equity as a protected value in security selection procedures
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Equity as a Protected Value in Security Selection Procedures. 14-15 February 2014 Edwards Bayesian Research Conference Richard John Kenneth Nguyen Heather Rosoff University of Southern California CREATE. Traditional Security. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
14-15 February 2014Edwards Bayesian Research Conference
Richard JohnKenneth NguyenHeather RosoffUniversity of Southern CaliforniaCREATE
Equity as a Protected Value in Security Selection Procedures
Traditional Security
• Traditional wisdom is that security measures ought to be omnipresent.
• At an airport, for example, this would entail monitoring all entrances, inbound traffic, and persons.
• Limited resources realistically preclude this possibility. • As a result, adversaries can observe security
arrangements over time, and exploit any predictable vulnerabilities to their advantage.
Different Targeted Security Screening Strategies
• One way to countervail this exploitation is with the use of targeted security screening procedures.
• More rigorous screening procedures creates more intrusions for passengers(e.g. thorough searches of persons and their belongings, screening fees).
• Passengers are going to have different perceptions of flight risks, and for this reason, different preferences relative to sacrificing equity concerns to protect against these risks.
• Viscusi and Zeckhauser (2003) conducted a study evaluating individual willingness to sacrifice civil liberties at airports to reduce terrorism risk.
Civil Liberties and Terrorism Risk Tradeoff:Viscusi and Zeckhauser, 2003
Viscusi and Zeckhauser, 2003
• Survey examined civil liberties issues pertaining to the targeting of passengers for screening at airports based on demographic characteristics
• Potential policy concern:– Screening based on ethnicity and race creates concerns and
costs for certain populations– Actual cost of inspection may be costless, but not to the individual
being inspected• Support for profiling increases if there is a substantial
reduction in avoided delays to other passenger• Survey results demonstrate that targeted screening of airline
passengers raises conflicting concerns of efficiency and equity
Research Questions
• What values, if any, are subjects willing to tradeoff for increased security at the airport?
• Do subjects show more sensitivity to the protection of civil liberties compared to other values?
• Are any values “protected values”?• How do subjects’ tradeoffs vary relative to
different screening selection procedures?
Study Design
• Five Values (Equity, Safety (miss rate), Hassle (false alarm rate), wait time and screening cost)
• Ten tradeoff assessments conducted per subject• Inequity manipulation involving airport security
screening selection policies (Profiling vs. Behavioral Indicators vs. Random selection)
• Trade-offs based on a series of binary choices to determine indifference between alternatives between airlines (Pacific or Coastal) varying only in security procedures employed
Security Attributes
• Equity: screening selection policy Current one-stage screening
Vs Alternative two-stage screening (profile-based,
behavior-based, randomization) • Miss rate: proportion of people not detected during
security and board a plane with contraband• False alarm rate: proportion of people without
contraband who are falsely identified as having contraband during security screening
• Time: average waiting time for security screening• Money: cost of screening fee per flight/each time a
passenger undergoes screening
Design Overview
Example Indifference Trade-off between Equity and Cost
Trade-off SummaryTradeoffs Assessments Definitions Pacific Airlines Coastal Airlines
Equity Screening policy One-stage screening Two-stage screening
Tragic Vs
Safety Risk Miss rate 10 in 100 passengers 1 in 100 passengers
Equity Screening policy One-stage screening Two-stage screening
Taboo Vs
Money Screening fee $100 $10
Equity Screening policy One-stage screening Two-stage screening
Taboo Vs
Time Waiting time 60 minutes 15 minutes
Equity Screening policy One-stage screening Two-stage screening
Taboo Vs
Hassle Risk False alarm rate 10 in 100 passengers 1 in 100 passengers
Safety Risk Miss rate 10 in 100 passengers 1 in 100 passengers
Taboo Vs
Money Screening fee $10 $100
Safety Risk Miss rate 10 in 100 passengers 1 in 100 passengers
Taboo Vs
Time Waiting time 15 minutes 60 minutes
Safety Risk Miss rate 10 in 1000 passengers 100 in 1000 passengers
Taboo Vs
Hassle Risk False alarm rate 100 in 1000 passengers 10 in 1000 passengers
Hassle Risk False alarm rate 10 in 100 passengers 1 in 100 passengers
Routine Vs
Money Screening fee $10 $100
Hassle Risk False alarm rate 10 in 100 passengers 1 in 100 passengers
Routine Vs
Time Waiting time 15 minutes 60 minutes
Money Screening fee $10 $100
Routine Vs Time Waiting time 60 minutes 15 minutes
Equity versus Cost and Wait Time Tradeoff
Equity versus Miss-Rate and False-Alarm Tradeoff
N = 222 Completion Time
Profiling, n = 75 Range 7 min to 2 ½ hrsBehavior, n =72 Median 14 minutesRandom, n = 72
Sex Annual Income47.7% Female Range $5,000-$125,00052.3% Male Median $34,500
Race81% White/Caucasian Flight frequency (last four years)6.3% African-American Range 0-74.1% Hispanic Median 27.7% Asian1% Other
Descriptive Statistics
Equity versus Wait Time
Civil Liberty versus Cost
Civil Liberty versus Miss Rate
Civil Liberty versus False Alarm Rate
Tradeoff Values Across Groups
Tradeoff Values Within Groups (Medians)
Profiling Behavior Random
Money (dollars) 3 3 3
Time (minutes) 15 3 3
Miss rate (in 100 passengers) 1 1 1
False alarm rate (in 100 passengers) 3 1 1
Distribution of Cost ($ US) Equivalent to Reduction in Miss Rate and False Alarm Rate from 1:9 to 1:99
13 25 37.5 50 62.5 75 87.5 100 175 250 375 500 750 1000 20000.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
Miss Rate False Alarm Rate
Distribution of Wait Time (Minutes) Equivalent to Reduction in Miss Rate and False Alarm Rate from 1:9 to 1:99
18 20 25 30 37.5 45 52.5 60 75 90 105 120 180 240 4800.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
Miss Rate False Alarm Rate
Distribution of Cost ($ US) Equivalent to Reduction in Wait Time from 60 to 15 min.
13 25 37.5 50 62.5 75 87.5 100 175 250 375 500 750 1000 20000.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
Time vs Money
Median Trade-off Equivalents
Money($ US)
Time(Minutes)
Equity
Profiling 3 30
Behavior 3 18
Random 3 18
Miss Rate 1:9 to 1:99 3 8.33
False Alarm 1:9 to 1:99 3 2.56
Time 60 to 15 min 0.62
14-15 February 2014Edwards Bayesian Research Conference
Richard JohnKenneth NguyenHeather RosoffUniversity of Southern CaliforniaCREATE
Equity as a Protected Value in Security Selection Procedures