environmental remote sensing in the great lakes and oceans
DESCRIPTION
Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans. April 27, 2010. By Arthur S. Brooks Professor Emeritus of Biological Sciences and Center for Great Lakes Studies University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. EARTH: THE WATER PLANET. EARTH: THE WATER PLANET. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Environmental Remote Sensing inEnvironmental Remote Sensing in
The Great Lakes and OceansThe Great Lakes and Oceans
ByBy
Arthur S. BrooksArthur S. Brooks
Professor Emeritus of Biological Sciences andProfessor Emeritus of Biological Sciences and
Center for Great Lakes StudiesCenter for Great Lakes Studies
University of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeUniversity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
April 27, 2010April 27, 2010
![Page 2: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
EARTH: THE WATER PLANET
![Page 3: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
EARTH: THE WATER PLANET
![Page 4: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
WHERE IS ALL THE WATER TODAY ??
•THE OCEANS 1,348 M kmTHE OCEANS 1,348 M km33
![Page 5: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
WHERE IS ALL THE WATER TODAY ??
• THE OCEANS 1,348 M km3• ICE CAPS & GLACIERS 29 M kmICE CAPS & GLACIERS 29 M km33
![Page 6: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
WHERE IS ALL THE WATER TODAY ??
• THE OCEANS 1,348 M km3
• ICE CAPS & GLACIERS 29 M km3
• GROUNDWATER 8.0 M kmGROUNDWATER 8.0 M km33
![Page 7: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
WHERE IS ALL THE WATER TODAY ??
• THE OCEANS 1,348 M km3
• ICE CAPS & GLACIERS 29 M km3
• GROUNDWATER 8.0 M km3• THE ATMOSPHERE 0.5 M km3
![Page 8: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
WHERE IS ALL THE WATER TODAY ??
• THE OCEANS 1,348 M km3
• ICE CAPS & GLACIERS 29 M km3
• GROUNDWATER 8.0 M km3• THE ATMOSPHERE 0.5 M km3• SURFACE FRESHWATER 0.2 M kmSURFACE FRESHWATER 0.2 M km33
![Page 9: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
COMPRESS ALL THE WATER in the World
INTO A ONE LITER BOTTLE
![Page 10: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
ALL IN ONE LITER (1000 ml)
• 974.7 ml (97.5%) SALTWATER
• 25.3 ml (2.5%) FRESH WATER
![Page 11: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Oceans are fun, but lakes taste a lot better!Oceans are fun, but lakes taste a lot better!
![Page 12: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ALL FRESHWATER (25.3 ml)
17.6 ml ICE CAPS AND GLACIERS 7.6 ml GROUNDWATER 0.1 ml SURFACE WATER (2 drops)
![Page 13: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
SURFACE FRESHWATER0.1 ml (2 DROPS)
0.02 ml (20%) LAKE BAIKAL (RUSSIA) 0.02 ml (20%) OUR GREAT LAKES 0.06 ml (60%) ALL OTHER RIVERS
AND LAKES
![Page 14: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) is a sensor specifically developed to study ocean color properties. These properties can be related to organic content, such as
plankton, as well as sediment. CZCS launched in October 1978, as part of Nimbus-7's instrument complement and continued to operate until late 1986. It sensed colors in the visible region in four bands, each 0.02 µm in bandwidth, centered at 0.44 (1), 0.52 (2),
0.57 (3), and 0.67 (4) µm. A fifth band between 0.7 and 0.8 µm monitored surface vegetation and band six, at 10.5-12.5 µm sensed sea surface temperatures. Here is the
first CZCS before fitting onto the Nimbus spacecraft:
![Page 22: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
CZCS distribution of chlorophyll on a global scale averaged between 1978 and 1986
![Page 25: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)
-integrated on the Terra (EOS AM-1) and Aqua (EOS PM-1) spacecraft
![Page 26: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
MODIS, for Moderate (resolution) Imaging Spectrometer, covers usually large areas, such as the Black Sea shown here:
![Page 27: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
A recent image from Terra's MODIS, using bands at 11 and 12 µm, shows how sharp the temperature contrast can be between the main Gulf stream (red)
and surrounding waters:
![Page 28: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Another MODIS image of the warm Gulf Stream emphasizes its tendency to meander as it moves northward:
![Page 29: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
In the color coding, blues correspond to the lowest levels of phytoplankton and reds to the highest. Note the eddies or rings. Phytoplankton tends to concentrate along the edges of warm core rings (which rotate clockwise) but concentrate centrally in cold core rings (counterclockwise motion).
![Page 30: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The MODIS instrument on Aqua picked out a large phytoplankton bloom off the northern coast of Norway on July 19, 2003. Most of the blue-green color in the (near true color) image below was found to be due to plankton whose shells) are composed of chalky
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3.)
![Page 31: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor), launched on August 1, 1997. The sensor system monitors ocean color variations, especially those caused by concentrations of plankton and other sea life. Thus, the prime objectives are: 1) to quantify ocean plankton production; 2) to determine observable couplings of physical/biological processes; and 3) to characterize estuarine and coastal ecosystems. The SeaWiFS sensor consists of eight channels at: 412, 443, 490, 510, 555, 670, 765, and 865 nm, each with bandwidths of 20 or 40 nm. From an orbital altitude of 705 km, spatial resolution is about 1.1 km.
![Page 32: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
On SeaWiFS, several bands cover the blue, green, and red parts of the visible spectrum, and into the near infrared, yielding data that can be used to display variations in ocean color or, for particular bands, indications of the distribution and intensity of chlorophyll that resides mainly in surficial plankton. This SeaWiFS image maps the generalized ocean colors as well as chlorphyll concentrations (in red, yellow, and orange colors) on a near global scale during September, 1997.
On SeaWiFS, several bands cover the blue, green, and red parts of the visible spectrum, and into the near infrared, yielding data that can be used to display variations in ocean color or, for particular bands, indications of the distribution and intensity of chlorophyll that resides mainly in surficial plankton. This SeaWiFS image maps the generalized ocean colors as well as chlorphyll concentrations (in red, yellow, and orange colors) on a near global scale.
![Page 33: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
SeaWiFS produces regional scale images in which eddies and circulation patterns are evident. In this view of western North America, marine eddies have formed off the British Columbia coast around Queen Charlotte; to the west is another eddy-like pattern made by clouds.
![Page 34: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Red Tide occurred north of the Florida Keys in 2002, as seen in this SeaWiFs image that renders the red algae in almost natural color;
Key West
![Page 35: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
In Situ Validation Data
Drifting Buoys
Right - Explorer cruise tracks that provide bias reference using M-AERI observationsLower Left - Drifting buoys, used to compute SST equation retrieval coefficientsLower Right - Global M-AERI cruise tracks, final validation suite
•TERRA and AQUA SST and SST4 products show similar behavior with respect to in situ retrievals to date
![Page 36: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Balch/Campbell - Gulf of Maine Ferry Comparisons
![Page 37: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
J. Campbell et al.
Dec 10 2000 SeaWiFS - MODIS Chlorophyll Comparisons
Sea
WiF
S C
hlor
ophy
ll a
MODIS Chlorophyll a
![Page 38: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
SCIENCE QUESTIONS (Ocean NPP)
This Product Derives Ocean Net Primary Production and Annual Export Production from Chlorophyll, Light (PAR), SST, and Mixed Layer Depth
Carbon fixed/m2/day - Needed to understand: Magnitude and Variability of ONPP, and uncertainties. Ecosystem dynamics (coupling with physical forcings) Food chain effects (fisheries resources) Carbon cycle (carbon export, pCO2 and hence air sea C flux)
RELEVANT SCIENCE QUESTIONS for ONPPVariability - How are global ecosystems changing? Response - How do ecosystems respond to and affect global environmental change and the carbon cycle?
![Page 39: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
.01 0.1 1.0 10. 20.Chlorophyll a (mg m-3)
Chlor_MODIS (Clark)Chlorophyll-a (empirical)
Chlor_a_2Chlorophyll-a (SeaWiFS analog)OC3M OReilly et al
Chlor_a_3 (Carder)Chlorophyll-a (semi-analytic)Input for ONPP, Fluorescence Efficiency
December, 2000
![Page 40: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Weekly PAR December 10, 2000
Derived from GSFC Data Assimilation Office GEOS 3.2.5 3 hr retrievals.
![Page 41: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
MODIS SST December 10, 2000
MODIS Daytime 11-12 m SST D1 Also used for Chlorophyll nut depletion Temp.
![Page 42: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Mixed Layer Depth Dec. 10, 2000
Mixed Layer Depth is averaged from daily values retreived by Fleet Numerical Monterey Oceanographic Center’s (FNMOC) OTIS model, obtained through NOAA-Navy net by GES DAAC.
![Page 43: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
P1Behrenfeld-Falkowski
P2HowardYoderRyan
Dec 10-18,2000 3.3.1
![Page 44: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Name the Great Lakes ?
![Page 45: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
H O M E S
![Page 46: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Name the Great Lakes ?
Huron
![Page 47: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Name the Great Lakes ?
Ontario
Huron
![Page 48: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Name the Great Lakes ?
Michigan
Huron
Ontario
![Page 49: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Name the Great Lakes ?
Michigan
Huron
Ontario
Erie
![Page 50: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Name the Great Lakes ?
Michigan
Huron
Ontario
Erie
Superior
![Page 51: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
THE GREAT LAKES HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
![Page 53: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Underwater Processes
Invisible From Space
![Page 54: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Properties of Water –
Temperature vs. Density
Lightest
Heaviest
Ice Floats
Maximum Density at
4 C
![Page 55: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Offshore Migration
Of the
Thermal Front in
Lake Ontario
Spring 1965
![Page 57: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Northward and Outward Advancement of
The Thermal Front
May 6 --- June 2 1992
![Page 58: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
UWM RV NEESKAY
![Page 64: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
![Page 71: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Nutrients: Silicon Nitrogen Phosphorus
Diatoms (algae) Spring Bloom
Sunlight
Stylized Annual Primary Production and Nutrient Cycles
![Page 72: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Thermal stratification forms:
Late May 1973 and Late June 1974
40% Greater Chlorophyll Biomass in 1974 with longer mixing period
Interannual Differences in Primary Production 1973-1974
![Page 73: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Primary Production for Lake Michigan
Summer
Lake Mixing
Nutrients P,N, Si
Light Increasing
Lake
Mixing
Light
Decreasing
Spring Algae Bloom
-Lake Stratified-
Fall
Brooks and Zastrow 2000
![Page 74: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
135 Days225 Days
102-125 [113]
104-129 [116]
![Page 75: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
http://coastwatch.glerl.noaa.gov/glsea/movies/p365days.flc
![Page 77: Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568151d1550346895dc00abd/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)