enzim psik 2015
DESCRIPTION
enzimTRANSCRIPT
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Novi Khila Firani
LAB. BIOKIMIA-BIOMOLEKULER FK – UB
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Pokok Bahasan1. Sifat Umum Enzim2. Klasifikasi dan Tata Nama Enzim menurut IUB3. Koenzim4. Mekanisme Kerja Enzim5. Kinetika Enzim6. Pengendalian Reaksi Enzimatik7. Fungsional Plasma Enzim dan Non Fungsional Plasma
Enzim8. Isozim
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Bu,buat apa sih belajar Enzim ???
Lho, buanyaak sekali manfaatnya
enzim itu lho nak !!
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MANFAAT ENZIM
Medis Industri/Pangan
Diagnosis/Monitoring : SGOT-SGPT, CPK > Pemeriksaan Lab : ELISA> Terapi
Papain : Pelunak dagingRenin : koagulasi susu
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ENZIM SENYAWA ORGANIK – PROTEINBIOKATALISATORBERSIFAT SPESIFIK
Biokatalisator : senyawa yang meningkatkan kecepatan reaksi biokimia E + S ES E + PSpesifitas Enzim : Setiap enzim hanya mengkatalis sekelompok substrat tertentu bahkan banyak yang hanya satu jenis substrat
* Terhadap satu substrat.mis. Glukokinase D-glukosa
* Terhadap sekelompok substratmis. Heksokinase heksosa (glukosa,fruktosa)
* Stereospesifik mis. Maltase a-maltosa
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TATANAMA ENZIM ( I.U.B. )a) DASAR : JENIS REAKSI YG DIKATALIS : Kelas 1. OKSIDOREDUKTASE Kelas 2. TRANSFERASE Kelas 3. HIDROLASE Kelas 4. LIASE Kelas 5. ISOMERASE Kelas 6. LIGASE
b) NAMA POKOK ENZIM 2 bagian SUBSTRAT(S) : KELAS-ASE
* Malat : NAD oksidoreduktasec) INFORMASI TAMBAHAN : DIBELAKANG NAMA POKOK DALAM KURUNG
* Malat : NAD oksidoreduktase (dekarboksilasi) Nama Pokok kelas info tambahand) UNTUK MENYINGKAT : NOMOR KODE
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NOMOR KODE ENZIMNAMA ENZIM TERDIRI ATAS 4 DIGID> DIGID PERTAMA = KELAS ENZIM> DIGID KEDUA = SUBKELAS> DIGID KETIGA = SUB-SUBKELAS> DIGID KEEMPAT = NAMA SPESIFIK
CONTOH : E.C.2.7.1.1
ENZYMECODE
KELAS 2 = TRANSFERASESUBKELAS 7 = GUGUS FOSFAT (YG DITRANSFER)
SUB-SUBKELAS 1 = ALKOHOL (AKSEPTOR)
HEKSOKINASE
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NAMA LENGKAPNYA :
ATP:D-HEKSOSA-6 FOSFOTRANSFERASE (HEKSOKINASE)
REAKSINYA :
ATP + D-HEKSOSA ADP + D-HEKSOSA-6P
CATATAN :• UNTUK MENGETAHUI NAMA KELAS/SUBKELAS/SUB-SUBKELAS LIHAT TABEL IUB
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Classification of Enzymes (IUB)
Enzyme Code (E.C)
Enzyme Class
Type of Reaction
1 Oxidoreductases catalyze oxidations and reductions 2 Transferases catalyze transfer of groups from a donor molecule
to an acceptor molecule3 Hydrolases catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N,
P-O and certain other bonds4 Lyases catalyze cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N, and other
bonds by elimination, leaving double bonds, and also add groups to double bonds
5 Isomerases catalyze geometric or structural changes within a single molecule
6 Ligases catalyze the joining together of two molecules, coupled to the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphoryl group in ATP or a similar nucleoside triphosphate
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BEBERAPA CONTOH DARI KE 6 KELAS ENZIM :
KELAS 1 : OKSIDOREDUKTASE
E.C.1.1.1.1=ALKOHOL:NAD OKSIDOREDUKTASE(ALKOHOL DEHIDROGENASE)
ALKOHOL ALDEHID/KETONe-
NAD+ NADH + H+
REAKSI UMUM :Sred Soks
e-
S’oks S’red
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KELAS 2 : TRANSFERASE
REAKSI UMUM :S1-G S1
GS2 S2-G
E.C.2.3.1.6 = KOLIN : ASETIL TRANSFERASE
ASETIL-KoA KoA-SH
ASETIL
KOLIN ASETIL-KOLIN
Macamnya : kelompok enzim yang memindahkan gugus :
2.1. karbon2.2. aldehid, keton2.3. asil (COOH)2.4. glikosil (R-CHO)2.5. fosfat2.6. sulfat
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3. Kelas hidrolase
S1 + H2O S2 + S3
Macamnya : hidrolisa pada ikatanEster, eter, peptida, glikosida, C-C, C-halida , atau P-N
Contoh :E.C.3.1.1.8. Asil kolin asil hidrolase ( pseudokolin esterase )
Asil kolin + H2O Kolin + Asam
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4. Kelas Liase
X Y
C C X Y + -C = C-
Contoh :E.C.4.2.1.2 L-Malat Hidroliase ( Fumarase ) Malat Fumarat + H2O
OH H COOH
H2C CH C = C HOOC COOH HOOC COOH
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5. Kelas isomerase E.C.5.1.1.1. Alanin Rasemase L-Alanin D-Alanin E.C.5.2.1.3. Retinen isomerase Trans retinen 11 sis retinen
6. Kelas Ligase Macamnya : membentuk ikatan antara : * C-O * C-S * C-N * C-C
Contoh : E.C.6.3.1.2. L-Glutamat : Amonia ligase (ADP) (Glutamin sintetase) ATP + L-Glutamat + NH4+ ADP + L-Glutamin + Ortofosfat
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STRUKTUR ENZIM
• PROTEIN rangkaian asam amino (polipeptida)
ikatan peptida labil thd panas
Banyak enzim dalam melakukan aktifitas katalitiknya membutuhkan senyawa lain untuk ikut serta dalam proses katalitik :- Kofaktor ion logam (mis, Fe, Mg, Zn)- Koenzim mis. Tiamin Pirofosfat, NAD, FAD
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KOENZIM
• Senyawa organik (bukan metal aktifator)• Berat molekul kecil• Tahan panas• Diperlukan untuk aktifitas enzim Koenzim + apoenzim Holoenzim• Berikatan dengan enzim dengan ikatan non-
kovalen (bila ikatannya ikatan kovalen Prosthetic group)
• Sebagian besar merupakan derivat vit. B-kompleksmis. TPP, FAD, NAD, piridoksal fosfat, folat
• Kelas enzim yang membutuhkan koenzim : 1,2,5,6 (IUB)
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Mekanisme Kerja Enzim
Bagian aktif enzim (Active site) :1. Tempat katalisis ( catalytic site ) : tempat
mengadakan kontak dgn substrat , dgn atau tanpa senyawa lainnya. Terdapat dua subbagian: tempat pengikatan substrat (binding site) dan tempat yg mengolah substrat.
2. Tempat "allosteric" ( allosteric site ) tempat senyawa pengendali yang mengendalikan / mempengaruhi aktifitas enzim.
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Lock and key model
Key (S) Lock (E)
Substrat
Enzyme
MEKANISME KERJA ENZIM
1. Fischer : Lock and Key
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2. Induced fit model (Daniel Koshland)
– Binding of the first substrate (gold) induces a conformational shift (angular contours) that facilitates binding of the second substrate (blue), When catalysis is complete, the product is released, and the enzyme returns to its uninduced state.
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KINETIKA ENZIM
Teori kinetik : Untuk bisa bereaksi * Antar molekul harus saling membentur. * Mempunyai tenaga untuk me- lawan enersi penghalang ( Enersi Barier )
ENZIM me enersi barier
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Enzyme Kinetic
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Effect of a catalyst on the activation energyof a chemical reaction
Enzymes increase the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy
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FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHIREAKSI ENZIMATIK
1.Suhu / Temperatur Protein t Denaturasi Sifat fisik/kimia hilang
Protein t inaktif
OPTIMUM
SUHU
KEC
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2. Derajat keasaman /pH
Enzim as /bs Denaturasi
Enz- + SH+ Enz-SH
pH
KEC.R
SH OPT ENZ
++ + + +++++ + +- - - - - - - - - - -++ + ++ ++++ +- - - - - - - - - -++ + + ++ +++ ++ + + ++++++ + + +++++++ + + ++++
+ + + + ++++ + + + +++ + + + +
++ + ++++
- ---
--
--
--
- --
- --
-- --- -
- - - -- - -- - -- - ---
- - - - -- - - -
- - -- -
++
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3. Kadar Substrat dan Enzim : K1 E + S E + P K2 v1 = K1 [E] [S] , v2 = k2 [E] [P]
k1 = k2 v1 = v2
Persamaan Michaelis – Menten :
V [ S ] v = ---------------- km + [ S ] v = Kec. reaksi enzimatik V = Kec maksimum[S] = Kadar substratKm = Konstante Michaelis – Menten
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* [ S ] << Km , maka v = K [ S ]* [ S ] >> Km , maka v = V* [ S ] = Km , maka v = ½ V
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S + E ES E + P
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4. Modifier : Senyawa yang mampu mempengaruhi aktifitas enzim 4.1. Modifier Positip * = Aktivator * Ion logam : Mn, Mg, Ca * Substrat (glukosa glukokinase)
4.2. Modifier Negatip = inhibitor 4.2.1. Competitive inhibitor 4.2.2. Non Competitive inhibitor * Reversible * Irreversible ( Hg )
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Inhibitor kompetitif
E
S
I
S I
S E
SE P
I I
I
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H2O + O2 H2O2
NH3
H2O + O2 H2O2
Contoh Inhibitor kompetitif
Xanthine oxydase
Xanthine oxydase
Allopurinol
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Inhibitor
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Pengendalian reaksi enzimatik : E + S E + P
1. Substrat : * Hukum aksi massa * Semi permeable 2. Produk : * Hukum aksi massa * Hambatan umpan balik
3. Enzim : 3.1. Kadar enzim 3.1.1. Kecepatan degradasi * Enzim proteolitik
3.1.2. Kecepatan Sintesa : Diatur oleh gene
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3.2. Aktivitas enzim 3.2.1. Mengaktivkan zimogen Contoh : pepsinogen pepsin 3.2.2. Melalui modifier Contoh : aktivator
3.2.3. Melalui modifikasi kovalen * Fosforilasi * Defosforilasi
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Fungsional plasma enzim :
* Normal ada dalam plasma dalam jumlah banyak. * Berfungsi dalam plasma. * Disintesa dalam hati. * Tidak dapat digunakan untuk membantu diagnosa.
Contoh : * Lipoprotein lipase
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Non fungsional plasma enzim : * Tidak berfungsi dalam plasma * Normal ditemukan dalam jumlah yang sedikit dalam plasma. * Membantu menegakkan diagnosa
Contoh : • Plasma amilase pankreas• * Transaminase - GOT dan GPT
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Principal serum enzymes used in clinical diagnosis
Serum Enzymes Major Diagnostic use1. Aminotransferase
(AST/SGOT), (ALT/SGPT)
2. Amylase3. Creatin Kinase
4. Laktat Dehidrogenase5. Lipase6. Acid Phosphatase7. Alkali Fosfatase
1. Myocardiac infarct, Hepatitis viral
2. Acute Pancreatitis3. Muscle disorder,
myocard infarct4. Myocard infarct5. Acute pancreatitis6. Ca Prostat metastase7. Bone disorder
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Isozim : Enzim yang mempunyai sifat fisik sifat kimia dan immunokimia berbeda tetapi mempunyai fungsi yang sama.
Contoh : LDH ( Laktat Dehidrogenase )* 4 sub unit/protomer Tetramer* 2 tipe : H (Heart) dan M (Muscle)* I 1 : HHHH Heart I 2 : HHHM RES
I 3 : HHMM Lungs I 4 : HMMM Kidney I 5 : MMMM Liver, striated muscle
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HHHH
HHHM
HHM
MHM
MM
MM
MM
Elektroforese LDH
5 4 3 2 1
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Enzim Kunci : Enzim yg menjadi kunci jalannya reaksi enzimatik biasanya mengkatalisis reaksi yg irreversible
Contoh : Glukosa-6P ase Glukoneogenesis Glukokinase Glikolisis Piruvat kinase Glikolisis
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REFERENSI1. Murray Robert K.; Granell Daryl K; Mayes Peter A; Rodwell
Victor W. : Harper’s Biochemistry, 26th ed.; Appleton & Lange Medical Publication USA
2. Dawn B. Marks, Phd.; Allan D.Marks,M.D.; Colieen M.Smith, Phd.: Basic Medical Biochemistry, A Clinical Approach; Williams & Wilkins, Baltimor
3. Buku-buku lain yang relevan
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***TERIMA KASIH***