envs10003

LOGBOOKCONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

Jason Le

699195

ENVS10003

Tutorial T15

CONTENTS

Compression 1.0

Compression 1.1

Compression 1.2

Introduction to Construction

Frame 1.0

Frame 1.1

Frame 1.2

Structural loads and forces

On site one 1.0

On site one 1.1

On site one 1.2

On site one 1.3

Footings and foundations

Footings and foundations

Scale, annotation, and working drawing conventions



Floor systems and horizontal elements

Floor systems and horizontal elements

Structural concepts

Structural concepts

Columns, grids and wall systems


2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24


In Situ site visits of other students

In Situ site visits of other students

Spanning and enclosing spaces

Spanning and enclosing spaces

Detailing strategies 1


In detail A1

In detail A1

Strategies for openings

Strategies for openings

Site visit at 567 Collins street

Site visit at 567 Collins street



3D representation of ‘In detail’

When things go wrong



Construction workshop

Glossary

Glossary

Source

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

COMPRESSION 1.0Experimenting construction with MDF using block laying to form a tower. Requirements include doorway for a small dinosaur and reach a towering height (attempt to reach the roof. Learning and understanding the techniques required to keep the structure in a sturdy hold using load and compresssion.

Initial start of construction surrounded with 3 layers of staggering technique. This is the foundation that makes the tower hold.3 layers continue to develope. However it requires many blocks it will support a heavy towering load. Door way constructed uses rubber band lintels.Technique had to change due to load slanting in one direction. It is also to reduce the amount of blocks used and at the same time make it higher. The blocks were turned sideways.The effect of blocks on a sideway position made the structure unstable, techique had to change by flipping the block sideways once again so that it supports the load. It balances the force evenly and leans the building close to 90 degrees.

Staggering structure provides strong support for balance with litels

Materials used:- MDF - Medium density fibreboard- Rubber band

Staggered bonds are more commonly used and are more secure. It distributes more of the load down the blocks as it travels.

Stagger bond

Entry lintel

This technique requires layering material on top of each other, however the spread is not even hence less stability.

Stack bond

The foundation

2

COMPRESSION 1.1Entry of structure made with support of lintels for dinosaur to go through. Difficult to balance hence it required many blocks to keep up the support.

Block structure connection from the base is close together to encompass the load that will be forcing down on the structure as the tower rises.

Staggered effect from the base with spaces in be-tween so that reduction of blocks can increase the height of tower however made the structure flimsy and unstable.Flipped the blocks but maintained staggering tech-nique. The flat end of blocks served as an anti load to make the leaning move inside the tower and be-came acceptable for load.

magnitude

directionsense

Forces are defined by direc-tion, sense, and magnitude (size). The sense is the reac-tion that opposes the direc-tion and magnitude (gravity)which creates the reaction for the load.

Dead loads (roof, beams) give support for all surface it runs down all the way to the bottom.

Live loads are moveable and are temporary loads for a structure. Sometimes too much live loads in one position can alter the form of the structure below.

Block construction

3

COMPRESSION 1.2

Removal of blocks at the base proves that the amount of blocks used can be unnecessary which leads to more areas being taken off.

This part of the construction is to deconstruct the building, to learn which areas have unneccesary blocks. Also to consider the weight and load on blocks and how when removed, the building may still be standing up right. The compression made the blocks stay in tact regardless of fallen pieces.

Deconstruction

Pulling pieces out and seeing that the structure is still stable. As a result, the founda-tion of the building was willing to stand without the unnessary amount of blocks.

However the outer layer can be seen as scaffolding around the building.

The final construction of the building stands 1 metre tall.

Blocks were so compressed due to the load. This made it stable even with the removed blocks.

The load spreas across the blocks with the stagger bond allowing full distribution of load.

Completion and deconstruction

4

INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION WEEK 1

Loads

Dead loads act vertically downwarrd on the structure. It also acts as supporting weight for buildings. Loads travel through a beam or surface, eventually reaching the bottom

Irregular structures not taller than 5 stories will be at low seismic risk, hence load will travel a shorter distance.

Melbourne Blue Stone

Melbourne city was built over a lava plain. As a result, Melbourne has a distinct fea-ture of materials in comparison to Syd-ney’s sand stone.

Melbourne’s blue stone is used common-ly on buildings and found on pavements of the city. Damage and tear is seen on them which also shows a sign of historical features. Blue stone is able to withstand years of footsteps and tyre load. However it goes out of shape due to overload of force.

Materials

Qualities of materials are important for structures. Things to consider are strength, stiffness, shape, be-haviour, economy and sustainability.

It is evident through quality that steel for example is stronger than timber, also tougher and stronger. Shape is also important, from mono-dimensional (linear), pla-nar or volumetric

Isotropic - has the same behaviour regardless of direc-tion or shape.

5

FRAME 1.0

The initial sketch of how the building will look like. It uses triangles instead of the convential square to reduce amout of balsa wood use.

Using balsa wood to construct a tower using frames and structural joints to learn and understand the behaviour of how load and weight is delivered in order maintain stability in the tower.

Base as foundation using 3 sticks.

Framework level one complete, with the addition of framing (bracing) to support the compression on the length of sticks facing up.

Framework level two complete. Continuing of bracing however flipped so that the load is directed to the bot-tom. This level has a slope to reduce the volume space going up.

Initial Sketch

Level 1

Level 3

Level 5

Level 7

Base

Level 2

Level 4

Level 6

60cm

60cm

40cm

Red and blue indicates framework that supports the structure.

Base of structure is largest and becomes smaller from the top.

Materials used:- Balsawood- Super glue

6

FRAME 1.1

Structural joint connects to-gether at two levels which al-lows the load to travel down the bracing. If the framing were to stay the same direc-tion, the load travel all along the edges of the building and would not be strong enough to hold the tower.

Where the two bracings touch under the beams that run across, the weight of gravity the pushes the beam down is being transfered to towards the two bracings.

As the slope of the triangle base moves to 40cm, the framework became a lot eas-ier. Tower currently stands at 180cm tall. The triangle base being smaller allows the tow-er to rise with stability as op-pose to same size triangular shape going up.

60cm

40cm

180cm

7

FRAME 1.2Concluding the structure of the tower with frames and bracing for support, we were able to reach a height of 300cm. The braces provided load bearing to send the weight down to the base where the foundation is biggest.

The building is tall to the point where it reaches the roof of the studio room. Due to the bracing technique, the weight that surrounds the top of the tower is able to trav-el down to the bottom. The big base provides stability for the tower to also stand tall.

Using a light book to place on each base to determine the support the frames can encompass. Although the tower is tall, it was unable to support much weight due to non sufficient amount of bracing across the floor of each level.

60cm

300cm

8

STRUCTURAL LOADS AND FORCES WEEK 2

Structural Systems

Solid - historical uses of stones, brick, mud are primar-ily used in compression

Shell - Example of Opera House

Skeletal system - efficient way of transfering load

Membrane - sport stadiums have this to cover large areas

Hybrid - consists of 2 or more systems into 1

Load bearings - support to transmit applied gravity

02.02 Construction (Enclo-sure) Systems

Envelope structure (shell)- performance- Aesthetic qualities- Environmental impact- Affordability- Initial cost- Life cycle cost

Using precedents is the most important practice

Carbon footprintsThis is the measurement of green house gas based on quantity of production and mass.

Structural Joints

Roller joint - loads transfer verti-cally

Pin joint - allows movement at certain directions. Example of a pin joint is a crane

Fixed joint - bending can occur if a load is occuring at a joint

Framework for Analysing form

Column/Wall- A standard body- Same proportion- Relation from column to wall is similar due to their purpose of support- They have a formal contrast

Architecture as Art

- Have to consider scale and proportion- Functionality and purpose- Qualities, space, light

A building consists of systems from physical embodiment, sys-tems and sub systems

Mechanical (service) Sys-tems

This stage provides essential service to a building, including heaters and cooling, electricity, water supply and ventalation

ESD and Selecting Materials

Buildings can be though of as a third skin. Most building con-structions consider and con-struct buildings as a filter for the environment. Embodied energy is total energy used in stages of material life (life cycle).

Common ESD strategy

- Local material- Efficiency- Thermal mass- Night air purge- Solar Energy- Wind Energy- Cross ventilation- Smart sun design- Insulation- Water harvest

Design has a cycle which fol-lows as source, mining > dis-tribution > consumer > installa-tion. Depending on the material quality, it could be recycled or disposed.

9

ON-SITE ONE 1.0Walking around campus to learn the concept of building scale and understand the structural system

10

ON-SITE ONE 1.1Lot 6 CafeThe cafe in University of Melbourne Lot 6 is a concrete construction. Spe-cial feature of the steel beam is the black oxide giving it the grey colour. The cafe has a basement, therefore has a retaining wall. Brick columns take the load off the beams from the actual building and serve as a feature.

The carpark under the South lawn was constructed in 1970 is a unique style of concrete columns that are al-ligned in a grid. The concrete is used to also support tree roots that are grown from above and water drainage to run through. Because of the insufficient board used, scrappings and break-ing of the concrete occurs where salt and water is on the rim of the concrete which is like concrete cancer. The con-crete is casted in situ with moulds due to its size and fragility it may be diffi-cult to precast. The roof of ceiling of the carpark has gaps in between each gridded column to allow the concrete to expand and contract from hot weather.

South Lawn Underground Carpark (also featured in Mad Max)

The steel truss is formed by an efficient beam using minal steel in the form of triangles. Structure is lighter and still has the same purpose as a full steel beam. It has been galvanized so that it won’t fade as an exterior structure.

Arts West Student Centre

Construction is made concrete all round with rein-forced concrete for the basement as retaining walls.

Underground parking under South lawn

The design of the truss is like a typi-cal roof with spe-cial features for aesthetics.

11

ON-SITE ONE 1.2

The stair is constructed of only steel. The steel used are I-beam/U-beam/unversal, depending on the required shape. It is efficient use of steel which considers the shape of an I-beam. The cantilever and wire serves no pur-pose to supporting the stairs. It is purely for aesthetics.

North Court Union HouseAn odd shaped roof that has a hole in the centre to run rain water into the drain. It is a membrane structure made of plastic with 4 steel columns (poles) on the ends being in tension. At the same time, wire on the drain also holds the roof down in reaction to tension.

Stairs on West end of Union House

The pool room is constructed with several materials from steel columns, steel portal frame which is a weld connected steel around the pool walls and ceiling. Steel maintenance occurs frequintly due to the presence of chlorine water. Bracing is also used on the sides of the wall as bricks to stock the structure from collapsing due to the other two walls being made of frames and glass. The frame is made of aluminium. They are light and shapeable.

Common window frame materials- Aluminium- Timber- Steel- Plastic

Beaurepaire Centre Pool

Steel portal is welded on site and is connected to brick surface

The membrane wires are held in tension, while rain water flows into the drain.

12

ON-SITE ONE 1.3

New Architecture building is currently under construction. Most concrete blocks are prefabricated and transported to site. They generally have a smooth surface since the pre-fabrication work is more focused at the factory to remove any air bubbles from the solidifying concrete. The concrete slabs have different colour, showing that it is difficult to maintain the same colour mixture. However the concrete has bolts and indents on them, suggesting that they will eventually be covered.

Two types of steel is used on the site. One being the nor-mal steel that will be covered and are generally used as beams and columns for support and load transfers. The second is galvantized steel. This is used as an Architec-tural feature for the building and used in such places as cantilevers. Most of the steel on site use bolt joints and welding.

New Melbourne School of Design

Concrete has bolt sections so that the concrete can be covered. The surface of the concrete will be painted over to hide the fixings.

Cantilevers around other side of building, constructed to hold the galvanized steel aesthetic in place.

13

Structural Elements

- Based on loads to be carriedThis includes columns, walls, slabs/plates.

Example of elements include:

strut (column) which is a com-pression element

Tie (column) which is a ten-sion element

Beam which is a horizontal el-ement carrying vertical loads using bending resistance.

compress

tension

Panels are the vertical ele-ment designed to carry vertical or horizontal loads

Slab, plates carry vertical loads in bending usually sup-ported by beams.

03.02 Footings and Founda-tion

- The field of static designs, how buildings don’t move- These are the sub structure of buildings acting as supporting walls for earth pressure exerted by soil mass- Loads from super structure has to be supported by sub structures

Settlements: Building com-presses the earth beneath them and tend to sink to the earth. Some buildings collapse due to differential settlement

Shallow foundation: used for soil conditions that are stable where soil bearing is close to surface

Deep foundation: used for un-stable soil, load is transfered from the foundation through the unstable soil to where natural soil is located. Also found on tall buildings.

Types of shallow footing

Pad footing: spreads a point of load compress

tension

Strip footing: spreads a row of columns or walls

compress

tension

Raft foundation: increases stability by joining individual strips as a mat

Retaining walls/foundation walls: used for basements or change in site level to stop soil/ground from falling in

Mass

Basically construction that uses mostly compression

- Earth: mud brick walls, form work- Stone: pyramids, great wall of China- Clay: bricks, China- Concrete: Reinforced form

Main properties: strong in compression but weak in ten-sion.

Modular- Clay bricks- Mud bricks- Concrete blocks

Non modular- Concrete- Rammed earth- Monolithic stone

Intro to Masonry

Is a combination of stone + clay + concrete. It is a unit of vari-ous natural and manufactured products. It bonds in patterns and is course (horizontal row). It can also be mortar which is a mixture of concrete.

FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS WEEK 3

14

FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS WEEK 3

Centre of Mass

- It is the point at which an ob-ject is balanced- Point of concentrated weight

Equilibrium

The state of balance or rest due to equality on both sides. It is an applied force that must be resisted by equal and op-posite force.

Equilibrium = object or system at rest.

1. Object that is not moving up and down, the sum of vertical force is 0.2. Object not moving side to side, the sum of horizontal force is 0.3. Object not rotating, the sum of the moment must be 0.

Moment of Force

It allows object to move when applying force at a distance without touching the point.

Brick

Formed by shapping clay and water then undergo a fir-ing process to harden. Mortar joint between bricks. is usually 10mm.

Brick Concrete Block

Stone

Hardness medium high medium high highFragility medium medium dependant on

surface areaDuctility low very low lowPorosity medium low medium large range

depending on stone

Density medium medium, denser than water

dependant on stone type

Conductiv-ity

low low low

Durability high very high extremeReusability very high medium very highCost cost effec-

tive however labour cost

cost effective however labour cost

dependant on labour and scarcity

Clay Bricks consideration

Advantage - Can be joined with water based mortar- If ventilated, it won’t deteriate

Disadvantage- Absorbs moisture and ex-pands over time

Concrete Block

- Size is large, usually 2 handed work and x2 the size of bricks- Hollowness of concrete allows ventilatio and addition of rein-forcment rods- Manufactured from cement, sand, gravel and water

Stone

Igneous stone - granite, basalt, bluestone. These are formed from molten lava/magna cool-ing.

Sedimentary - Linestone, sand-stone. These are formed from molten acculated particles sub-jected to moderate pressure.

Metamorphic - Marble, stone. Formed when structure of Ig-neous or sedimentary stone changes when subject to pres-sure, high temperature or chem-ical process.

Uses: Rubble, ashlar, mono-lithic

Stretcher

Bed

Header

15

SCALE, ANNOTATION AND WORKING DRAWING CONVENTIONS 1.0

In construction of buildings, most drawings are done at 1:100 to ensure eye level and confortability with looking at the documentations frequently. at scale 1:100, the details are clear enough to identify the materials and specific details. If it were to be any smaller, some details will be minimised and unrecognizable. When the scale is too big, too many sheets of people would be used and crucial information will be forced to a new seperate page of the document.

Annotations around the documents provide information and details for the construction workers to follow. These can be details of material and some can be instructions for changes in different stages of the construction. They provide page numbers for further information on the specific detail required for smaller structures.

The scale of the real building and the drawings are quite significant. However closely analysing the drawings, we are able to see what is being constructed. The architectural and structural drawings in the documentations differ based on the type of information they provide us. The Architectural drawings provide exterior measurements and materials of a larger scale structure. The structural drawings provide specific fixings and gappings for each beam, studs, columns to the exact distance. They are both crucial to provide the most accurate construction and result.

http://www.kane.com.au/project/university-of-melbourne-main-oval-pavilion

16

CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE

1. TITLE BLOCKList the types of information found in the title block on the floor plan page.Project name, client, consultants, scale of draw-ing, drawing title.

Why might this information be important?Provides a brief information on the work on page and details of client and groupfor refer-ence and callings.

2. DRAWING CONTENT - PLANSWhat type of information is show in this floor plan?Measurements of rooms, and room names

Provide an example of the dimensions as they appear on this floor plan? What units are used for the dimensions?The service yard measured in mm.

Is there a grid? what system is used for identifying the grid lines?There is a grid in the plans represented as dash lines.

What is the purpose of the legend?To provide details of what is being shown on plan, materials and symbols.

Why are some parts of the drawing annotat-ed? Illustrated how the annotations are as-sociated with the relevant part of the draw-ing.The annotations provide a reference to other pages, primarily small details that are related and need to show more information.

Illustrate how references to other drawings are shown on the plan. What do these sym-bols mean?The numbers indicates the drawing number, the code identifies the page.

How are windows and doors identified? Provide an example of each. Is there a ra-tionale to their numbering? What do these numbers mean? Can you find the answer somewhere in the drawings?Doors and windows have their own numbers to identify which ones they are looking at. They also have room numbers of where it belongs.

Illustrate how floor levels are noted on the plan.FFL 47.100m is the floor height from datum (equivalent to sea level) where the datum = 0m

Are some areas of the drawing clouded? why?They are clouded, to provide further instructions after the completion of the plan. It is considered the revision of the drawing for left out details.

3. DRAWING CONTENT - ELEVATIONWhat type of information is shown in this elevation? How does it differ from the infor-mation shown on the plan?It shows the outside of the building on the side view, where as plans show the birds eye view of rooms.


17


Are dimensions shown? if so, how do they differ from the dimensions on the plan? Pro-vide an example of the dimensions as they relate to the elevation. The dimensions on plan and elevation are the same regardless of the scale.

What types of levels are shown on the el-evations? Illustate how levels are shown in relation to the elevation.FFL 4.500RL 4.500 FCL 4.500

Is there a grid? if so, how/where is it shown?Only the numbered grids are shown, similar to plan. Alphabet grid os not shown because it is found on the other elevation.

What types of information on the elevations are expressed using words? Illustrate how this is done.Instructions are are written in clouds signifying change in the construction.

Illustrate how the doors and windows are identified on the elevations.

Find where this elevation is located on the plans.Located on the South elevation

4. DRAWING CONTENT - SECTIONSWhat type of information is shown in this section? How does it differ from the infor-mation shown on the plan and elevation?Sections are show with specific details of wall heights and structural materials. Where as in plan, it only shows room size.and elevations show exterior of buildings.

Illustrate how the section drawing differneti-ate between building elements that are cut through and those that are shown in eleva-tion (beyond).Solid lines indicate the cut through walls.

Provide examples of how different materials are shown in sections.

Find where this section is located on the plans.

5. DRAWING CONTENTS - DETAILSWhat sorts of things are detailed?Details of structural systems and insulation and materials require specific details of measure-ment to ensure they all fit and work together.

Are the details compressed using break lines? why?They are compressed so that the lines aren’t too messy.

Provide examples of how different materials are shown on drawings at this scale.

Find the locations of these details on the plans, elevations and sections.

18

Floor Systems

- Scaffolding supports form-work for higher levels of the building- Slab platform also acts as a beam

Concrete System

slabs - various types are used to span between structural support, these can be one way or two way.

Steel System

Steel framing takes several forms. Efficient use of steel, water pipes can be carried through the web joist.- It can be combined with con-crete system. Concrete laid on top of steel decking. It is also dependant on cost and fire rate.

Timber System

- Joists support flooring and joist supported by bearers.- Joists are usually closely spanned.

Concrete

- Dots and construction joints can be seen on concrete- When cement is mixed with water, it binds the sand and gravel aggregate together to make the hard solid material.

common concrete - 1 part ce-ment, 2 part fine aggrigate

4 part course aggregate.

Provenance

Mixture of cement powder and water causes a chemical re-action and heat is released. The process is called hydra-tion. Crystals are formed and interlocked and bind the sand, crushed rock and cement/wa-ter paste together.

- too much water = weak con-crete- too little water = unworkable, too stiff

Process

It is plastic (fluid) before it sets (shapeless). The formwork is used for temporary support or moulds used to hold liquid concrete before it hardens. It can be made on site or pre-cast out of different materials: timber, metal or plastic.

- Curing process - formwork needs support as weight of wet cement is heavy. It can be achieved by bracing and props- Forwork is often removed, stored and reused or it may stay in place forever as a sac-rificial formwork.

Finishes

Occurs through different form-work that allows the wet ce-ment to take shape.

Reinforcement

Concrete - artificial stoneConcrete is very strong in compression however weak in tension. To improve struc-ture, steel is used to reinforce in forms of mesh or bars. The resulting material = reinforced concrete.

Considerations

Concrete is not permeable (not completely waterproof). If steel reinforcement is too close to surface, it will not be protected from moisture and oxidation. It can cause aesthetic and struc-tural degradation of concrete. Poor vibration of concrete dur-ing pouring process. Without vibration, air bubbles will get caught in the pouring process.

In Situ (on site)

Formwork for concrete is poured and cured on site. It still requires vibration to re-move air bubbles. It also has a limited time before concrete hardens and requires proper positioning (labour intensive).

In situ formwork is used for footings and retaining walls. Used for structural purposes. Some concrete is applied by pressure hose (shotcrete). It is useful for landscape and swimming pools.

FLOOR SYSTEMS AND HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS WEEK 4

19

FLOOR SYSTEMS AND HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS WEEK 4

In-situ Joints

Construction joint - Used to devide the construction into smaller and more manageable sectionsControl joint - Absorbs the ex-pansions and contractions that thermal variations causes and the long term tendency of con-crete to shrink over time. It is proportianate to temperature differentials, the material coef-ficient and dimensions of the piece.

Both joints are potentially weak joints and must ensure appro-priate detailing, especially in terms of water and moisture control.

Pre-cast concrete

- Fabricated in a controlled en-vironment then transported for installation- Process ensures a much more standardised outcome avoiding quality control issues associated with situ concrete.- Pre-cast work is quicker to work with on site.

- It can be associated with a struture of buildings, bridge of civil work, forming part of primary structure or self sup-porting panel type elements. It is rarely used in footings, and commonly found in retaining walls, walls and columns.

Pre-cast joints

Construction joint - panel/el-emental nature of pre-cast means that the joints naturally occur when one pre-cast ele-ments meets another. Structured joint - Type and performance of structural con-nection is critical for the overal quality of a building.

Joints also greatly depend on desired aesthetic outcome

Finishes

Can create high quality finish due to controlled environment. Lots of care is required to transport the concrete without damage.

Consideration

Limited in size due to trans-port, on site changes are dif-ficult to incorporate.

04.05 Span and Spacing

Span is when a slab of con-crete is spreading load, the larger the slab, the more close span required. Spacing distrib-utes load so that weight of slab can be transfered suitably.

Beams and Cantilevers

Beams are supporting hori-zontal bars used to support slabs or loads needing to travel down. Cantilevers are beams that extend from structure,

poking out in midair.

The Pantheon

- Atypical building in Roman Architecture- Generally rectangle- Dedicated to all Gods- Porticol provides leap to tra-ditions controlled approach. It is lower than intended to be.- Drum and giant cylinder, hemispherical dome is largely obscured by the portico. Brick face conrete with 6.15 me-tres thick, to counteract lateral force that load pushes out on concrete.

Dome of Pantheon

- Based on Arches (used in Greek period)- Using only compression to allow forces to travel down- Made of concrete, with sev-eral aggregate type (with lime-stone)- Material changes as we move up the dome to defer dead weight traveling down

Volcanic pumice - light stone

Panthian had great signfi-cance. It is where reign of Hadrian, who symbolically represents the Roman Em-pire. Hadrian sits in centre of Gods. It is also a testiment to Roman Empire.

20

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS 1.0Oval Pavillion structure is being constructed on campus at University of Melbourne. Through the structural book of the ‘Oval Pavilion Construction Drawing’, we are able to recreate a model based on the codes and diagrams in the documentation.Collection of materials to form the construction of the basement and kitchen portion on pages A21-01 and A21-02 of the documentation from grid 4-6 and A-B. A blow up image of the drawing is raised to scale 1:20 in order to construct an accurate scale model. Materials used were 1mm pasteboard, foamcore board for the base, and 2mm balsa wood.

Pasteboards represented the compression structural part of the building where retainwalls are used to stop soil from collapsing over the wall. The Concrete blocks are layed down as stagger bonds, with a metal secure rod on the inside. The load of structure is able to be transfered evenly down the wall. The pieces are put together with super glue.

The Kitchen floor is placed over the retaining walls made of concrete slabs. Structural parts of the building is added where evidently, the columns are made of steel to provide a sturdy load bearing for the beams running along the side. On one end, noggings and studs are used to further enhance the load bearing for the beam. The structural de-tails can be found on page A46-03.

Refer to construction documentation for page references.Door way frame left by steel col-umns and beam.

Noggings and studs hold the steel beam up.

21

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS 1.1

Roof construction is completed with overhangs from the end beam to support the beams running from the centre. Each of these beams acts as support for the roof. The side with the kitchen door also uses timber studs and noggings for the support of the beam. Roof details can be found on S02.01

Using the pasteboard on the short end represents a strong beam that runs across. It can be applied to real life situations that it is more sturdy on the long side facing down the building.

An ineffective use of beams is us-ing the pasteboard as flat beams. It bends more in the centre and load will definetely be heavier in the cen-tre and create a curve.

Refer to construction documentation for page references.

Beams put across should be placed on the shorter surface to the columns to avoid stress on the beam for loads above.

Beams have an efficient span to allow floor load joist to be placed above. They are also placed along the short-er surface of the beam going across the side.

22

Main structural system of Ar-chitecture building is beams carrying loads to columns.

05.14 WALL SYSTEMSStrutural frames - concrete- steel- timber

Load bearing- concrete- masonry

Stud wall- light gauge steel- timber

02.17 STRUCTURAL FRAMEConcrete frames - typically use a grid of columns with concrete beams connecting the column together

Steel frames - typically use a grid of steel columns connect-ed to steel girders and beams

Timber fram (post and beam) - typically uses a grid of timber POSTS or POLES connected to timber beams.

BRACING of members be-tween bays or at the corners of post / beam junction is re-quired to stabilise the struc-ture.

Load bearing wallsConcrete - load bearing walls ca be achieved using either in situ or precast elements.

Reinforced masonry - load bearing walls can be con-structed from CORE FILLED

cavity masonry.

BOND BEAMS over openings can be created using special concrete blocks, filled with concrete to bond the individ-ual units together. Temporary propping can be removed, leaving only the appearance of the concrete block wall. Bond beams are used as an alterna-tive to steel or concrete LIN-TELS.

Solid masonry - load bear-ing walls can be created with single or multiple skins of con-crete masonry units or clay bricks.

The skin of masonry are joined together using a brick (with HEADER showing in face of wall) or with metal WALL TIES placed within the mortar bed.

Cavity masonry - walls are typ-ically formed from thwo skins of masonry.

Advantage - of this construc-tion solution include: better thermal performance and op-portunities for insulation within the cavity, better waterproof-ing (ability to drain water from the cavity) and the opportu-nity to run services within the wall cavity. The presence of a DAMP PROOF COURSE and WEEP HOLES in a wall are in-dicators that the wall is a cav-ity wall rather than a solid wall.

Metal and Timber stud frame - walls use smaller sections of FRAMING TIMBER or LIGHT GAUGE FRAMING STEEL to meet the structural demand

of the construction.

The smaller sections mean that the structural members are repeated at smaller inter-vals and require restraining along their lengths with rows of NOGGINGS to prevent the long thin members from BUCKLING.

Stud framing generally con-sists of TOP PLATES, BOT-TOM PLATES, VERTICAL STUDS, NOGGINGS, CROSS BRACING and PLY BRAC-ING.

Wood to Timber - prove-nance

Heartwood is not as useful

Early wood - rapid growth at beginning of growing season. Thin, large cells - lighter colour

Late wood - slower growth, often limited by lack of water. thick small cells - darker co-lour. Gives the growth ring

Growth - generally one ring per year / some climates may have more than one growth season per year / fire or dis-ease may produce an extra ring.

Grain direction - determines the structural performance of wood. Strong parallel to grain and stiff parallel to grain.

Timber is weak perpendicular to grain

COLUMNS, GRIDS AND WALL SYSTEMS WEEK 5

23

Why is timber seasoned?- to adjust moisture content so the timber is appropriate for the intended use- to provide increase dimen-sional stability

What moisture is removed from the wood?- free moisture (voids in cells)- bound moisture (cell walls)

How is moisture removed?-Timber generally seasoned in one of three ways:

- Air seasoning - cheap but slow. 6 months to 2 years per 50mm thickness

- Kiln seasoning - typically 20 - 40 hours to dry to 12%

- Solar kiln seasoning - Less expensive to run

Seasoned timber = 15% mois-ture content

Softwood- radoata [ome- cypress pine- hoop pine- douglas fir

Hardwoods- victorian ash- brown box- spotted gum

Quarter sawn- growth rings parallel to short edge

Back sawn- Rings parallel to long edge of pieces

Radial sawn- face is always radial cut

Timber considerationsSize - depth x breadth

strength grade - f-grade and MGP gradings are commonly used to identify strength

moisture content - seasoned < 15%

Species of wood - different tim-ber types provide variations in performance and appearance

Treatment - insect repellent treatments will be required

Availability - not all timber types or sizes area available in all location

Knots - weak points/ cause slope of grain

DurabilityProtect timber from sunlight and heat- direct sunlight can cause ex-cessive drying. shrinkage. It also breaks down wood/ cel-lulose light colour paints are best

Engineered timber

LVL - laminated veneer lunber - made from laminating then sheets of timber. Most lami-nates with grain aligned to lon-gitudinal direction. Very deep and long sections possible. High strngethuses: mainly structural (beams, posts, portal frames)

GLULAM - Glue laminated timber - made from gluing pieces of dressed sawn timber together to form a deep mem-ber. Most laminates with grain aligned to longitudinal direc-tion.Uses: mainly structural (beams, posts, portal frames)

CLT - Cross laminated timber - made by gluing and press-ing thin laminates together to form a sheet. Laminate grain laid in alternate directions (90 degrees). Provides strength in two directionsUses: Structural panels (hori-zontal and vertical)

PLYWOOD - made by gluing and pressing thin laminates to-gether to form a sheetUses: structural bracing / structural flooring / formworks / joinery / marine application

MDF - medium density fibre-board - made by breaking down hardwood or softwood waste into wood fibres, com-bining it with wax and resin binder by applying high tem-perature and pressure.Uses: Non-structural applica-tions (joinery)

CHIPBOARD and STRAND-BOARD - made by layering hardwood or softwood residu-als (chips, strands) in specific orientations with wax and a resin binder by applying high temperature and pressure.Uses: As part of structural sys-tems (e.g. flooring) / cladding finish


24


ENGINEERED TIMBER - the rationale to the following set of products lies in their ability to use materials very efficiently

I BEAMS - timber, LVL flages, plywood / OSB webs light-weight, suitable for medium spansUses: floor joists / rafters

BOX BEAMS - timber/LVL flanges, two plywood / OSB webs suitable for larger spans, torisonally stiff, can use deco-rative plywoodUses: floor joists / rafters

TIMBER FLANGED STEEL WEB JOISTS - lightweight, open webs give access for ser-vices webs by light tubes, solid rounds corrugated sheetsUses: foor joists / rafters

Frank Gehry

House ‘cheapskate house’Firmly located in the place he lived (Los Angeles). a messy non city like place.

“I get my inspiration from the streets. I am more of a street fighter than a Roman Scholar”F. O. Gehry

He tried to work hands on with every materials he found in Los Angeles.

Materials for his house - Metal sheets, cardboards (throw aways, tacky). They are found objects.

Wrapping - Materials that are used to wrap other objects. He wrapped his house with everyday materials.

Collisions and fragments - Adding together materials and forms rather than subtraction and symmetry.

Under construction - Elements of light reflected his idea of build-ing under construction. His design approach was basically ‘under construction’ holding the possibility of change.

25

IN SITU SITE VISITS OF OTHER STUDENTS

172 DORKING ROAD BOX HILL METRICON HOMESGroup: Vanda, Linden, Phoebe, Geoffery

DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTION STAGE

Stage one, framework of level one is constructed with timber wood frames, using prefabricated tim-ber. This is time efficient building.

Stage two, second floor framework is under construction with scaffolding. Braces were removed off the first floor since it wasn’t needed anymore. The roof trusses were starting to get installed.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND MATERIALS

Systems employed began with Foundation by building on a flat site, with retaining walls. Slabs also depend on soil. Concrete is poured over styrofoam mould. Where soil is unstable, they use screws piles, drill holes into the ground to make footings sturdier.

Bracing is used on site including ply bracing, thin board applied to structure to stop lateral loads and house from swaying. Speed bracing is the steel cross frame, which is under tension, and hoop bracing which is adjustable.

Spanning of beams is crucial for the transfer of loads and spread of room size. Beams are made of engineered timber.

Plumbing is also in progress to receive and transfer water into and out of the house. The walls are made to disguise the plumbing pipes.

NEW TERMINOLOGY

Styrofoam mould - Shaping of plastic foam into a mould

Hoop bracing - An adjustable bracing

F17 - refers to strength of beam regards to Australian standard

Concrete slabs are used prior to construction of frameworks. Gaps allow pipes to run through.

The adjustable steel frame can change the way it tightens the structure and stiffens it.

26

IN SITU SITE VISITS OF OTHER STUDENTS13 MCPHERSON STREET, FOOTSCRAYSWEENEY ESTATE AGENTSGroup: Meghan, Sebastian, Juhyun, Jiacheng, Jin

DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTION STAGE

There are stages of construction that most buildings go through.

1. slab2. framing3. fixing4. lock up5. occupancy

Currently in the two weeks of site visits, it is in the framing stage

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND MATERIALS

Wall systems and floor systems are employed with materials such as concrete, hardfood (floor system), timber (studs and wall systems), softwood, LVL. Flooring systems use the open web joist which allows service system wirings to go through.

Stud frame systems also show spread out as 400mm apart from each stud with noggings that im-prove stability. Steel cross bracing to stop any lateral loads.

Lintels and fireproof walls installed with a 60 minute rating. These are used for members of struc-ture or buildings that are right next to each other. The beams will be exposed so they are gal-vaized.

Plywood and steel bracing ensures the stability of any shear force whether they are temporary or permanent.

NEW TERMINOLOGY

LVL - Laminated veneer lumber, engineered wood product that uses multiple layers of then wood assembled with adhesive.

Intumescent paint - paint that swells up when heated, thus protecting the material underneath or sealing a gap in the event of fire.

Steel portal frame creates the foundation of framework which then puts studs and noggings under the portal.

BracketBeam

27

Roof Systems

Flat roofs - has a pitch of under 3 degrees made of concrete slab. flat truss, space frames, beams and deckings

Pitched and sloping roof - greater than 3 degrees

Concrete Roof

Generally flat pieces of re-inforced concrete (precast). Top surface is sloped towards drainage points and entire roof is finished with waterproof membrane.

Structural steel frame

flat - has combinations of primary and secondary roof beams for a heavier roof finish such as metal decking, or roof beams or purlin

Sloping - Structural steel con-sists of Roof beams and pur-lins and lighter sheet metal

Portal frame - has series of RIGID FRAMES (two columns and a beam) with purlins for roof and girt for the wall. Wall and roof are usually finished with sheet metal

Trussed Roof

Are framed with series of open web steel or timber. They are manufactured from steel or timber components, fixed to-gether to span long distances. The shape of structural ele-ments is determined by roof-ing material and functional re-quirements of the roof.

Space frames

Are 3D plates that are long spanned in two directions. Linear steel sections welded , bolted or threaded together to form a matrix like structure.

Light framed Roofs

Gabled - characterised by vertical, triangular section of a wall at one or both ends.

Roofs consist of common raf-ters, ridge beams, and ceiling joist. Outriggers are used for overhangs.

Materials: timber, cold-formed steel section (also heavier steel for major beams).

Hip - characterised by verti-cal, triangular section of a wall at one or both ends.

Consist of common rafters, hip rafter, valley rafter, jack rafter, ridge beam and ceiling joist

Materials: Timber, cold formed steel

Introduction to Metals

History - Metals are sourced for thousands of years, and are linked to technological rev-olutions (copper, bronze and iron age)

Sourcing - Pure metal can be found in nature although it is much more common to find them as part of minerals (hemical combination).

Metals are malleable and duc-tile

Metal types

Ferrous - iron is 4th most com-mon in the earth

Non-ferrous - All other metals, more expensive, more supe-rior

Alloy - Combination of 2 or more metals

ConsiderationMetal react with other metals by taking/giving other metals ions.

ANODIC END (more prone to corrosion)Magnesium

ZincAluminium

Structural steelCast iron

LeadTin

Copper, brass, bronzeNickel

TitaniumStainless steel

CATHODIC END (less prone to corrosion)

Water related damageOxidation and corrosion - Met-al ions react with oxygen form-ing oxides which can protect the metal but in other instanc-es it can result in corrosion of metal. PROTECTIONavoid prolonged exposure to moistureseal against moisturechemical treatment galvanize.

SPANNING AND ENCLOSING SPACE WEEK 6

28

SPANNING AND ENCLOSING SPACE WEEK 6

FERROUS METALS

It is magnetic, very reactive and has good compressive strength.

Wrought Iron - iron heated and hammered to desired shape.

Cast iron - used more com-monly for melting and poured into moulds till cool, acquires high compressive strength.

Steel - alloy of iron and carbon

Very strong material and transfers heat and electricity. It can be formed to many dif-ferent shapes (wires, columns, beams).

Structural steel

Hot rolled steel - metal is shaped while metal is still hot. Protected from rusting and corrosion by paint or dipped in galvanizing.

Cold formed steel - Folded sheets that are produced and cooled down.

Reinforced Bars - Due to its good tensile resistance, steel is used in conjunction with concrete to produce reinforced concrete.

Steel sheeting - Cladding and roofing (corrugated steel or other sheet profiles), must be protected from weather expo-sure

Stainless steel alloys - Chro-mium is the most common al-loy. They also milled into coil, wire, bars, tubing and sheets. Used in harsh environment or specific inert fixes are re-quired. It is rarely used in pri-mary structure due to cost.

NON FERROUS METALS

Aluminium - light, non mag-netic, non sparking and easily formed. They are very soft and lack strength. Sometimes it is casted into door handles and window frames. Rolled alu-minium is made into cladding panels. Powder coating and anodized surface are common finish treatments for alumini-um.

Copper - Conducts electricity, used for wiring, ancient mate-rial and found in pure form and ductile. Traditionally is a roof-ing material

Zinc - in pure form, used as an expensive cladding system for walls and roofs. Thin layer of zinc is applied to steel to pro-tect from rust (galvanizing). Zinc is blu-ish white.

Lead - Used for roofs, cornice, tank linings, flashing strip and waterproof. Less commonly used today since it can be tox-ic to humans.

Tin - roofs, rare use as a tin ceiling lining.

Titanium - Used as strong light weight alloy making an at-tractive cladding material, but can be expensive. Well know for corrosion resistance. Gug-genheim Museum is made of titanium cladding.

Bronze - Alloy mixed with cop-per and tin, corrosion resistant and harder. Used for hinges or large springs.

Brass - tough and typically used for handles and taps. where friction is required such as locks and gears.

SPANNING SPACES

1. Architecture is mainly about enclosing space2. The main problem is how to span space

Arches require support blocks. Started from brick material.

02.18 PLATES AND GRIDS

Are rigid, planar, monolithic structures that disperse ap-plied loads in different direc-tions. The are used for roof structures as plates. Grids cre-ate the span spacing for the plates to sit on.

29

DETAILING STRATEGIES 1 WEEK 7

RUBBER

Natural rubber - used by Ma-yas and Aztecs in South Amer-ica (13th century)

Synthetic rubber - made in beginning of 20th century

Can be naturally sourced from the Rubber tree (the trees sap)Can be synthesised in lab gen-erating variations (plastics)

Natural rubber can be used for seals, gaskets, control joints, flooring, insulation, hosing and piping

Synthetic types are EPOM, NEOPRENE, SILICONE

Weather related damageRubbers can lose property when exposed to weather (sunlight)

ProtectionAvoid or minimise sun expo-sure

PLASTICS

Greek word meaning mould-able into different shapes.

They are made of carbon, sili-con, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxy-gen and chloride.

Thermoplastic - Mouldable when heated and become sol-id again when cooled (PVC, perspex, acrylic)

Thermosetting plastic - can only be shaped once (laminex, used in insulation

panels, and finishing surfaces, polystyrine).

Elastomers - (synthetic rub-ber)

Weather related damageThey degrade through ex-posure to weather (sunlight) need to be checked and main-tained.

Protection and ManagementAvoid sun exposure. Some plastics have high expansion and contraction coefficients.

PAINT

They are liquid until they are applied to surface forming a film that becomes solid when contact with air. Main purpose is to protect and colour par-ticular elements. Clear paint is called lacquers or varnishes.

Binder - the film forming com-ponent of paint (polyester, ersins, epoxy, oils, polyure-thanes)Diluent - dissolves paint and adjust viscosity (alcahol, ke-tones, petroleum, distillate, esters)Pigment - gives paint the co-lour and opacity (clays, talcs, calcium, carbonate, silicas)

Oil based - used prior to plas-tic paint, high gloss finish, not water soluble

Water based - most common today, durable and flexible

DETAILING FOR HEAT AND MOISTURE

Detailing for moisture For water to penetrate into buildings, there are three con-ditions that must occur:

- An opening- Water present at the open-ning- A force to move water through the opening

Remove any one of the condi-tions and water will not enter

Three different strategies pre-vent water from penetrating a building

- Remove openings- Keep water away from open-nings- Neutralize force that water moves through

One is sufficient but if two or more strategies are persued then there is added security in case one fails.

OPENINGS

can be planned such as doors and windows or unplanned created by poor framework , deteration of material

Common techniques used to remove openings is to use sealant (silicone) or gasket (Preformed shapes made of artificial rubber). They also de-teriorate over time.

30


Keeping water from openings is commonly used in construc-tion details.

Water is directed by- Grading (sloping) of roofs to go through gutters, downpipes and through storm water sys-tems.- Overlapping of cladding (weatherboard and roof tiles)- Sloping window and door sill roof/wall flashings- Sloping the ground surface away from walls

Neutralizing the force

consider gravity, surface ten-sion, capillary action, Momen-tum, Air pressure differential

Gravity - typically uses slopes and overlaps to carry water away from building

Surface tension and capil-lary action - Uses drip or a break between surface to pre-vent water from clinging to un-derside of surfaces (such as Window sills or parapet cap-ping).

These gaps stop water from carrying across surface be-cause of surface tension of water is broken at the drip/gap location.

Momentum - Windblown, moisture and snow can move through simple gaps. Gaps are often constructed in more complex labyrinth shapes. They slow down momentum of moisture and helps deflect water away from gap.

Air pressure differential strategies - gust of winds, causes water to pump inside complex labyrinth. Water is pumped from high to low pres-sure.

Rain screen assemble: Air bar-rier is introduced on the inside of labyrinth, a ventilated and drained pressure equalisation chamber (PEC) is created and the water is no longer pumped to the inside assembly.

Controlling Heat

Heat gain and loss from:

- Heat is conducted through building envolopes- Building envolope and ele-ments are subjected to radiant heat source- Thermal mass is used to reg-ulate the flow of heat through the building envolope.

Conduction

Can be controlled by using:

Thermal insulation - to re-duce heat conduction

Thermal break - made of low conductive material like rub-ber and plastics to reduce heat transfer from outside to inside

Double glazing - air spaces between glass panels reduces the flow of heat through the glazed element

Radiation

Controlled by:

Reflective surfaces - such as low-e glass, reflective material

Shading systems - like ve-randahs and eaves, solar shelves, blinds, screens to prevent radiation striking the building

Thermal Mass

Large areas of exposed ther-mal mass can be absorbed and store heat over time.

When temperatures drop, stored heat is released. Mate-rials include:

- Masonry- Concrete- Water bodies

Controling air leakage

If a building has an opening, air present, a force for air to go through, air will move through the building and the space will become drafty in cold weather. Difficult to maintain heat tem-perature.

Strategies include: Eliminating causes, wrap the building in polyethylene or reflective foil sarking to provide air barrier, or weather stripping around doors and windows and other openings.

31

STRATEGIES FOR OPENINGS WEEK 8

OPENINGS: DOORS AND WINDOWS

Typical door frame has a top rail, mid rail (not always pres-ent) and a bottom rail. also has feature panel (glass), and stile (side of doors

TIMBER DOORS

Can be external door, or slid-ing door hanging on a track, or a channel below.

ALUMINIUM DOORS

commonly found in commer-cial and office buildings, for external, sliding door

STEEL DOORS

Great for impact protection, uses steel jambs, used for se-curity purposes,

Windows need to be cleaned, issue with high rise buildings

Window frame structure has a window frame, sill, inserted into timber studs and support-ed by lintels.

TIMBER WINDOWS

Within a brick vinear system.

ALUMINIUM WINDOWS

Sometimes used domestic, used in commercial buildings. Steel lintels are used to carry loads above commercial win-dows.

STEEL WINDOWS

Finer and flater than alumin-ium, however not common in Australia, costly where frames are welded together,

CURTAIN WALLS

Type of hybrid system for win-dows. City buildings are clad-ded with this, where it is hung of the concrete structure of the building carrying its own load.

Loads should be carried around the windows rather than through windows.

GLASS

ComponentsFormers - the basic ingredi-ants, SilicaFluxes - help formers to melt at low temperature, soda ash / potash / lithium carbonateStabilizers - combined with fluxes and formers to keep glass from dissolving, lime-stone / alumina / magnesia

GLASS HISTORY

Blown glassSheet glass - sliced from blown glassLead crystal - lead oxide add-ed to make glass easier to cutPlate glass - improved optical qualityLamination - layers added between sheetsFloat glass - molten glass poured over a molten tin bath

TYPE AND MANUFACTURE

Flat glass - sheets of clear or tinted float, laminated, tem-pered, wired

Shaped glass - curved, blocks, channels, tubes, fibers

Floated glass - now the most common production process in the world

Clear float glass - (annealed glass) Simple and cheap. No further treatment after the float fabrication

Can break into sharp pieces, ideal in low risk.

Lamination glass - Tough plastic interlayer (PVB) is bonded together between two glass panes.

Glass does not shatter easily, may crack but stay intact

Tempered Glass - (toughened glass) produced by anneal glass to 650 degrees. Surface is then cooled creating a state of high compression on outer surface. Bending strength is increased by 4-5 times.

Ideal for usage in high expo-sure, (facades, partitions), when size is required to be large.

OTHER TYPES AND PROD-UCTS

Tinted glass - Useful in sun exposure, reduce visible light transfer

34

Wired glass - steel wire mesh used insteal of plastic film, ac-cepted as low cost fire glass

patterned glass - made with a rolled glass process - used when privacy and light are re-quired

Curved glass - produced in moulds created to meet spe-cific design requirements - ex-pensive

Photovoltaic glass - inte-grated solar cells

Glass channels - used in fa-cade systems

Slumped and formed glass - used as design feature

Glass fibre - hair like strand, used in telecommunication

DOUBLE AND TRIPLE GLAZING

Creates more skins to moder-ate temperature.

DOUBLE GLAZINGKeeps room warmer, prevent-ing heat loss. 2 layers of pane glass, Low-e double glazing

GLASS SKINS

Glass is material. It is sand, molten and allowed to cool.

Sand + Soda + Lime = Glass

Glass is technology,

02.14 GEOMETRY AND MO-MENT OF INERTIA

It is the sum of the product of each element of an area and the square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation.

02.14 DEFORMATION

Deflection can occur where the perpendicular distance of the spanning member devi-ates from a true course un-der transverse loading. This causes the structure to bend

Resisting moment is an inter-nal moment equal and oppo-site to bending moment. It is generated by force to maintain equalibrium, Bending stress is a combination of compressive and tension stress

Transverse shear occurs at a cross section of a beam sub-jected to bending, equal to the algebraic sum of transverse forces on one side of the sec-tion.

08.02 DOORS AND WIN-DOWS

Exterior doors should pro-vide weathertight seals when closed and maintain the ap-proximate thermal insulation. Internal doors should offer desired degree of visual and acoustical privacy.

Windows should provide weathertight seal when closed. Window frames should have low thermal conductivity. Win-dow glazing should retard the transmission of heat.

Doors and windows generally have a standard size since the are factory manufactured. Size of doors and windows should be accurately planned so that rough openings with proper lintels can be built to take the load around them.

STRATEGIES FOR OPENINGS WEEK 8

35

SITE VISIT AT 567 COLLINS ST

Originally a vacant lot since the 90s the lot has finally begun building their office building of 28 floors with 2 basements and 2 gym floors. It has been built to a high level finish which is a PCA premium grade guidelines (the new standard for office buildings). Core of building is from level 1-26. Core is the building part that is not rented out including rest rooms, venti-lation shaft, electrical distribution, elevator shaft and stairwell.

A typical level shares the space of 2530m2. First part of the tour takes us to level 10, where the building currently sits under construction started in early 2013.

Crane that is in modules. Increases in height when construc-tion develops.

Reinforcing concrete with pro-cessed wire strands.

Concrete slabs, prefabricated.

Next level (11) being constructed along the side.

Protective fence expands 4 levels to ensure safety.

Processed wire strands sit in the centre of ground with cement poured over, The strands are being stretched in tension allowing the concrete to be more reinforced.

Level 10 construction had protective fences around while construction work-ers started the next level flooring.

36

SITE VISIT AT 567 COLLINS STAt level 2 of the building, we see different parts of the building being constructed at different stages. What is recognisable is that not one level is fully complete in order. Some levels have to be returned to for the wall claddings and wiring systems. The facade walls of the building is heavy and are fixed with bracers and casting. Facades are conneted to the brackets that sit on the steel framework of the building so that they become hidden. The cladding acts like panels and also include the insertion of windows frames.

The ground floor is a very large open space with several columns. Some of the concrete columns will stay as concrete since they are used for support of the loads.

Table frames used to hold the build-ing up while construc-tion continues at the top levels Buildings with-out panels or con-crete slabs across the facade.

Joint brackets to fit the cladding of facade or windows

Suggested ceil-ing interior for building

Columns of the front side of building

Front facade and space of building has columns to support structure above for loads and wiring that go through the columns

Slab windows and sheets get craned up to be held on the brackets of the wall. Slabs then keep the fixings hidden

37


CONSTRUCTION DETAIL-ING

Include compress, as installed and elongated.

These cover movements of contraction and cracking. These include contraction joins and movement joints.

HEALTH AND SAFETY

These include insulation and firestop safety walls. Stair rails have to fit to a certain stan-dard.

Disability codes are applied for ramps and standard ramp heights.

AGEING GRACEFULLY

Choosing materials to suit location will reduce material age. They deteriorate close to sea sites or harsh conditions.

Sometimes age can become a good change such as timber that isn’t glazed.

REPAIRABLE SURFACE, RESISTANCE TO DAMAGE

A skirting will prevent quick damage, and also covers gaps. Kitchen cupboards open have a toe gap.

Plasterboards have corner protection.

CLEANABLE SURFACES, MAINTENTANCE ACCESS

Cleaning surfaces should be easy such as in hospitals.

Ceiling panels are used com-monly in commercial buildings, to clean is easy since tiles can be replaced.

CONSTRUCTABILITY

Off the shelf items, generally if it is difficult, it will cost more.

Easy to assemble is to be con-sidered for detailing. It makes the work easy to fix and re-place.

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

MONOLITHIC

- a single material- materials combined so that the components are indestin-guishable

COMPOSITE

- created when two or more materials are combined in such a way that the individual materials remain easy to dis-tinguish

COMPOSITE is formed of 2 or more materials. Different ma-terial bond together however keeps their own quality to im-prove specific characteristics. e.g Fibrous, laminar (sandwich panel), particulate (gravel, res-in), hybrid (combination of two or more composite)

FIBRE REINFORCED CE-MENT

Made from cellulose fibres, portland cement, sand and water

common forms - sheet or board , roof tiles, pipes

Common use - cladding for exterior or interial walls, floor panels

Benefits - won’t burn, resis-tant to permanent water and termite damage, rot and wrap-ping. Inexpensive.

FIBRE GLASS

Made from mixture of glass fi-bres of epoxy resins

Common form - flat and pro-filed sheets and formed shape

Common uses - Transparent, translucent roof cladding, wa-ter tanks, baths, pools

Benefits - fire resistant, weath-erproof, light weight and strong

ALUMINIUM SHEET COM-POSITE

Made from aluminium and plastic

Common form - plastic core of phenalic resin (honeycomb sheets) lined with external skin of aluminium

Common uses - feature clad-ing material in interior or exte-rior

Benefits - reduced amount of aluminium required, light weight, less expensive sheets, weather resistant, unbreak-able, shock resistant. Comes in variet

38


TIMBER COMPOSITE

made from combination of sol-id timber, engineered timber, galvanized press steel

Common forms - Timber top and bottom chords with gal, steel or engineered board / plywood webs

Common uses - beams (floor joist and roof rafters) and trusses

Benefits - less materials to use with max efficiency, cost effec-tive, easy to install, easy to ac-comodate service

FIBRE REINFORCED POLY-MERS

Made from polymers (plastic) with timbers, glass or carbon fibre

Common forms - associated with moulded or pultrusion processed products

Common uses - decking (ex-ternal cladding), structural el-ements such as beams and columns, public pedestrian bridges use glass or carbon fibres, carbon fibre reinforced polymer rebar

Benefits - high strength FRP materials, with glass or carbon fibre reinforcement provide strength to weight ratio great-er than steel. FRP composite materials are corrosion resis-tant

02.13 STRESS AND STRUC-TURAL MEMBERS

Stress can be described through columns that are slen-der. Long columns subject to failure by buckling rather than by crushing.

Under the buckling load, col-umn will deflect laterally in one direction. This can be based on fixings of structural mem-bers from fixed joints or roller joints causing the column to flex in certain ways.

02.30 JOINTS AND CON-NECTIONS

The types of joints applied to construction affects detailing for construction based on the type of joints used. Some joints include butt, fixed and roller joints. Depending on how the material of detailing is required to move, the joints may suit-able to one or the other.

For example, some buildings use panel cladding and will re-quire it to be fixed so that they won’t move.

07.48 - 07.50 MOVEMENT JOINTS

All buildings contract and ex-pand due to weather. Move-ment joints are therefore ap-plied to adhere to the weather changes freely while maintain the same quality of the con-struction.

There are 3 types of move-ment joints. Expansion, con-trol and isolation.

These can also be in the form of sealan. Joints should be tooled to ensure full contact with and adheson to substrate.

10.01 FINISH WORK

Finish work is covered with plaster on several coats. The first cat is the scratch coat, raked so that it bonds the sec-ond coat. The second coat is the broat coat, leveling the plaster. The finish coat is serv-ing either as finished surface or base for decoration. THis can be smoothed to a nonpo-rous finish and painted over.

Finishes allow technical fac-tors such as acoustic qualities, fire resistance and thermal in-sulation value of a finish mate-rial.

Surface finishes have a criti-cal influence on aethetic qual-ity. Colour, texture and pattern should be considered and how they join with other materials.

GYPSUM PLASTER

Made by mixing calcined gyp-sum with water, fine sand or lightweight aggregate.It is du-rable, lightweight and fire re-sistant and commonly used on surfaces where not subjected to moist or wet conditions.

39

3D REPRESENTATION OF ‘IN DETAIL’

3D representation of North section of roof above the function room is comprissed several parts, majority of insulation and firesafe plaster walls.

Metal decking roof

Thermal roof insultion

Acoustice roof insultion

Aluminium roof facia

Aluminium roof flashing

Timber wall lining

Thermal wall insulationPurlin

Firesafe plaster wall x2

Steel C-beam

Purlin - Z beam that sits along another beam to be fixedInsulation - generally provide heating for room and acoustics. Since the function room is such a big space, sound insulation is required so that it doesn’t travel across the whole room.Steel beams - provide support across the roof frameworkFiresafe plaster - Usually a 30 - 60 minute fire rating, the plaster allows people in the building to evacuate with enough time for safety.Timber wall lining - timber sheet that acts as aesthetic for buildingFlashing - Stop water from running on the roof, a waterproof element that also stops water flowing into the building

Gaps inbetween the timber wall lining and insulation of wall allows space for water to run through and drip down the wall

Things that can go wrong is that the gaps might not be fully enclosed and water can run through.

40

WHEN THINGS GO WRONG WEEK 10

LATERAL SUPPORT

Lateral forces depend on the shape of the structure. Wind and earthquakes have dif-ferent effects on structures. Earthquake affects mass of buildings where as winds act on the surface of structures with the highest value at the top.

Where bracing occurs, it pro-vides a resistance for the wind. Where ever on a structure with no bracing, window will affect them more than the braced side.

Moment resisting frames are systems that are constructed with rigid connected joints. Joints provide horizontal and vertical elements and make frame rigid acting like mono-lithic units under the impact of lateral loads.

High Rise buildings have a soft storey. a floor with less stiffness, will deflect under seismic loads and will col-lapse while other floors remain intact. A solution is to insert bracing in the soft storey level.

COLLAPSE AND FAILURES

Defects in buildings Flat steel sheeting on plywood stuck. Glue isn’t well down. Flat steel sheet glued to ply-wood, thermal differences, blistering and peeling sheets, cut edges. North and west el-evation, sheets are hot due to weather.

Causing the sheets to come away from the structure, glue coming out of the gaps allow-ing gaps to come in. Some sheets delaminate and causes it to fall off. Sheets are now fastened back with nails to the timber stud frame.

Consider the following:Suitability of material- Exposure- Compatibility- Strength and deflection

Long term performanceMaintenanceConstruction and detailing

HEROES AND CULPRITS

Issues to consider when se-lecting materials

- Health and IEQ- Waste/recycling- Energy use and embodied energy- Pollution- Life cycle

IMPACTS

Building materials are re-sponsible for:

30% of total raw material use42% of total energy use25% of solid wastes40% of atmospheric emissions

only 1% of products are still in use 6 months later

HEALTH PROBLEMS- Reduced life plans- Asthma, nausea, headaches, sick days, comfort

Material consideration- Reduce VOCs (volatile or-ganic compound), paint/seal-ers/adhesives- Reduce particles/dust, hori-zontal shelves/floor coverings/loose fibre products- Green cleaning practice, vac-uuming/chemicals

HEALTH VILLAINS

Carpets, chemicals used for cleaning

HEALTH HEROES

Thermimesh, termites can’t crawl in and reduces toxicity of chemical use

Use fibre cloth instead of chemicals

SOURCE AND WASTE- Cost money to buy, cost to replace, cost to dispose- Limited resources- Takes up space- Places that can breed dis-ease

Material consideration- Renewable/abundant re-sources, agricultural products, earth, timber- Timber, recycled/plantation RFA- Waste, reduce/reuse/recycle, minimise use of composites

SOURCE/WASTE VILLAINS

Tiling, size of spaces

SOURCE/WASTE HEROES

Size, wall board ortech (straw), recycled timber, fabrics

41


ENERGY

- Climate change, greenhouse effect, global warming- Wasteful- Pollution from energy pro-duction

Material consideration- Minimise embodied energy (more oil has more embodied energy)- Extraction/manufacture- lighting, general,task, switch-ing- Optimise appliances, fridges/dishwashers/office equipment

ENERGY VILLAIN

Aluminium, light globes, down-lights, things with low energy ratings

ENERGY HEROES

timber, Australian made, di-odes

POLLUTION

- Smog, Ozone layer depletion- Acid rain, toxicity- Radio activity- Dioxins

Material consideration- Minimise waste- Choose material that don’t contain toxins - national pollut-ant inventory- Natural materials- Organic materials

POLLUTION VILLAINS

PVC (pollution caused throughout its life), cigarette smoke

POLLUTION HEROES

Lenolium flooring (cork, seed), Pirelli company, wool (regu-lates moisture)

LIFE CYCLE- Consider longevity of mate-rial- Timelessness- Design for reuse, recyclabil-ity, maitenance- Design for purpose, durability- Be careful for green wash (gone through a life cycle as-sessment)

A TALE OF CORROSION

Statue of LibertyHistoryDesigned by Auguste Barthol-di, copper skin is supported on an iron sketelton designed by Gustave Eiffel.

Exterior of building is copper. When it is exposed to atmo-sphere, it oxidises, reacting with oxygen. Copper starts dull, becoming darker brown, then green copper oxide pa-tina.

Initial connection detail con-siderationGalvanic corrosion between the copper skin and iron frame was considered at the time of construction, and solution that allowed for separation of the two metals was devised.

The first solutionTwo materials separated at their junctions by a layer of shellac-impregnated cloth. (Refer to week 6 Anodic, Ca-thodic)

The problemThe shellac-impregnated cloth became porous and held moisture at the join between the two metals. This provided good conditions for galvanic corrosion and the iron began to corrode.

What happened?Connection system started to fail, build up of corrosion products (rust) expanded and pulled the rivets away from copper skin.

The second solutionOriginal iron armature frame was replaced with a teflon-coated stainless steel struc-ture. Made after extensive cor-rosion resistance testing and consideration of physical prop-erties of the steel, how well it works with copper skin.

The futureThe new system still includes two different metals and so will require ongoing inspection and maintenance.

42


Embodied energy

Sand and gravel 18Wood 185Lightweight concrete 940Gypsum Board 1830Brickwork 2200Cement 4100Glass 11,100Plastic 18,500Steel 19,200Lead 25,900Copper 29,600Aluminium 103,500

Energy content measured 1 Btu/lb = 2.326KJ/Kg

Evaluations of reflection, absorption of visible light should be tested prior to the finish for the surface of rooms.

Materials can vary in form. Material that un-dergo plastic deformation is considered duc-tile. Each material should be evaluated to un-derstand which material is suitable in certain weather conditions or locations so that the life cycle would last longer.

02.08 - 02.10 DYNAMIC LOADS

Components and cladding of building must be designed to resist winds and uplifts. Things to consider is a sloping roof so that the wind can run past it.

High rise buildings can have dynamic loads of earthquake however the upper part of the building will remain intact. The overturning of the building is counterbalanced by external re-storing mement and an internal resisting mo-ment provided by forces developed in column members and shear walls.

12.02 BUILDING MATERIALS

Building materials should consider beyond function, including life cycle, manufacturing, packaging, transportation of finished product for use, maintenance, recycle, reuse and dis-posal.

43

CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP

To construct a beam that spans 1000mm using pieces of plywood and timber. Tools we used for this construction was a saw, nails and a hammer. The point of the workshop is to create the beam that can support weight above until they buckle or snap with required fittings.

The results that occured was started 0mm of deflection. it deflected at 40mm from original spot at a weight of 210kg.

Reason why the construction did not work was the nailing that didn’t hold the second piece of wood in place therefore not able to stack the load bearing.

Load transfers down the nailed parts causing little support for beam.

Top view of the beam shows where the nails have been applied with gaps in the middle mak-ing structure unstable.

Point of pressure applied

Cracking of wood and plywood sheet occured due to unstable weight support.

44

Beams - Structure that holds building in tact, primarily made of steel

Reaction force - Force that counteracts on opposite direc-tion where force is applied

Point load - Is indicated by an arrow where the load is being pushed or compressed

Load path - Weight distribu-tion of a load that moves down on an object

Masonry - types of stonework

Compression - characteristic of mass construction where a structure in between is being pushed against (opposite of tension where object is being pulled)

Stability - stable, solid, firm

Tension - stretched

Frame - structure that sur-rounds an object

Bracing - Support of structure

Moment - perpendicular dis-tance from a point of a line or surface.

Retaining wall - a wall that holds back the earth or water

Pad footing - support used at a point load such as columns or framed structure. Usually shallow

GLOSSARYStrip footing - used to sup-port a line of loads, either a load bearing wall or a line of columns need supporting

Slab on ground - a reinforced concrete slab placed directly on the ground to provide the foundation for the superstruc-ture

Substructure - a structure forming the foundation of a building for support

Joist - length of steel or timber supporting a structure

Steel decking - a self sup-porting floor or roof unit laid between joists

Span - full extent of something from end to end

Girder - large steel beam or compound structure used for building bridges and frame-work of large buildings

Concrete plank - a flat beam used for floor or roof decking. These are usually pre-cast and pre-stressed

Spacing - Distance from an-other

Stud - An upright timber in the wall of a building to which laths and plasterboard are nailed

Nogging - brickwork in a tim-ber frame

Lintel - horizontal support of timber, stone, concrete, or steel across the top of a door or window

Axial load - force acting along the lines of an axis of an object

Buckling - a bend, bulge, or kink

Seasoned Timber - timber dried to a moisture content that is stable

Rafter - a beam forming part of the internal framework of the roof

Purlin - a horizontal beam that runs across the roof resting on common rafters, (z, c purlin)

Cantilever - a beam that is fixed at one end and sticks out of the open space

Portal frame - a structural frame with two vertical col-umns and beam that is all con-nected.

Eaves - overhange of roof that meets the building

Alloy - a metal combined by 2 or more elements to give extra strength

Soffit - Underside of an ar-chitectural structure such as archs, balconies and over-hanging eaves

Top Chord - the upper part of the roof frame Drip - a small drop of liquid

Vapour barrier - resistance for diffusion of moisture through roofs or walls

45

Gutter - a carry off for rainwa-ter

Parapet - a long protective wall along the edge of roof, bridge or balcony

Downpipe - pipe to carry rain-water down from the roof to drain

Flashing - strip of metal to stop water from penetrating the junction of the roof

Insulation - protects material by preventing loss of heat and intrusion of sound

Sealant - material used for sealing something so as to make it airtight or waterweight

Window sash - a framework that holds the panes of a win-dow in the window frame

Deflection - the action or pro-cess of deflecting or being de-flected

Moment of Inertia - A mea-sure of body resistance to acceleration, moment motion stops

Door furniture - handles, locks, other features on a door

Stress - Pressure or tension exerted on a material object

Shear force - forces pushed against one side of an object in one direction, and another part of the object in the oppo-site direction

GLOSSARYSandwich panel - Aluminium composite panels, type of flat material that consists of two thin aluminium sheets bonded to a non aluminium core.

Bending - shaping or forcing something straight to a curve

Skirting - a wooden board running along the base of an interior wall

Composite beam - a steel beam, with concrete decking above, connected by shear connectors

Shadow line joints - material that sits behind panels or ply-wood that creates an edge and stops the sheets from touching

Shear wall - wall composed of braced panels to counter the effects of lateral load acting on structure from wind, seismic loads, earthquakes.

Soft storey - structurally de-signed building that cannot cope with lateral force causes swaying

Braced frame - structural sys-tem designed to resist wind and earthquake forces. De-signed to work in tension and compression, similar to truss. usually steel

Lifecycle - series of changes in time, including corrossion and wear

Defect - an imperfection or lack of something

Fascia - a board or flat piece of material covering the ends of rafters or other fittings

Corrossion - process of dam-age to metal, stone, or mate-rials based on chemical reac-tions or weather

IEQ - Indoor environmental quality is to provide improve-ments to buildings for a sus-tainable lifecycle

46

SOURCE BIBLIOGRAPHYBuilding construction illustrated,Francis D.K Ching, published (2008)

47

envs10003

Documents

staggering structure

effect of blocks

structure unstable

reduction of blocks

entry of structure

structure flimsy

block structure connection

forceson site