EOC Review Day 3

Examine the social, political, and economic causes course and

consequences of the Second Industrial Revolution that began in the 19th century

SS.912.A.3.3 Compare the First and Second Industrial Revolutions in the United

States.

 A.  Bessemer process -1850s  Turned iron into steel.  Steel could now be readily produced for

locomotives, steel rails, and the heavy girders used in building construction. 

SS.912.A.3.4 Determine how the development of steel, oil,

transportation, communication, and business practices affected the

United States economy.

  A.  First oil well in Pennsylvania in 1859

started U.S. petroleum industry overnight. John D. Rockefeller  Came from a modest background and became a

successful businessman at 19. In 1870, organized the Standard Oil Co. of Ohio. By 1877, Rockefeller controlled 95% of oil

refineries in U.S.  Pursued a policy of rule or ruin; ruthless in his

business tactics 

Petroleum

"Vertical integration" -- controlling every

aspect of the production process Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie: his steel

company mined ore in Mesabi, shipped ore to his steel  factory, then create their product.

Goal is to improve efficiency by making supplies more reliable, controlling the quality of the product at all stages of production, and eliminate middlemen’s fees 

Business Practices

"Horizontal integration" -- Consolidating with

competitors to monopolize a given market. John D. Rockefeller: Pioneered the "trust" in

1882 as a means of controlling his competition through the Standard Oil Company.

Business practices

Market Economy-price determined by supply

and demand-no government intrusion The forces of the market will even everything

out Planned economy-prices and supply

determined by government agencies Meant to provide affordable products to

everybody

Market vs Planned

Investigative reporters who dug up “muck” to

inform the public of problems and corruption that needed fixing

Upton Sinclair-The Jungle

Muckrakers

Supreme Court decisions 

 Munn vs. Illinois, (1877)  Decision: Public always has the right to regulate business operations in which the public has an interest; ruled against railroads 

Meat Inspection act-required strict cleanliness requirements

Pure Food and Drug Act- 1906 forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs-led to FDA

Government Regulation

Federal Reserve Act-created a central banking

system meant to provide the US with a sound yet flexible currency

16th Amendment-Gave the federal government the right to tax income

Government Regulation

  B.  Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts concept now

perfected by industry.  Cash register, stock ticker, and typewriter facilitated

business operations.  Women increasingly entered the workplace to run these

machines.  Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone (1876)

Telephone network created nation-wide within a few years.

SS.912.A.3.5 Identify significant inventors of the

Industrial Revolution, including African

Americans and women.

Madam C.J. Walker- invented a line of hair and

beauty products for black women Thomas A. Edison 

Electric light (incandescent light bulb) (most famous), phonograph, mimeograph, Dictaphone, moving pictures. 

Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration"  Invented over 1,000 inventions which were

created in an invention factory through a trial and error basis.

Inventors

SS.912.A.3.8 Examine the importance of social change

and reform in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (class

system, migration from farms to

cities, Social Gospel movement, role of

settlement houses and churches in providing services to the poor).

 Skyscrapers emerged as steel allowed for taller buildings and elevators were perfected.    With the dramatic increase of population in the major cities,

many problems emerged. Rampant crime: prostitution, drugs, gambling, violent crime.  Unsanitary conditions persisted as cities could not keep up with

growth  Perfection of "dumbbell" tenement in 1879; 7 or 8 stories high

with little ventilation while families were crammed into each floor (50% of New York City housing)

Urbanization

 Public education continued to gain strength 

Tax-supported elementary schools adopted on a nationwide basis before Civil War. 

By 1870, more and more states making at least a grade-school education compulsory.

Public high schools spread significantly by 1880s and 1890s. 

Illiteracy rate dropped from 20% in 1870 to 10.7% in 1900.  Education in cities generally more effective than in rural

America.

Education

  Herbert Spencer -- advocated idea of Social Darwinism

Applied Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human business competition.

The Gospel of Wealth -- justified uneven distribution of wealth by industrialists  Andrew Carnegie: The Gospel of Wealth – it’s the duty of

the rich to help the poor. Wealth was God’s will   Stated money should be give away for the public good but

not to individuals in want. 

Social Darwinism

  Many Americans were alarmed at high birthrates of children of immigrants after coming to the U.S. They might over the country.  More alarmed at prospect of these Southern European

immigrants mixing in the American society with their "inferior" blood. 

Angry at immigrant willingness to work for "starvation" wages. 

Concerned at foreign doctrines e.g. socialism, communism and anarchism that immigrants  bring. 

Nativism

SS.912.A.3.9 Examine causes, course, and

consequences of the labor movement in the

late 19th and early 20th centuries.

National Labor Union (NLU) organized in 1866 (led by

William Sylvis)  Major boost to the union movement.  Designed to bring together skilled craft unions into one

large labor union.  Knights of Labor

 Sought to include all workers in "one big union" including blacks and women.  

Government regulation of railroads; postal savings banks, government paper currency 

Labor Movement

American Federation of Labor (AF of L) Promoted a closed shop -- all workers in a unionized industry

had to belong to the union.  Shortcomings of the AF of L: did not represent unskilled labor;

especially women and blacks. (This won’t change until the early 1900’s)  

Major Strikes  Homestead Strike (1892) in Andrew Carnegie’s steel plant

near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  Pullman Strike, 1894 Workers went on strike and even overturned

some Pullman cars. Railway traffic from Chicago to Pacific Coast was now paralyzed. 

Labor Movement

Eugene V. Debs and his associates were sentenced to 6 months jail time for contempt of court.  Debs used his time to read radical literature which laid a philosophical foundation for his later leadership of the Socialist movement in the U.S. Labor Day-The labor movement influenced Congress in 1894 to create a legal holiday to recognize the efforts of labor/workers in the United States.  Thus Labor Day was established.

Labor Movement

This political cartoon is a criticism of which

practice in the 19th century? A. vertical integration B. monopolization C. industrialism D. laissez-faire capitalism

SS.912.A.3.11 Analyze the impact of political

machines in United States cities in the late

19th and early 20th centuries

SS.912.A.3.12 Compare how different nongovernmental

organizations and progressives worked to

shape public policy, restore economic opportunities, and correct injustices in American

life.