environmental problems through the spanish press: methodological issues and preliminary results...
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Environmental Problemsthrough the Spanish Press:
Methodological issues and preliminary results
B.Cortés*, MªAmérigo*, J.I.Aragonés# y V.Sevillano#
* Dpto. Psicología. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
# Fac. Psicología. Universidad Complutense de Madrid
17th Conference IAPS-2002
Outline
Theoreticalbackground
Theoreticalbackground
The QualitativeStudy Design
The QualitativeStudy Design
Preliminary Results
Preliminary Results
New direction of this qualitative inquiry
New direction of this qualitative inquiry
Theoretical Background
Psychology has an indispensable role in understanding environmental problems and finding solutions...
But causes and solutions are varied.
They do not lie only in psychological variables;
they also lie in external forces
operating on classes of individuals
or on social systems. (Stern, 2000)
Vitally important for understanding environmental beliefs and values are socialization and social learning. (Zelezny, Chua y Aldrich, 2000)
“Consciousness raising” is stimulated and reinforced by societal institutions; it is a necessary ingredient in social learning. (Milbrath, 1986)
Integratives theoretical models of environmental concern presume that value orientations
underlie environmental attitudes andbehaviour. (Stern, Dietz y Kalof, 1993; Thompson yBarton, 1994)
A substantial part of our experience comes indirectly, through various forms of media exposure. If media reporting is biased, then much of our experience will be biased, too. (Combs and Slovic, 1979; Bonnes et al. 1997)
Mass media are powerful socializationagents and create a symbolic universe in which transmitters and recipients are
inmersed as members of a society in a concrete context.
They are an excellent way in which to discover how a body of knowledge (e.g. environmental problems) becomes socially accepted as ”reality”.
The Qualitative Study Design
Primary research questions:
What environmental problems receive
newspaper coverage in Spain?
From what perspective are they presented?
How is said perspective expressed in the
chosen texts?
We presume that: Newspaper coverage offers social frames
of reference which can reduce or amplify particular environmental problems;
Events occurring on a daily basis condition their presence and/or persistence in newspaper coverage.
MethodThree national newspapers were selected:
ABC,EL MUNDO,EL PAÍS.
Different ideological orientationSame period of time
Calendar
for
scheduling
sampling
dates
53 dates for each journal Total = 159 issues
Predefined conditions: “Substantive issues” included as
environmental problems in relevant international research.
News items where the headlines, subheadings, inserts or highlighted texts (bold face, italics, or larger typographical lettering) correspond to any of the predefined subjects.
Editorials, letters to the editor, and articles of opinion where a diagonal reading reveals any of these subjects.
Exclusion CriteriaArticles related to production or judicial conflicts about agriculture or cattle Advertising and comic strips News related to historical-artistic heritage Suplements from Autonomous Comunities
Sampling Frame
Further Sampling Decisions
Based on consideration of the evolution of environmental conceptualization: going from a traditional definition in natural terms to one where there is an interdependence between the social, cultural, and economic dimensions (related to the development model).
Check-sampling by independent researchers: aids definitional clarity and is a reliability check.
As soon as the field
work begins tocompile
information,challenges
appear
Inclusion of articles related to:Accidents & disasters Demografic trends Warlike conflicts New technologies
AIDS, tobacco Poverty, globalization, human
rightsIF there was EXPLICIT
RELATION withENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS
Early Steps in Analysis Codes and codingDatabase design: date-newspaper-
page-headline-keyword indicating thematic content (possible bias)
Total = 1765 News ítems 168 Keywords
1º Filter:Elimination of differences due to
typographical errorsElimination of keywords with less
than 5 mentionsThematic grouping; e.g. Pollution contamination Natural catastrophes natural
disasters Woodlands, protected forests &
virgin forests
48 Keywords
1536 of the total nº of articles (87%)
Preliminary Results Analysis of the 5 most frequently used keywords
Mad cows 356 23%
Radiations 111 7%
Foot and mouth disease 99 6%
Nuclear energy 97 6 %
Nat. Hydrological Plan 93 6%
Fr = 48%Particular
persistence innewspaper coverage
Frecuency Analysis
Newspaper News % Keywords
ABC 456 29,69 36
MUNDO 529 34,44 42
El PAÍS 551 35,87 43
Year 1999 2001 Newspaper ABC MUNDO PAÍS ABC MUNDO PAÍS
News 132 186 197 324 343 354 % 8,6% 12,1% 12,8% 21,1% 22,3% 23%
Keywords 24 32 30 25 28 30 Total T news = 515 (33,5 %) T news = 1021 (66,4 %)
1999 2001 16 1
90
340 110 99 7 93
Frecuency
New codes (straightforward category label) = more than 50 mentions
0
100
200
300
400
500
disasters
radioactivityillness
nature
miscellaneous
Nat.Hidrol.Plan
socioeconomy
Serie1
disasters
radioactivity
illness
nature
miscellaneous
Nat.Hidrol.Plan
socioeconomy
Code Keywords Fr Illness Mad cows, foot and mouth disease, AIDS. 470 Disasters Earthquake, toxic waste, storm, flood, rain, building collapse.. 383 Radioactivity Radiation, nuclear energy, nuclear weapons, antinuclears 263 Socioeconomy OMC, globatization, green parties, development,
demography, welfare state… 169
Miscellaneous Breakdown in electrical energy supplies, dangerous combustion of materials, tobacco, genetics, meteorology, renewable energy
98
Nat. Hydrol.Plan National Hydrological Plan. 93 Nature Depletion of species, environment, fox hunting,
environmental protection, animals, ecology, conservation of nature.
61
0.747 -------------------------------nvest.genética especulac-terreno --fallo-sumin-electr ---------------------------------- 0.721 | | | 0.695 | | | 0.668 | | | 0.642 | | | 0.616 | | | 0.590 | inundaciones | | 0.564 | | | 0.537 | OMC | 0.511 | | | 0.485 | | | 0.459 | | | 0.432 | | | 0.406 | EL PAIS condonación-deuda-exter | 0.380 | | | 0.354 | | contaminación | 0.328 | | | 0.301 | | | 0.275 | | agotam-especies | 0.249 | lluvia | 0.223 | medioambiente globalización | bosques | 0.197 | | volcán | 0.170 | | radiaciones | 0.144 | | | 0.118 | | | 0.092 | meteorología vertido-tóxico/demografía | 0.066 | energía-nuclear | | 0.039 | | desarrollo 0.013 ---------------------------------------------------------+-- ------------------------------------------Estado -0.013 | vacas locas PHN Bienestar| -0.039 | | | -0.066 | | derrumbe edificac | -0.092 | terremoto fiebre aftosa | -0.118 | | armamento nuclear huracán | -0.144 | | temporal | -0.170 | | ABC | -0.197 | | | -0.223 | | | -0.249 | EL MUNDO defensa med amb | -0.275 | energrenivable | combust-produc-tóxico | -0.301 | | escape -0.328 | | tóxico| -0.354 | | tormenta| -0.380 | desastres naturales | | -0.406 | | | -0.432 | | desigualdad pobl | -0.459 | bienestar | | -0.485 | ecología | | -0.511 | verdes | | -0.537 | antinucleares | | -0.564 | | | -0.590 viento | cielo -0.616 animales | único| -0.642 | | | -0.668 | | | -0.695 | | | -0.721 sida | cacería zorro | -0.747 ----conserv-natural ----tabaco pobreza ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -0.993 -0.596 -0.199 0.199 0.596 0.993
LexicalAnalysis:
Theglobal
Structure(SPAD)
toxic emissionsstorm
nuclear arms-hurricane-stormy weather
NHPlan
dangerous combustion
Development-Welfare State
single sky
AIDS-conservation of nature-tobacco
wind-animals
greens
nuclear energy
natural disasters
WTO
electrical failure
floods
genetic research-land speculation
1.366 --------------------conserv-natural ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.319 | | | 1.271 | animales | | 1.223 | | | 1.175 | desastres naturales | | 1.127 | | | 1.079 | | | 1.031 | | | 0.983 | tabaco | | 0.935 | | | 0.887 | 99 MUNDO | | 0.839 | energianuclear | | 0.791 | | | 0.743 | | | 0.695 | pobreza | | 0.647 | medioambien sida | 0.599 | | | 0.551 | meteorología | 0.503 | ecología | 0.455 | invedemografía | 0.408 | inundaciones | bienestar | 0.360 | globalización viento | 0.312 | 99 PAIS especulaterreno | | 0.264 | | energía renovable verdes | 0.216 | OMC | antinucleares | 0.168 | defensa amb | | 0.120 | | 01 MUNDO | 0.072 | lluvia | | 0.024 ---------------------------------------------------------+-- 01PAÍS derrumb edificac ---------------------- -0.024 | vertido tóxico | terremoto PHN vacas locas radiaciones | -0.072 | contaminación | fiebre aftosa | -0.120 | | 01ABC cielo único | -0.168 | | | -0.216 | | | -0.264 | | armamento nuclear | -0.312 | | | -0.360 | agotam especies | | -0.408 | | | -0.455 | | | -0.503 | temporal | | -0.551 | | | -0.599 | | | -0.647 | desigualdad pobl | | -0.695 | | | -0.743 | bosques producto tóxico | | -0.791 | volcán | | -0.839 | | | -0.887 | desarrollo | -0.935 | | | -0.983 | | | -1.031 | | | -1.079 | huracan | | -1.127 | condondeudaexter | | -1.175 | | | -1.223 | | | -1.271 | | | -1.319 | | | -1.366 -------------Estado Bienestar tormenta Escape tóxico -------------------------------------------------------------- -1.997 -1.198 -0.399 0.399 1.198 1.997
Comparativelexical
analysis: 1999 & 2001
Storm-toxic emissions- Welfare State
hurricane-pardoning of debt
forest-toxic productsvolcano
depletion of species
population inequality
WTO
development
nuclear energy
tobacco
conservation of nature-animals-
natural disasters
poverty
rain
AIDS
envir-defenseWTOWTO
nuclear energy
floods
Toxic wasre
depletion of species
land speculation
pardoning of debt
forest-volcano
nuclear weapons
single sky
wind-renewable energy-greens
earthquake
genetic research
electrical failure
dangerous combustion
mad cowsfoot & mouth
diseaseNHP
radiationsfox hunting
New Directionof This Qualitative Inquiry
Analytic progression: moving to identify discourse trends.
Deductive or “conceptual” strategy: Consideration of three forms of denial related to environmental conflicts or “symptoms of moral exclusion” (Opotow & Weiss, 2000). denial of outcome severity, denial of stakeholders inclusion, and denial of self-involvement.
Ethical orientation underlying environmental problems
+ Heuristic value in the analysis of environmental problems as socially constructed
EXAMPLE: Analysis of database:
headlines from the three newspapers 1st. date in December ´99 (2-12-99) Comparison of the headlines grouped under WTO ABC. Mentions Clinton twice and gives a leading role to the
WTO (as it receives its “baptism of fire”) El MUNDO. Mentions Clinton once “he offers zero tariffs
to the poorer countries and dialogue to the demonstrators”. Next headline: “The ridiculous protests before the WTO”. – Memo: “Condescension” & “Normalization of
violence”? (Opotow y Weiss, 2000) El PAÍS. + stakeholders: the Vatican (which “accuses the
“powers” of indifference”), the demonstrators (as protagonists who “sharpen their irony”)…– ABC & EL MUNDO: “Denial of stakeholder inclusion”?
ABC = 4EL MUNDO= 8EL PAÍS = 8
Natural Resources : “As far as the environment
is concerned, the demonstrators hold the World Trade Organization responsible for the fact that the poor countries have to continue pillaging their natural resources to survive…”
“Demonstrators sharpen their irony”. Messages of protest on the banners :
“The turtles say no to the WTO”
“The butterflies say no to the WTO”
“The dolphins say no to the WTO”…
“The ecological family is opposed to the WTO”…
EL PAÍS 2-12-99
Editorial: People and Commerce.•“the civilian society has invaded Seattle… it is not something which interests or concerns solely businessmen or politicians, but a great number of people, as Clinton himself has been forced to recognise due to the pressure of these events.”