some wards of the municipality within the service area are partially served by Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC). The source of water for this system is also ground water drawn from deep aquifer around 200 m deep. There are two overhead tanks, one a low head RCC overhead tank of 180 cu.m capacity meant primarily for the market area. The second overhead tank is a modular steel structure built with Japanese assistance of 200 cu.m capacity located at Hansapur. Since the existing NWSC system serves the proposed service area only partially, the consultant have carried out a thorough assessment of the system to learn about the features of the system, water resources of the area and operational difficulties among others. Therefore, the existing condition of water supply in the area is good enough to justify a reasonable water supply system for the community.

The existing water supply system managed by NWSC is operated for six hours a day i.e. two hours in the morning, two hours during the day, and another two hours in the evening. Although the operating hours are inadequate for the urban households, daily water demand is supplemented by shallow hand pumps which are


80

easily installed. In the area where shallow tube wells are using as source of supply such problem does not visualized.

4


81


The water supply system operated and managed by NWSC has more than 3400 consumers, which include domestic and institutional consumers. Rests of the people are drawing water from their shallow hand pumps. 2. 2. 2 Existing Sanitation Situation

Existing sanitation facilities are quite basic in Dhangadhi Municipality. The sanitary situation of the project area is found reasonably satisfactory. The latrine coverage of the project area is quite satisfactory. Nearly 80% of households in the project area have access to some kind of latrines. Majority of households have ventilated improved pit latrines and pour flush latrines and connected to septic tanks. Some of the poorer households were found to possess simple pit latrines. Among 20% who do not build latrine, major reason behind not having latrines is economic problems and lack of space. Very few people do not know how to build and few have habit of defecating in open space. At present there is about 500 m of open surface drain exist in the main market area of the service area, which is not in good condition and need repair and maintenance. As reported recently, a storm water drainage system of about 6 km long is demanded by the community of Shivanagar area. Due to lack of proper drainage system, there occurs frequent water logging at different places mainly due to lack of outfall structure. There is no sewerage system in the project area. But the people felt necessary to have sewerage system but due to financial constraint people may not be able to construct at present. It is observed that about 62% of household dispose wastewater in soak pit managed by them. About 31% of households dispose wastewater to nearby kitchen garden where as remaining household drains into public drain. Regarding solid waste management about 85% of the household dispose domestic solid wastes in nearby pit. Remaining households disposes to public places managed by municipality and VDC and others.

2. 2.3 Essential Features of the Sub-Project

The project is designed in the principles of active community participation from the design stage itself. The implementation strategy of this sub-project is based on community management approach. Therefore, user participation at the outset of the planning and design exercise is an essential requirement. The community has to contribute 50% of the construction cost. Out of that 5% have to be deposited before implementation of the project as upfront cash. Another 30% to be contributed taking loan from TDF. Rest 15% to be contributed either b direct financing if the community in capable or by taking loan from TDF The loan is to be returned within 15 years along with the interest of 5% per annum through their affordable water tariffs.Tariff raised by the service has to support towards maintenance of the supply system of the water supply system. DWSS is acting as the initiator/coordinator. The salient features of the Shivanagar (Dhangadhi) Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sub-project are:

Table 2.2 : Salient Features of Shivanagar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project

S.N. Items Description 1 Name of Project Shivanagar (Dhangadhi) Town Water Supply and

Sanitation Project 2 Type Pumping (Lifting) 3 Study Level Detailed Engineering Design

4 Location Area

Region Far-Western Development Region

Initial Environmental Examination(IE

Zone

District

VDC/Municipali

ion(IEE) of Shivanagar Town Water Supply and Sanitatio

Seti Kailali

ipality Dhangadhi Municipality

itation Project

82

lity

5

Initial Environmental Examination(IEE


Wards

5 Available Facilities

Road

Supply Water S

Electricity

Communication

Health Services

Banking Facilitie

6 Source Characteristics

Source Name Source Type

Source Location

Safe Yield (lps)

7 Type of Structures

(a) Bore Hole Drillin

(b) Pumps, El

Transformer and Generato

(c) Overhead Tank

Nos.)

(d) Ground Reservo

(e) Valve Chamber

(f) Guard House / B

(g) Generator House

(h) Household Conn

(i) Community Tap S

(j) Fire Hydrant (k) Electro-Mechan

Plant

Total Length of pipe:

Distribution Network

Pipe Used: DI GI HDPE 8 Social Status Present Populat

Base Year Popu

Design Year Pop

Weighted Grow

2. 2.4 Components of Sub-Pr

The major components of a grboreholes with pumps, treatment

2.2.5 Water Supply System

a. Source

n(IEE) of Shivanagar Town Water Supply and Sanitation

ion (IEE) of Shivanagar Town Water Supply and Sanitatio

1, 5, 7 and 8

East-West Highway er System NWSC and Handpumps

Available tion Available ices Available ilities Available

istics

Deep Tubewell Ground Water

tion W.N. 5 lps) 25 lps

rilling 2 Sets Electricity line, 1 Sets

rator

ank ( Capacity / 450 Cu. m. / One

ervoir 800 Cu. m. / One ber 90 Nos. / Boundary Wall 1 No. ouse 1 No. onnection 1941 Nos. ap Stand 71 Nos.

8 Nos. hanical Treatment 1 Set

pe:

ork 45702 m.

6384 m. (150 to 350 mm

14102 m. (125 to 40 mm

25216 m. (40 to 110 mm

ulation (2007) 143

opulation (2013) 164

r Population (2028) 336

rowth Rate % 4.9

Project

groundwater based water supply system in the Tnt units, ground and overhead RCC reservoirs, valv

em

ation Project

83

itation Project

mm Ø) mm Ø) mm Ø)

14331 16425 3362 4.9 %

Terai consists typically of alve boxes and distribution


84

The source of water for the system is groundwater and therefore, deep tubewells will be drilled in places with good potential for groundwater yield. The borehole is proposed to be located either near the Kailali Multiple Campus and thereabouts in ward no. 5 of Dhangadhi Municipality (the first alternative) or near

6


85


the Gauri Shanker Tole in ward no. 5 (the second alternative). At the feasibility stage and based on the assessment of tube wells drilled in the Dhangadhi Municipality and adjoining areas, tubewells of average depth of about 120 meters is envisaged. The initial casing shall be of 300 mm diameter and nearly 50 meters deep from the surface.

b. Pump Submersible pumps with the required capacity to serve the design year demand have been recommended to be installed in the boreholes. Submersible pumps of various capacities ranging from 30 – 35 HP shall be installed in the boreholes to pump water to the groundwater reservoir via the water treatment plant. Similarly, from the ground clean water reservoir to the overhead RCC tank, submersible pumps of 25 – 30 HP capacity will be installed to pump clean water to the overhead tank for distribution. The pumps will be connected to the control board by flat submersible cable. Each borehole shall have pumps installed and one pump will be provided as a standby

c. Treatment Process The proposed groundwater system will have adequate treatment processes comprising of Electro-mechanical treatment plants (aeration and pressure filters) at the proposed overhead RCC tanks. These water treatment units shall treat the water such that the quality of water supplied is in accordance with the Nepal water quality standards and WHO drinking water guidelines/Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS)-2062.

d. Ground Reservoirs / Overhead Tanks It is proposed to build a ground level reservoir to store treated water and an overhead RCC tank to distribute water effectively. The ground level clean water reservoir shall be a circular RCC tank with a capacity of 800 cu. m and the distribution overhead tank shall be a circular RCC tank of450 cu. m. in size. The base of the overhead reservoir tank is proposed at an elevation of al least 20 meters above the ground to ensure adequate pressure at the pipeline of the system. The Consultants also recommend that appropriate geotechnical investigations be carried out during the design phase at the reservoir locations to determine the soil properties

e. Distribution Pipe Lines The distribution system comprises of a pipe network, which are looped in certain cases and branched in other. The entire system has been designed using GI, HDPE and DI pipes. The size of DI pipes is 150 mm and above. The total pipe length of the proposed distribution system works out to be over 40 km.

f. House Connections The system has been designed predominantly as a house connection with a very few shared community stand posts. The system will have a design capacity of providing for more than 2000 house connections. The house connection shall comprise of about 24 meters of pipe connection and water meter with proper casing.

g. Community Stand Posts Seventy-one numbers of community stand posts has been provided as per the desire and requirement of the community. These stand posts will be made of brick masonry with proper facilities for washing, drainage and placing vessels for water

h. Electrical Supply The 11 kV transmission line through an 11/0.4 kV – 100 and 50 kVA step down transformer to the pump house, will supply electrical power. A three-phase power line will connect the control panel to the pump.

I

n

i

t

i

a

l

E

n

v

i

r

o

n

m

e

n

t

a

l

E

x

a

m

i

n

a

t

i

o

n

(

I

E

8

6

7


87


i. Office Buildings / Guard House

Guard quarter(s) with minimum space has been proposed at the reservoir site. In addition, boundary wall has been proposed to safeguard storage tanks from vandalism as well as contamination.

j. System Appurtenances

These shall primarily comprise of valve chambers to house flow control valves, control valves for

controlling flow etc. Altogether 90 valve chambers are expected in the system. 2.2.6 Sanitation and Drainage Public sanitation under SSTWSSSP primarily counts for public toilets and drainage works. Shivanagar being a sparsely populated settlement, waste management has not yet become a big problem. So, there was not much demand for heavy investment in drainage works and public toilets. However it may be a problem in the long run. Therefore, building of surface drainage at last in the main core bazaar area is essential in addition to maintaining the existing surface drain. Also construction of toilets in major service area also essential. The proposed public sanitation requirement of the project area is constructed of institutional toilet at various schools for betterment of facilities in the schools, and the construction of surface drain in the core market area for the better environment of the project area. Regarding toilet construction in the schools, separate toilet units has to be build for boys and girls in seven schools in the service area.

2.2.7 Sanitation Improvement

a. Support for On-Site Sanitation at Household Level

On-site sanitation is proposed for the sub-project. However, support in form of subsidy to the household toilet construction also required, targeted for the poor households who are unable to afford the construction of the toilet on their own. Without the subsidy the overall sanitation program will face failure as the poor who cannot afford toilets and will continue open defecation. The subsidy will include the toilet construction materials (pan, pipes, concrete slabs, etc.) to the deserving poor families who are willing to construct a private

b. Storm Water Drainage

Storm Water drainage covering the core area is proposed. Brick masonry covered drains will be constructed along the inner roads and a piped drain constructed where the road is in embankment.

c. Solid Waste Management A land fill site shall be selected at a suitable place.

2. 3 Base Line Condition of the Project Area

2.3.1 Physical Environment

The proposed Shivanagar (Dhangadhi) Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project has been envisaged to serve ward numbers 1, 5, 7 and 8 of Dhangadhi Municipality. The data collected during the feasibility study


88

showed that the total number of households are around 2429 (population 7690) within the proposed service area.

8


89


The Project area is located on all weather black topped road some 25 kilometers from Attariya, the major junction of on the East-West Highway. The nearest airport is the Dhangadhi Airport at Geta VDC, where daily flights from Kathmandu provide their services. In addition to this the Project area is near the Indian Border and also be accessed at Gauri Phanta border.

2.3.2 Geo-Physical Profile

a. Topography Topographically, the project area Shivanagar (Dhangadhi ) lies in the terai region and is generally flat with an average elevation is 100 to 110 m. above the mean sea level.

b. Geology and Soils

The Project area lies in the Southern Terai Zone and consists of main sediments of Gangetic Plain. Basically, sand, silt and clay are the main sediments of the soils of this zone. This zone is composed of finer sediments. The sediments become finer and also show change of farcies. The water table is about 3 m below the surface

c. Climate

The area has a tropical monsoon type of climate. The average rainfall ranges between 1630 – 1705 mm. 80 – 85 % of the total rainfall occurs during mid June to late September) Highest rainfall was recorded as 522 mm in July. The area receives a small amount of rain brought by the south westerly winds from the Arabian Sea. It lies in thermo-xero-chimenic bioclimatic zone represented by hot (mean daily temperature greater

than 15oC) and humid bio-climates with 5-6 dry months. The average monthly maximum temperature

ranges from 21.9oC to 37.2

oC from 5.4

oC to 25.8

oC. The temperature rises during the pre-monsoon period

(February to May) and declines during the post monsoon season (October to January)

d. Surface and Ground Water

There is a small stream, Sukuti Nala, which runs north to south between Ward Nos 8 and 1. of the project area near to the location of the proposed drilling site for the source of ground water. Another smaller stream Kapani Nala drains from Devariya Forest to this stream. This stream finally joins Muhana Nadi in the south. There is a pond in the middle of the Dhangadhi Gaun. The water table of the area is at a depth of around 3 meters. The following natural lakes are found in Devhariya Forest in Ward No. 7, namely; Jakhor Tal (0.3 ha), Murfatta Tal (2.3 ha), Murfatti Tal (0.9 ha). This part of the Ward is not included in the Project area but is now developing into a Botanical garden by the Government. 2.3.3 Ecological Profile The main natural vegetation of the project are in the eastern border is natural forest for sal, mixed sal saz forest, riverive hair, jamun forest and grass land and other submerged floating and emergent species. This can be considered the natural vegetation of the project area. Similarly lots of mamals and birds are available in the forest and fishes found in Devariya tal. The details of the types of flora and fauna found in that area are as follows:

A. Flora On the eastern border of the Project area is a natural forest of sal (Shorea robusta), mixed sal saj (Shorea robusta-Terminalia alata), forest, riverine khair-jamun (Acacia catechu-Eugenia jambolina) forest and


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grassland (Imperata spp., Saccharum spp). This can be considered the natural vegetation of the project area. The details of the types of forest found in that area are as follows:

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Terrestrial Vegetation

(a) In sal forest, Shorea robusta is the most dominant tree species with thick lianas and under growth,

other tree species include, Amala (Phyllanthus emblica) Bel (Aegle marmelous) Kusum (Schleichera oleosa), Sindhure (Mallotus philippinensis) and karma (Adina cordifolia). The undergrowth vegetation is dominated mainly by Clerodendron viscosum, Murraya koenigii and Bauhinia vahlii.

(b) Sal-saj (Shorea robusta- Teminalia alata) Forest: Shorea robusta and Terminalia alata are the dominant species in between Jakhor Tal and Murfatta Tal. In this forest Bhalayo (Semecarpus anacardium), Bhogate (Maesa macrophylla), (Mallotus Philippinensis) form secondary stratum. Forests of the north-east side have a rich growth of Dhanyero (Woodfordia fruticosa).

(c) Riverine forest: The forest located near Jakhor tal, Murfutta tal and Murfutti tal area is relatively open riverine forest dominated by Eugenia kurzi, Acacia catechu and Dalbergia sissoo, species. Secondary stratum is composed of curry plant (Murraya koenigii), saplings of Jamun (Eugenia kurzi) and sindure (Mallotus philippinensis).

(d) Grassland: The adjacent terrestrial grassland vegetation is equally rich comprising Cyperus distans, Phragmites karka, Cyperus esculentus. Cyperus imbricatus, Cassia tora, Chrysopogon acicualatus, Desmodium triflorum, Alternanthera sessilis, Phyllanthas urinaria, Cynodon dactylon, Centella asiatica, Justicia spimplex, Imperata cylindrica. In the less grazed area, species like Cynodon dactylon and Centella asiatica are found dominant.

Wetland vegetation:

(a) Submerged species: the dominant are Hydrilla verticillata, Chara sps., Ceratophyllum demesrum and Utricularia aurea.

(b) Floating Species: The dominant species are Eichornia crassipes, Pistia stroites, Azolla imbicata, Lemna minor and Wolffia sps. Ludwig sps., Nymphoea nouchalia, Potomogeton natans, and Nelumbo nucifera . Other floating species are Ipomoea aquatica, Trapa bispinosa

(e) Emergent species: Monochoria vaginalis, Cyperus esculentus, Persicaria hydropiper, are found frequently in the Jakhor Tal. Species like Ranunculus scleratus, Phragmites karka, Saccharum spontaneum , Marselea quadrifolia, Cyperus spp. Persicaria glabrum are dominant in the nearby forests.

B. Fauna

The mammals reported to be present in the nearby forests are listed in the table

below: Table 2.3 : Mammals in the Project Area

Common Name Scientific Name

Rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta

Hanuman langur Presbites entellus

Jungle cat Felis chaus

Fishing cat Felis viverrina

Leopard cat Felis bengalensis

Panther Panthera pandrus

Common mongoose Herpestes edwardsi

Jackal Canis aureus

Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensis

Dhole Cuon lurtra

Otter Lutra lutra

Bat

Squirrel Fanambulus sps

Flying squirrel Petaurista petaurista

Jungle rat Bandicota indica


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Hare Lepus nigrcollis

Blue bull Boselaphus tragocamelus

Sambar Cervus unicolor

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Swamp deer Cervus duvauceli

Chittal Axis axis

Some of the birds reported in the forest areas are listed in the table below:

Table 2.4: List of Birds in the Project Area Common name Scientific Name

Indian moor hen Gallunila chloropus Pigmy goose Nettapus coromandeeliarnus Whiet breasted kingfisher Halcyon smyntensis Stork-billed kingfisher Pelargopsis indicus Pond Heron Ardeola grayii Purple Heron Ardea purperea Large golden-backed woodpecker Chrysocolaptes lucidus Gray tit Parus major Jungle babbler Tudoides striatus Pin tail duck Anal acuta Jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos Spotted dove Streptopelia chinensis Blossom headed parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala Rose ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri Scarlet minivet Pericrococotus pandicerainus Lesser wood shrike Tephrodomis pondicerianus Gray hornbill Tockus birostris Red whisekered bulbul Pycnonulus jocosus Gray headed fly catcher Cullcicappa ceylonensis

Red jungle fowl Gallus gallus

Similarly, fishes found in the Devariya Tal area are given in the table below:

Table 2.5 : List of Fishes Found in the Project Area

Common Name Scientific name

Rawa Cirrhinus sps. Rohu Labeo rohita Andha bam Amphipnos cuchia Katle Acrossochelius hexagonalepsis Bhoti Chauna gachura Bam Mastacembelus sps. Garahi Chauna punctatus Mahasir Tor putitora

Sahar Tor tor

C. Protected Areas

No protected area exists in the project area. However Kailali district lie in the corridor of two important conservation areas in Nepal: Badiya national park and Suklaphanta conservation area. Dudhiya national park lies in India across the border. These are not in the vicinity of the project area and need not be considered for the project.

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2.3.4 Human and Economic Development

a. Socio-Economic Data

The ethnic composition of the beneficiary population is presented in the table below. The major ethnic groups in the project area are Brahmin, Chhetri and Chaudary and Rana Tharu.

Table 2.6 : Population Distribution by Ethnicity

Ethnic Group Total

HH % Pop % No

Bramhin 492 20.28 2816 19.65 Chhetri 623 25.68 3533 24.65 Newar 23 0.95 128 0.89 Gurung 6 0.25 32 0.22 Magar 14 0.58 69 0.48 Rai 1 0.04 6 0.04 Tharu 411 16.94 3128 21.83 Chaudhary 720 29.68 3816 26.63 Kami 35 1.44 22 1.54 0

Sarki 9 0.37 48 0.33 Damai 6 0.25 41 0.29 Musalman 6 0.25 33 0.23 Others 80 3.30 46 3.22 1

Total 2426 100 14331 100

The gender distribution structure of the project area is of general type. The table below gives the detailed analysis of the results found by the field survey.

Table 2.7 : Gender Ratio

Gender Regular Population Total (Regular + Rent) Total Population Percent Population Percent Male 7312 53.68 7722 53.883 Female 6310 46.32 6609 46.117 Total 13622 100 14331 100

Most of the population, i.e. over 90 %, in this area is employed in service and the major occupational activity is agriculture (29.68%) and service / jobs (29.03%). Other activities in the project area are business and trading (16.52 %) followed by daily wage earners (8.21%). Other occupational activities in the area are remittance and small scale industries.

The status of economic condition of the population can be inferred from various parameters such as ownership of dwellings, type of houses, their valuation, etc. Over 90 percent of the project households own their dwellings. Field survey has indicated that nearly 70% of the houses in the project area are either pucca or semi pucca houses.

Table 2.8 : Ownership of Houses in the Project Area

Ownership House Total

No % Own House 2208 91.01 Rented House 185 7.63 Free of Cost House 26 1.07


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Landless 7 0.29 Total 2426 100.00

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The educational status of the project beneficiaries is also quite good. Nearly 90 % of the project population are literate and / or with higher educational status. The details of the educational status of the project area is given in the table below.

Table 2.9 : Educational Status of the Project Area

Age Group Total No % Illiterate 1481 10.33 Literate 1690 11.79 Primary Level 3526 24.60 Secondary Level 3351 23.38 SLC Pass 1510 10.54 Intermediate 1147 8.00 Bachelor 587 4.10 Master 185 1.29 Others 23 0.16 NA 831 5.80 Total 14331 100

b. Health and Sanitation

Only about 240 households avail the services of the existing NWSC system and the rest have to depend upon shallow hand pumps. Those who have water supply from NWSC have also to use hand pumps to supplement the supply as the current supply is not adequate. The shallow hand- pump water is prone to contamination from various infectious bacteria. The population suffers from water borne infections.

Hospitals

The district hospital exists in the municipality although not within the project area itself. There is an Eye treatment centre and and Seti Ayurvedic hospital within the Project area.

Sanitation

Existing sanitation facilities are quite basic in Dhangadhi Municipality. There are a few surface drains to drain of street run-off and the Municipality employs sweepers and tractors to gather and dispose solid waste from the town area. However, most of the households have pour-flush latrines in the urbanized areas of the municipality. Nonetheless, the semi-urban areas in the periphery of the municipality including parts of ward no. 7 within the proposed service area lack adequate sanitation.

c. Economic Characteristics

• Industries

No sizable industry of middle or large size within the project area.

• Agricultural Development

The areas adjoining the project area even within the municipal boundary are good for agriculture. Many of the rural households are dependent upon agriculture produce. The area is famous for its paddy production.


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The major crops produced here are paddy, wheat, maize and seasonal vegetables.

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2.3.5 Infrastructure Facilities

Water Supply and Drainage

The existing NWSC water system is a groundwater based system with overhead tanks and intermittent supply through private household connections. The there are two overhead tanks, one a low head RCC overhead tank of 180 cu.m capacity meant primarily for the market area. The second overhead tank is a modular steel structure of 200 cu.m capacity located in Hasanpur. Source of water for the existing system is groundwater boreholes, over 150 meters in depth and fitted with submersible pumps.

Communication

There is a regular service of line and mobile phone service in the project area.

Electricity

The Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) has provided electricity for household consumption through its national grid.

Irrigation

There is no canal irrigation in the area

Transportation

The Project area is located on all weather black topped road some 25 kilometers from Attariya, the major junction of on the East-West Highway. The nearest airport is the Dhangadhi Airport at Geta VDC, where daily flights from Kathmandu provide their services. In addition to this the Project area is near the Indian Border and also be accessed at Gauri Phanta border.

Educational Institutions

There are Seventeen schools and one campus (Kailali Multiple Campus) in the Project area. The following is the list of the schools, and their locations:

Table 2.10 : List of Schools in the Project Area

S.N Name of the School/ Campus Address, Ward No.

. 1. Kalika Devi English School Basanta Tole-1 2. New Era English Boarding School Laxmi Nagar-1 3. Heaven's Garden Boarding School Laxmi Nagar-1 4. Malika English Boarding School Buddha Marga-1 5. Gyan Jyoti Bidya Niketan Shivanagar-1 6. Greenland English Boarding School

1. Delight Boarding School Manehara-7 2. Sarswoti Lower Secondary School Manehara-7 3. Pashupati Boarding School Debariya-7 4. Tharu Hostel Debariya-7 1. Aristo English Boarding School Campus Road-8 2. Dhangadhi Higher Secondary School Dhangadhi Gaon-8 3. Nav Durga English Boarding School Dhangadhi Gaon-8 4. Kailali Bidya Niketan Sichhya Nagar-8 5. Three Star English Boarding School Sichhya Nagar-8 6. Api Bidya Niketan Dhangadhi-8 7. Shining Star Boarding School Dhangadhi-8

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Other Institutions

The training centre of Agricultural Development Bank of Nepal is located in Ward # 1. Besides this there are several government and non-government including private institutions in the project area. A list of the same is provided in the table below:

Table 2.11 : List of Other Institutions in the Area

Name of the Office / Organization Address Type (Ward / Cluster) (Private/GO/NGO)

Agricultural Development Bank, Regional Training Basanta Tole-1 Bank Centre

Accham Sewa Samiti Shiva Nagar-1 CBO Dudir Consultancy Overseas Shiva Nagar-1 Private Lok Chakra Buddha Bihar Buddha Marga-1 Private Spiritual Centre Jan Jagaran Samaj Kendra Debariya-7 NGO NNDSWO Campus Road NGO Nav Durga Anugaman Kendra Dhangadhi Gaon-8 Temple Spiritual Centre

Quality of Life Values

The Project is not expected to adversely affect any cultural or recreational resources but will increase the existing quality of life values due to the improvement in personal, household and community hygiene practices and community health.

Cultural and Religious Sites

There are usual temples at various locations in the project areas as would be expected in a typical Nepali urban centre but no culturally important place.

2.3.6 Resettlement, Relocation and Compensation Issue

The various system alternatives do not require resettlement of households or relocation. The system network has tried to follow public property line and hence the issue of resettlement or relocation is not evident. However, during the environmental assessment process this will be thoroughly assessed and verified in line with the ADB and HMG environmental guidelines and regulations.

There shall be the need to compensate, if private land is required for locating the overhead reservoirs and the tube wells within the service area. Compensation amount shall be as per the local prevailing rates for such land.

2.3. 7 Air Pollution

Air pollution is not a problem in the Shivanagar area as most industries are not located in its area or vicinity and there is low volume of traffic. There may be indoor air pollution from burning of agricultural refuge.

3 PROCEDURES TO BE ADOPTED WHILE PREPARING THE REPORT

The consultant will follow the following methodology for preparation of the report:

• Prepare a comprehensive data base on the corridor of influence on the biophysical and socioeconomic environment


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• Collect Secondary data from published and unpublished reports, maps, aerial photographs, newspaper articles, etc. from different Government and non-government organizations.

• Prepare Questionnaires/checklists/matrices for collection of primary data for both the bio-physical

and socioeconomic assessments.

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• Provide a description of relevant parts of the Project, using maps with appropriate scale and photographs and aerial photographs, where necessary, including the following information: location, alignment, alternatives, design, standards, pre-construction, construction and post-construction activities, work schedule, staffing and support facilities and services.

• Include information on mitigation, costs associated with construction activities (during design

construction, and operation and maintenance activities) should also be included.

3.1 Environmental Assessment The consultant shall study the existing environmental constraints and potential impacts in the Project area through filed surveys, complemented by secondary information from reports and interviews with a number of government officials, representatives of NGO and international organizations (IO) supported projects and researchers. The consultant shall collect primary and secondary data, evaluate them and describe the relevant environmental characteristics of the area along the pipeline routes and its corridor of influence, including the following information: Physical Environment: topography, soils, climate, and meteorology, geology, surface and ground water hydrology, noise, air and water quality Ecological Environment: flora, fauna, rare and endangered species, religious trees and sensitive habitats (including parks and reserves) 3.2 Socio-Economic Assessment

• Social assessment of the project tries to determine the social implication (issues) in terms of assumed positive and negative impacts related to location, design, construction, and operation. Preparation and actual implementation of the construction activities will create some nuisance and inconvenience for the communities in the area.

• Primary data shall be obtained through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with communities, along the

pipeline routes under consideration. Additional data shall be collected from various Committees (VDCs, DDCs, NGOs, Community groups, etc) through which the respective pipe alignment pass.

• The Consultant shall collect primary and secondary data, evaluate them and describe the relevant

environmental characteristics of the along the pipe routes and its corridor of influence, along with the following information:

• Population, land use, planned development activities, community structure, government services,

demography, employment, distribution of income and sources of livelihood, goods and services produced, water supply, public health, education, extension services, cultural sites and heritage, tribal people, customs, aspirations and attitudes, expected water users and those benefitting from it, different needs and demands of VDCs, and the present quality of life (QOL), etc

3.3 Public Participation The project has decided to involve a variety of concerned groups, including non-governmental organizations, line agencies, community based organizations local leaders and social workers while preparing the IEE report. A notice will be published in a daily newspaper only after the approval of the TOR to inform the local people and stakeholders about the project and to obtain suggestion about the possible environmental impacts and likely mitigation measures during implementation of the project. A copy of the notice shall also be displayed at the concerned VDC or municipality office, local school, and health posts and public places in the project area, as per the EPR 1997 (Amendments 1999 and 2007).

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4 POLICIES, LAWS, RULES, DIRECTIVES AND GUIDELINES

The IEE should also be conducted in compliance with the following Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations Standards and Guidelines:

Law • Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 B.S. (2007 A.D.)

Policies

• Rural Water Supply and Sanitation National Policy, Strategy and Action Plan 2060 B.S. (2004 A.D.)

• Three Year Interim Plan 2063 B.S. (2007 A.D.) • Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Policy 2066 B.S. (2009 A.D.) • ADB’s “Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS)” 2066 B.S. (2009 A.D.)

Acts and Regulations

• Land Acquisition Act 2034 B.S. (1978 A.D.) • Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Acts 2044 (1987) • Solid waste (management& resource mobilization), Rules,2047 (1990) • Water Resources Act 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.) • Water Tax Act 2023 (1966) • Water Resources Regulations 2050 B.S. (1993) • Labor Act 2048 B.S. (1992 A.D.) • Forest Act 2049 (1992 A.D.) • Forest Regulations 2050 (1993 A.D.) • Environmental Protection Act 2053 B.S. (1997 A.D.) • Environmental Protection Regulations 2054 (1997 A.D.) with Amendment • Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S. (1999 A.D.) • Local Self Governance Regulations 2056 B.S. (2000 A.D.) • Drinking Water Regulations 2055 B.S. (1998 A.D.) • Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act 2056 B.S. (2001 A.D.) • Town Development Act 2045 (1988 A.D.)

Standards and Guidelines

• National EIA Guidelines 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.) • National Drinking Water Quality Standards 2062 B.S (2005 A.D.) • Water Resources Strategy, 2055 B.S. (2002 A.D.)

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5 TIME, ESTIMATED BUDGET AND SPECIALIST/EXPERTS REQUIRED

5.1 Time Schedule and Work Plan

Time to be devoted for the IEE Study shall be 6 weeks. The Proposed work schedule is as follows: Table 5.1 : Proposed Work Schedule S. N Activity / Work 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 Approval of IEE TOR

2. Public Notification

3. Desk Study

4. Field Work

4.1 Physical Environmental Assessment

4.2 Biological Environment Assessment

4.3 Socio economic and Cultural Assessment

5. Analysis of Field information and Impact Evaluation

5.1 Alternative Assessment

5.2 Development of Mitigative Measures

5.3 Development of Environmental Auditing Process

5.4 Preparation Environmental Monitoring Plan

6. Preparation of Draft report and submission

7. Final Submission after incorporation of comments

5.2 Estimated Budget

The total estimated cost for the IEE study of Shivanagar Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project is NRs. 155,000.00 inclusive of all taxes.

5.3 Resource Persons

As the IEE requires different personnel for specific tasks, the following inter-disciplinary manpower will be required. A team leader will be required to co-ordinate the different tasks of the personnel involved. The Team will be consisting of:

• Team Leader/Water Supply and Sanitation Engineer

• Environmentalist

• Sociologist

• Geo-hydrologist

• Botanist/Forrester

•

6 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

A distinction shall be made between the potentially significant positive and adverse impacts and immediate and long term impacts. Impacts that are unavoidable or irreversible shall be identified. Wherever possible, the significant impacts shall be quantified in terms of environment costs and benefits.

7 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT

Alternative alignments to the proposed project to meet the same project objectives shall be described (siting, design, technology choice, construction techniques, operation and maintenance). Alternatives in terms of


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potential environmental impacts, capital and operating costs and institutional training and monitoring requirements shall be described. Costs and benefits of each alternative shall be quantified (wherever possible), incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigation measures.

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8 MITIGATION MEASURES Mitigation measures to adverse potential impacts due to location, design, construction and post-construction shall be proposed. Mitigation measures shall be incorporated from the planning stage onwards. These measures shall be outlined in the Environment Management Plan (EMP) and Resettlement Plan (RP)

9 MATTERS TO BE IMPLEMENTED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT

9. 1 Environmental Management Plan An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has a dual purpose. It is designed to monitor the contractor’s work during the project implementation. It helps to check contractual compliance with the specified mitigation measures. It also helps in making periodic checks on the actual environmental impacts of the Project over the years following the completion of the works, and to compare these with those impacts anticipated at the time of Project appraisal. The EMP therefore provides the necessary feedback required for correcting potentially serious Project deficiencies, and in planning of other projects. Feasible and cost effective measures to prevent/mitigate/reduce significant negative impacts shall be recommended in the Environment Monitoring Management Plan, outlining construction, post-construction measures. The impacts and costs associated with implementing the measures shall be detailed. Issues related to compensation of affected parties for impacts that cannot be mitigated shall be considered. The EMP shall include proposed work programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing, and training requirements and other support services to implement the mitigating measures. A detailed Resettlement Action Plan (covering compensation and/or resettlement) for the Project affected Persons shall be prepared in addressing the socio-economic impacts. 9. 2 Environmental Monitoring Plan Environmental monitoring plan, which is required under both EPR, 2054 - Annex 6 and NEIAG, 2050 - Chapter 10, helps to provide timely warning of the potential environmental damage and also to check the implementation of mitigation measures to see whether it confirms to the approved plan. The monitoring plan shall include the following critical contents:

i. Identification of environmental parameters/indicators

ii. Development of general monitoring program for assessing the impacts of the project on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment.

iii. Outline a monitoring program for public health in the project camps and surrounding communities

during the construction phase

Monitoring Mechanism The monitoring mechanism during construction will be of regular type whereas baseline monitoring, compliance monitoring and process monitoring shall have to be done during the operation and maintenance phase. The monitoring team shall visit the project site and monitor the effectiveness of the implementation of mitigation measures. Monitoring is one of the components of EMP. Monitoring of physical, biological and socio-economic parameters of the environment of the project site should be carried out. The outcomes of the monitoring


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activities should be maintained in a database. The results of monitoring should also be disclosed in the form of demonstration, charts, figures, graphs, and samples, etc., to the local people, school students and other interested stakeholders. In the process of compliance monitoring of the project construction, local people and construction workers should be consulted.

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9. 3 Information Disclosure, Public Consultation and Participation Public consultations will be held in the entire process of IEE study. Stakeholders should be consulted regarding the scope of the environmental study before work has commenced in earnest, and should then be informed about the likely impacts of the subproject and proposed mitigation once the draft IEE is under preparation. The report should record the views of stakeholders and indicate how these have been taken into account in project development. Information is disclosed through public consultation and more formally by making docu.ments and other materials available in a form and at a location in which they can be easily accessed by stakeholders. This normally involves making draft reports available (in the local language) at public locations in the community and providing a mechanism for the receipt of comments and making docu.ments available more widely. For Category B-sensitive projects, SEIAs and SIEEs are made available to the public through the depository library system, and are placed on the ADB website no later than 120 days prior to the Board considerations. The full IEE (B-sensitive) is also made available to interested parties upon request. For other category B projects, the environmental analysis is posted on the ADB website as part of the RRP. The full IEE reports are also made available to the interested parties upon request. Public consultation and involvement should be given highest priority in the implementation of mitigation measures. Public consultation should take place and on the basis of decision of the consultation meeting, implementation of mitigation measures should be prioritized and should be carried out with the involvement of the local people. Public consultation program in the project area will be organized to inform the broader communities and to collect the feedbacks and suggestions regarding the issues. This program mainly focus on the awareness about the project plans and programs, building of mutual consensus about the implementation of the project, identification of the key issues to be considered during IEE study and project design. In this regard, a 15 days’ public notice shall be issued in a national daily newspaper as well as in the VDC offices covered by the project to inform the concerned and affected stakeholders about the project and receive the related comments and feedback from them. 9. 4 Grievance Redress Mechanism A Grievance Redress Mechanism will be suggested. This will assist the project management in handling of grievances/ complaints raised by the local communities regarding the loss of assets, water and sanitation issues during implementation of the project. This mechanism will incorporate procedure to redress grievances such as collection of grievances/ complaints from the affected community and to resolve them. This procedure will describe the mechanism through planning, implementation and management stages. The agencies, which will be responsible for conducting the above activities, will also be defined.

10 REPORTS The format for the IEE report shall include the following:

• Executive Summary (in English and Nepali)

• Table of Contents

• List of Tables

• List of Figures/Photographs

• Appendices

• List of Abbreviations

• Acknowledgements


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• Introduction

• Description of the Project

• Description of the Environment

• Anticipated environment impacts and mitigation measures 20


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• Analysis of alternatives with and without project situations • Information disclosure, consultation and participation

• Grievance and redress mechanism

• Environment Management Plan

• Conclusions and Recommendations

• References

• Annexes

11 RELEVANT INFORMATIONS Tables, figures, maps photographs and references shall be included in the IEE Report.

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Annex 2: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA)

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

WATER SUPPLY

Instructions: (i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES) for endorsement by the Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title: Nepal/Shivanagar Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project

Sector Division:

Water Supply and Sanitation

SCREENING QUESTIONS

Yes

No

REMARKS

A. PROJECT SITING

IS THE PROJECT AREA

DENSELY POPULATED? Densely populated in market area and

×

others are scattered and rural in

character

HEAVY WITH DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES? Only small developmental activities

× like building construction and so are

going on

ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY ENVIRONMENTALLY ×

SENSITIVE AREAS?

CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE

× No cultural heritage site within or

nearby the project area

PROTECTED AREA × No any protected area within or nearby

the project area

WETLAND

× No wetland area within or nearby the

project area

MANGROVE

× No mangrove area within or nearby

the project area

ESTUARINE

× No estuarine area within or nearby the

project area

BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA

× No buffer zone within or nearby the

project area

SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY

× No special area for protecting diversity

within or nearby the project area

BAY

× No any bay within or nearby the

project area

B. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Will the Project cause…

Pollution of raw water supply from upstream wastewater Since ground water being abstracted in

discharge from communities, industries, agriculture, and soil the system, possibility of pollution of


116

erosion runoff? ×

raw water supply is not possible.

People have their own toilet and not

connected to drain and there are no big

industries


117


SCREENING QUESTIONS

Yes

No

REMARKS

Impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and All pipes will pass through road side

loss/damage to these sites? ×

and no any industrial/cultural

monuments/area will be damage by the

project within the project area.

hazard of land subsidence caused by excessive ground water ×

Only required amount of water will be

pumping? pumped

social conflicts arising from displacement of communities ? × Communities will not be displaced

conflicts in abstraction of raw water for water supply with other ×

Since raw water being ground water

beneficial water uses for surface and ground waters? possibility of conflict do not exist

unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. excessive pathogens or Water quality after treatment, meeting

mineral constituents)? × with NDWQS standard will be

supplied

delivery of unsafe water to distribution system? ×

Treatment facility is provided to ensure

quality of supplied water

inadequate protection of intake works or wells, leading to ×

Boundary wall has been provided

pollution of water supply?

over pumping of ground water, leading to salinization and ×

Only required quantity will be pumped

ground subsidence?

excessive algal growth in storage reservoir? ×

Only treated water will be collected

and reservoir will be cleaned

periodically

increase in production of sewage beyond capabilities of Most of the household have their own

community facilities? × toilet and not connected to drain.

Conceptual design of waste water

management has been prepared

inadequate disposal of sludge from water treatment plants? As water quality is as per NDWQS

× standard only minor sludge will be

produced

inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment plants to Pumps have very minimal noise and

alleviate noise and other possible nuisances and protect × treatment plant will not make noise and

facilities? other nuisance

impairments associated with transmission lines and access ×

Transmission line passes through roads

roads?

health hazards arising from inadequate design of facilities for Trained manpower will be used to

receiving, storing, and handling of chlorine and other ×

receive, store and handling of chlorine.

hazardous chemicals. Adequate measures will be taken to

store it properly.

health and safety hazards to workers from handling and Only chlorine will be used as

management of chlorine used for disinfection, other disinfectants. Required training will be

contaminants, and biological and physical hazards during ×

provided to handle it properly and

project construction and operation? trained manpower will be deployed

Therefore health and safety hazard to

workers will not arise

dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? × No settlement of people required

disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, All households will have their own

Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups? ×

private tap. Besides this, these people

will get opportunity to work and earn

during project implementation

noise and dust from construction activities? During construction some noise may be

created and some dust may be

× produced but this will be managed to

minimize using appropriate

construction practices

increased road traffic due to interference of construction During excavation and back filling of

activities? × pipe trench traffic interference may


118

occur for short period. Traffic

management will be taken care of

continuing soil erosion/silt runoff from construction operations? ×

Flat terrain and no big amount of

earthwork in one place


119


SCREENING QUESTIONS

Yes

No

REMARKS

delivery of unsafe water due to poor O&M treatment processes Regular monitoring of plant operation

(especially mud accumulations in filters) and inadequate will be carried out. Trained manpower

chlorination due to lack of adequate monitoring of chlorine will be deployed through users

residuals in distribution systems? ×

committee for O&M of the project.

One well equipped lab will be

established to check water quality on

regular basis. Hence these type of

problem do not arise.

delivery of water to distribution system, which is corrosive due Regular monitoring of plant operation

to inadequate attention to feeding of corrective chemicals? will be carried out. Trained manpower

will be deployed through users

×

committee for O&M of the project.

One well equipped lab will be

established to check water quality on

regular basis. Hence these type of

problem do not arise.

accidental leakage of chlorine gas? × Chlorine gas is not being used

excessive abstraction of water affecting downstream water ×

Only required quantity of water will be

users? abstracted

competing uses of water? No such possibilities exist. All will get

× water for all time since system is

continuous

increased sewage flow due to increased water supply Most of HHs have their own toilet and

×

conceptual design of structures for

waste water management has been

done

increased volume of sullage (wastewater from cooking and Volume of sullage and sludge may

washing) and sludge from wastewater treatment plant × increase in small quantity. It may not

cause serious problems

large population influx during project construction and Population will be increased as per the

operation that causes increased burden on social infrastructure anticipated population growth rate. No

and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)? need to hire people from outside during

× construction period. Local people will

be used as far as possible. Skilled

manpower if not available locally may

be hired from outside.

social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries are Since local people will be sued for the

hired? × implementation of the project as far as

possible, such conflict may not arise

risks to community health and safety due to the transport, No need to use explosive and other

storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as explosives, × danger chemicals. Fuel will be properly

fuel and other chemicals during operation and construction? stored.

community safety risks due to both accidental and natural Proper safety measures and precaution

hazards, especially where the structural elements or will be adopted during construction

components of the project are accessible to members of the ×

period. The project structures will be

affected community or where their failure could result in injury made inaccessible providing compound

to the community throughout project construction, operation wall and fencing or few structure

and decommissioning? underground


120


Annex 3: Public Notice

(As on Rajdhani, 06 March 2011)


121


Annex 4: Deed of Inquiry (Muchulka)


122



123



124



125



126


Annex 5: Recommendation letters from concerned authorities


127



128


Annex 6: List of persons contacted

S.N. Name Designation Address

1 Mr. Narad Muni Rana Chair person, WUSC Shivanagar, Dhangadi

2 Mr. Govind Bahadur Shahi Vice chair person, WUSC Shivanagar, Dhangadi 3 Mr. Nanda Krishna Secretary, WUSC Shivanagar, Dhangadi Bhattarai

4 Mr. Gana Singh Chaudhary Planning Section, Shivanagar, Dhangadi Dhangadi Municipality

5 Ms. Babin Joshi Municipality Facilitator Shivanagar, Dhangadi

6 Ms. Puspa Ghimire Member, WUSC Shivanagar, Dhangadi 7 Ms. Janaki Tuladhar Advisor, WUSC Shivanagar, Dhangadi

8 Ms. Bhanu Devi Lohar Local Basant tole, ward no. 1 9 Mr. Gokarna Math Local Basant tole, ward no. 1 10 Ms. Laxmi Jisi Laxmi nagar, ward no. 1 11 Mr. Purna Lal Paudel Puspal lal tole, ward no. 1 12 Ms. Sonu Rana Dhangadi gaun, ward no. 8 13 Ms. Sushma Sitaula Local Biddha Marg, ward no. 8 14 Mr. Krishna Prasad Ghimire Local Purano Fulbari Buspark, ward no. 8 15 Mr. Maniraj Joshi Local Purano Fulbari Buspark, ward no. 8 16 Ms. Sabita Chand Dhangadi gaun, ward no. 8 17 Mr. Sankhar Khadka Gaurishankar tole, ward no. 5 18 Mr. Dayaram Chaudhari Gaurishankar tole, ward no, 5 19 Mr. Kalu Singh Kuwar Local Shivanagar, ward no. 5 20 Ms. Aruna Singh Local Shivnagar, ward no. 5 21 Mr. Panchu Ram Local Satbhawana tole, ward no. 8 22 Ms. Bimla Bi Ka Local Campus road, ward no. 8 23 Ms. Sushila Thapa Basant tole, ward no. 7 24 Mr. Pushpa Raj Ojha Manehara tole, ward no 7 25 Ms. Benu Koirala Local Debariya, ward no. 7 26 Mr. Pillu Rana Local Manehara tole, ward no. 7 27 Ms. Sita Devi Chaudhary Local Satbhawana tole, ward no. 7 28 Mr. Jitu Khushmi Chatrabas, ward no 7


129


Annex 7: Water Quality Test


130


Annex 8. Survey questionnaire

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3/w'/L ;j]{If0f k|ZgfjnL lhNnf============================ gu/kflnsf÷uf=lj=;===================== j8f g+============

gu/ cfof]hgfM ============================ 3/ g+= ==========

cGt/jftf{ lng]sf] gfd M ========================================= cGt/jftf{ ldlt M=============

;'kl/j]Ifssf] gfd M ===============================================

!= ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljj/0f

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!=@

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-cGtjf{tf lng]n] y/sf] cfwf/df pko'Qm ju{df lrGx

nufpg] _

!=% cGt/jftf{ lbg] JolQmsf] gftfM ====================

!=^ o; kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] ljj/0f lbg';\

qm=;+= 3/d'lnl;tsf] gftf÷gfd pd]/ lnË lzIff :t/ k]zf

Gff]6M k]zf M != s[lif @= Jofkf/ #= gf]s/L $+= pBf]uwGbf %=

/]ld6]G;-a}b]lzs /f]huf/_ ^= Hofnf &= cGo

lzIff M != lg/If/ @= ;fIf/ #= k|fylds;Dd $= dfWolds;Dd %= P;=Pn=;L= plt0f{

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<

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131

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!=!# 3/sf] cjnf]sg u/L 3/sf] lsl;d n]Vg] . cw{ sRrL


132

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v_ v]t jf af/L ÷l;+lrt hUuf -===========lj3f÷/f]kgL_

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!=!& tkfO{sf] kl/jf/df tn pNn]lvt s'g s'g ;fdfg\< -5gePsf] ;fdfgsf] ;+Vof n]Vg]_

qm=;+= ;DkQL ;+Vo s}lkmot

f

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( :6f]e÷Uof; r'nf]

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!! jfl;Ë d]lzg

!@ jf6/ lkmN6/

!# sDKo'6/

!$ Od]n÷OG6/g]6sf] kx'Fr

!% cGo eP pNn]v ug]{ .

!=!* olb d'n k]zf s[lif eP slt dlxgf vfg k'U5< # dlxgf ^ dlxgf !@ dlxgf olb gk'u ePdf s;/L x'G5wfGg'<

k;n÷3/ef8f tnj k]G;g cGo

!=!( tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] cf};t jflif{s vr{ slt 5 pNn]v ug'{xf]; .

vr{sf] lzif{s / lsl;d

dfl;s vr{ ?=

s}lkmot

-s_ s[lif tkm{

/;folgs dn, ljp, ls6gfzs cfbL vl/b ug{

Dff6f]sf] t}of/L, /f]Kg],g],a\uf]8nL sf6\g], leqfpg], 9'j

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133

oftfoft÷;+rf/

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134


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vr{

cGoM rf8ka{ sd{sf08 ;+:sf/ cflb pNn]v ug]{ ========== jflif{s

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-s_ s[lif tkm{

s[lif pTkfbgsf] ljqmLaf6 cfo

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kz'hGo pTkfbg- b'w, bxL, £o", afv|f, s'

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135

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136

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(= laqm]tf;Fu kfgL lsg]/ Á laqm]tf;Fu kfgL lsg]/ Á

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!!= cGo Á cGo Á

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137

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138

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3_ kfgLsf] dfqf kof{Kt gePsf]n]

ª_ kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ lgoldt gePsf]n]

r_ o; If]qdf kfOknfOg h8fg ug{] Joj:yf pknAw gePsf]n]

5_ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] gePsf]n]

h_ cGo sf/0f pNn]v ug]{

em_ yfxf 5}g

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s_ lt/]sf] /sd ? v_ vkt ePsf] kfgLsf] dfqf ln6/

#=^ kfgLsf] lan s'g cfwf/df ltg'{x'G5� lrGx< nufpg'xf];\.

s_ dfl;s lglZrt tf]lsPsf]/sd

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#=( lghL wf/fsf] kfgL afx]s tkfO{n] slxn] yk kfgL lsGg' kg]{

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s_ kfgL lg/Gt/ cfp5

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139

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140

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v_ vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;/;kmfO ;ldlt

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3_ cGo pNn]v ug]{ =========================================================================

#=!# vfg]kfgLsf] kfOk÷wf/f dd{t ;'wf/sf] nflu jflif{s slt /sd vr{ ug'{x'G5 < u5'{ ulb{g

#=!$ ;fj{hlgs wf/f k|of]u u/] jfkt kfgL kf]t ltg'{ k5{<

5{,k eg] slt < /sd dfl;s÷jflif{s

kb}{g k5{

#=!% 5'5}g

kfgLsf] u'0f:t/M tkfO{n] k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/k|lt ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5<

olb 5}g eg], kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ ;DalGw ;d:of s:tf 5g <

c_ kfgL uGxfpF5

cf_ :jfb g/fd|f] 5

O_ kfgL k|b"lift÷wldnf] 5

O{_ cGo s]lx ;d:of eP pNn]v ug]{ ===================================

#=!^ o;/L k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ s] ug'{ x'G5

kfgLsf] k|zf]wgsf 3/]n' ljlw Yfk vr{ dfl;s

pdfNg]

lkmN6/ ug]{

5fGg]

Snf]l/g- lko';_, cfnd, kf]6f;

o'/f] uf8{

;f]l8;

;x–nufgL cjwf/0ff ;DaGwL k|fyldstf

$=! olb tkfO{sf] gu/kflnsf÷uf=lj=;= df ljleGg of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ /sd pknAw 5 eg] lgDglnlvt dWo] s'g s'g @ of]hgfnfO{stfklxnf] k|fyld

lbg'x'G5 <

s_ ;8s aQL

v_ sfnf]kq] ;8s

u_ ljBfno

3_ c:ktfn

ª_ Jojl:yt vfg]kfgL k|0ffnL

r_ k}bnofqL ;8s

5_ ljB't

h_ ;+rf/

em_ ;/;kmfO{÷;'ljwf

`_ l;rfO{

6_ kf6Lkf}jf wd{zfnf

7_ cGo ===============================

$=@ olb tkfO{ Jojl:yt vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ 7fGg' x'G5 eg], s:tf] ]kfgLlsl;dsf]ljt/0fvfgk|0ffnLsf] rfxgf ug'{ ePsf] 5 <

s_ 3/÷ sDkfp08leq} JolQmut÷lghL wf/f h8fg

u_ z'Ns ;lxtsf] ;fd'bflos wf/f h8fg

3_ ;'wfl/Psf] s'jf,of08kDk\x hl8t

ª_ ;'wfl/Psf] s'jf, ljB'tLo oGq hl8t

r_ xfn pknJw ;]jfdf ;'wf/ cfjZos 5}g

5_ cGo -pNn]vug'{xf];\=======================================


141

$=# olb tkfO{sf] 3/df wf/f 5}g / lghL wf/f /fVg OR5's x'g'x'G5 eg], slt–nufgL/sd ;xug{ ;Sg'x'G5 < s[kof tn lbO{Psf] tflnsfdf lglh wf/f

/fVg slt /sd ;Dd nufgL ug'{x'G5 nufgLsf] /sdsf] ;Ldfdf�lrGx nufpg'xf]; .


142


qm=;+=

nufgLsf] ljj/0f

� lrGx nufpg]

!= !%))) eGbf dfyL �

@= ())! b]lv !%))) ;Dd �

#= ^))! b]lv ())) ;Dd �

$= #))! b]lv ^))) ;Dd �

%= !%)! b]lv #))) ;Dd �

^= !%)) eGbf sd �

$=$ lghL wf/f h8fg afkt nfUg] z'Ns Joxf]g'{ kg]{5< � dGh'/dGh'/5 5}g� $=% gofF vfg]kfgL of]hgf z'? ePdf / ;f] of]hgfaf6 rf}lj;} 306f kof{Kt dfqfdf u'0f:t/o'Qm kfgL pknJw ePsf] v08df s] t

cfkm\gf] 3/df wf/f h8fg ug{ OR5's x'g' x'G5< 5'

5}g

olb OR5's eP gofF lgodfg';f/ dfl;s kfgL dxz'nldtlgoa'´fpg' x'G5<

5'

olb OR5's x'g' x'G5 eg] tn lbO{Psf] tflnsfdf kfgL dxz'nsf]�lrGx;LdfdfnufP/ cfkm\gf] O{R5f JoQm ug'{xf]; . 5}g

qm=;+= Dffl;s kfgL dxz'n � lrGx nufpg]

!= ? %)) eGbf dfyL �

@= ? $%! b]lv %)) �

#= ? $)! b]lv$%) �

$= ? #%! b]lv $)) �

%= ? #)! b]lv #%) �

^= ? @%! b]lv #)) �

^= ? @)! b]lv @%) �

&= ? !%! b]lv @)) �

$=^ gofF vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf x'g tkfO{sf] kl/jf/af6 klg k|ltj4tf :j?k clu|d /sd of]ubfg ug'{ kg]{f/dfx'G5,slt oxfFsf] ljr k|ltzt of]ubfg x'g ;S5<

nfutsf] %Ü !)Ü !%Ü

$=& gofF ;/;kmfO{ ;'ljwf-d'bflos zf}rfno tyf ;txLn9 lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;x nufgL :j?k !%Ü :yfgLo lgsfo / pkef]Qmfn] ;xnufgL ug{ OR5's x'g'x'G5< 5' 5}g olb rfxg'x'G5 eg], slt ;Dd<

$=* oxfFnfO{ geO gx'g] tyf eP /fd|f] x'g] k|fylds cfjZostf s'g xf]< lghL wf/f h8fg lghL rkL{ lgdf{0f b'j} %=n}lËs b[li6sf]0faf6 dlxnf ;xeflutf -cfof]hgfsf] ljleGg r/0fdf dlxnf ;xeflutf ;DalGw hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{ k|To]s 3/b}nf]df, nlIft ;d'x 5nkmnaf6 / 5'§} dlxnfdfq;f]lwg];d'x;Fu k|Zgx?_

s_ dlxnfx?sf] pkl:ylt / ;xefuLtf

%=! cfof]hgfsf]af/]df 5nkmn ug{ s'g} a}7s af]nfO{Psf] lyof] < lyof] lyPg

%=@ s] cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ug{ a}7sdf dlxnf pkef]Qmfx?sf] pkl:ytL lyof] < lyof] lyPg olb lyof] eg]

<

dlxnf pkef]Qmfx?sf] e'ldsf s:tf] lyof]

;'Gg] dfq cGtlqm{ofTds lg0ff{os

%=# cfof]hgfsf] lqmofsnfkx?sf] /]vb]v ug{ s] vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf tyf ;/;kmfO{


143

;ldlt÷;+:yf u7g ePsf] 5 < 5 5}g

%=$ vf=kf=p=;=;ldltsf ;b:ox? dWo] slt dlxnf ;b:ox? 5g\< -cGtjf{tf ng]l JolQmn] vf=kf=p=;=;=l;t ;ldltsf] kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox?sf] gfdfjnL tyf tnlj sd{rf/Lsf] ljj/0f dfu u/L pknJw u/fpg] _


144

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Shivanagar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project v_ n}lËstfsf cfwf/df sfo{ ljefhg

%=% tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] sfdx? cS;/ s:n] ug]{ (ub{5<√)lrGx nufpg';\ b}lgs 306fdf qm=;+ 3/fol; lqmofsnfkx? k'?if Dflxnf s'n ;do ! Vffg]kfgL eg]{, af]Sg], e08f/0f / k|of]u ug]{

@ efG5f tof/ ug]{, ef8fF dfem\g

# Affnaflnsf / j[4j[4fsf] :ofxf/

$ n'uf w'g]3/ ;kmf ug]{

% vfBfGg e08f/0f tyf tof/L

^ cGo

u_ kfl/jfl/s Joj:yfkg, cfo >f]t / cGo ljifodf dlxnfx?sf] lgoGq0f / kx'Fr %=^ tnsf] tflnsfdf pNn]lvt kfl/jf/Ls ljifo jf If]qx?df lg0f{o ubf{ oxfFsf] 3/ dlxnf÷k'?ifsf]kl/jf/df egfO{sf] ;'g'jfO{ x'G5 < pko'Qm sf]7fdf

(√)lrGx nufpg';\ qm=;+ ljifo jf sfo{If]qx?

x'G5(√)

x'b}g(√)

! cfly{s ;/f]sf/sf s'/fx?

@ s]6fs]6Lsf] lzIff lbIff

# s]6fs]6L / j[4j[4fsf] :jf:Yo / :ofxf/

$ crn ;Dklt lsgj]r- 3/ hUuf_

% b}lgs lqmofsnfkx?

^ ;fdflhs ljlw Jojxf/, ljjfx, at{jGw, rf8kj{ tyf

;fdflhs÷kfl/jf/Ls ;';DjGwg cflb

& cGo

%=& oxfFsf] kl/jf/df kfl/jf/Ls ;Dkltsf lgDg ljifodf dlxnfsf] kxF'r / :jfldTj /x]sf] 5 5}g tnsf] tflnsfdf pko'Qm(√)lrGxsf]7fdfnupg';\

qm ;+ ljj/0f kx'Fr :jfldTj

! hUuf hldg

@ 3/ tyf cGo ;+/rgfx?

# rn ;Dklt÷;l+rt k};f

$ B}lgs lqmofsnfkx?

% cGo

3_ vf=kf=p=;=;= tyf ;d'bfodf dlxnfsf] :t/-x}l;ot_- lgDg a'Fbfx? cGt/jftf{ lng] JolQmn] u/]sf] cjnf]sgsf cfwf/ x'g]5 _

qm;+ ljifo pRr dWod lgDg

! cfTd;Ddfgaf]w

@ cfTdljZjf; g]t[Tj zLk

# bfloTjaf]w / Ifdtf

$ Nofst, ts{ ;+ut, w}o{ / d]xgt

% cGo

^= ;d ljsf;df kx'Frsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL ;xeflutf

-cfof]hgfsf] ljleGg r/0fdf u}/nfeflGjt ljkGg ju{sf,] cflbjf;Lhghflt, blnt tyf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf] ;dfj]zL ;xeflutf ;DalGw hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{ k|To]s 3/b}nf]df, nlIft ;d'x 5nkmnaf6 / 5'§} dlxnf ;d'x;Fu 5nkmn ubf{ ;f]Wg] k|Zgx?_

s_ cfof]hgf lqmofsnfkdf u}/nfeflGjt ljkGg ju{x?, hfthflt, blnt, ckfËtf ePsf] JolQmsf] ltpkl:y

^=! cfof]hgfsf]af/]df 5nkmn ug{] s'g} e]nf÷a}7sdf ;dfj]zL tj/n] af]nfO{Psf] lyof] <

lyof] lyPg

^=@ s] cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ug{ a}7sdf ;dfj]zLtfsf] cfwf/df ;xefuLx?sf] pkl:ytLyof] lyof]<lyPg

^=# s] vf=kf=p=;=;=sf] u7gdf ;dfj]zLtf c+uLsf/ePsf] lyof]< lyof]

lyPg

v_ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;dfj]zL k|s[of ckgfPsf] lyof] <

^=$ cfof]hgf 5gf}6 ug{ hfthfltx?sf] s:tf] e"ldsf s:tf] lyof] <

pRr dWod lgDg

^=% ;fgf ;x/L

vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL cfwf/df pkef]Qmfx?sf] kl/rfng ug{ ePsf] k|of; s:tf] lyof]<


145

/fd|f] dWod lgDg


146


&= :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO s= vfg]kfgL ! tkfO{Fsf] ljrf/df kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ -g/fd|f]v/faePdf s] ;d:ofx? lvgb] ;S5 < -Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_

!=! b'u{Gw cfpg] ÷ gld7f] :jfb

!=@ bfFt ljlu|g]÷/+uLg]

!=# la/fdL agfpg]

!=$

cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ =================

@= s] tkfO{FnfO{ kfgL eg]{ / /fVg] efF8f] kfgL eg'{ / e08f/ ug'{ ug'{k5{ eGg]

yfxf 5 < 5 5}g

olb 5 eg], kfgL /fVg] efF8f] s;/L ;kmf ug'{ x'G5 <

vfnL kfgL dfqn] v/fgL kfgLn] e';÷lk7f] / kfgLn]

;fa'g kfgLn] cGo-pNn]v ug'{;\ =============================

#= tkfO{ 3/df kfgL s;/L /fVg' 5x'G<

-Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_

#=! kfgL eg'{ klxn] efF8f ;kmf ug]{

#=@

af;L kfgL km\ofFSg]

#=# kfgL /fVg] efF8f] /fd|f];Fu 9fs]/÷5f]k]/ /fVg]

#=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_============================

$= tkfO{ ufu|f] jf 3}+6f]af6 kfgL s;/L lgsfNg'x'G5 <

$=! kfgL ;fg'{ cl3 cDvf]/f, nf}6f, s?jf, du wf]P/

$=@ lunf;, du, sk ufu|Ldf 8'afP/

$=# ufu|f]af6 nf]6f, c+Dvf]/f, s?jf, lunf;df kfgL ;f/]/

$=$= cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ===============================

v= rkL{

!= rkL{ k|of]usf kmfO{bfx? s] \<s]-PseGbf5g j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_

!=! a'9f, afns tyf la/fdLnfO{ ;'ljwf

!=@ 3/ tyf jftfj/0f ;kmf x'g]

!=# uf]Kotf x'g]

!=$ /f]uaf6 arfj6 x'g]

!=% cGo -pNn]v ug]{_===================================

@= s] tkfO{FnfO{ lb;faf6 /f]u ;5{ eGg] nfU5nfU5< nfUb}g

olb nfU5 eg], dflg;sf] lb;faf6 ;g]{ /f]ux?sf] gfd \<eGg'xf];================================

#= s] tkfO{Fsf] 3/df rkL{ 5 < 5 5}g

#=! olb 5 eg], s:tf] k|sf/sf] rkL{ 5 <

! vfN8] rkL{

@ e]lG6n]6]8 vfN8] rkL{

# jf6/ l;n÷kf]/ km\n;

$ l;:6g{ km\n;

% cGo =================

=@

olb 5 eg], tkfOF{sf] 3/df rkL{ s;s;n] k|of]u ug'{x'G5

-!= ;a}n], @= aRrf afx]s ;a}n] #= jo:s / k|f}9n] dfq} $= lj/fdL dfq}n]_

#=# olb 5}g eg], lsg rkL{ gagfpg' ePsf] xf] <

-s= agfpg] tl/sf yfxf geP/, v= nufgL ug{ g;s]/, u= v'Nnf d}bfgdf lb;f ug]{ afgL eP/, 3= hUufsf] cefjn]cGo ª -pNn]v

ug]{+_===============_

#=$ olb 5}g eg,] lb;f ug{ sxfF hfg'x'G5

-s= Vff]nf÷hËn÷lsgf/ v= v'Nnf d}bfg÷7fpF u= 3/÷;8s 5]p 3= hxfF ;lhnf] x'G5_

#=% olb 5}g eg], rkL{ agfpgslt nufgL ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 < ?=

u= vfg]s'/fsf] ;/;kmfO

!= vfBkbfy{ b"lift x'gaf6 s;/L arfpg'x'G5-Ps <eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg;Sg] _


147

!=! ksfPsf] vfgf 5f]k]/÷9fs]/ /fVg]

!=@ af;L aRg] u/L w]/} gksfP/

!=# sfFr} vfOg] vfg]s'/f /fd|f];Fu kvfn]/ wf]P/ dfq vfg]


148


!=$ xft uf]8f ;kmf u/]/ dfq efG;fdf k;]/

!=% ;kmf xftn] vfgf k:sg]

!=^ 8f8' kGo', yfn÷efF8fs'F8f ;kmf u/]/ dfq vfgf k:sg]÷vfg]

!=& r'nf] rf}sL ksfpg] ef8f, 9sgx? ;kmf /fVg]

!=* w]/} af;L jf ;8] un]sf kmnkm'n t/sf/L gvfg]

@= s] tkfO{ vfg]s'/f]/÷9fs]/5f]k /fVg'x'G5 < /flVbg

olb /fVg'x'G5 eg], To;af6 s] s] kmfObfx?\< -5gPs eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_

@=! w'nf] d}nf], lem+uf, ;fËnf, ls/f, tyf 3/kfn'jf kz'kG5Laf6 arfj6

@=@ d";f÷5'r'Gb|f]÷dfp;'ln÷la/fnf]af6 aRg

@=# vfB k|b'if0faf6 x'g] /f]uaf6 aRg

@=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_=====================================

hLjghn agfpg] tl/sf yfxf 5 5}g ;f]Wg], olb yfxf ePdf ;lx tl/sfn] hLjghn agfpg] . hLjghn agfpg] ;l lgDgcg';f/sf] 5 .

!= klxnf ;fa'g kflgn] xft ;kmf ug]{, @= lrof lunf;sf] ^ lunf;-Psln6/_ kfgL Pp6f ;kmf efF8f]df xfNg]-olb kfgL pdfn]sf

ePdf ;]nfpg lbg]_, #=hLjghnsf] Ps Kofs]6leq ePsf] w'nf] k"/} kfgLdf xfnL kfgLnfO{ /fd|/L rnfP/ w'nf]nfO{ 3'N

3= JolQmut ;/;kmfO

!= tkfO{F / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] slxn] / s] u/]kl5 xft w'g'x'G5 < w'g]-� lrGxePo:tf]nufpg'xf];\/ gw'g] eP o:tf]-× lrGx nufpg'xf];- .

Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_

% jif{ d'lgsf

qm=;+= lqmofsnfk afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if

w'g]-�_ gw'g]-×_ w'g]-�_

gw'g]-×_ w'g]-�_ gw'g]-×_

! vfgf vfg' cl3

@ vfgf vfPkl5

# lb;f uPkl5

$ kmf]x/ d}nf 5f]Pkl5

% sfdaf6 kms]{kl5

^ s]6fs]6LnfO{ lb;f lk;fj u/f

;s]kl5

& cGo -pNn]v ug]{_

@= tkfO{ / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on]s] n] xft w'g'x'G5 < w'g]df-� _o:tf]lrGx nufpg'xf];\/ gw'g]df o:tf]-× lrGx nufpg'xf]; .

% jif{ d'lgsf

qm=;+= lqmofsnfk afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if

w'g]-�_ gw'g]-×_ w'g]-�_

gw'g]-×_ w'g]-�_ gw'g]-×_

!= kfgL dfq}

@= v/fgL kfgL

#= e';÷lk7f] kfgL

$= ;fa'g kfgL

%= cGo -pNn]v ug]{_

hDdf

#= tkfO{ / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] slxn] slxn] g'xfpg'x'G5 <

g'xfpg] eP o:tf]-�_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\/ gg'xfpg] eP o:tf]-× lrGx nufpg'xf]; .

qm=;+= k|lqmofsnfk afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if

-�_ -×_ -�_ -×_ -�_ -×_ != k|To]s lbg

@= Ps lbg la/fP/

#= xKtfdf @ k6s

$= xKtfdf ! k6s


149

%= @ xKtfdf ! k6s

^= dlxgfdf Ps k6s

hDdf


150


ª= kmf]x/ d}nf Joj:yfkg

!= tkfO{sf] 3/af6 lg:sg] 7f]; kmf]x/ d}nf sxfF lj;h{g< ug'{x'G5

!=! 3/ glhs vfN8f]df

!=@ lghL kmf]x/ ;+sngstf{nfO{ lbg]

!=# uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsfn] Joj:yf u/]sf] vfN8f] jf Sofgdf

!=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ===================================================

@= 7f]; tyf t/n kmf]x/ j:t'nfO{ cJojl:yt tl/sfn] lj;h{gugf{n] x'g] g/fd|f c;/x? s]\< s]-Psx'geGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg; Sg]_

@=! kmf]xf]/ jftfj/0fdf j[l4

@=@ nfdv'§], lem+uf, ls/fx?sf] j[l4

@=# /f]u ;g]{df j[l4

@=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ========================================

#= tkfO{sf] 3/af6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/kfgLsxfF lj;h{g ug'{x'G5 <

#=! vfN8f]df(Soak pit)

#=@ t/sf/L af/Ldf÷s/];f af/Ldf

#=# ;fj{hlgs 9ndf

#=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ==========================================

r= j:t'efpsf] kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg

!=

s] tkfO{n] a:t'efp kfNg' ePsf]5 5 <

5}g

-olb 5}g eg] kfgL hGo ;?jf /f]udf hfg]_

olb 5 eg] s'g s'g k|sf/sf\/ 5gltgLx?nfO{ sxfF /fVg' x'G5 <

qm= ;+= a:t'efpsf] k|sf/ 3/leq} /fVg] aflx/ 5'§} uf]7df /fVg]

! ufO{÷e}+;L

@ a+u'/÷;+u'/

# afv|f

$ s'v'/f÷xfF;

% cGo

@= a:t'efpaf6lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ sxfF / s;/L lj;h{g ug'{x'G5 <

@=! dnvfbdf

@=@ cfuf] afNg]÷u'OF{7f agfpg]

@=# uf]j/ Uof; KnfG6df k|of]u ug]{

@=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======================================

#= j:t'efpsf] kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] hyfeflj cJojl:yt tj/n] lj;h{gx'g] ubv/fj{ c;/x? s] s]\< x'g-Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_

#=! jftfj/0fL kmf]xf]/df j[l4 x'g]

#=@ nfdv'§,] lem+uf, ls/fx?s]f j[l4 x'g]

#=# /f]uAoflw j9\g] tyf ;g]{

#=$ ufFp, 5/l5d]s tyf gu/ czf]elgo b]lvg]

#=% cGo -pNn]v ug]{========================================

5= kfgLhGo ;?jf /f]ux?

!= kfgLhGo ;?jf /f]usf] sf/0fx? s] s]\< x'g-Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_

!=! b"lift kfgL k|of]u ubf{

!=@ b"lift vfgf vfFbf

!=# 3/ tyf ;fj{hlgs :yndf kmf]x/ a9\gfn]

!=$ dflg;sf] nd"q hyfefjL km\ofSg] ubf{

!=% kmf]xf]/ d}nf hyfefjLofFSg]\km ubf{

!=^ :jf:Yo lzIff tyf :j:y afgLsf] cefj

!=& ;/;kmfO{ / :jf:Yo ;DjGwL 1fg / r]tgfsf] cefjn]

!=* cGo ======================================================================================

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151

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152


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153



Annex 9: Photographs

Photo 1: WUSC Office Building at Dhangadhi Photo 2: OHT Site of Shivanagar Photo 3: Ground water intake (test boring) Photo 4: Land acquired by WUSC Photo 5: Interaction meeting with WSSDO Photo 6: Consultation with WUSC members

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