environmental studies.pptx module 1

8/3/2019 Environmental Studies.pptx Module 1

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ENVIR NMENTALSTUDIES

10B11GE411

(3-0-0)

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Environmental Studies, Rajagopalan,

Dr. B. S. Chauhan, EnvironmentalStu ies, University Press.

Jose h B. 2005 Environmental

Studies, Tata McGraw Hill, India.


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Module

1

EcosystemsBiogeochemicalCycles

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Environment is derived from the wordnv ron mean ng enc rc e. s very

broad concept and involves everythingt at a ects an organ sm ur ng tslifetime.

Simply be defined as ones surroundings.

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segments:

1mosp ere.2)Hydrosphere

3)Lithosphere

The names of the four spheres are

(litho), air (atmo), water (hydro), and life.

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The atmosphere

Theatmosphereisthebodyofairwhichsurroundsourplanet.Mostofouratmosphereislocatedclosetotheearth'ssurfacewhereitismostdense.

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Compositionofatmospherewithin25kms

Composition of atmosphere

(Argon+Neon+

Helium+

Hydrogen+

Krypton)

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Thehydrosphereiscomposedofallofthewateronorneartheearth.Thisincludestheoceans,rivers,lakes,andeventhemoistureintheair.

' .remainingthreepercentisfreshwater;threequartersofthefresh

wateris

solid

and

exists

in

ice

sheets

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Thelithosphere

Thelithosphere

is

the

solid,

rocky

crust

covering

entire

planet.

This

crustisinorganicandiscomposedofminerals.ItcoverstheentiresurfaceoftheearthfromthetopofMountEveresttothebottomoft e ar ana renc .

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Thebiosphereiscomposedofalllivingorganisms.Plants,animals,and .

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education

1. Awareness: To help individuals and social

to the environment and its allied problems.

.groups acquire basic understanding of thetotal environment, its associated roblems

and humanitys critically responsiblepresence and role in it.

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3. Attitude: To help individuals and socialgroups acquire social values, strong

feelings of concern for the environmentand the motivation for actively part c pat ng n ts protect on animprovement.

4. Skills: To help individuals and social

environmental problems.

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5. va ua on y: o e p n v ua s ansocial groups evaluate environmental

terms of ecological, political, economic,social, aesthetic and educational factors.

6. Participation: To help individuals and

social groups develop a sense of responsibility and urgency regardingenvironmental problems to ensure

appropr a e ac on o so ve oseproblems.

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Environmental studies as a subject has a.

of areas and aspects:

management

Environmental pollution and control

and environment

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Human population and environment.

Environmental engineering is one of the

fastest growing and complex disciplines ofengineering.

Creates awareness and understanding of

environmental concepts which may besc en c, soc a an eco og ca sys emsthereby providing a platform for solution

.

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In the recent years, the scope of environmental

studies has expanded dramatically .Several carrier

o tions have emer ed in this field that are broadl

categorized as:

Research & Development (R&D) in environment :

Skilled environmental scientists have an important role to

play in examining various environmental problems in a

scientific manner and carr out R D activities for

developing cleaner technologies and promoting sustainable

.

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Green advocacy: With increasingemp asis on imp ementing various

Acts and Laws related to environment

nee or environmenta awyers asemerged, who should be able to pleadthe cases related to water and air

pollution, forest etc. Green media: Environmentalawareness can be s read amon stmasses through mass media liketelevision radio news a er

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Green marketing: Environmental auditors and

environmental managers would be in great demand

.

Environment consultancy: Many non

government organizations (NGOs), industries and

governmen o es are engag ng env ronmen a

consultants for systematically studying and tackling

environment related problems.

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Im ortance

of

Environment

Environment e ongs to a an is important to a .

Whatever be the occupation or age of a person, he will

be affected by environment and also he will affect the

.

internationally observed environment calendar to

mark some important aspect or issue of

environment.

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ContemporaryIndianEnvironmentalists

1. JusticeKuldeep Singh popularlyknownastheGreenud e

1. Sh.

M.

C.

Mehta,

the

Green

advocate2. Sh.Sunderlal Bahuguna,knownforChipko

3. Smt.Medha Patkar forNarmadabachao Andolan.

4. Ms.

Arundhati Roy for

Narmada

bachao Andolan.5. mt. n ra an , was nstrumenta n ntro uc ng

the concept of environmental protection in theconstitution of India as fundamental duty.

6. mt.

en a an ,

ormer y

env ronment

m n ster,

hasworkedalotforthecauseofwidelifeprotection.

7. Smt.Kinkari Devifoughtalongbattleagainstthem n ngma atosaveenv ronment

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World Wide Fund for Nature, India (WWF 1) New

DelhiThe Botanical Surve of India BSI Calcutta

The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) Calcutta

Bharti Vidyapeeth Institute of Environmental Education

Wild Life Institute of India (WII) Dehradun

Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History

(SACON)The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) Mumbai

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1. In order to increase consumer awareness aboutenvironment, the Government of India has

introduced a scheme of eco

labelling ofconsumer products as ecomark in 1991.

1. It is an earthen pitcher a

symbol of ecofriendliness and

our traditional heritage.

3. A product that is made, used or

disposed off in a harmless manneris called ecofriendly and is awarded this eco

mark.

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Ecosystems: Basic Concepts

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Eco + System

,

interdependentcom lex

An ecosystem is defined as natural functional

ecolo ical unit com risin of livin or anisms(biotic community) and their non-living (abiotic orphysio-chemical ) environment that interact to

orm a sta e se -support ng system. pon ,lake, desert etc. are common examples.

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1. Natural Ecosystems :

These types of ecosystems operate by themselveswithout any major interference by man.

a erres r a ecosys ems: ores s, rass an s e c.

b) Aquatic ecosystems: Lake, Pond, River etc.

2. Artificial ecosystems:

- . . . ,villages, cities, dams, aquarium etc.

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Structure of EcosystemTwo main components:

1. Abiotic

a) Climatic factors: Rain, Temperature,Li ht Humidit etc.

b) Edaphic factors: Soil, pH etc.

.

a) Producers

(b) Consumersc Reducers

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Ecosystem

Abiotic Components Biotic Components

Climatic Edaphic Producers Consumers Decomposers

or or or

Autotrophs Hetereotrophs Saptrotroph

Light pH

Wind Minerals

Temperature Topography

Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary

(Herbivores) (Pr. Carnivores) (L. Carnivores) (Omnivores)6


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SUN(Solar

Plants(Photosynthesis)

CarnivoresConsumption

(O2, CO2 ANDWATER)

(Nutrientsand Water)

DetritivoresDecomposition

Relationship within an Ecosystem 7


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Food Chainse pro ucers, consumers, an ecomposers oeach ecosystem make up a food chain.

s ow w ere energy s rans erre

Sun

90 calories lost to

environment

100 calories

Autotroph

10 calories 9 calories lost to environment

plant matter as foodHerbivore

1 calorie

as food

Carnivore


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Various food chains linked to ether to

form complex network called food web

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Food web of a hot spring

2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers14


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A tro hic level is the osition occu ied b an or anism in

a food chain.

Trophic levels can be analyzed on an energy pyramid.

compromise the first trophic level.

Primary consumers make up the second trophiceve .

Secondary consumers make up the third trophiclevel.

Finally decomposers make up the fourth trophic level.

T hi L l F d


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Trophic Levels Found on an

Energy Pyramid The reatest amount of ener is found at the base of

the pyramid.

The least amount of energy is found at top of thepyram .

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Pyramid - A diagram illustrating the flow ofa commodity through the ecosystem.a) Pyramid of biomass - A pyramid basedon chemical energy.b) Pyramid of numbers - A pyramid based

on the number of organisms involved atvarious levels.

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L G i E ChL G i E Ch


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Laws Governing Energy ChangesLaws Governing Energy Changes

First Law of Thermod namics EnerFirst Law of Thermod namics Ener

Energy is neither created nor destroyedEnergy is neither created nor destroyed

Ener onl chan es formEner onl chan es form

==

L G i E ChL G i E Ch


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Laws Governing Energy ChangesLaws Governing Energy Changes

n every rans orma on, some energy s

converted to heat (lower quality)

n every rans orma on, some energy s

converted to heat (lower quality)

energy quality

energy quality

Connections: Matter and Energy LawsConnections: Matter and Energy Laws


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Connections: Matter and Energy LawsConnections: Matter and Energy Laws

--

--

--economyeconomy

O t id E SO t id E S


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Outside Energy SourceOutside Energy Source

PowersPowers

photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Warms earthWarms earth

Powers waterPowers watercyclecycle

HeatHeatHeatHeat


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HeatHeatHeatHeat

Wind and PrecipitationWind and PrecipitationWind and PrecipitationWind and Precipitation


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Wind and PrecipitationWind and PrecipitationWind and PrecipitationWind and Precipitation Uneven heatingUneven heating

AscendinAscendin

descending airdescending airmassesmasses

Heat releasedradiates to space

LOWPRESSURE

HIGHPRESSURE

Cool, dryair

Condensationand

precipitation

Flows toward low pressure,

Warm,dry air

Hot, wetair

Falls, is compressed, warmsRises, expands, cools

Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13

Moist surface warmed by sun

picks up moisture and heat

HIGHPRESSURE

HIGHPRESSURE

LOWPRESSURE

LOWPRESSURE

Figure 6-10Page 117


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ModifiersModifiersModifiersModifiers


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ModifiersModifiersModifiersModifiers

Rotation of theRotation of the

GeologicGeologic

eatureseatures

Rain ShadowsRain ShadowsRain ShadowsRain Shadows


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Rain ShadowsRain ShadowsRain ShadowsRain Shadows

Ecosystem Concepts and ComponentsEcosystem Concepts and Components


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Ecosystem Concepts and ComponentsEcosystem Concepts and Components

BiomesBiomes

Role ofRole of

ulife zonesulife zones

Ecosystem FunctionEcosystem Function


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Ecosystem FunctionEcosystem Function

of energy

of energy

y g

matter

y g

matter

Energy Productivity of EcosystemsEnergy Productivity of Ecosystems


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Energy Productivity of EcosystemsEnergy Productivity of Ecosystems

Primary productivityPrimary productivity

Secondary productivitySecondary productivity


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Biomes of the World

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A Biome is the

argest geograp c

biotic unit, a majorcommunit ofplants and animals

with similar life

environmentalconditions.

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Difference between Biome and


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Difference between Biome and

Ecosystem ,

fauna and microorganisms.

biome. A biome can be defined as

the world grouped together .

n ecosys em can e as arge as eSahara desert or as small as a puddle.

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How are biomes formed?


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How are biomes formed?

Climate is a major factor determining the.

climatic factors are:latitude: Arctic, boreal, tem erate, subtro ical,tropical.humidity: humid, semi-humid, semi-arid, andarid.elevation: Increasing elevation causes a

increasing latitude.Th m wi l m f l if in

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Although there is some disagreement among scientists on

how to divide up the Earths biomes, most can agree on the

following eight:

Tropical Rainforest

Tropical Savanna

Chaparral

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Tem erate Boreal Forest

Tundra26


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equator Receives more than 200 cm

of rain annually

Tem eratures t icall fallbetween 20oC and 25oC forthe entire year

As many as 50% of all theworlds animal species maye oun ere

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Grasslands with a few

scattered trees

Experience a wet and dryseason

Hot temperatures Annual rainfall is between 50

and 127 cm

More species of grazingmammals than any other

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25

o

and 40

o

latitude Receives less than 25 cm

of rain each year

Tem eratures t icallrange between 20oC and25oC but some extreme

eserts can reactemperatures higher than

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o

40o

latitude on the westcoast of continents

Receives between 35 and

70 cm of rain, usuall in thewinter

Extremely resistant to

drought and weatherevents

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,trees are found only nearwater sources such asstreams

Usually receives between50 and 90 cm of rainfalleach year

ummer temperatures canreach up to 38oC, and

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Moderate climate

leaves in the winter

Tem eratures ran e between30oC and 30oC

Avera es from 75 to 150 cm of

precipitation

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Also known as Taiga

Typically found between 45o ando or a u e

Cold climate with summer rains

Very few reptiles

Snow is primary form ofprec p a on cmannually)

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Means treeless or marshy plain

permanently frozen soil starting ashigh as a few centimeters below

plant growth

Winter temperatures average 34o w e summer temperaturesusually average below 10oC

Low reci itation 1525 cm er

year) but ground is usually wetbecause of low evaporation

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