epl manual1
TRANSCRIPT
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Dept of ECE 1
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
RESISTOR COLOR CODE CHART
COLORFIRST
FIGURE
SECOND
FIGUREMULTIPLIER TOLERANCE
BLACK 0 0 1 NIL
BROWN 1 1 10 1%
RED 2 2 100 2%
ORANGE 3 3 1000 = 1K 3%
YELLOW 4 4 10 K 4%
GREEN 5 5 100 K NIL
BLUE 6 6 1000K = 1M NIL
VIOLET 7 7 10 M NIL
GRAY 8 8 100 M NIL
WHITE 9 9 1000M NIL
GOLD NIL NIL 0.1 5%
SILVER NIL NIL 0.01 10%
NO COLOR NIL NIL NIL 20%
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Dept of ECE 2
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
EXPT NO: 1 STUDY OF BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
DATE:
AIM:
To study and identify the basic electronic components and devices.
ELECTRONICS:
Electronicsis the branch ofscience,engineering andtechnology that deals
withelectrical circuits involvingactive electrical components such as vacuum tubes,
transistors,diodes andintegrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection
technologies. Thenonlinearbehavior of active components and their ability to control
electron flows makes amplification of weak signals possible and is usually applied
toinformation andsignal processing. Similarly, the ability of electronic devices to act as
switches makes digital information processing possible.
ACTIVE COMPONENT:
The components which generate or modify energyin the form of current or
voltage are called as active components.
Example: Voltage sources, Current sources, Transistors, etc.
PASSIVE COMPONENT:
The components which store the energy in the form of current or voltage are called
as passive components.
Example: Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, etc.
RESISTOR:
A resistoris a passive two-terminal component of an electrical circuit that resists the
flow of electrical current. A resistor has two terminals across which electricity must pass, and
is designed to drop the voltage of the current as it flows from one terminal to the next.
A resistor is primarily used to create and maintain a known safe current within an electrical
component. Resistance is measured inohms (), afterOhm's law. This rule states thatelectrical resistance is equal to the drop in voltage across the terminals of the resistor divided
by the current being applied to the resistor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processinghttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-ohm.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-ohm.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-ohm.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-ohm.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-ohm.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-ohm.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science -
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Dept of ECE 3
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
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Dept of ECE 4
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
CAPACITOR:
A capacitor(formerly known as condenser) is apassivetwo-terminal electrical
component used to storeenergyin anelectric field.The forms of practical capacitors vary
widely, but all contain at least twoelectrical conductors separated by adielectric (insulator).
When there is apotential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a staticelectric
field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and
negative charge on the other plate.Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal
capacitor is characterized by a single constant value. Capacitance is measured infarads (F).
This is the ratio of theelectric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between
them. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blockingdirect currentwhile
allowingalternating currentto pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output ofpower
supplies.
INDUCTOR:
An inductor(or reactoror coil) is apassivetwo-terminalelectrical component used
to storeenergyin amagnetic field. An inductor's ability to store magnetic energy is
measured by itsinductance,in units ofhenries.
Inductors calledchokesare used as parts of filters in power supplies or can be used to
block AC signals from passing through a circuit.
DIODE:
A diodeis a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the current
to flow in only one direction. A diode contains twoelectrodes that act in much the same
manner as semiconductors. The positive or p-type is usually theanodeand the negative or n-
type is thecathode.
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one
direction (called the diode'sforwarddirection), while blocking current in the opposite
direction (the reversedirection). This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is
used to convertalternating current todirect current, and to extractmodulationfrom
radio signals in radio receivers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_differencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choke_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choke_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choke_(electronics)http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-electrode.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-anode.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-anode.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-anode.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cathode.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cathode.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectification_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectification_(electricity)http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cathode.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-anode.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-electrode.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choke_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_differencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering) -
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Dept of ECE 5
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
Transistor
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Dept of ECE 7
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
Multimeter
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
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Dept of ECE 8
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
a fluctuating magnetic field in the iron core. This fluctuating field then induces an alternating
voltage in the other coil, called the secondary or output coil. The change of voltage (or
voltage ratio) between the primary and secondary depends on the turns ratio of the two coils.
VOLTMETER:
A voltmeteris a device used to measure the voltage or potential difference
between two points in an electrical circuit. Voltage is measured in volts (V). Analog
voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital
voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of ananalog to digital converter.
AMMETER:
An ammeteris a device used to measure theelectric current in acircuit. Electric
currents are measured inamperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to measure smaller
currents, in the milliampere range, are designated as milliammeters
MULTIMETER:
A multimeteror a multitester, also known as a VOM(Volt-Ohm meter), is
anelectronicmeasuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit.
A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure
voltage,current andresistance.Multimeters may be used inanalog ordigital circuits-analog
multimeters(AMM) and digital multimeters(often abbreviated DMMor DVOM.)
CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE:
The cathode ray oscilloscopeis an electronic-display device containing acathode-ray
tube (CRT) that generates anelectron beam that is used to produce visible patterns, or graphs,on a phosphorescent screen. The graphs plot the relationships between two or more variables,
with the horizontal axis normally being a function of time and the vertical axis usually a
function of the voltage generated by the input signal to the oscilloscope.
RESULT:
Thus the basic electronic components have been studied and identified.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-electrical-circuit.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_to_digital_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_circuithttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/99774/cathode-ray-tube-CRThttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/99774/cathode-ray-tube-CRThttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183490/electron-beamhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183490/electron-beamhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/99774/cathode-ray-tube-CRThttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/99774/cathode-ray-tube-CRThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_to_digital_converterhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-electrical-circuit.htm -
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Dept of ECE 9
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
Soldering
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Dept of ECE 10
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
EXPT. NO: 2 SOLDERING OF BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND
DATE: CHECKING ITS CONTINUITY
AIM:
To solder and desolder the basic electronic components in Printed Circuit Board
(PCB) and check its continuity.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S. No Name Range Quantity
1 Soldering Iron - 1
2 Solder - 1
3 Flux - 1
4 Vacuum Plunger (Solder Sucker) - 1
5 NeedleNose pliers - 1
6 Wire stripper - 1
7 Digital multimeter - 1
THEORY:
Soldering:
Solderingis the process in which two or more metal items are joined together by
melting and filling a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal has a relatively low melting
point. The filler metal used in the process is called solder.
Soldering Accessories:
Soldering iron:A soldering iron is a tool used for applying heat to two adjoining metal parts such that
the solder may melt and fill between those parts, binding them securely and
conductively. A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated
handle. Heating is often achieved electrically by passing current through a heating
element.
Solder:Solder is an alloy (mixture of tin and lead), typically 60% tin and 40% lead
where it is melted to join metallic surfaces. It melts at a temperature of about 200oC.
Coating a surface is called tinningbecause of the tin content of solder. The best size
of solder for electronic circuit boards is SWG (Standard Wire Gauge).
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BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
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Dept of ECE 14
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
3) Melt a little solder on the tip of the iron. This is called tinningand it will help theheat to flow from the irons tip to the joint.
4) Hold the soldering iron like a pen neat the base of the handle.5) Touch the soldering iron onto the joint to be made. Make sure it touches both the
component lead and the track.
6) Hold the tip there for few second and geed a little solder onto the joint. It should flowsmoothly onto the lead and track to form a volcano shape as shown in the diagram.
Apply the solder to the joint.
7) Take away the solder, then the soldering iron, while keeping the joint still. Allow thejoint to cool down before you move the circuit board.
8) Thus the component is soldered completely.DESOLDERING:
With a desoldering pump (Solder sucker)
1) Set the pump by pushing the spring-loaded plunger down until it locks.2) Apply both the pump nozzle and the tip of your soldering iron to the joint.3) Wait a second or two for the solder to melt.4) Then press the button on the pump to release the plunger and suck the molten solder
into the tool.5) Repeat if necessary to remove as much solder as possible.6) The pump will need emptying occasionally by releasing the spring-loaded plunger.
With solder remover wick (copper braid):
1) Apply both, the end of the wick and the tip of the soldering iron, to the joint.2) As the solder melts, most of it will stick onto the wick.3) Remove the soldering iron and then the wick.4) Cut off and discard the end of the wick coated with solder.
RESULT:Thus the basic electronic components have been soldered and desoldered in a PCB
and its continuity has been checked.
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Dept of ECE 15
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
BREADBOARD:
FIGURE 1:
BREADBOARD LAYOUT:
TO MEASURE VOLTAGE:
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Dept of ECE 17
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
TABULATION:
ParameterSource Voltage
VS(V)
Voltage across R1
V1(V)
Voltage across R2or R3
V2(V)
Theoretical
Practical
TO MEASURE CURRENT:
TABULATION:
ParameterCurrent through R1
I1(mA)
Current through R2
I2(mA)Current through R3
I3(mA)Theoretical
Practical
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
Source voltage VS:
Voltage across R1is V1= I1R1
Voltage across R2or R3is V2= I2R2or I3R3
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Dept of ECE 18
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
2) To measure to voltage across the resistor R1(V1), connect the voltmeter in parallel toR1.
3) The resistor R2and R3are in parallel to each other. So the voltage across both theresistors R2and R3 are same.
4) To measure the voltage across the resistor R2/R3(V2), connect the voltmeter inparallel to the resistor R2/R3.
5) Tabulate the readings in the tabular column.6) According to Kirchhoffs voltage law, the source voltage (VS) generated from the
RPS must be equal to the sum the voltage drop across R1(V1) and across R2 (V2).
To measure current:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram without the ammeter.2) To measure the current (I1) flowing through the resistor R1connect the ammeter in
series with the resistor R1.
3) To measure the current (I2) flowing through the resistor R2connect the ammeter inseries with the resistor R2.
4) To measure the current (I3) flowing through the resistor R3connect the ammeter inseries with the resistor R3.
5) Tabulate the readings in the tabular column.6) According to Kirchhoffs Current law, the current I1entering a node is equal to the
sum of the currents I2and I3leaving the node.
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Dept of ECE 19
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
To find the current flowing through R1:
Req= R2|| R3=
Total resistance R = R1+ R2
Current flowing through R1is I1= VS/R1
Current flowing through R2is
Current flowing through R3is
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Dept of ECE 20
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
RESULT:
Thus the simple electronic circuit is assembled in the bread board and its output is
verified.
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Dept of ECE 21
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (Half wave rectifier without capacitor)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (Half wave rectifier with capacitor)
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Dept of ECE 22
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
EXPT NO: 4 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
DATE:
AIM:
To study half wave rectifier with and without filter.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S. No Name Range Quantity
1 Transformer
230 Volts /
15015 Volts,
200 mA
1
2 PN junction diode 1N 4007 1
3 Resistor 1 K 1
4 Capacitor 1000 F 1
5 CRO (0-20) MHz 1
6 Bread board - 1
7 Connecting wires - few
THEORY:The process of converting AC voltage and current to Direct current is called
rectification. An electronic device that offers a low resistance to current in one direction and a
high resistance in the other direction is capable of converting a sinusoidal waveform into a
unidirectional waveform. Diodes have this characteristic, which makes it a useful component
in the design of rectifiers. In order to achieve a constant/pure DC voltage at the output,
filtering should be done to the pulsating DC output of the rectifier. The output varies with the
variation in AC mains. Hence a voltage regulator is used to maintain the output voltage at the
same value.
PROCEDURE:
Half Wave Rectifier:
(i) Without Capacitor filter:
1. Test your transformer: Give 230v, 50Hz source to the primary coil of the transformer and
observe the AC waveform of rated value without any distortion at the secondary of the
transformer.
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Dept of ECE 24
BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
2. Connect the half wave rectifier as shown in figure.
3. Calculate the amplitude and time period of the input waveform.
4. Calculate the amplitude and time period of the output waveform.
5. Plot the waveform using a graph sheet.
(ii) With capacitor:
1. Connect the half wave rectifier with filter circuit as shown in fig.
2. Connect CRO across load.
3. Keep the CRO switch in ground mode and observe the horizontal line and adjust
it to the X-axis.
4. Switch the CRO into AC mode and observe the waveform.
5. Calculate the amplitude and time period of the output waveform and the plot it in a graph
sheet.
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BSAU GE 103 Engineering Practices Laboratory I Sem (B.TECH)
TABULATION:
Parameter Observation
Input
AmplitudeNo of division Volts/Div
Peak to peak value
(VPP) = No of Div *Volts/Div (V)
Time period
No of DivisionTime/Div
T = (t1+ t2) * Time/Div
(ms)t1 t2
Output
without filter
Amplitude
No of division Volts/DivPeak value (VP) = No of
Div * Volts/Div (V)
Time period
No of DivisionTime/Div
T = (t1+ t2) * Time/Div
(ms)t1 t2
Output with
filter
AmplitudeNo of division Volts/Div
Peak to peak value (V)
= No of Div *
Volts/Div (V)
Time period
No of DivisionTime/Div
T = (t1+ t2) * Time/Div
(ms)t1 t2
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RESULT:
Thus the Half-wave rectifier, with and without filters are constructed.