Environmental Science &

Territory Department

Via E. Filiberto, 1 –3

56127 Pisa

e-mail: iacomelli@scamb.unipi.it

Barcelona, 25 May 2005

Aldo Iacomelli

Implementing the SAP/MED and NAP – means work on energy issues

The CP in Catania in 2003 did a clear recommendation to MEDU Secretariat to take care of energy related issues in an interdisciplinary way with proper tools.The SAP/MED already cover energy issues without call it with the proper name

CP/RAC activities show the fundamental link with cleaner productions and energy issues (EE, RE, DSM, etc..)

The energy cycle is probably the human activity The energy cycle is probably the human activity having the highest impact on environment having the highest impact on environment especially the water environment and the air (not especially the water environment and the air (not only COonly CO22).).

The MAP (SAP/MED, MSSD) cover already the The MAP (SAP/MED, MSSD) cover already the issues linked with the pollution from energy issues linked with the pollution from energy sector but call it with other names.sector but call it with other names.

• SAP is one of many environmental priorities – total cost in Mediterranean region – USD 10 Mil (2000);

• Other environmental priority push the Governments to invest in Technology innovation especially in the energy sector (big money are allocated in the energy sector);

• NAP represents the national programmes to implement SAP/MED;

• Financing the NAP is a holistical task as resources are needed to be “reserved” for additional environmentally related activities

• Several international/regional activities are ongoing which may assist in strengthening domestic efforts and ENERGY is a real priority in all sense

ENERGY SOURCESENERGY SOURCES

PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES

(Chemical, Electromagnetic, Mechanical, Nuclear e Thermal)

SECONDARY ENERGY SOURCES

(Chemical and Nuclear)

ELECTRIC ENERGY

AGRICULTURAL RESIDENTIAL INDUSTRIAL TRASPORTATION

Electric, Mechanical or Thermal Energy

END USES

SCHEME OF ENERGY SOURCES AND END USES

ENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY CONSUMPTION

Total world population

Developing countries

Developed countries

Billions

Total world population

World Primary Energy DemandWorld Primary Energy Demand

Energy NeedsHuman feeding ~ 0,2 T.C.E./year ~ 0,5 kg COAL/day

Oil

Natural gas

Coal

Nuclear power

Hydro power

Other renewables

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

7 000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Mto

e

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

7 000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Mto

e

Source: MEDREP/MEDREC

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Mto

e

RE

Hydro

Gas

Oil

Coal

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

RE

Hydro

Gas

Oil

Coal

Primary energy consumption in the South & East Mediterranean Countries

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

TW

h

0

150

300

450

600

750

Others

Morocco

Algeria

Tunisia

Libya

Egypt

Turkey

+7.3

% p

.a

TW

h

Source: MEDREP/MEDREC

Power production in the South & East Mediterranean Countries

ENERGY IMPACTSENERGY IMPACTS

Example: “City” as energy Example: “City” as energy systemsystem

Consumptions based on non renewables as Consumptions based on non renewables as petroleum and nuclear;petroleum and nuclear;

Energy dissipation and entropy has increased by Energy dissipation and entropy has increased by large concentration characteristic of urban large concentration characteristic of urban structure;structure;

City efficiency can be calculated through the City efficiency can be calculated through the ratio between entry energy (and goods) and exit ratio between entry energy (and goods) and exit energy (and residual) energy (and residual)

Energy and environmentEnergy and environment Atmospheric pollutionAtmospheric pollution

The atmosphere is polluted by thermoelectric plants burning fossil The atmosphere is polluted by thermoelectric plants burning fossil fuels and releasing sulphur and nitrogen oxides (converted into fuels and releasing sulphur and nitrogen oxides (converted into acids), particles of different sizes (the smaller the more acids), particles of different sizes (the smaller the more dangerous!), several hydrocarbons etcdangerous!), several hydrocarbons etc

Similar effects are produced by energy utilisation by industries Similar effects are produced by energy utilisation by industries and by domestic users (especially when using coal, or primitive and by domestic users (especially when using coal, or primitive biomass stoves)biomass stoves)

Vehicular traffic is responsible for similar atmospheric pollutions, Vehicular traffic is responsible for similar atmospheric pollutions, especially in urban areas and along highways. In addition to the especially in urban areas and along highways. In addition to the pollutants released by fossil fuel power stations, traffic also pollutants released by fossil fuel power stations, traffic also contributes with carbon monoxide, and often with benzene and contributes with carbon monoxide, and often with benzene and with leadwith lead

The release of SOx and NOx is the cause of acid precipitations, The release of SOx and NOx is the cause of acid precipitations, extended to whole regions, which have important negative effects extended to whole regions, which have important negative effects on crops, on forests, on lakes and water bodies and on the on crops, on forests, on lakes and water bodies and on the conservation of manufactsconservation of manufacts

Nuclear plants may release radioactive substances to the Nuclear plants may release radioactive substances to the atmosphere, especially in the case of accidents or malfunctioningatmosphere, especially in the case of accidents or malfunctioning

Effects on WaterEffects on Water

Fossil fuel power plants may release pollutants Fossil fuel power plants may release pollutants to water used for refrigeration or for cleaning to water used for refrigeration or for cleaning (but this is generally not a major effect);(but this is generally not a major effect);

Fossil and nuclear plants use water; sometime Fossil and nuclear plants use water; sometime this water is evaporated in cooling towers and this water is evaporated in cooling towers and lost for other uses; when water from rivers is lost for other uses; when water from rivers is used for cooling, it is returned at a higher used for cooling, it is returned at a higher temperature, with effects on the ecology;temperature, with effects on the ecology;

Coal purification needs water – and pollutes itCoal purification needs water – and pollutes it Sea transportation of oil and oil products and Sea transportation of oil and oil products and

exploitation of off-shore deposits may release large exploitation of off-shore deposits may release large quantities of oil into the water, with destructive effects quantities of oil into the water, with destructive effects on the marine environmenton the marine environment

Hydroelectric plants affect uses of water, create new Hydroelectric plants affect uses of water, create new water bodies and may in extreme cases affect the water bodies and may in extreme cases affect the climateclimate

Effects on soilEffects on soil soil through escavations (e.g. coal surface mines), soil through escavations (e.g. coal surface mines), through deposits of topsoil, mine wastes and sludge. through deposits of topsoil, mine wastes and sludge.

(Surface) mining can also induce land erosion;(Surface) mining can also induce land erosion;

Possible soil contamination derives also from fuel Possible soil contamination derives also from fuel transformation activities (e.g. oil refineries);transformation activities (e.g. oil refineries);

Exploitation of renewable energy sources (such as Exploitation of renewable energy sources (such as wind or solar) involve the utilisation of large surface wind or solar) involve the utilisation of large surface of land;of land;

Other effects Other effects include:include: Noise pollution (from diesel generators, from wind Noise pollution (from diesel generators, from wind

generators etc.);generators etc.);

Visual pollution.Visual pollution.

Energy and climateEnergy and climate

More recently, preoccupations have grown about the changes in More recently, preoccupations have grown about the changes in global climate that could be induced by the release into the global climate that could be induced by the release into the atmosphere of “greenhouse gases” due to human activities. atmosphere of “greenhouse gases” due to human activities. Greenhouse gases (which are transparent to visible light but Greenhouse gases (which are transparent to visible light but capture infrared radiation) could induce global warming and deep, capture infrared radiation) could induce global warming and deep, potentially destructive, changes in climate patternspotentially destructive, changes in climate patterns

Carbon dioxide is the most important GHG accounting for about two Carbon dioxide is the most important GHG accounting for about two thirds of the warming, and the great majority of its human-induced thirds of the warming, and the great majority of its human-induced release derives from the energy cycle – the combustion of fossil release derives from the energy cycle – the combustion of fossil fuelsfuels

Other GHG connected with the energy cycle are methane and Other GHG connected with the energy cycle are methane and nitrogen oxide nitrogen oxide

Co-ordinated efforts to limit the growth of GHG concentration in the Co-ordinated efforts to limit the growth of GHG concentration in the atmosphere (such as the Kyoto protocol) involve more efficient atmosphere (such as the Kyoto protocol) involve more efficient energy utilisation, increased use of renewables and better use of energy utilisation, increased use of renewables and better use of fossil fuelsfossil fuels

Climate ChangeClimate Change

Crude Oil Production Temperature change

IPCC datawww.hubbertpeak.com

Investor Financing Mechanisms End Financiers

Private sector Investments

Public Sector

Invest-ments

• Retained earnings• Subsidies from Governments • Loan Financing

• Governmental subsidies (national, sub-national or local)

• Users • Community • Service Provider • Private financing (commercial loans,

capital markets, retained earnings)• International Financial Institutions• Foreign Governments (ODA Export

Credits)

•Company •Domestic tax payers

•Domestic tax payers •Users •Foreign tax payers

Borrowed and private capital has a price for future generations

Planning for sustainability must be based on domestic financing

KYOTO IS A DRIVING FORCE FOR MOBILIZING BIG MONEY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

Action plan implementation

Short term action plan

Medium term action plan

Long term action plan

5 year 10 year

Framework

analysis/preparation

Framework analysis/preparation

Investment/implementation

Investment/implementation

Investment/implementation

Proposed Regional Activities in - Strengthen the

Medium and Long Term implementation of

SAP/MED::

1.1. Technology transfer BAT & BEP (UNDER SAP);Technology transfer BAT & BEP (UNDER SAP);

2.2. Policy framework on energy issues in the Policy framework on energy issues in the Mediterranean (NOT ONLY COMediterranean (NOT ONLY CO22 ). ).

3.3. Deployement of financing sources and Deployement of financing sources and mechanisms options for the financial support mechanisms options for the financial support to implement the SAP related with Energy to implement the SAP related with Energy Sector (RE&EE) ; (acelerate with energy Sector (RE&EE) ; (acelerate with energy sector)sector)

4.4.Training and Capacity building Training and Capacity building (energy (energy

auditing new solutions);auditing new solutions);

4.4.Dissemination of information;Dissemination of information;

5.5. Identification and development of Identification and development of pilot pilot projects and CDM projects;projects and CDM projects;

6.6.Cooperation between existing Cooperation between existing energy energy

related initiatives (MSSD/MCSD, related initiatives (MSSD/MCSD, MEDREP, EUROMED, JREC, EUEI) to MEDREP, EUROMED, JREC, EUEI) to develop policy and new financial develop policy and new financial arrangements aspects.arrangements aspects.

8. Adapt regional policy frameworks to address identified barriers to BAT &BEP for SAP implementation;

9. Define and publicise common SAP sub-targets, to implement policy changes

10.Use tools developed in previous MEDPOL phase to prepare successful project proposals;

11.Improved feasibility studies and project architecture, use of proper financial tools

12.Creation and operation of “facilitation” fund

13.Review existing and potential environmental financing mechanisms in the region (MEDA, Kyoto mechanisms) – link with donors (WB, EBI, ADB, etc) on financing sustainable development related with energy issues.

14.Develop activity 5 of UNEP/GEF programme on sustainable financing – (in cooperation PAP/RAC, WB, METAP, BP/RAC etc.) with some key projects energy related.

15.Demonstrate one national experience of strategic planning of NAP and domestic resource mobilisation related with energy sector (supported by MAP Secretariat)

POSSIBLE FOLLOW UP of 2005 Activities Regional workshop as side event at 2005 COP –

on long term sustainable policy and financing energy related activities to implement SAP in a more cost /effective way:

Discussion on possible future regional activities on energy;

Collection and dissemination of regional stakeholders activities already done;

Learn from Mediterranean experience (MEDREP/MEDREC, CP/RAC, RACs etc..)

Discussion to establish or not a “working group or a task force” within the MAP secretariat that help the parties to cover policy and financing aspect related with the SAP implementation (energy related issues).

DRAFT Route map: development and launch

SEPT.

NOV.

DEC.

•Presentation MAP FP•Informal Consultation phase:Among CP, experts from Gov, power sector experts, etc.

1st workshop on ENERGY in the SAP &MAPCOP side event

Regional technical expert meetingsWith MEDU Secretariat to develop the Program of Work of the “Task force”

•Start-up of activities

Develop common proposal on energy

Strategy developmentProject implementation

•Launch by MEDU Secretariat of activities

FEB 06

JAN 06

MAR. 06

Develop a portfolio of project to be implemented in the SAP framework