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Environmental Impact Assessment
of Proposed Telangana Waste Management Project
at Kakkireni Village, Nalgonda District (Telangana)
Proponent
Mumbai Waste Management Limited, Taloja,
Mumbai
Consultant
Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited, Hyderabad
(NABET/EIA/SA/010 dated 06.10.2015)
April 2016
Draft Report for Public Hearing
for Proposed Telangana Waste Management Project, at Kakkireni Village, Nalgonda District, Telangana
(Draft Report for Public Hearing)
Submitted to
Telangana State Pollution Control Board A-3, Paryavaran Bhavan, Sanath Nagar Industrial Estate, Hyderabad,
Telangana 500 018
Submitted by Mumbai Waste Management Limited, Plot No: P-32, MIDC Taloja, Raighad District, Maharashtra 410208
Consultant
Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited (Consultancy Division) Ramky Grandiose, 2nd Floor, Gachibowli, Hyderabad – 500 032
NABET/EIA/SA/010 dt: 06.10.15
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited 1
Table of Contents
QCI/ NABET Certificate
Declaration of Experts
Terms of Reference (TOR)
TOR Compliance
Executive Summary
S. No. Description Page No.
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction 1.1
1.2 Purpose of Report 1.1
1.3 Identification of Project and Project Proponent 1.2
1.3.1 Project 1.2
1.3.2 Project Proponent 1.2
1.3.3 Ramky Group Waste Management Division 1.2
1.4 Brief description of nature, size, location of the project and its importance
to the country and region
1.4
1.4.1 Importance of the Project 1.4
1.5 Scope of the Study 1.9
1.5.1 EIA Report 1.11
Chapter 2 Project Description
2.1 Type of the Project 2.1
2.2 Need for the Project 2.1
2.2.1 Justification of the Project 2.1
2.3 Location of the Project 2.2
2.3.1 Capacities of the Proposed Project 2.7
2.3.2 Justification for using 74 Acres of Land for the project 2.7
2.4 Size of Operation and its Associated Activities 2.9
2.4.1 Land Area Breakup 2.10
2.4.2 Required Manpower 2.10
2.4.3 Water Requirement 2.10
2.4.4 Power and Fuel Requirement 2.11
2.5 Process Description of Hazardous Wastes 2.11
2.5.1 Laboratory Facilities 2.13
2.5.2 Collection and Transportation 2.14
2.5.3 Storages 2.14
2.5.4 Waste Disposable Operations 2.15
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2.5.4.1 Waste Stabilization 2.15
2.5.4.2 Secured Landfill 2.17
2.5.4.3 Leachate Management 2.19
2.5.5 Incinerator 2.22
2.6 Bio Medical Waste 2.23
2.6.1 Waste Classification and Characterization as per BMW rules 2.24
2.6.2 Color Coding and Type of Container for Disposal of Bio-Medical Wastes 2.26
2.6.3 Collection and Transportation 2.26
2.6.4 Disinfection and Destruction 2.26
2.6.5 Bio Medical Waste Incineration 2.27
2.6.6 Autoclave 2.27
2.6.6.1 Autoclave Features 2.27
2.6.7 Other Infrastructure 2.28
2.7 E Waste Recycling 2.28
2.7.1 Methodology 2.29
2.7.2 Process Description 2.29
2.8 Recycling Facilities 2.32
2.8.1 Spent Solvent Recycling 2.32
2.8.1.1 Process Description 2.32
2.8.2 Used Oil Recycling 2.34
2.8.3 Alternative Fuel and Raw Material Facility 2.35
2.8.4 Used Lead acid Battery Recycling 2.37
2.8.4.1 Used Lead Acid Battery Recycling Process 2.37
2.8.5 Waste Plastic Recycling 2.41
2.8.6 Waste Paper Recycling 2.42
2.8.6.1 Process for Paper Recycling 2.43
2.9 Energy 2.43
2.9.1 Renewable Energy 2.43
2.9.2 Solar Power System 2.44
2.9.2.1 Ground Mounted Solar System 2.44
2.9.2.2 Solar System Weight Considerations 2.45
2.9.2.3 Wind Loading 2.45
2.9.2.4 Photovoltaic Power Generation 2.46
2.9.3 Weather Monitoring Station 2.47
2.9.4 Plant Layout 2.47
2.9.5 Operation and Maintenance 2.48
2.9.5.1 Operation and Maintenance Practices 2.49
2.9.6 Proposed System 2.52
2.10 Waste to Energy 2.52
Chapter 3 Description of the Environment
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3.1 Preamble 3.1
3.2 Meteorological Conditions 3.1
3.2.1 Analysis of the IMD Data 3.1
3.2.2 Meteorological Scenario of the Study Area 3.2
3.3 Wind Pattern 3.3
3.4 Ambient air quality 3.8
3.4.1 Regional Scenario 3.13
3.5 Water environment 3.17
3.5.1 Water Quality Assessment 3.17
3.5.2 Regional Scenario 3.25
3.6 Noise Environment 3.26
3.6.1 Noise Levels in the Study Area 3.27
3.6.2 Observations 3.30
3.7 Traffic Study 3.30
3.8 Soil quality 3.32
3.8.1 Criteria adopted for selection of sampling locations 3.32
3.8.2 Observations 3.37
3.9 Ecological Environment 3.38
3.9.1 Objectives of Ecological and Biodiversity studies 3.39
3.9.2 Methodology adopted for the survey 3.39
3.9.3 Flora 3.39
3.9.4 Fauna 3.41
3.9.5 National Parks/ Wild life Sanctuaries 3.43
3.9.6 Endangered animals 3.43
3.10 Google Imagery and Topo map for 10 km radius 3.44
3.11 Land Use land Cover 3.44
3.12 Socio Economic Survey 3.48
3.12.1 Demography and Socio-Economics (secondary data description) 3.48
3.12.2 Methodology Adopted for the Study 3.48
3.12.3 Distribution of Population 3.48
3.12.3.1 Average Household Size 3.49
3.12.3.2 Population Density 3.49
3.12.3.3 Sex Ratio 3.49
3.12.4 Social Structure 3.49
3.12.5 Literacy Levels 3.50
3.12.6 Occupational Structure 3.50
3.12.6.1 Dependency Ratio 3.51
3.12.7 Infrastructure and accessibility; Primary Observations 3.51
Chapter 4 Anticipated Impacts And Mitigation Measures
4.1 Identification of Impacts 4.1
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
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4.2 Methodology 4.1
4.3 Potential Impacts 4.1
4.4 Prediction of Impacts 4.2
4.4.1 Impacts during Development Phase 4.2
4.4.2 Impact on Air Quality 4.2
4.4.2.1 Mitigation Measures Proposed – Air Quality 4.3
4.4.3 Impact on Water Quality 4.3
4.4.3.1 Mitigation Measures – Water Quality 4.4
4.4.4 Impact of Noise Levels 4.4
4.4.4.1 Mitigation Measures 4.4
4.4.5 Impact Due to Solid Waste Generation 4.4
4.4.5.1 Mitigation Measures for Solid Waste 4.5
4.4.6 Impact on Land Use 4.5
4.4.7 Demographic and Socio Economic 4.6
4.5 Impact during Operation 4.6
4.5.1 Prediction of Impacts on the Air Environment 4.6
4.5.2 Atmospheric Dispersion of Stack Emissions 4.6
4.5.3 Pollution Sources 4.7
4.5.3.1 Area Sources 4.7
4.5.3.2 Point Sources 4.7
4.5.4 Air Pollution Mitigation Measures 4.12
4.5.4.1 DG Set 4.12
4.5.4.2 Incinerator 4.12
4.5.4.3 Secured Landfill 4.12
4.6 Impact on Water Quality 4.12
4.6.1 Leachate Collection/ Treatment and Disposal 4.13
4.6.2 Water Impacts Mitigation Measures 4.14
4.7 Rain Water Harvesting and Strom Water Management 4.14
4.8 Noise Environment 4.14
4.8.1 Noise Mitigation Measures 4.14
4.9 Prediction of Impacts on Land Environment 4.15
4.10 Predicted Impacts of the Landfill 4.15
4.11 Impacts on the Community 4.15
4.12 Impact on Ecology 4.16
4.13 Impact on Socio Economics 4.16
4.14 Odour Management 4.16
4.14.1 Odour Control Measures 4.17
Chapter 5 Analysis of Alternatives Technology & Site
5.1 Introduction 5.1
5.1.1 Site Selection 5.1
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5.1.2 Compliance of the Site with Site Selection Criteria 5.2
5.2 Technological Aspects 5.8
5.2.1 Waste Minimization 5.8
5.2.2 Recycling Wastes 5.9
5.2.3 Treatment of Waste 5.9
5.2.4 Collection, Transportation and Disposal 5.11
5.3 Disposal of Hazardous Waste 5.11
5.3.1 Landfill Disposal 5.11
5.3.2 Incineration 5.12
5.3.2.1 Advantages 5.12
5.3.2.2 Waste Input 5.12
5.3.3 Dumping at Sea 5.13
5.3.4 Underground Disposal 5.13
5.4 Plasma Gasification 5.14
5.4.1 Feedstock 5.15
5.4.2 Commercialization 5.15
5.4.3 Pros and Cons of Plasma Gasification 5.16
5.4.4 Conclusion 5.16
5.5 No Project Option 5.16
Chapter 6 Environmental Monitoring Program
6.1 Environmental Monitoring Program 6.1
6.2 Construction Phase 6.1
6.3 Operation Phase 6.4
6.4 Post Operational Phase 6.5
6.5 Environmental Laboratory Equipment 6.6
6.5.1 Environmental Management Cell 6.7
6.6 Pollution Monitoring Facilities 6.8
6.6.1 Reporting Schedules of the Monitoring Data 6.8
6.6.2 Public Health Monitoring 6.8
6.6.3 Budgetary Provision for EMP 6.8
Chapter 7Additional Studies
7.1 Risk Assessment & Disaster Management Plan 7.1
7.1.1 Risk Analysis 7.1
7.1.2 Evaluating Hazards 7.1
7.2 Identification of Major Hazard Installations Based On GOI Rules, 1989 as
amended in 1994 & 2000
7.2
7.2.1 Identification of Toxic, Flammable, Explosive Chemicals 7.2
7.2.2 Applicability of Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals
Rules, 1989 & subsequent amendments
7.3
7.2.3 Storage facilities of hazardous chemicals 7.4
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7.2.4 Nature Of Possible Hazards 7.4
7.2.5 Maximum credible accident analysis for diesel storage area 7.5
7.3 On-Site Emergency Plan 7.10
7.3.1 Elements of Planning 7.10
7.3.1.1 Emergency Personnel’s Responsibility during Normal Office Hours 7.10
7.4 Infrastructure 7.11
7.5 Operational Systems During Emergency 7.11
7.5.1 Communication System 7.11
7.5.2 Warning System & Control 7.11
7.5.3 Mutual Aid 7.12
7.6 Disaster Management Plan 7.12
7.6.1 An earthquake 7.13
7.6.2 Cyclone leading to land fill flood Control measures during planning and
operation
7.14
7.6.3 Major explosion of chemicals / fire and toxic gas release in landfill or
Stores Control measures during planning
7.15
7.6.4 Contamination of soil and water sources due to leakage of contaminants
Control measures
7.17
7.6.5 Release of toxic gases from incinerator 7.18
7.7 Hazard Control Measures 7.19
7.7.1 Fire 7.19
7.7.2 Natural Disasters 7.19
7.7.3 Electrical Accidents 7.21
7.7.3.1 Prevention of Electrical Accidents 7.21
7.7.3.2 First Aid and Emergency Procedures 7.23
7.8 Full Mock Drill Monitoring 7.23
7.8.1 Steps of Mock Drills 7.23
7.9 Geological Studies 7.24
7.9.1 Introduction 7.24
7.9.2 Objectives 7.24
7.9.3 Site Topography 7.24
7.10 Regional Geology 7.24
7.10.1 Local Geology 7.25
7.11 Geophysical Investigations 7.25
7.11.1 DC Resistivity Meter 7.26
7.11.2 Electrical Resistivity Tests (ERT) 7.26
7.11.3 Methodology 7.27
7.11.4 Test Results 7.28
7.12 Surface Soil Infiltration Tests 7.41
7.12.1 Theory 7.43
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7.12.2 Methodology 7.43
7.12.3 Results 7.44
7.13 Hydrogeology 7.48
7.13.1 Natural Drainage 7.48
7.14 Well Inventory 7.50
7.15 Artificial Recharge 7.53
Chapter 8 Project Benefits
8.1 Introduction 8.1
8.2 Benefits of Hazardous Waste Management 8.1
8.3 Benefits of E Waste Recycling 8.1
8.3.1 Materials Recovered from E Waste 8.2
8.4 Benefits from Bio Medical Waste 8.2
8.5 Benefits of Landfill 8.2
8.6 Benefits from Recycling Facilities 8.2
8.6.1 Used Lead Acid Battery Recycling 8.3
8.6.2 Used Oil Recycling 8.3
8.6.3 Spent Solvent Recycling 8.4
8.6.4 Benefits of Alternate Fuel Raw material Facility 8.4
8.6.5 Waste Plastic Recycling 8.5
8.6.6 Waste Paper Recycling 8.5
8.7 Improvements in the Physical Infrastructure 8.5
8.8 Improvements in the Social Infrastructure 8.5
8.9 Employment Potential 8.6
8.10 Other Tangible Benefits 8.6
8.11 SWOT Analysis 8.7
8.11.1 Materials and Methods 8.9
8.11.2 Stage 1 8.9
8.11.3 Stage 2 8.9
8.11.4 Landfill Site Condition 8.9
8.11.5 Strategies derived from the SWOT profile of the landfill 8.10
8.12 Conclusion 8.10
Chapter 9 Environmental Management Plan
9.1 Introduction 9.1
9.2 Environmental Management During Construction 9.1
9.2.1 Air Quality Mitigation Measure 9.1
9.2.2 Water Quality Mitigation Measure 9.2
9.2.3 Noise Mitigation Measures 9.2
9.2.4 Solid Waste Mitigation Measures 9.2
9.2.5 Ecological Aspects 9.3
9.2.6 Site Security 9.3
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9.3 Management during Operation Phase 9.5
9.3.1 Air Quality Management 9.5
9.3.2 Odor Control 9.6
9.3.3 Gas Management 9.6
9.3.4 Water Quality Mitigation Measures 9.6
9.3.5 Noise Mitigation Measures 9.7
9.3.6 Solid Waste Mitigation Measures 9.7
9.4 Post Operation of Landfill 9.9
9.5 Socio Economic Development Activities under CEP 9.9
9.5.1 Planning 9.10
9.5.2 Implementation 9.10
9.5.3 Possible Areas of Activities under CEP 9.12
9.6 Occupational Health Management 9.13
9.7 Fire Protection System 9.13
9.8 Environmental Management Cell 9.14
9.8.1 Record Keeping and Reporting 9.14
9.9 E-Waste Management and Handling Rules 2011 9.15
9.10 Action Plan for Complying Performance Evaluation & Monitoring of
TSDF
9.16
9.11 Compliance of Hazardous Waste Rules 2008 9.18
Chapter 10 Summary and Conclusion
10.1 Introduction 10.1
10.2 Baseline Environmental Status 10.2
10.3 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 10.5
10.4 Environmental Monitoring Program 10.8
10.5 Risk Analysis 10.8
10.6 Project Benefits 10.8
10.7 Environmental Management Plan 10.9
10.8 Conclusions 10.9
Chapter 11 Disclosure of Consultants
11.1 Ramky Group 11.1
11.2 Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited 11.1
11.2.1 Consultancy Services 11.1
11.2.2 Laboratory services 11.2
11.2.3 Training services 11.2
11.2.4 Field Services 11.2
11.2.5 Treatment Plant Services 11.2
11.2.6 Solid Waste Management Services 11.3
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List of Tables
Table No. Description Page No.
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Features of the Site 1.4
1.2 Chronology of Events for Obtaining EC 1.12
Chapter 2 Project Description
2.1 District wise Hazardous waste generating units 2.1
2.2 Proposed Project Capacities 2.7
2.3 Individual Units List 2.9
2.4 Land Area Breakup 2.10
2.5 Manpower Details 2.10
2.6 Water Requirement 2.10
2.7 Power and Fuel Requirement 2.11
2.8 Stabilization Mechanism based on Waste Characteristics 2.16
2.9 Categories of Bio Medical Waste 2.24
Chapter 3 Description of the Environment
3.1 Meteorological Data from IMD (1971-2000) 3.2
3.2 Observed Meteorological Data Onsite 3.3
3.3 Frequency Distribution – December 2015 3.4
3.4 Frequency Distribution – January 2016 3.5
3.5 Frequency Distribution – February 2016 3.6
3.6 Frequency Distribution December 2015 – February 2016 3.7
3.7 Air Quality Monitoring Locations 3.9
3.8 Ambient Air Quality Levels PM10, PM2.5 (μg /m3) 3.11
3.9 Ambient Air Quality Levels SO2, NOX (μg /m3) 3.11
3.10 Ambient Air Quality Levels O3, CO (μg /m3) 3.12
3.11 Ambient Air Quality Levels C6H6, NH3 (μg /m3) 3.12
3.12 Ambient Air Quality Levels (Lead, Nickel, Arsenic, (μg /m3)), Benzo (a)
Pyrene-ng/m3)
3.13
3.13 NAAQ/CPCB Standards for Ambient Air Quality 3.16
3.14 Water Quality Monitoring Locations 3.18
3.15 (A) Ground Water samples analysis 3.20
(B) Ground Water samples analysis 3.21
3.16 Surface Water analysis 3.22
3.17 Noise monitoring locations 3.27
3.18 Noise Levels in the Study Area – dB (A) 3.29
3.19 Muthkur- Narketpally Road (Adjacent to the site) 3.31
3.20 NH 9 (Hyderabad to Vijayawada) (To &Fro) 3.32
3.21 Soil sampling locations 3.33
3.22 Soil Analysis Report 3.35
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3.23 List of Flora in the Study Area 3.40
3.24 Plants of Economic importance 3.41
3.25 List of Fauna in the Study Area 3.42
3.26 The details of the land use present in the 10 km study area 3.45
3.27 Distribution of population in the study area 3.49
3.28 Distribution of population by social structure 3.50
3.29 Distribution of literate and literacy rates 3.50
3.30 Occupational structure 3.51
3.31 Demographic details in the study area of 10 Km radius 3.56
Chapter 4 Anticipated Impacts And Mitigation Measures
4.1 Stack Emissions Details 4.7
4.2 24 Hours Mean Meteorological Data for Winter Season 4.8
4.3 Post Project Scenario – Units: μg/m3 4.8
4.4 Wastewater Generation Details 4.13
Chapter 5 Analysis of Alternatives Technology & Site
5.1 Rejection or Knock-Out Criteria 5.3
5.2 Siting Criteria for Alternate Sites 5.4
5.3 Site Evaluation – Selected Site - (HAZWAMS/25/2002-2003) 5.6
Chapter 6 Environmental Monitoring Program
6.1 Environmental Measures during Construction Phase 6.1
6.2 Environmental Monitoring during Operational Phase 6.4
6.3 Environmental Monitoring during Post Operation phase 6.6
6.4 Equipment Needed for Environmental Monitoring 6.7
6.5 Budget of Implementation of Environmental Management Plan 6.9
Chapter 7 Additional Studies
7.1 Description of applicable provisions of GOI rules’1989 as amended in1994 &
2000
7.3
7.2 Details of Chemicals and Applicability of GOI rules 7.4
7.3 Hazardous Chemicals at Site 7.6
7.4 Effect of Heat Radiation 7.7
7.5 Heat Radiation and Fatality 7.8
7.6 Scenario (pool fire) 7.8
7.7 First Aid for Burns 7.23
7.8 Wells Inventoried in Surrounding Villages 7.52
Chapter 9 Environmental Management Plan
9.1 Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase 9.4
9.2 Mitigation Measure proposed during Operation Phase 9.7
9.3 Mitigation Measure proposed during Post Operation Phase 9.9
9.4 Budget for CSR activities 9.13
9.5 Record Keeping Particulars 9.14
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
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9.6 Compliance E Waste Management Rules 2011 9.15
9.7 Action Plan for Monitoring TSDF 9.17
9.8 Compliance of Hazardous Waste Rules 2008 9.18
List of Figures
Figure No. Description Page No.
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Location Map of the Site 1.6
1.2 Topographical Map of the Study Area 1.7
1.3 Google Image 2 km Radius 1.8
Chapter 2 Project Description
2.1 Topo Map of the Proposed Site (2 km) 2.3
2.2 Topo Map of the Proposed Site (5 km) 2.4
2.3 Topo Map of the Proposed Site (10 km) 2.5
2.4 Site Photographs 2.6
2.5 Layout of the Proposed site 2.8
2.6 Cross section of the landfill 2.19
2.7 Typical Layout of incinerator 2.23
2.8 Layout of Autoclave Sterilization Process 2.28
2.9 E Waste proposed Flow Chart 2.31
2.10 Flow Chart of Spent Solvent Recovery 2.33
2.11 Waste/ Used Oil Recycling Plant 2.34
2.12 Alternative Fuel and Raw Material Facility 2.36
2.13 Used Lead Acid Battery Recycling 2.38
2.14 Lead Alloys Manufacturing 2.39
2.15 Process flow sheet of plastic recycling 2.42
2.16 PV Panels for Generating Solar Energy 2.44
2.17 Solar Plant 2.46
2.18 Layout of PV Technology 2.48
2.19 Components of Solar Plant 2.48
Chapter 3 Description of the Environment
3.1 Wind Rose - December 2015 3.4
3.2 Wind Rose – January 2016 3.5
3.3 Wind Rose – February 2016 3.6
3.4 Wind Rose December 2015 to February 2016 3.7
3.5 Air Quality Monitoring Locations 3.10
3.6 Ground Water Quality Sampling Locations 3.23
3.7 Surface Water Quality Sampling Locations 3.24
3.8 Noise Monitoring Locations 3.28
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3.9 Soil Sampling Locations 3.34
3.10 Sensitivity Map 3.44
3.11 Satellite Imagery 3.46
3.12 Land use Land cover 3.47
Chapter 4 Anticipated Impacts And Mitigation Measures
4.1 Predicted 24- Hourly Average GLCs of PM (μg/m3) at 10 km Radius 4.9
4.2 Predicted 24- Hourly Average GLCs of SO2 (μg/m3) at 10 km Radius 4.10
4.3 Predicted 24- Hourly Average GLCs of NOx (μg/m3) at 10 km Radius 4.11
Chapter 5 Analysis of Alternatives Technology & Site
5.1 Layout of Plasma Gasification 5.15
Chapter 6 Environmental Monitoring Program
6.1 Organization setup of Environmental Management 6.7
Chapter 7 Additional Studies
7.1 ALOHA Source point on the layout 7.9
7.2 DC Resistivity Meter Model DDR-3 7.26
7.3 Schlumberger configuration 7.27
7.4 Location Map of Electrical Resistivity Tests Conducted Within the Study Area 7.29
7.5 Index Map of Cross Section Generated Within the Study Area 7.30
7.6 litho logical cross-sections covering ERT No 10, 1&2 7.31
7.7 litho logical cross-sections covering ERT No 2, 3&7 7.32
7.8 litho logical cross-sections covering ERT No 1, 4&2 7.33
7.9 litho logical cross-sections covering ERT No 6, 5&9 7.34
7.10 litho logical cross-sections covering ERT No 8, 6&7 7.35
7.11 litho logical cross-sections covering ERT No 8&2 7.36
7.12 litho-logs of ERT No 1&2 7.37
7.13 litho-logs of ERT No 3&4 7.37
7.14 litho-logs of ERT No 5&6 7.38
7.15 litho-logs of ERT No 7&8 7.38
7.16 litho-logs of ERT No 9&10 7.39
7.17 Fence Diagram 7.40
7.18 Surface Soil Infiltration Test using Double Ring Infiltrometer 7.41
7.19 Location Map of Infiltration Tests Counducted within study Area 7.42
7.20 Soil Infiltration Curve 7.43
7.21 Natural Drainage Map of 5 km radius 7.49
7.22 Depth of water levels 7.51
Chapter 8 Project Benefits
8.1 SWOT analysis 8.8
Annexures
Annexure 1 Action plan for management of excessive leachate generation during monsoon period
QCI –NABET Accreditation
Certificate of Consultant
Declaration of Experts
DECLARATION BY EXPERTS CONTRIBUTING TO THE EIA – “Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP), at Kakkireni village in Nalgonda district of Telangana state by M/s Mumbai
Waste Management Limited (A Subsidiary of M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited)
I, hereby, certify that I was a part of the EIA team in the following capacity that developed this EIA report. EIA Coordinator: Name : Dr. K. Srinivas Sign & Date : Period of involvement: December, 2015 – Till date Contact information : [email protected] Functional Area Experts:
S. No
Functional Area
Name of the Expert
Involvement Sign & Date
Period Task
1 AP Mr. V. Vijay Kumar
Dec, 2015 – Till date
Selecting ambient air monitoring sites based on IMD data, Review of the meteorological data and AAQ data, suggesting air pollution control measures
2 WP Dr. B. Chakradhar Dec, 2015 –
Till date
Identification of water monitoring sites, estimating water requirement, Suggesting Recycling of water, waste water treatment methods & disposal schemes
3 SHW Dr. K. Srinivas Dec, 2015 –
Till date
Inventorization of Hazardous waste, Bio medical wastes, etc., suggesting treatment options viz., landfill, incineration, recycling, stabilization
4 SE Dr. V. Harish Srivatsava
Dec, 2015 – Till date
Generating primary SE data, livestock inventory and impacts, conducted focused group discussions, taken public opinion on the project. Identified villages wise amenities and needs
5 EB Prof. K. Bayapu Reddy
Dec, 2015
Collected secondary data from forest/ agricultural/ fisheries department, generation of primary flora and fauna data from study area & core area, ground trothing for ecological assessment, development of status report, suggested species for greenbelt development
6 HG Mr. B.
Mallikarjuna Rao Dec, 2015 –
Till date
Measurement of ground water levels from the existing wells present in and around project site, observation of surface water bodies, establishing groundwater flow direction and its gradient and evaluation of rainfall data and suggesting suitable depth for secured land fill base, and identification of development of monitoring wells
7 GEO Mr. B.
Mallikarjuna Rao Dec, 2015 –
Till date
Observations made towards the Identification of country rock, development of porosity, thickness and extent of weathered formations, area seismicity and evaluation of soil permeability for suggesting suitable civil structures
8 AQ Mr. V. Vijay Kumar Dec, 2015 –
Till date
Meteorological & Air Pollution dispersion studies, suggesting environmental management plan for air pollution control measures
9 LU Dr. G.V.A. Rama Krishna
Dec, 2015 – Till date
Collection of GPS readings form the project site and prepared layout, Preparation of topo map through SOI 1:50,000 scale topo sheet. Collections of ground through data form the field. Preparation of LU map through Satellite imagery, SOI, Google map & Ground through data.
10 RH Dr. B. Chakradhar
Dec, 2015 – Till date
Identification of process & storage tank hazards by using FETI criteria, Pool Fire accidents from Diesel storage and lethality damages, DMP and EPP for onsite & offsite were provided
Declaration by the Head of the accredited consultant organization/ authorized person:
I, Dr. B. Chakradhar, hereby, confirm that the above mentioned experts prepared the EIA Report for the “Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP), at Kakkireni village in Nalgonda District Telangana by M/s Mumbai Waste Management Limited (A subsidiary of M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited)”. I also confirm that the consultant organization shall be fully accountable for any misleading information mentioned in this statement.
Signature : Name : Dr. B. Chakradhar Designation : Vice President Name of the EIA Consultant Organization : Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited NABET Certificate No. & Issue Date : NABET/EIA/SA/010 dt. October 06, 2015
Annexure IE
Team Member
Proposal for association as Team Member
Name of the Project and Location
Setting up of Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage,
Disposal and Recycling facilities including incineration “Telangana Waste
Management Project” at Kakkireni village in Nalgonda District,
Telangana by M/s Mumbai Waste Management Limited (A subsidiary of
M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited)
(Project Initiated date : 07.12.2015)
Name of candidate proposed as Team Member
1. Mr. Subash Koduri – EC (Sector 32) 2. Mrs. M. Chaitanya Reddy – FAE (LU & SHW) 3. Mr. Madan Kumar D. Tiwary – FAE (WP) 4. Ms. S. Swathy – FAE (EB) 5. Mr. Suresh Kaliappan – FAE (RH)
Employment Status 1. Permanent In house Employee 2. Permanent In house Employee 3. Permanent In house Employee 4. Permanent In house Employee 5. Permanent In house Employee
Address with
contact details
Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited, 2nd Floor
Ramky Grandiose, Ramky Towers Complex, Gachibowli,
Hyderabad – 500 032
For Emp (Address of Residence)- NA
Period of association
with organization
(giving start and end
date/month/year)
1. December 2012 to till date 2. March 2014 to till date
3. November 2009 to till date 4. November 2014 to till date
5. October 2014 to till date
Name of the
Candidate
S. No of
sector as
per
Annexure
II
Name of approved
expert under whom
the candidate will
work with Cat. &
MoM reference
Name of FA as
per Scheme
Name of approved
expert under whom
the candidate will
work with Cat. &MoM
reference
Mr. Subash Koduri
32 Dr. K. Srinivas Cat A
MoM: ACM Meeting
held on June 24th ,
2015
- -
Mrs. M. Chaitanya Reddy
- - Land Use (LU) Dr. G V A Ramakrishna Cat A MoM: ACM Meeting held on June 24th , 2015
Solid & Hazardous Waste Management (SHW)
Dr. K. Srinivas Cat A MoM: ACM Meeting held on June 24th , 2015
Mr. Madan Kumar D.
Tiwary
- - Water Pollution Monitoring, Prevention & Control (WP)
Dr. B. Chakradhar Cat A
MoM: ACM Meeting
held on June 24th ,
2015
Ms. S. Swathy
- - Ecology & Biodiversity (EB)
Prof. K. Bayapu Reddy Cat A MoM: ACM Meeting held on June 24th , 2015
Mr. Suresh Kaliappan
- - Risk & Hazards Management (RH)
Dr. B. Chakradhar Cat A MoM: ACM Meeting held on June 24th , 2015
Declaration by the applicant
I confirm that I have read the requirements for the provision of Team Member, EIA Coordinator and Functional Area Expert and fulfill the eligibility requirements. I will work as per role envisaged in Scheme as per Appendix 1. I do understand that any incorrect information will result in the disqualification of self and the organizational accreditation with NABET.
Signature: Date (DD/MM/YYYY) 10/03/2016
1. 2.
(Mr. Subash Koduri) (Mrs. M. Chaitanya Reddy)
3. 4. (Mr. Madan Kumar D. Tiwary) (Ms. S. Swathy) 5 (Mr. Suresh Kaliappan) Declaration by the employer
The above information in relation to 1. Mr. Subash Koduri, and 2. Mrs. M. Chaitanya Reddy, 3. Mr. Madan Kumar D. Tiwary, 4. Ms. S.Swathy and 5. Mr. Suresh Kaliappan has been verified and found to be correct. I understand in case the information is found to be incorrect it may result in the rejection/ suspension of this application for EIA Consultant accreditation.
Attested By
Authorized Signatory ____________________________________________________________
Name &Designation: Dr. B. Chakradhar, Vice President & Head
Terms of Reference (TOR)
Terms of reference (TOR) Compliance
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited TOR 1
TOR Compliance
S. No TOR Points Compliance
Additional TOR
i. Importance and benefits of the project.
There are around four districts surrounding the
Nalgonda district with as many as 553 industries
presently existing and in operation. The
estimated quantity of hazardous waste for
landfilling is around 96129.2 MTA, 55934.6
MTA of Recyclable waste and around 21833.2
MTA of incinerable waste. The proposed TWMP
will handle and cater to all these industries with
substantial reduction in transportation of
Hazardous waste and time taken to Hyderabad
which is presently the only option available to
these industries. Thus the importance and benefit
of TWMP at Nalgonda is very well Justified.
ii. Details of various waste management units
with capacities for the proposed project.
During Phase I the waste management units
proposed are Secured landfill (931 TPD),
recycling facilities for E-waste (82 TPD), spent
solvent (27 KLPD), Used oil (54 KLPD) and
Lead acid batteries (65 TPD). Similarly
Alternative Fuel and Raw Material (55 TPD) and
Bio Medical waste to the tune of 12.5 TPD were
also included in the Phase I.
Phase II consists of Plastic recycling (27 TPD),
Paper recycling (54 TPD), incineration of 55
TPD and in Phase III, the waste management
units comprises of renewable energy and waste to
energy of 2 MW each
iii. List of waste to be handled and their
source along with mode of transportation.
Hazardous wastes comprising viz. ETP sludge,
Still bottom residues & process sludge, Spent
carbon, Evaporation salts, Incineration ash,
Slags, Spent catalysts & Resins, Expired drugs,
etc will be handled.
The sources of the hazardous waste are industries
present in the district and its nearby districts.
The mode of the transportation is dedicated
trucks, having all necessary documents, first aid
kit, etc
iv. Other chemicals and materials required
with quantities and storage capacities.
No major raw materials are required for proposed
project.
However typical reagents that would be used for
the stabilization process include Lime, Fly ash,
Bentonite (clay), Cement, Saw Dust, etc., in
combination with Sodium silicate solution, if
required to create additional binding properties of
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
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the wastes.
Diesel used as fuel for running DG set will be
stored in drums / tank.
v. Details of temporary storage facility for
storage of hazardous waste at project site.
Temporary storage of hazardous wastes will be
done in a covered shed, having elevated concrete
floor having drains all around to collect the
leachate.
Wastes containing ignitable, reactive and non-
compatible characteristics will be stored
separately
Wastes containing volatile solvents or other low
vapour pressure chemicals will be adequately
protected from direct exposure to sunlight
Storage of Incinerable hazardous waste:
Adequate storage space will be provided with
15m distance between storage sheds, fire break
of at least 4m between two blocks of stacked
drums, maximum of 300 tons of waste storage
limit in a block of drums, at least 1m clear space
between two adjacent rows of drums in a pair for
routine inspection purpose.
vi. Details of pre-treatment facility of
hazardous waste at TSDF.
The hazardous waste will be segregated into
direct landfill able and stabilization followed by
landfill able, incinerable (calorific value >/=
2500 K.Cal/kg), Recyclables, etc.
The hazardous waste which requires stabilization
will be sent to stabilization shed, necessary
ingredients suggested by the laboratory will be
added, properly mixed and sent for landfill.
The waste having high calorific value will be
sent to incinerator for incineration.
vii.
Details of air Emission, effluents,
hazardous/solid waste generation and their
management.
Details of air Emissions for the proposed project
during Developed and operation phases are given
in Chapter 4 Section 4.4.2 and 4.5.1
Details of effluents for the proposed project
given in Chapter 4 Section 4.6
Solid Waste Management for the proposed
project is given in Chapter 4 Section 4.4.5
viii.
Requirement of water, power, with source
of supply, status of approval, water
balance diagram, man-power requirement
(regular and contract)
Details of water requirement and water balance
are given in Chapter 2 Section 2.4.3
Details of Manpower requirement is given in
Chapter 2 Section 2.4.2
ix.
Process description along with major
equipments and machineries, process flow
sheet (quantitative) from waste material to
Project Description of different units are given in
Chapter 2 Sections 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9 & 2.10
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited TOR 3
disposal to be provided.
x. Hazard identification and details of
proposed safety systems
Hazard Identification given in Chapter 7,
Section 7.2.1
Proposed Safety Systems are Given in Chapter
7, Section 7.3
xi.
Layout maps of proposed Solid Waste
Management Facilities indicating storage
area, plant area, greenbelt area, utilities
etc.
The site layout showing various units, greenbelt,
roads, parking etc. is given in Chapter 2, Figure
2.5.
xii.
In addition to baseline data monitoring,
Lead level shall also be monitored in
ambient air and ground water as pp has
proposed to set up Lead battery recycling
unit
In addition to baseline monitoring, Lead levels
are also monitored in ambient air. The results are
given in Table 3.12. However, Lead values
observed in the study area are below detectable
limits.
Lead levels also analyzed in ground water, the
results are given in Table 3.15 (A&B). However
the values of Lead levels in ground water are
below detectable limits.
xiii. Examine the gradient of ground water
flows towards sensitive areas
The movement of ground water is controlled by
the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer and
hydraulic gradient. In study area the hydraulic
conductivity is mainly based on the secondary
porosity. The homogeneity of the weathered zone
plays a vital role in the movement of the ground
water. In the study area the formations are
heterogeneous in nature. The geological
formation in and around 10 km of the project site
includes Peninsulaar Gneissic Complex (PGC),
granites, granodiorite. The project site is located
in Peninsulaar Gneissic Complex (PGC). Gneiss
developed secondary porosity due to differential
weathering. Below the weathered zone the
fractures and fissures acts as ground water
conduit. Hornblende biotite gneiss is the
principal aquifer in the study area apart from the
other hard rock aquifers. The hydraulic
conductivity of the aquifer is mainly due to the
fractures, fissures and joints. Based on the water
level data collected about 20 locations in 10km
of the project site, the ground water table has
been constructed. The ground water table contour
depicts that the flow is in the east to west.
Ground water mound is noticed in and -around
the project site which indicates the divergent
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited TOR 4
flow of ground water. The area selected for the
land fill site is ideal as the ground water level is
comparatively deep (18 – 40 m bgl). The
infiltrating surface water may not affect the
ground water table & surrounding sensitive areas.
xiv.
Details of Drainage of the project upto
5km radius of study area. If the site is
within 1 km radius of any major river,
peak and lean season river discharge as
well as flood occurrence frequency based
on peak rainfall data of the past 30 years.
Details of Flood Level of the project site
and maximum Flood Level of the river
shall also be provided.
Drainage map of the Project within 5 km radius
of the study area is given in Chapter 7 Figure
7.21. There are no major rivers presented within
the 5 km radius of site area
xv.
Examine the impact of leachates and
outflows from the facility on downstream
inland surface water and ground water
resources and to examine whether the
natural drainage of surface flows are
towards the lake and river
Leachate Management will be done as per
HAZWAMS/17/2000-01 – Criteria for
Hazardous Waste Landfills.
Network of open channels shall be designed and
constructed around the landfill to intercept
surface runoff of rainwater and divert it around
the facility or collect it for the use at the facility
or for disposal.
Leachate collection and removal shall be
provided above the geo-membrane in two layers
viz., the primary and the secondary liners. The
primary liner shall serve as leachate collection
and removal system, while the secondary liner
shall serve as leak detection system and a signal
of potential liabilities in terms of environmental
pollution. Leachate shall be collected by a
network of lateral and header pipes embedded in
a drainage layer, all of which shall eventually
drain into a leachate collection sump. The
collected leachate shall be transferred to a
leachate treatment system.
During monsoon month/high rainfall period,
before onset of monsoons, the active phase must
be capped with a cover; waste received during
monsoon months shall be stockpiled in
temporary holding area (covered). Detailed
leachate management plan is given in Chapter-
2.5.4.3 &action plan for measures to be taken for
excessive leachate generation during monsoon
period is provided in Annexure 1
The study areas is located on an upland area with
respects to its surrounding environs, one first
order streams originating at this location and
forming the most common form of drainage
system called dendritic system. The existing
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited TOR 5
drain is moving to the down streams and
connecting to the nearest surface streams. There
are no major lakes and rivers in within 2 km
radius from site boundary. Whereas one small
surface water tank is presented in southern side
of the site boundary. It’s almost dry throughout
the year; it will be recharged during the rainy
season. As per drainage map there is no seasonal
streams flowing from site to nearest surface
water tank. Drainage map of the Project within 5
km radius of the study area is given in Chapter 7
Figure 7.21.
xvi. Give justification for using 29.9 ha of land
for the project.
In general, The Integrated TSDF mainly
comprises of Hazardous waste, secured landfill
site and incineration facility along with various
other treatment facilities like E waste, Solvent/oil
recovery facility, Effluent treatment plant, Waste
to Energy facility etc., In addition to above the
other supporting utilities which includes vehicle
wash and work shop, weigh bridge, chemical
laboratory, general stores, fire hydrant, Admin
building, staff canteen etc., The land area
requires for treating and disposing the hazardous
waste (direct landfill & stabilization followed by
landfill) of the proposed capacity is around 34.7
acres. Around 23.7 acres of land will be used for
developing greenbelt around the boundary, along
the road etc. The remaining area around 15.6
acres is used for storage facility, utilities, tyre
wash, Incinerator, bio medical facility with
effluent treatment plant, recycling facilities etc.
Around 2 acres of land is to be still acquired out
of total 74 acres of land proposed.
A detailed layout map with breakup of each
individual treatment units along with sizes are
given Chapter 2 section 2.4.1 and Figure 2.5
xvii. Statuses of the land purchase in terms of
land acquisition Act and study the impact.
Agreement has been made with the land owner
for procuring the required land area. As Per The
Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation And
Resettlement Bill, 2011, the present land area of
74 acres may not attract R&R plans as the LARR
bill specifies that R&R is applicable for land
acquisition of more than 100 acres of land in
rural area. Also, the present land does not have
any habitation within the site as well as up to a
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited TOR 6
radial distance of 1.5 – 2 km.
xviii.
Status of acquisition of land. If acquisition
is not complete, stage of the acquisition
process and expected time of complete
possession of the land.
Agreement has been made with the land owner
for procuring the required land area.
xix. R&R details in respect of land in line with
state Government policy
As Per The Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation And
Resettlement Bill, 2011, the present land area of
74 acres may not attract R&R plans as the LARR
bill specifies that R&R is applicable for land
acquisition of more than 100 acres of land in
rural area. Also, the present land does not have
any habitation within the site as well as up to a
radial distance of 1.5 – 2 km.
xx. Details of effluent treatment and recycling
process.
The wastewater generated during Phase I
operations is around 30 m3/day, mainly from
domestic, floor washings, landfill operations and
recycling facilities. During Phase II, the quantity
of wastewater generated is around 3.5 m3/day,
which is mainly from domestic and floor
washings. During Phase III, the quantity of
wastewater generated is around 52.5 m3/day,
which is mainly from boiler and cooling tower
blow down.
Leachate generated at treatment, incineration are
treated together (excluding domestic wastewater)
in incineration/ Forced evaporation/spraying on
landfill. The domestic effluent generated will be
treated in septic tank followed by soak pit or
portable STP and the treated water is used for
greenbelt development. The effluent generated
from floor washings, recycling activity, etc will
be collected in collection tank followed by
settling tank and the settled water is reused. The
effluent from bio medical waste is treated in ETP
and recycling to incinerator or circulation back to
system. The waste water generated from boiler
and cooling tower used in ash quenching and for
greenbelt development purpose. There will not be
any wastewater discharge to any nearby water
body and adopts the zero wastewater discharge
concept.
xxi.
Leachate study report and detailed
leachate management plan to be
incorporated.
Leachate Management will be done as per
HAZWAMS/17/2000-01 – Criteria for
Hazardous Waste Landfills
The following alternative will be considered for
Leachate Management
a) Onsite treatment of Leachate: The
leachate treatment process will involve
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited TOR 7
physical, chemical or biological process
to meet the General Standards for
discharge of Environmental Pollutants
Part A - GSR 422 ( E ) dated 19.05.1993
b) Recirculation: One of the methods for
treatment of leachate is to recirculate it
through the landfill. This has two
beneficial effects. 1) the process of
landfill stabilization is accelerated and 2)
the constituents of the leachate are
attenuated by the biological, chemical
and physical changes occurring with the
landfill.
Leachate having high TDS will be collected from
the secured landfill and other sources, in to a
lined solar evaporation pond which will act as a
buffer storage pond, part of the leachate is
recirculated for dust suppression in land fill area
and part of it will be disposed of by forced
evaporation technique using multiple effect
evaporator (MEE) (Once the incinerator is
installed the leachate will be sprayed into spray
drier) and the salt collected from the evaporation
process shall be disposed off in the secured
landfill. The whole process will be a zero liquid
discharge system (ZLD).
xxii.
Action plan for measures to be taken for
excessive leachate generation during
monsoon period.
Leachate is generated on account of the
infiltration of water (precipitation) into landfills
and its percolation through waste as well as by
the squeezing of the waste due to self weight.
The quantity of leachate generated in a landfill
strongly dependent on the quantity of infiltrating
water. This in turn is dependent on weather and
operational practices. The amount of the rain
falling on a landfill to a large extent, controls the
leachate quantity generated.
Significant quantity of leachate is produced from
the active phases of a landfill under operation.
The leachate quantity from a landfill which has
final cover is minimal.
During monsoon month/high rainfall period,
before onset of monsoons, the active phase must
be capped with a cover, waste received during
monsoon months shall be stockpiled in
temporary holding area (covered).
Alternatively, during monsoon period to reduce
excessive leachate generation following
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited TOR 8
measures will be adopted.
a) Rainwater running off slopes above and
outside the landfill area shall be
intercepted and channeled to water
courses without entering the operational
areas of the site. This diversion channel
will be made with a low permeability
lining to prevent leakage into the landfill
b) Rainfall on active tipping areas shall be
collected separately and managed as
leachate
c) Rainfall on areas within the landfill site,
but on final covers of phases which have
been completed and are not actively
being used for waste disposal shall be
diverted in drainage channels away from
active tipping areas, and directed to
settling pond to remove suspended silt,
prior to discharge/reuse.
d) All interceptor channels, drainage
channels and settling ponds (storm water
basins) shall be designed by a
hydrologist using hydro meterological
data
e) It will be ensured that water collected by
surface water drainage system and
leachate collected by the leachate
collection system do not intermixed at
any stage of collection or storage. This
shall apply to the “active” and “post
closure” periods of the landfill.
Additional information on action plan for
measures to be taken for excessive leachate
generation during monsoon period is provided in
Annexure 1
xxiii.
Mitigation plan for any pollution of
ground water is noticed during operation
period or post closure monitoring period.
The ground water samples in the piezometers
provided in the upstream, downstream, borewells
/ open wells of nearby villages will be monitored
at regular intervals as per the CFE conditions.
As per Guidelines for Setting up of Operating
facility – Hazardous Waste Management -
HAZWAMS/11/98-99, there are three types of
groundwater monitoring, depending on its
purpose viz. 1) detection monitoring, 2)
assessment monitoring and 3) compliance
monitoring.
The detection monitoring is to determine whether
land disposal facility has leaked hazardous waste
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
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or constituents into an underlying aquifer in
quantities sufficient to cause a significant change
in groundwater quality. In detection monitoring
only few parameters are analysed which include
Specific Conductance, Total Organic Carbon, or
any specific waste constituents.
Assessment monitoring is a more aggressive
programme, if a significant change is discovered
in groundwater quality during the detection
monitoring. In place of non-specific generality,
specific chemicals are estimated and vertical,
horizontal concentration profiles are attempted.
Rate and extent of contaminant migration is
studied. This study will lead to design corrective
steps to be taken by management.
The success of corrective steps so designed and
implemented should be reflected in compliance
monitoring. The goal of the compliance
monitoring programme is to ensure that leakage
of hazardous constituents into the groundwater
does not exceed acceptable limits.
xxiv. Detailed Environmental Monitoring Plan
as well as Post Closure Monitoring Plan.
Environmental Monitoring Plan as well as Post
Closure Monitoring Plan Given in Chapter 6
xxv.
Public hearing to be conducted and issues
raised and commitments made by the
project proponent on the same should be
included in EIA/EMP Report in the form
of tabular chart with financial budget for
complying with the commitments made.
Public Hearing would be conducted after
submission of draft EIA report to State Pollution
Control Board. The concerns raised along with
the replies during the PH shall be incorporated in
the EIA report.
xxvi.
Any litigation pending against the project
and/or any direction/order passed by any
Court of Law against the project, if so,
details thereof shall also be included. Has
the unit received any notice under the
Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act,
1986 or relevant Sections of Air and Water
Acts? If so, details thereof and
compliance/A TR to the notice(s) and
present status of the case.
No litigations pending against the project
xxvii. A tabular chart with index for point wise
compliance of above TORs. Noted and followed
Standard TOR
i.
Reasons for selecting the site with details
of alternate sites
examined/rejected/selected on merit with
comparative statement and reason/basis for
selection. The examination should justify
site suitability in terms of environmental
Three sites were examined for establishment of
the proposed project in various places of Nellore.
Among these three sites, the site at
Raviguntapalli village, Rapur Mandal, Nellore
was selected based on the Knock out Criteria and
Site Evaluation as per HAZWAMS/25/2002-
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited TOR 10
damages, resources sustainability
associated with selected site as compared
to rejected sites. The analysis should
include parameters considered along with
weightage criteria for short-listing selected
site.
2003.
Comparison of the three sites with siting
guidelines are given in Chapter 5, Table 5.1, 5.2
and site evaluation of the selected site is given in
Table 5.3.
ii.
Submit the details of the road/rail
connectivity along with the likely impacts
and mitigative measures
Road connectivity to the Proposed project is
Mothkur to Narketpalli road. Traffic details of
this road are given in Chapter 3 Section 3.7. In
addition to the proposed project vehicle details to
this road, the Level of service for this road is in
very good class. Hence ,there is no effect due to
this project
iii.
Submit the present land use and
permission required for any conversion
such as forest, agriculture etc
Necessary permissions will be obtained for
conversion of the present land use to industrial
land, once Environmental Clearance is obtained
iv.
Examine the details of transportation of
Hazardous wastes, and its safety in
handling.
The Transportation of Hazardous Waste will be
done as per the Guidelines for Transportation of
Hazardous Waste – HAZWAMS/33/2005-2006.
Packaging:
(i) All packaging materials including
containers shall be of such strength,
construction and type as not to break open or
become defective during transportation.
(ii) All packaging materials including
containers shall be so packaged and sealed
that spillages of hazardous wastes /
substances are prevented during
transportation due to jerks and vibrations
caused by uneven road surface.
(iii) Re-packaging materials including that
used for fastening must not be affected by
the contents or form a dangerous
combination with them.
(iv) Packaging material should be such that
there will be no significant chemical or
galvanic action among any of the material in
the package.
Labelling:
i)The label should contain the name and
address of the occupier and operator of the
facility where it is being sent for treatment
and final disposal i.e., Labeling of
container shall be provided with a general
label as per Form 8 of the HW (M & H)
Rules, 1989 and as amended).
ii)Emergency contact phone numbers shall
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
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be prominently displayed viz. the phone
number of concerned Regional Officer of the
SPCB / PCC, Fire Station, Police
Station and other agencies concerned.
Transportation
(a) The generator of the hazardous waste
shall ensure that wastes are packaged in a
manner suitable for safe handling, storage
and transport. Labelling on packaging is
readily visible and material used for
packaging shall withstand physical
conditions and climatic factors.
(b) The generator shall ensure that
information regarding characteristics of
wastes particularly in terms of being
Corrosive, Reactive, Ignitable or Toxic is
provided on the label.
(c) Transport of hazardous wastes shall be in
accordance with the provisions of the rules
made by the Central Government under the
Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and other
guidelines issued from time to time.
(d) All hazardous waste containers shall be
provided with a general label as given in
Form 8 in Hazardous Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 1989, as amended.
(e) Transporter shall not accept hazardous
wastes from an occupier (generator) unless
six-copies (with colour codes) of the
manifest (Form 9) as per Rule 7 of the HW
(M
& H) Rules, 1989 and as amended is
provided by the generator. The transporter
shall give a copy of the manifest signed and
dated to the generator and retain the
remaining four copies to be used for further
necessary action prescribed in the Hazardous
Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules,
1989, as under:
Copy 1 (White) : To be forwarded to the
SPCB/PCC by the occupier
Copy 2 (Yellow) : To be signed by the
transporter and retained by the occupier
Copy 3 (Pink) : To be retained by the
operator of a facility
Copy 4 (Orange): To be returned to the
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
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transporter by the operator of facility after
accepting waste
Copy 5 (Green): To be forwarded to the
SPCB/PCC by the operator of facility after
disposal.
Copy 6 (Blue): To be returned to the
occupier by the operator of the facility after
disposal.
(f). In case of interstate transportation of
waste, the occupier (waste generator) shall
strictly follow the manifest system as
stipulated under Rule 7 (5) of the HW (M &
H) Rules, 1989 and amendments made there
under. (g). In case of transport of hazardous
wastes to a facility for treatment, storage and
disposal existing in a State other than the
State where wastes are generated, the
generator shall obtain necessary “No
Objection Certificate” from the concerned
State Pollution Control Board or Pollution
Control Committee of the UT where the
facility is located (As stipulated under Rule 7
(6) of HW (M & H) Rules). (h). The
generator shall provide the transporter with
relevant information in Form 10, i.e.
Transport Emergency (TREM) Card
regarding the hazardous nature of the wastes
and measures to be taken in case of an
emergency.
(i). The operator of a facility (registered
recyclers or re-processors of hazardous
waste) while collecting the wastes from the
waste collections points or Ports or ICDs,
shall also follow the manifest system as per
Rule 7 of the HW (M & H) Rules.
v. Examine and submit the details of on line
pollutant monitoring.
Online pollutant monitoring will be provided as
per CPCB guidelines for monitoring particulate
matter, SO2, NOx and CO from the incinerator
stack.
The results obtained will be uploaded into State
PCB server on regular intervals.
Necessary provision will be made in the
incinerator stack for providing online monitoring
equipment
vi. Examine the details of monitoring of
Dioxin and Furon.
The monitoring of Dioxins and Furans in the
Stack emissions will be carried out by third party
MOEF recognized laboratories as per MOEF
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guidelines (quarterly basis) air emission control
Given in Table 6.2.
vii. MoU for disposal of ash through the
TSDF.
The ash generated from the incinerator and
power plant will be used within the project, as
daily cover and disposed to the secured landfill
area
viii. MoU for disposal of scrubbing waste
water through CETP.
The scrubbing wastewater generated from
alkaline scrubber will be disposed through spray
drier / quencher which is used for control of
Dixon and Furan generation
ix. Examine and submit details of monitoring
of water quality around the landfill site.
Water quality monitoring is done in and around
the landfill site. Those details are Given in
Chapter 3, Section 3.5
x. Examine and submit details of the odour
control measures.
Details of odour control measures are given in
Chapter 9, Section 9.3.2
xi.
Examine and submit details of impact on
water body and mitigative measures
during rainy season.
There are no water bodies in the proposed site. It
is proposed to construct one storm water
collection pond with sufficient water holding
capacity in the down gradient side (based on
contours). Water from this pond will be utilized
for utilities etc.
xii.
Environmental Management Plan should
be accompanied with Environmental
Monitoring Plan and environmental cost
and benefit assessment. Regular
monitoring shall be carried out for odour
control.
Detailed Environmental Management Plan is
provided in Chapter 9,Detailed Environmental
Monitoring Plan is given in Chapter 6 and
budget for implementation of EMP (capital cost
and recurring cost) is provided in Chapter
6,Table 6.5.
xiii.
Water quality around the landfill site shall
be monitored regularly to examine the
impact on the ground water.
The water quality around the landfill site shall be
monitored for important physical and chemical
parameters including heavy metals regularly to
examine the impact on groundwater as per EC
and State PCB Consent conditions at regular
intervals (monthly) by providing piezometers in
all directions of landfill including upstream and
downstream sides. Details are given in Table
6.1-6.3.
xiv.
The storage and handling of hazardous
wastes shall be as per the Hazardous
Waste Management Rules.
The storage and handling of hazardous wastes are
Given in Chapter 7, Section 7.1 and Table 7.1
& 7.2
xv.
Submit details of a comprehensive
Disaster Management Plan including
emergency evacuation during natural and
man-made disaster.
The Disaster Management Plan including
precautions to be taken during natural and
manmade disasters are given in Chapter 7,
Section 7.3.
xvi.
Public hearing to be conducted for the
project in accordance with provisions of
Environmental Impact Assessment
Notification, 2006 and the issues raised by
the public should be addressed in the
Environmental Management Plan. The
Public Hearing would be conducted after
submission of draft EIA report to State Pollution
Control Board. The concerns raised along with
the replies during the PH shall be incorporated in
the EIA report.
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Public Hearing should be conducted based
on the ToR letter issued by the Ministry
and not on the basis of Minutes of the
Meeting available on the web-site.
xvii.
A detailed draft EIA/EMP report should be
prepared in accordance with the above
additional TOR and should be submitted to
the Ministry in accordance with the
Notification.
Noted and Followed
xviii.
Any further clarification on carrying out
the above studies including anticipated
impacts due to the project and mitigative
measure, project proponent can refer to the
model TOR available on Ministry website
All the studies/activities suggested in the TOR
were completed in detail and presented in the
EIA report. No further clarification required for
carrying out the studies suggested.
Executive Summary
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Executive Summary
1.0 Introduction
Management of pollution and the waste generated from the industries is always been a challenging task
faced by the country. As per EIA Notification S.O. No 1533 dated 14th September 2006 and subsequent
amendments the proposed project is falling under Project / Activity 7 (d) Common Hazardous Waste
Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDFs), Category “A” and requires environmental clearance
from MOEFCC, New Delhi. The proposal was considered by the Expert Appraisal Committee in its 1st
meeting held during 22nd
December 2015 for issuing of the Terms of Reference (TOR) for undertaking
detailed EIA Study in accordance with the provisions of the EIA notification and subsequent
amendments. The MOEFCC has given Terms of Reference vide its letter No. F. No. 10-236/2015-IA.III
dated 28th January 2016.
At present in the Nalgonda region the hazardous waste generated by industrial activities, biomedical
waste generated by hospitals and e-waste generated by commercial, industrial and residential waste is
given to small time recyclers. The Proposed project will be designed to collect & treat all these different
types of waste on scientific basis under the following rules.
The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 1989 and
its subsequent amendments.
The Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 and subsequent amendments.
The Plastic Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011 and subsequent amendments.
E-Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011 and subsequent amendments.
The proposed Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal and Recycling Facility
at Kakkireni Village is in Ramannapeta Mandal in Nalgonda District of Telangana state mainly has four
waste disposal / recycling or recovery facilities such as Hazardous Waste TSDF, Renewable Energy and
Waste to Energy, Bio-medical waste disposal Facility, Alternative Fuel Recovery & Recycling Facilities.
The proposed treatment facilities will be developed in phase wise manner.
In Phase I secured land fill with a capacity of 548 TPD will be taken up along with other treatments units
like Stabilization (383 TPD), Biomedical waste (12.5 TPD - 50000 beds), E waste (82 TPD), spent
solvent recycling (27 KLPD), used oil recycling (54 KLPD), used lead acid batteries recycling (65 TPD),
Alternate fuel and raw material (55 TPD) are proposed to be handled. Where as in Phase II waste plastics
recycling (27 TPD), waste paper recycling (54 TPD) and incinerator (55 TPD). And in Phase III power
generation of 2 MW with using renewable energy and 2 MW with waste to energy plants are proposed.
The total area provided for the proposed project is around 74 Acres, out of which around 34.7 acre of land
is mainly utilized for Secured landfill, used for direct disposal of hazardous waste and as well the
stabilized hazardous waste after detoxification. An area of 23.7 Acres of land is used for greenbelt
development within the project site and along the peripheral boundary. The remaining 15.6 Acres of land
is used for chemical storage, waste storage, utilities, tyre wash, incinerator, biomedical plant setup along
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with effluent treatment system and all type of recycling facilities. Around 2 acres of land is to be still
acquired out of total 74 acres of land proposed.
Water requirement for the project will be met through the Ground water or Gram Panchayat water supply
scheme. The execution of the TSDF project would be in three phases. Water requirement for all three
phases is 366 KLD. Out of which, in phase I water required is 109 KLD, in Phase II water required is 49
KLD and in Phase III water required is 208 KLD.
Power required for the project will be met from Telangana TRANSCO with a capacity of 1500 KVA and
for emergency purpose DG sets will be made available by respective units of proposed project
Around 700 liters of HSD would be stored at site for operating DG sets to meet emergency power
requirements for effluent treatment plant, utilities etc and also auxiliary fuel with a capacity of 20 KL per
month used for Incinerator.
Around 285 persons would be employed for the project out of which 65 are during construction phase and
220 will be in Operation phase (Phase wise). Work force will be employed from the nearby villages on
priority basis for operational and maintenance of the proposed project. Indirect employment expected due
to the present project will be around 50 persons for various support facilities.
2.0 Baseline Environmental Status
Field investigations were undertaken for collecting the existing baseline environment for Air, Water,
Noise, Soil, Ecological and Socio-economic Conditions. A study area of 10 Km radius from the project
site is identified to establish the present environmental conditions for the above environmental
components. The main aim of the EIA study is to identify the critical environmental attributes which will
be affected and have adverse impacts on the surrounding environment due to the proposed project. The
field data generation is undertaken during the winter season from December (2015) to February (2016).
Meteorology (Climate)
The metrological data is collected from the nearest IMD station at Nalgonda and also at site with the help
of automatic weather station. The pre dominant wind direction recorded is from South East (SE) closely
followed by North East (NE). Calm conditions prevailed for 12.32% of the total time. Average wind
speed observed for the winter season is around 2.48 m/s.
Air Quality
Ambient Air quality was monitored at 10 locations within the study area of the project site. The locations
were identified in downwind, cross wind and up wind directions. The air pollutants monitored are
Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5), Sulphur dioxide, Oxides of nitrogen, Ozone, Carbon Monoxide, Lead,
Nickel, Benzene, Benzo(a)Pyrene, Ammonia and Arsenic as per the standard MOEFCC guidelines and
results were compared with NAAQ/CPCB Standards.
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The minimum and maximum levels of Particulate Matter < 2.5 microns are recorded in the range of 13.7
to 25.3 µg/m3, whereas the particulate matter <10 Microns are in the range of 44.0 to 56.3 µg/m3.
The sulphur dioxide concentrations within the study area observed are in the range of 11.2 to 16.3 µg/m3,
the oxides of nitrogen observed are in the range of 14.0 to 20.8 µg/m3, the ozone and carbon monoxide
observed are in the range of 11.7 to 18.2 µg/m3 and 126 to 638 µg/m
3 respectively and the benzene and
ammonia observed are in the range of 0.33 to 0.83 µg/m3 and 9.3 to 14.3 µg/m
3 respectively. The
observed air pollutants were well within the limits as per CPCB/NAAQ standards. The other parameters
viz. lead, nickel, arsenic and benzo (a) pyrene were also monitored in the study area and are found to be
below detectable limits.
Water Quality
Surface and Ground water samples were collected from different sources within the study area and
analyzed for all important physico-chemical and biological parameters to establish the quality of water
prevailing in the project surroundings. Around 13 ground water and 5 surface water samples were
collected.
The ground water is mainly from hand pumps, wells and bore wells used by the villages for domestic and
drinking purposes. The surface water collected from lake or pond and Musi River. The pH of ground
water observed is from 7.02 to 7.53 and in surface water it is from 6.85 to 7.36, the TDS level of GW is
from 339 to 1551 mg/l, whereas in surface water the levels are 967 to 1494 mg/l. The chloride
concentrations in GW is between 20 to 434 mg/l, whereas the surface water has a chloride values of 176
to 286 mg/l. The hardness observed in ground water is 233 to 688 mg/l and in surface water the hardness
found to be between 376 to 775 mg/l. Fluoride concentrations observed in GW is in the range of 1.5 to 2.4
mg/l and in surface water the fluoride content observed in between 0.5 to 0.7 mg/l. The general
characteristics of all the ground water samples collected in the region shows fairly good quality except
some levels of Hardness and fluoride observed to be slightly higher than the stipulated standards. The
basic treatment for fluoride will reduce the concentration levels within the limits and can be used for
consumption.
Noise Quality
Noise was monitored at 11 locations within the study area of the project site. The locations were
identified for assessment of existing noise level status, keeping in view of the land use pattern, residential
areas in villages, schools, bus stands, etc., day levels of noise monitored during 6 AM to 10 PM and in
night during 10 PM to 6 AM. The noise levels were monitored as per the Ambient Noise Standards of
residential and commercial area standards. The noise levels during the day are ranging in between 53.3 to
63.3 dB (A), whereas in night noise levels are ranging between 43.2 to 45.2 dB (A). The site is accessible
by a NH9 and Muthkur – Narketpally road.
The traffic survey carried out at Narketpally village towards Muthkur to Narketpally. The minimum level
of Traffic Survey at Muthkur – Narketpally Road is 53 PCU/H and whereas the maximum level of Traffic
Survey is 461 PCU/H. The total worst case baseline PCU/Hr is 461, total width of the road in meters
(Arterial Roads) PCU/Hr is 7 and as per the IRC: 106-1990 (PCU’s per hour).
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Soil Quality
Soil Quality was monitored at 11 locations within the study area of the project site. The locations were
selected to assess the existing soil conditions representing various land use conditions and geological
features. The important physical, chemical parameter concentrations were determined from all the
samples.
The pH values in the study area are varying from 6.89 to 7.28, the electrical conductivity is varying from
36 to 242 µs/cm, the organic carbon is varying from 0.34 to 1.05 %, the available Nitrogen is varying
from 248 to 356 kg/ha, the available phophorus is varying from 4.8 to 11.6 kg/ha, and the available
pottasium is varying between 142 to 644 kg/ha.
Ecological Environment
A detailed study was done within 10 km radius area of the project site which includes, Compilation of
secondary data from published literature of Forest Division and Primary data generation through
systematic studies. The proposed area falls in the Southern Plateau and Hills Region characterized by
shallow, deep red loamy soil & sandy soil. The primary data was collected through visual observation of
species in the study area. Babul, Guava, Banyan tree etc., and Common species of Mammals like
Common hare, Monkey, Field Mouse, Stripped squirrel are commonly seen around the study area.
No Wildlife Sanctuaries or National parks exist in 10 km radius of the project site. The living species
which are endangered or threatened as per the IUCN Red list were not identified or observed in the core
zone or buffer zone of the project site. There will not be any adverse impact of the proposed project on
the terrestrial flora and fauna. The loss in flora will compensated by greenbelt development backed up
with a strong EMP.
Socio Economic Environment
The study area covers 36 villages in the 10 km radial distance from the periphery of the proposed project site
in Chityala, Ramanna Peta and Narkat palli Mandals of Nalgonda district. 70% of the sample households live
in Pucca house. Remaining 30% of the households shelter in kutcha houses.
In the field survey it has been reported that 100% of the households have electricity facility. agriculture sector
supports more than 80% of the population. Work participation rate in Kakkireni and surrounding villages is
around 1.1 in 2011. Majority of the working population is around 80% of the population was engaged in
activities like agriculture and allied services etc. The 10% engaged in the Microenterprises and remaining are
engaged in Daily Labour.
The socio-Economic study revealed that the youth in the project area are devoid of employment opportunities.
They can be a potential source of workers with minimum handholding and vocational education skills. The
youth have expressed their willingness to setting up of industries in the area as it provides them gainful
employment opportunities.
Similarly, this would also trigger many direct and indirect benefits for economic advancement and social
development of project area.
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3.0 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
The proposed power plant may cause impact on the environment in two phases.
During Construction phase
During Operation phase
a) Impacts during construction phase
The possible construction activities that contribute to the environmental impacts are:
Dust Generation during leveling of earth
Dust generation due to the movement of vehicles on unpaved roads
Emission of pollutants from vehicular exhaust
Unloading of raw materials and removal of unwanted waste material from site
Accumulation of excavated earth material
Noise generation due to operation of construction equipment
The impacts due to construction activities are short term and are limited to the construction phase. The
impacts will be mainly on air quality, water quality, soil quality and socio-economics, necessary control
measures will be taken to minimize the impacts.
b) Impacts during operation phase
During the operation phase of the proposed project there would be impacts on the air quality, water
quality, Noise quality, Land environment and socio-economic aspects etc.
Impact on Air quality
The proposed project is a Hazardous waste management and the major source of pollution would be the
emissions from the stack. The important air pollutants generated from the proposed project are particulate
matter (PM), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX).
The major air pollutants generated from the proposed project are given below:
1. Point source emissions from Incinerator, DG set.
The emissions from the DG sets are minimal since they will be operated only during power failures.
To estimate the ground level concentration of air pollutants released from 30 m and 8 m height of the
stack provided for the incinerator and DG set, a study state dispersion model based on Gaussian Plume
(AERMOD Version 7.0.3) software is used to calculate the concentrations for PM, SO2 and NOx. The
incinerator has a stack with a diameter 0.6 m and releases the flue gas it in velocity of 22 m/s. The DG set
has a stack with a diameter 0.25 m and releases the flue gas it in velocity of 12 m/s. The SO2 and NOx
Emission rates estimated for incinerator and DG set are in the range of 0.02 to 9.5 g/s and 0.124 to 13.7
g/s respectively and PM emission rate for incinerator is 2.4 g/s. The result of dispersion modeling reveals
a maximum ground level concentration for PM is 3.4µg/m3, for SO2 is 9.5µg/m
3 and for NOx is
14.1µg/m3. The overall concentration including existing baseline status for PM is 59.7µg/m3, for SO2 is
25.8µg/m3 and for NOx is 34.9µg/m
3. Which are well within the stipulated standards of regulatory agency.
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Proposed Mitigation Measures
Following mitigation measures will be adopted to reduce the environmental impacts
The important dust suppression measures proposed will be regular water sprinkling on main haul
roads in the project area, this activity will be carried out at least twice a day, if need arises
frequency will be increased on windy days, in this way around 50% reduction on the dust
contribution from the exposed surface will be achieved.
The duration of stockpiling will be as short as possible as most of the material will be used as
backfill material for the open cut trenches for road development
Temporary tin sheets of sufficient height (3m) will be erected around the site of dust generation or
all around the project site as barrier for dust control.
Tree plantations around the project boundary will be initiated at the early stages by
Plantation of 2 to 3 years old saplings, regular watering will be done, so that the area will be moist
for most part of the day.
To reduce the dust movement from civil construction site to the neighborhood the external part of
the building (administration, canteen, etc) will be covered by plastic sheets
Impact on water quality
The water required for the proposed project shall be met through the Ground water or Gram Panchayat
water supply scheme. The possible sources of wastewater within the project site are:
i) Floor washings
ii) Leachate from landfill operations
iii) Sewage from Domestic Use
iv) Wastewater from Cooling Towers
v) Effluent from water treatment plant in Bio medical waste
vi) Blow downs from Boiler and Cooling Tower etc.
Proposed Mitigation Measures
Leachate collected from Secured Landfill and other wastewater including vehicle and container washing,
leachate generated at treatment, incineration, recycling plants are treated together (excluding domestic
wastewater). Leachate from the landfill and all other places of generation like storage sheds, vehicle
wash, and wheel wash etc., the wastewater form landfill operations is treated in incineration/spraying on
landfill. The domestic effluent generated will be treated in septic tank followed by soak pit or portable
STP and the treated water is used for greenbelt development. The effluent generated from floor washings,
recycling activity, etc will be collected in collection tank followed by settling tank and the settled water is
reused. The waste generated from boiler and cooling tower used in ash quenching and for greenbelt
purpose. There will not be any wastewater discharge to any nearby water body and adopts the zero waste
discharge concept.
Rain Water Harvesting and Storm Water Management
Project Management will make proper utilization of rainwater by harvesting by appropriate rain water-
harvesting mechanism. Roof water will be collected by adopting proper treatment (O&G Trap), the
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collected water will be used for various uses (dust suppression, floor washings, toiler flushing, greenbelt,
etc.).
Rainwater from surface areas will be harvested by construction of check dams all along the storm water
drainage network at a definite pitch. Based on the rainfall intensity of the plant area, storm water drainage
system will be designed. Strom water drainage system consists of well-designed network of open surface
drains with check dams at appropriate distances to improve the infiltration efficiency of the rain water
into ground so that all the storm water is efficiently drained off without any water logging.
Necessary expert advice has been obtained in this regard. Artificial recharge measures like rain water-
harvesting helps in reducing the urban run-off, decrease pollution of ground water and improve the
ground water table, which augments the yields of, bore wells.
Impact on Noise Levels
Any hazardous facility, in general, consists of several sources of noise pollution. The different sources of
noise pollution are mentioned below:
Induced draft & Forced draft fans
Diesel Generators
Cooling Towers
Frequent vehicular movement etc.,
Proposed Mitigation Measures
Adequate measures for noise control, at the design stage shall be taken such as keeping high noise
generating equipment’s like pumps, motors, etc., on anti-vibration pads, closed rooms and regular
maintenance as suggested by the manufacturer. Some of the mitigation measures proposed is
Noise level specification of the various Equipments as per the Occupational Safety and Health
Association (OSHA) standards.
Providing suitable enclosures (adequate insulation) to minimize the impact of high noise
generating sources.
Employees will be provided with PPE like ear plugs, helmets, safety shoes, etc.
Development of greenbelt all along the boundary and along the roads within the project
Odor Control
The odor management is one of the issues in proposed project. The main aim is to minimize the number
of sources of odor generation which exist in site. To undertake direct management of odor generating
sources that give rise to odor problems.
The mitigation measures proposed to minimize and control odor are as follows.
Dilution of odorant by odor counteraction or neutralize by spraying Ecosorb (organic and
biodegradable chemical) around odor generation areas at regular intervals.
Covering the landfill area under operation daily with layer of earth, clay or a similar material.
Covering by using heavy duty hessian, plastics and foams odor can be minimized.
Covering of trucks carrying waste while transportation.
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The waste after combustion in primary and secondary stages the off gas/flue gases shall be passed
through spray dryer, cyclone separation, activated carbon dry lime and wet scrubber. The odour
will be removed during the above gas cleaning operations especially the activated carbon shall
adsorb any organics if so present in the flue gases. The odour free gases shall be released into the
atmosphere from 30 m stack.
4.0 Environmental Monitoring Program
Environmental Monitoring Program has been designed for assessing the efficiency of implementation of
Environment Management Plan and to take corrective measures in case of any degradation in the
surrounding environment.
Different activities involved in the proposed project and their impact on various environmental attributes
have been taken into account while designing a detailed environmental monitoring program.
Implementation of EMP and periodic monitoring is proposed to be carried out at plant level and area level
for the proposed waste management project allied activities like storage facilities, workshop, staff
canteen, etc. A comprehensive monitoring mechanism has been devised for monitoring of impacts due to
proposed project.
Cost towards investment for Environmental Management/Environmental Mitigation Measures will be
Rs.20.0 Crores and 54 Lakhs/annum will be the recurring cost
Plant level environmental protection measures like dust suppression, treatment and recycling of
wastewater, plantation and noise control in the plant premises, housekeeping, implementation of EMP and
Environmental Clearance conditions will be monitored by the plant authorities.
5.0 Risk Analysis
The principal objective of the risk assessment study is to identify and quantify the major hazards and the
risk associated with various operations of the proposed project, which may lead to emergency
consequences (disasters) affecting the public safety and health.
All necessary measures to minimize the risk due to the proposed project will be taken during design stage
and also during operation period viz, Fire & safety control measures, Emergency preparedness plan,
Disaster Management plan, etc.
6.0 Project Benefits
From the proposed project the major benefits, include improving the degraded environment by
establishing an Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal and Recycling
Facilities.
The proposed project facilitates better management of the industrial wastes.
It will be the showcase for other states for management of hazardous waste with additional
benefit of green and clean Environment.
It minimizes the pollution load on environment from industrial hazardous waste
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Compliance with prescribed regulatory norms which in turn avert the risk of closure on account
of violation of rules
It reduces the number of hazardous waste dump sites in the area and also eliminates the pollution
potential
The management of wastes is relatively easier & economically viable at common facility.
Cost of environmental monitoring is less at common facility
Reduced environmental liability due to captive storage of hazardous waste in the premises of
industries
Better occupational health and safety at individual industry level
Prevention of natural resource contamination thereby improving overall environmental status of
the region
Reduction in the cost of transportation and subsequent traffic.
7.0 Environmental Management Plan
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is required to ensure a sustainable development of the plant
area and the surrounding areas of the plant. The EMP will be integrated in all the major activities of the
project, with clearly defined policies, to ensure that the ecological balance of the area is maintained and
the adverse effects are minimized. EMP requires multidisciplinary approach with mitigation,
management, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation, to
eliminate adverse environmental impacts or reduce them to acceptable levels. In order to ensure
sustainable development in the study area; it needs to be an all-encompassing plan for which the plant
authorities, government, regulating agencies, and the population of the study area need to extend their
cooperation and contribution.
The mitigation measures are planned for construction and operation phases and the overall management
plan helps to improve the supportive capacity of the receiving bodies. The EMP aims to control pollution
at the source level to the possible extent with the available and affordable technology followed by the
standard treatments before getting discharged. The recommended mitigation measures will synchronize
the economic development of the study area with the environmental protection of the region.
8.0 Conclusions
The proposed integrated hazardous waste treatment storage, disposal and recycling facility at Nalgonda
will be executed in an area of 74 acres with various treatment systems which includes direct landfilling,
stabilization, biomedical waste, E waste, incineration and all type of waste recycling facilities. The
quantity of hazardous waste expected to be handled at the present site is around 548 TPD. The expected
project cost for the facility is around 260 Crores.
The air pollutant emissions from stacks and other fugitive operations are treated in a bag filter system
followed by reducing gaseous pollutant concentrations by providing wet scrubbing system as well as
multiple effect evaporator systems.
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The water requirement for the entire operations is around 366 KLD and the waste water generated is
treated by physic-chemical methods to achieve the regulatory standards.
The environmental management plan will consists of multidisciplinary approach with mitigation,
management, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken up during implementation and operation
to minimize adverse environmental impacts to reduce them to acceptable levels.
The benefits of the proposed project mainly to handle all the untreated hazardous waste from various
industries in nalgonda & surrounding districts of nalgonda and to provide a suitable treatment facility to
dispose off in a scientific manner. The project also eliminates the captive hazardous waste units existing
within some of the major industries and provides a common Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility
which is relatively easier and economically viable. The project also improves better occupational health
and safety at individual industry level and prevention of natural resource contamination thereby
improving overall environmental status of the region.
The EIA report covers all the baseline status related to various environmental components like air, water,
noise, soil, biological and socio-economic conditions within the project study region. The predicted and
anticipatory & pollution level increase is very minimal due to the proposed treatment storage and disposal
facility and all the mitigation and monitoring mechanisms will be undertaken to safeguard the
environment within the project region.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction
Nalgonda district is bounded by Khammam and Krishna districts (Andhra Pradesh) on the East,
Hyderabad, R.R. District, Mahaboobnagar districts on the West, Medak and Warangal districts on North
and by river Krishna and Guntur (Andhra Pradesh) on the South. The South East part of Nalgonda
District, along the Krishna belt is rich in high grade limestone, which is the main raw material to cement
industry and as such many cement industries in Large and Medium Sector as well as clinker grinding
units are operating in that area. Due to abundance of granite many granite cutting and polishing units have
been established in Suryapet area and also in the district border nearer to Hyderabad. Because of
Nagarjunasagar project and SLBC, agriculture output has increased and has resulted in establishment of
raw rice mills and Parboiled rice mills.
Nalgonda has the largest cluster of parboiled rice mills in Telangana. Due to close proximity to state
capital many Large and Medium Scale industries have been established in Bibinagar area and also along
NH-9 from Pochampally to Narketpally. Plastic industries are mainly located in Suryapet area. Nalgonda
District is industrially progressing in Telangana State the cement plants and many sophisticated industries
have already been established. NagarjunaSagar, a major multipurpose project is located in the District. It
has got bright agricultural resources and hence Agro based industries are flourishing. Limestone, Clay and
Feldspar are the important mineral resources available in the District. The Bibinagar-Guntur and
Secunderabad -Kazipet railway lines are providing transport to the major industrial products in the
District. Due to the rich mineral resources there is further scope for the establishing of new industries in
the District.
Industrial operations lead to considerable generation of hazardous waste. The major hazardous waste-
generating industries in Nalgonda & surrounding districts include Singareni Collieries, sugars and
cements, textile, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, paint and dye, mica, paper and pulp
manufacturing, inorganic chemicals, power plants, and general engineering industries. Hazardous wastes
from the industrial sectors mentioned above contain heavy metals, cyanides, pesticides, complex aromatic
compounds (such as PCBs), and other chemicals which are toxic, flammable, reactive, corrosive or have
explosive properties affecting the environment.
1.2 Purpose of Report
The objective of this EIA study report is description of those aspects of the project which are likely to
cause environmental impacts in/around the proposed project area and identification of long-term, short-
term, reversible & irreversible impact on the immediate environment, ecology and ecosystem. Based on
impact prediction, suitable management plan is to be defined that will control and/or minimize the
detrimental impacts. It is very much important in the design stage of the project to take into account not
only the social and economic aspects of the project, but also environment protection considerations. The
environmental impacts of any new or expansion project must be surveyed, forecasted and evaluated by
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the project proponents in the process of designing the project. These results and findings are then to be
incorporated in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report.
Environmental Impact Assessment report has been prepared to comply with the Terms of Reference
(TOR) received from MoEFF.No.10-236/2015-IA.III on dated 28th Jan 2016, As per EIA Notification
S.O.No 1533 dated 14thSep 2006 and its subsequent amendments the proposed project is falling under
Project / Activity 7 (d) Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDFs),
Category “A” (All integrated facilities having incineration & landfill or incineration alone) and requires
environmental clearance from Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC), MOEF, New Delhi.
1.3 Identification of Project and Project Proponent
1.3.1 Project
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) is a division of Mumbai Waste Management Limited.
Whereas Mumbai Waste Management Limited is a subsidiary of M/s. Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd, India
as a promoter for setting up of Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal and
Recycling Facilities including incineration. Proposed project activities consists of collection,
transportation, reception, treatment, storage, re-use, recycle, blending and disposal of industrial hazardous
wastes, biomedical waste, spent solvent recycling, used oil recycling, alternate fuel &raw material
facility, used lead acid batteries, waste plastic & paper recycling and E-waste generated in the district of
Nalgonda and surrounding industries.
1.3.2 Project Proponent
The proposed project Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) will be established and operated by
Mumbai Waste Management Limited (A subsidiary of M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited,
Hyderabad).
1.3.3 Ramky Group Waste Management Division
Ramky Waste Management is focused in the fields of Industrial Hazardous Waste Management, Bio-
Medical Waste Management and Municipal Solid Waste Management. The group companies have the
credit and distinction of having established first-of-its-kind bio-medical waste and hazardous waste
management facilities operating on a common platform in the country at Hyderabad. The group today is
the leader in waste management in India, with 14 biomedical waste management facilities located at
Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ludhiana, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Chennai, Madurai Salem, Durgapur, Kalyani,
Haldia, Kolkata, Mangalore and Ghaziabad. Some are under construction. The company today operating
fifteen hazardous waste management facilities established and operated (some are under construction
stage) under the name of;
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Hyderabad Waste Management Project located at Hyderabad (Dundigal)
Mumbai Waste Management Limited located at Mumbai (Taloja)
West Bengal Waste Management Limited located at Haldia
Tamil Nadu Waste Management Limited located at Chennai (Gummidipoondi)
Uttar Pradesh Waste Management Project located at Kanpur
Coastal Waste Management Project located at Visakhapatnam
Rajasthan Waste Management Project located at Udaipur
Punjab Waste Management Project located at Chandigarh (Nimbua)
Karnataka Waste Management Project located at Bangalore (Dobaspet)
Orissa Waste Management Project located at Bhubhaneswar
Balotra Waste Management Project (Balotra)
Madhya Pradesh Waste Management Project Located at Indore (Pithampur)
West Bengal Waste Management Limited located at Saltora
Tamil Nadu Waste Management Limited located at Chennai (Virudhnagar)
Bihar Waste Management Project (Bhojpur).
The hazardous waste management facilities in operation are integrated facilities catering to over 6000
industrial establishments and catering to over 700,000 TPA of industrial hazardous wastes. The facilities
comprise of a secured landfill facility in compliance to CPCB National Standard(equivalent to US-EPA,
RCRA Subtitle ‘C’ requirements), a waste stabilization facility, incinerator, intractable and temporary
stores, leachate treatment facility, advanced laboratory, transport equipment, administrative and other
supporting infrastructure. Ramky facilities are serving as role models for waste management facilities in
the country today.
The company has design, detailed engineering capability for the above-mentioned capacity as proven
from the established facilities. All the facilities are equipped with state of the art laboratories capable of
performing comprehensive and fingerprinting analysis. The company deploys complete mechanization in
collection and transportation of wastes. Ramky’s experience in MSW is also exhaustive in terms of
various consultancy projects rendered for A.P. and Karnataka States in addition to the MSW management
projects awarded at Haldia, Bangalore, Guwahati, Hyderabad and New Delhi.
In a society where environment stands on the top of social agenda with economic policies nottied to the
same, our effort towards improvement of environment is seen as a great step towards environmental
improvement projects in the country. All the waste management facilities established by the Ramky
Group is operated and maintained with high priority towards environment and occupational health and
safety aspects. Where possible the operations have been automated or mechanized and all the staff
working with the waste is provided with adequate and suitable personnel protective equipment and
regular health checkups.
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1.4 Brief description of nature, size, location of the project and its importance to the country and region The proposed project is to treat and dispose the hazardous waste, bio medical waste, E waste, spent solvent, used oil and other miscellaneous waste. The proposed project will be designed on lines to meet the following rules.
� The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 1989 and its subsequent amendments.
� The Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 and subsequent amendments. � The Plastic Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011 and subsequent amendments. � E-Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011 and subsequent amendments. � Battery management and handling rules 2001 and subsequent amendments.
At present the hazardous waste generated by industrial activities, biomedical waste generated by hospitals and e-waste generated by commercial, industrial and residential waste is indiscriminately disposed in open areas within their units or given to small time recyclers, etc. Some of the industry units are members of existing TSDF, Dundigal in Ranga reddy district. The details of the project site are given under the Table 1.1 the location map of the project site is given as Figure 1.1. Topographical map of the study area is shown in Figure 1.2 and Site boundary on Google image is shown in Figures 1.3.
Table 1.1 Features of the site
1 Land Area 74 Acres (29.94 Ha)
2 Survey Numbers 261,262,263,264,275,276,279,280, Kakkireni Village
3 Land Coordinates Site is located at 17°16'43.51"N, 79°12'14.58"E 4 Elevation Average elevation is 315 meters above MSL.
5 Nearest Railway Station Chityala Railway Station, 9.20 km SW
6 Nearest City Chityala town, 9.10 km SW
7 Nearest Habitation Kakkireni village, 2 km N
8 Nearest Water body Akkenapalli Cheruvu, 4.6 Km NE; Musi River 8 km N 1.4.1 Importance of the Project There is a growing concern all over the country for the disposal of hazardous wastes generated from anthropogenic sources. The waste generators find it difficult to dispose their hazardous wastes without causing environmental disturbance, as very few appropriate disposal facilities are available. The Government of India has promulgated the Hazardous Waste (Management &Handling) Rules (HW (M&H) in 1989 through the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MOEFCC) under the aegis of Environment (Protection) Act EPA Act 1986. Also in order to encourage the effective implementation of these rules, the MOEFCC has further amended the rules several times. The hazardous wastes need to be disposed off in a secured manner in view of their characteristic properties such as, toxicity, corrosivity, ignitability, reactivity and persistence. A wide range of health hazards has been attributed to their contamination. A number of options are available for the treatment and disposal of a variety of hazardous wastes; the options available for hazardous waste management are
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not being efficiently utilized by the waste generators resulting in severe pollution of land surface and
ground water. The ineffective hazardous waste management can be attributed to:
Absence of systematic qualitative and quantitative assessment (inventory) of hazardous wastes
generated
Improper storage and disposal practices of hazardous wastes
Absence of proper treatment, storage and disposal facilities (TSDFs)
At Treatment Storage Disposal Facility (TSDF), the wastes are collected from the waste generators,
treated as per their characteristics and finally disposed off. More than one unit operation may be
employed for the treatment and disposal of the wastes at TSDF. However, the selection of a suitable site
for an effective functioning of TSDF is the key factor involved in the HWM. The site should be selected
based upon several factors such as waste characteristics, site characteristics, public acceptance and
prevailing laws & regulations.
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Figure 1.1
Location Map of the Site
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Figure 1.2
Topographical Map of the Study Area
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Figure 1.3
Google Image 2 km Radius
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1.5 Scope of the Study
The Scope of the study is to carry out the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies to identify,
predict and evaluate potential environmental and socio-economic impacts which may result from the
proposed Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal& Recycling Facilities
including Incineration and to develop suitable Environment Management Plan (EMP) to mitigate the
undesirable effects.
The Study is aimed at:
Establishing the existing environmental conditions, identifying potential environmental impacts
and identifying areas of significant environmental concerns due to the proposed project;
Prediction of impacts on environment, socio-economic conditions of the people etc. due to the
proposed project.
Preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
Development of post project environmental monitoring program.
The EIA study shall be conducted as per the applicable rules/guidelines of Ministry of Environment and
Forests, Govt. of India including general/sectoral provisions. The EIA study will necessarily include but
not get restricted to the following:
(a) Literature Review
(b) Field Studies
(c) Impact assessment and preparation of the EIA/EMP
Stage A
Establishing the relevant features of the project that are likely to have an impact on the environment
during construction and operation phases.
Stage B
Assessment of likely emissions from the proposed facility. Assessment of impacts using scientific tools to
delineate post project scenario.
Stage C
Suggesting adequate pollution control measures to offset adverse impacts if any. Preparation of the EIA
and EMP document.Defense of the study findings before the regulatory authorities.
An outline of the activities carried out in stages A, B, C are briefly described below.
Stage A
The study area shall be up to 10 km radial distance from the proposed project with reference to air, water,
soil, noise, Socio economic and ecological studies. The baseline environmental conditions shall be
established using Topo sheets, through literature survey and field investigations. In addition to the above,
information on the location of towns/cities, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and ecologically sensitive
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areas like tropical forests, important lakes, bio-sphere reserves and sanctuaries within impact area shall be
furnished.
A review and analysis of the information available with various governmental, educational and other
institutions shall be carried out for each discipline. Based upon preliminary review of the available data,
detailed field work shall be planned to collect information on the parameters critical to characterize the
environment of the area. The baseline environmental studies shall be undertaken for Meteorology, Air
quality, Noise, Water Quality, Water Use, various aspects to be covered under different disciplines is as
follows.
1) Meteorology
Following meteorological parameters of the area shall be measured at the project site. In addition, data
shall be collected from the nearest IMD observatory also for reference.
Temperature
Rainfall
Relative humidity
Wind speed and direction
2) Air Quality
Ambient Air Quality shall be monitored at requisite number of locations considering the prevailing
meteorological conditions, topography, nearby villages etc. The parameters for monitoring shall be PM10
and PM2.5, SO2, NOx, CO, NH3, O3, Lead, Nickel, Arsenic, Benzene &Benzo (a) Pyrene. Adequacy of the
existing air pollution control measures shall be studied.
3) Noise
Noise monitoring survey shall be carried out to characterize the noise environment in the study area. The
noise level shall be measured using high level precision sound level meter at suggested number of
locations. Attenuation model shall be developed to predict the noise level in the surrounding areas.
4) Water
Surface water samples and Ground water samples within study area shall be collected and analyzed for
physico- chemical analysis covering major, minor ions, some important heavy metals.
5) Land Environment
Soil samples were collected from the plant site, not only at its immediate vicinity but also in the
surrounding villages in a 10 km radial zone. Physico - Chemical properties of the soils were determined.
Information on land use pattern in the study area was also collected. Information regarding existing
cropping pattern, their types and yield of the crop was collected from various sources. Based on the
attenuation factors for dust aerosols and air pollutants, green belt species have been identified.
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6) Eco System
Information on eco-system within 10 km radius was collected from the state Agricultural and Forest
departments. The important flora species native to the area is enumerated. A test check survey was also
under taken to judge the correctness of the data collected.
7) Socio Economic Environment
A field survey was conducted within 10 km radius of the proposed project. The parameters selected under
socio-economic component were demographic structure of the study area, provision of basic amenities,
industries likely to come up in the study area, welfare facilities proposed by the project proponent, safety
training and management, community and occupational health hazards. Relevant information was
collected from selected villages and analyzed.
Stage B Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Proposed Project
With the knowledge of baseline conditions in the study area and proposed project activities, impact on the
environment shall be discussed in detail covering air emissions, discharge of liquid effluents and
particulates emission during construction, noise & solid waste generation etc. Detailed projections shall
be made to reflect influence of the proposed project on different environmental components.
Assessment of potential damage to terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna due to air emissions, discharge
of effluents, noise pollution, ash disposal, and change in land use pattern, habitat degradation and
fragmentation, anthropogenic activities from the proposed project and delineation of guidelines to
minimize adverse impacts is to be done. Assessment of economic benefits arising out of the project shall
be done.
Stage C Environmental Management Plan
At this stage, it may become apparent that certain mitigation measures are necessary to offset the impacts
from the proposed project. Environmental management plan and pollution control measures shall be
necessary to meet the requirements of the regulatory agencies.
Environmental Management Plan shall consist of mitigation measures for item-wise activity to be
undertaken for construction and operation of the facility for its entire life cycle to minimize adverse
environmental impacts. It shall also delineate the environmental monitoring plan for compliance of
various environmental regulations.
1.5.1 EIA Report
Based on the proposed TOR and additional TOR issued by MOEFCC, the EIA report will be prepared
covering Generic Structure of Environmental Impact Assessment Notification.
To chronological events for obtaining EC happened are given in Table 1.2
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Table 1.2
Chronology of Events for Obtaining EC
Form 1 along with Pre-Feasibility report uploaded
MOEFCC online portal to obtain TOR Proposal No. IA/TG/MIS/33982/2015
dated 7th
Dec 2015
Presented before EAC Committee for obtaining TOR F. No 10-36/2015-1A-III
dated 22nd
Dec 2015 in 1st EAC Meeting
Additional details asked by Member Secretary for
Confirmation of TOR F. No 10-36/2015-1A.III
dated on 7th January 2016
Uploaded Additional details asked by Member Secretary F. No 10-36/2015-1A.III
dated on 29th January 2016
TOR Granted after uploading Additional details F. No 10-236/2015-1A.III
dated on 28th January 2016
CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
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CHAPTER 2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Type of the Project
The Proposed Project is a Development of Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage,
Disposal and Recycling Facilities including Incineration for Industrial, Biomedical, E- Waste, Used Acid
Batteries, etc., at Kakkireni Village in Ramannapeta Mandal, Nalgonda District, Telangana.
2.2 Need for the Project
Industrial operations lead to considerable generation of hazardous waste. The major hazardous waste-
generating industries in Nalgonda & its surrounding districts include textile, tannery, leather, agro and
food processing, automobiles &auto components, electronics, chemical and petrochemical, fertilizers,
pharmaceuticals, mineral based industries, metallurgy and heavy engineering industries. Hazardous
wastes from the industrial sectors mentioned above contain heavy metals, cyanides, pesticides, complex
aromatic compounds (such as PCBs), and other chemicals which are toxic, flammable, reactive, corrosive
or have explosive properties affecting the environment.
Though the Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage, Disposal Facility exists at Hyderabad and
authorized to collect waste from the Surrounding districts of Nalgonda, the transportation cost for the
disposal of waste generated from the Nalgonda & Surrounding districts of the Nalgonda is high. In view
of the above and to curb cost of hazardous waste transportation a common facility is proposed in
Nalgonda.
2.2.1 Justification of the Project
According to Inventorisation and Characterization of hazardous waste Categories in Telangana State,
there are so many hazardous waste generating industries are in Nalgonda and surrounding Districts shown
in Table 2.1. To cater the need of disposal facility Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited proposed to
establish a facility meeting as per the CPCB guidelines.
Table 2.1
District wise Hazardous waste generating units
District No. of Industries Quantity of HW in MTPA
Recyclable Waste Incinerable Waste Landfillable Waste
Nalgonda 252 45959.2 20140.5 34117.8
Khammam 58 2835.9 231.5 46902.1
Mahaboobnagar 187 6164.9 1424.1 10652.3
Warangal 56 974.6 37.1 4457.0
Total 553 55934.6 21833.2 96129.2
Source: Inventorisation and Characterisation of Hazardous Waste Categories in Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana of the World Bank funded CBIPMP, APPCB
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2.3 Location of the Project
The proposed project will be established in area of 74 Acres (29.94 Ha) situated at Survey No 261, 262,
263, 264, 275, 276, 279 and 280, Kakkireni Village, Ramannapeta Mandal, Nalgonda District, Telangana.
Topo Maps of 2 km, 5 km, and 10 km radius are shown in the Figure 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 respectively. Site
photographs shown in Figure 2.4. layout of the proposed project are shown in Figure 2.5.
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
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Figure 2.1
Topo Map of the Proposed Site (2 km)
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Figure 2.2
Topo Map of the Proposed Site (5km)
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Figure 2.3
Topo Map of the Proposed Site (10 km)
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Figure 2.4
Site photographs
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2.3.1 Capacities of the Proposed Project
The proposed project capacities are given in Table 2.2
Table 2.2
Proposed Project Capacities
Phase Type of Waste Units Capacity
Phase I Hazardous Waste Secured landfill 548 TPD
Treatment/Stabilization 383 TPD
Recycling Facility E waste 82 TPD
Spent Solvent Recycling 27 KLPD
Used Oil Recycling 54 KLPD
Used Lead Acid Batteries 65 TPD
Alternative Fuel and Raw Material 55 TPD
Bio Medical Waste 50000 @0.25kg/day/bed 12.5 TPD
Phase II Waste Plastic Recycling 27 TPD
Waste Paper Recycling 54 TPD
Incineration 55 TPD
Phase III Renewable Energy 2 MW
Waste to Energy 2 MW
Cost of the project Rs. 260 Crores
2.3.2 Justification for using 74 Acres of Land for the project
In general, The Integrated Treatment Storage Disposal Facility mainly comprises of secured landfill site
and incineration facility along with various other treatment facilities like E waste, Solvent/oil recovery
facility, Effluent treatment plant, Waste to Energy facility etc., In addition to above the other supporting
utilities which includes vehicle wash and work shop, weigh bridge, chemical laboratory, general stores,
fire hydrant, Admin building, staff canteen etc., The land area requires for treating and disposing the
hazardous waste (direct landfill & stabilization followed by landfill) of the proposed capacity is around
34.7 acres. Around 23.7 acres of land will be used for developing greenbelt around the boundary, along
the road etc. The remaining area around 15.6 acres is used for storage facility, utilities, tyre wash,
Incinerator, bio medical facility with effluent treatment plant, recycling facilities etc. Around 2 acres of
land is to be still acquired out of total 74 acres of land proposed.
A detailed layout map with breakup of each individual treatment units along with sizes is given in Figure
2.5 and Table 2.3.
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Figure 2.5
Layout of the proposed site
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Table 2.3
Individual Units List
Tag No Description Of Unit Size Quantity MoC
Phase - I
1 Security-Cum-Weigh Bridge 3.00 x 3.00 m 1 *RCC
2 Sample Collection Bay 4.25 x 1.76 m 1 RCC
3 Electrical Panel Room-Cum-DG P.F. 10.46 x 6.46 m 1 RCC
4 Administration Cum Lab Building
12.00 x 32.00 m
1
**PEB 5 General Stores 1
6 Vehicle Workshop 1
7 Workers/Driver’s Rest Rooms 10.00 x 8.00 m 1 RCC
8 Canteen 10.00 x 8.00 m 1 RCC
9 Under Ground Sump (50 kl.) 5.00 x 5.00 m 1 RCC
10 Waste Stabilization Shed 24.00 x 18.00 m 1 PEB
11 Temporary Stores
12 Vehicle Tyre Wash 6.00 x 15.00 m 1 RCC
13 Solar Evaporation Pond 40.00 x 60.00 m 1 --
14 Rain Water Collection Pond 20.00 x 20.00 m 1 --
15 E-Waste Recycling Facility 20.00 x 10.00 m 1 PEB
16 Solvent Waste/Used Oil Recovery 60.00 x 31.00 m 1 RCC/PEB
17 Bio-Medical Facility With E.T.P. 17.00 x 8.00 m 1 RCC/PEB
18 Total Secured Landfill (34.74Ac.) 140579 Sq.m. 1 --
Phase - II
19 Fire Hydrant & Water Storage Tank 20.00 x 10.00 m 1 RCC
20 Incinerable Waste Stores
45.00 x 20.00 m 1 PEB 21 Alternate Fuel & Raw Material
Facility (AFRF)
22 Blending Shed
23 U-LAB 20.46 x 40.46 m 1 PEB
24 Incinerator Plant 65.00 x 25.00 m 1 PEB
Phase - III
25 W2E / Renewable Energy 50.00 x 50.00 m 1 RCC/PEB
*RCC - Reinforced Cement Concrete
**PEB - Pre Engineered Building
2.4 Size of Operation and its Associated Activities
The project is proposed to be developed in three phases, In Phase I Secured land fill and
Treatment/Stabilization, Biomedical waste, E waste, spent solvent recycling, Used Oil recycling, Used
lead acid batteries recycling, Alternate fuel and raw material are proposed to be handled. Where as in
Phase II waste plastics recycling, wastepaper recycling, and incinerator. And in Phase III power
generation of 2MW with using renewable energy and 2 MW with waste to energy plants are proposed.
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2.4.1 Land Area Breakup
The detailed breakup of the land required for various activities are given in Table 2.4.
Table 2.4
Land Area Breakup
S. No. Utility Area in Sq.m Area in Acres % of Area
1 Landfill area 140579 34.74 48.25
2 Facilities 31424 7.77 10.78
3 Roads 23232 5.74 7.97
4 Greenbelt 96145 23.76 33.00
Total 291380 72.00 100
2.4.2 Required Manpower
A detail of the skilled and unskilled manpower for the proposed project during construction and
operational phase is given below in Table 2.5.
Table 2.5
Manpower Details
S.
No. Details Construction
Operation (phases) Remarks
I II III Total
1 Management/Skilled 5 10 10 5 25 Permanent Staff
2 Semi-Skilled 10 40 30 5 75
3 Unskilled 50 50 40 30 120 On contract basis
Total 65 100 80 40 220
Note: Indirect employment due to the project will be around 50 persons
2.4.3 Water Requirement
Water requirement for the project will be met through the bore wells within the boundary premises. The
details of the water requirement are given in Table 2.6.
Table 2.6
Water Requirement
Sl. No Utility Phase-I Phase-II Phase-III Total
Cum/day Cum/day Cum/day Cum/day
1 Domestic 5 3 2 10
2 Floor Washings 2 1 1 4
3 Hazardous waste treatment, 2 20 - 22
4 Recycling 45 5 50
5 Bio medical waste 5 - - 5
6 Power plant
I Boiler 90 90
II Cooling Tower 110 110
7 Green belt 50 20 5 75
Total 109 49 208 366
Source: Ground Water/Village Panchayat Supply
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2.4.4 Power and Fuel Requirement
The details of the power required for operation of the facility and fuel required for running DG sets for
emergency use during power failure are given in Table 2.7.
Table 2.7
Power and Fuel Requirement
Details Capacity Remarks
Power 1500 KVA From Telangana TRANSCO
Auxiliary Fuel for Incinerator
HSD/Furnace Oil 2 Kl./Day
From Local Dealers
DG Set 500 KVA DG set is used for emergency power backup,
Fuel will be procured from local dealers Diesel 80 Liters/hour
2.5 Process Description of Hazardous Wastes
The hazardous wastes to be handled by the proposed project are expected to comprise the following
groups:
Waste oil/used oil/skimmed oil/oily sludge
ETP sludge
Sludge from water treatment plants
Discarded containers used for chemicals and hazardous substances
Date expired / off specific /discarded chemicals and products
Ash from Hazardous waste incineration
Sludge generation from processing of waste water from recovery/ reuse/ recycle
Miscellaneous waste like used cotton, gloves, gum boots
Contaminated filter / filter bags
Contaminate centrifuge bags
Spent activated carbon and any other waste
Tank bottoms residues
Spent catalysts
Process dust
Dust / particulate from exhaust / flue gas treatment
Sulphur sludge
Oil contaminated earth
Resin residues
Asbestos containing waste
Sludge from solar ponds
Spent / used lead acid batteries
Alkaline and acidic and paint sludges
Spent resins from DM plant
Distillation residue / Tarry Waste
Cooling water sludge
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Depending on the nature of the hazardous waste and its characteristic, various types of treatment and
disposal methods have been proposed according to the standards.
ETP sludge’s can go to landfill either directly or after stabilization.
Still bottom residues, process residues and other organic wastes can be sent for incineration
including spent carbon depending on the characteristics of the impurities.
Incineration ash, slag’s, asbestos and glass fibers are essentially inorganic in nature and can go to
landfill directly or with simple stabilization techniques.
Spent catalysts and resins would have to be characterized on a case-by-case basis to assess their
nature and characteristics. However, the percentage of wastes generated through these sources is
likely to be very small as most of it is taken back by the manufacturers.
Salts will have to be bagged and land filled.
Based on the above compiled information wastes have been classified by their pathway of
disposal:
o Wastes going to direct landfill
o Wastes that require stabilization prior to landfill
o Wastes requiring storage until alternate economically viable techniques are made
available.
o Wastes requiring incineration with or without pre treatment
Recycling Facilities:
The various types of wastes are used to recycle or recovery by the proposed project is expected to
comprise the following:
E waste such as TV’s, monitors of computer etc.,
Spent Solvents
o Isopropyl alcohol
o Butanol
o Toluene etc.,
Waste oil such as Lubricants, Transformer oil etc.,
Liquid type incinerable waste
Solid type incinerable waste
Lead acid Battery
Waste paper/plastic
The following general guidelines shall relate to daily activities associated with the operations of TSDF:
The secured landfill facility shall operate only during day light hours.
The landfill will be staged in cells so that the minimum practical area of waste is exposed and
maximum practical area of waste has the final cap in place i.e., progressive filling and capping of
the landfill ensuring minimization of infiltration of wastes
The Weigh Bridge at the main entrance will record all movements and weights and receive waste
tracking receipt as required by the waste manifest system.
The standpipe forming part of the leachate collection system shall be checked regularly for the
presence of leachate. Once leachate is detected it shall be regularly pumped out and transferred to
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the leachate treatment facility on-site. The level of leachate in the standpipe shall not be allowed
to rise above the level of the leachate collection system.
Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for every chemical used or handled at the landfill shall be
provided on the premises.
Monitoring and auditing of the facility shall be performed on a periodic basic.
Met-station shall be installed with continuous recording system.
A security system shall be maintained to avoid trespassing & hazard to public.
Once a waste is received at the TSDF, a sample of waste shall be collected, at the sampling
bay/temporary storage facility and shall undergo laboratory analysis based on which its pathway
of treatment/ disposal shall be determined.
A waste manifest system shall be developed in accordance with the requirement of the regulatory
agencies to cover the transportation of the waste to TSDF and to provide for record of waste
manifestation. The manifest system shall include details of the waste generator, waste transporter,
quantity of waste, characteristics of waste, description, consistency of waste in terms of physical
state and waste category number as per HW (M&H) Rules, 2003 & subsequent amendments
Each load of waste arriving at the facility shall be located properly and logged to identify its
pathway of treatment/ storage/ disposal.
An inventory shall be maintained at the arrival and departure dates of waste loads in and out of
the intractable waste storage area.
The pathways of the waste at the site is as follows
Comprehensive analysis of the wastes – Laboratory facilities
Decision of waste pathway of treatment/ storage/ disposal
Waste acceptance criteria
Collection and Transportation of wastes.
Waste received at site. Weighing and recording of waste receipt.
Sample collection (representative)
Storage at the temporary storage area.
Analysis (finger printing)
Waste disposal confirmation
Waste recycling/recovery
Waste Treatment and disposal.
2.5.1 Laboratory Facilities
A well advanced laboratory shall be established to carry out comprehensive analysis of hazardous wastes,
finger print analysis and Treatability studies to decide on the disposal path way as per the waste
acceptance criteria. Landfill QA/QC, environmental monitoring and any other analytical requirements.
Analytical equipment required for comprehensive analysis of the waste to be performed prior to
acceptance of the waste from the generator and fingerprinting analysis to be performed to confirm the
waste will be made available at the project site.
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2.5.2 Collection and Transportation
For collection and Transportation own vehicles as per demand will be provided. Type of vehicles used
will be of relevant capacity (Crane mounted / containerized collection and loading vehicles /covered
trucks / trucks having pneumatic loading / unloading arrangements). The 6 copy manifest system and
TREM card system as per the Hazardous Waste Rules shall be implemented.
Experienced drivers shall be selected for the purpose. Eligibility shall be minimum 10th
Standard pass.
They shall be trained in operating the manifest system and management of TREM card system. As a
practice a trained driver and helper will accompany the truck to ensure that the manifest system and
TREM card arrangement are properly maintained. Drivers and helpers shall be trained to take care of
pollution arising out of emergency and first aid in case of injuries.
Washing of tanker/ container and disposal of effluent: Each container of vehicle shall be thoroughly
washed prior to being sent to the industry for collection of wastes. The collected water shall be treated
and shall be taken to the leachate treatment facility.
The manifest system shall contain information regarding:
Details of waste generator
Details of waste transporter
Quantitative and qualitative description of waste materials.
Consistency of the waste
Waste category number and characteristics
Precautionary measures for handling the wastes
Emergency procedures to be followed.
The 6 copies of the system shall be distributed as outlined below:
Waste Generator shall retain one copy (1)
Generator to the state PCB. (1)
Transporter (1)
Operator to transporter(1)
Operator to PCB (1)
Operator (1)
All other records in respect of the TSDF operation shall be maintained properly and kept available to
regulators as and when required.
2.5.3 Storages
Temporary Storage Facility will be provided primarily to store the wastes upon receipt at the facility until
its pathway of waste disposal is determined. The temporary waste storage facility shall keep each
shipment of wastes separately and ensure that wastes do not get mixed with each other. This is to ensure
that incompatible wastes are kept segregated. Compatible wastes that can be mixed with others and those
that can be stored in drums/containers are kept away from incompatible wastes. Incinerable wastes are
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stored separately in a shed following compatibility and labeling of the wastes. CPCB guidelines for the
storage of incinerable wastes shall be followed.
Intractable Waste Storage Area that is Waste coming to the TSDF that does not meet the criteria for
landfill disposal or treatment or incineration would be referred to as intractable wastes. It is proposed to
have a suitable storage area for these categories of waste until alternate viable treatment technologies are
identified and become available.
Proper ventilation shall be provided to prevent accumulation of hazardous gases.
The floor shall be a concrete slab or other impermeable, non-reactive material properly bunded
and graded towards one corner for the collection of accidental spillage and leakage.
The storage area shall be built not less than 1m above the 1:100 year flood level (nearest river) to
avoid inundation.
Bunding and/or drains shall be provided around the storage area to avoid storm water entering
into this area.
Fire control equipment shall be installed, appropriate to the characteristics of the waste and as the
situation demands.
2.5.4 Waste Disposable Operations
2.5.4.1 Waste Stabilization
Waste stabilization is designed to convert industrial wastes in the form of liquids, semi-solids or reactive
solids into low leachable materials that can be deposited into a secured landfill. The stabilization
operation will be carried out for all waste that requires this to minimize their contaminant leaching
potential. This will change the nature of these wastes to a less hazardous category. Stabilization involves
the immobilization of leachable materials by fixation as non-reactive solids. The treated wastes shall be
assessed for compatibility with other wastes before being landfill and for compatibility with the HDPE
and the pipe network. The term stabilization covers a number of mechanisms including:
Immobilization / Chemical Fixation – the chemical binding of contaminants within a cementing
structure to reduce the mobility or leachability of the waste.
Encapsulation – the occlusion or entrapment of contaminant particles within a solid matrix.
Solidification – the conversion of slurries that do not readily de-water, into solids by addition of
adsorption agents.
Typical reagents that would be used for the stabilization process include cement, lime, fly ash, bentonite
clay, saw dust and other. Where required sodium silicate solution would be used as an additive binding
agent. The reagent to be used for stabilization shall be decided depending upon the type of the waste to be
stabilized, price and availability. These regents shall generally be Stored in sufficient quantities. The
Infrastructure proposed for the stabilization unit would include:
Storage facilities for regents
Tanks/Drums for storage of reagents as required
Stabilization bins for mixing the wastes
Earth moving equipment for movement of wastes and mixing.
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Place for curing the treated waste
Trucks for hauling the wastes.
Treatment facility utilizes a range of techniques and processes designed to change the physical, chemical
or biological characteristics of the waste. This may include changing the composition so as to neutralize
the waste, to recover energy or natural resources from the waste, to render the waste non-hazardous or
less hazardous, safer to transport, store, or dispose off or to reduce its volume. Typical operations at
Stabilization unit are as follows:
Waste receive
Reagent addition
Mixing
Curing
Analysis of the stabilized wastes
Approval by the laboratory for disposal
Transfer of the waste materials to the truck
Disposal in the secured landfill
Application criteria: A study of the waste characteristics carried out as an integral part of the project
indicates the following applicability to the process described below in Table 2.8
Table 2.8
Stabilization Mechanism based on Waste Characteristics
Mechanism Applicability
Immobilization /
Chemical Fixation
Heavy metal and metal plating sludge
Copper-chromium-arsenic wood preservative wastes
Mercury waste
Bag house dust
Tannery wastes
Spent catalysts
Others
Solidification Effluent treatment plant sludge
Oil and paint sludge
Bitumen wastes
Textile industry sludge
Wool scouring slurries
Others
Encapsulation
Aluminum powder
Asbestos
Filer aids
Others
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2.5.4.2 Secured Landfill
The landfill will be designed and constructed as a secure facility to contain the waste material and any
leachate, which is formed by the entrapped moisture or by infiltration of rainfall. To meet these
requirements the base of the landfill has been designed as an engineered liner constructed prior to the
placement of waste and also an engineered capping over the surface after completion of filling to
minimize the infiltration of rainfall.
The base liner of the landfill containment system is proposed to be a double composite liner with
synthetic geo-membrane plus clay. Adequate leachate collection system shall be incorporated at the base
to collect and remove the leachate. These shall incorporate HDPE pipes embedded in drainage layers of
sand/ gravel and /or geonet/ geotextile. The composite liner (Secondary liner) shall comprise of a 0.45-m
thick clay compacted to a permeability less than 10-9
m/s and above this shall be a HDPE liner with
permeability less than 10–14
m/s above which a complete drainage system shall be placed. Above the
secondary base liner shall be placed a primary liner comprising of primarily clay layer and HDPE
membrane which will prevent infiltration into the secondary layer. A leachate collection and removal
system shall also be placed over the primary liner to collect and remove any leachate generated by
infiltration of precipitation or by the moisture entrapped in the waste. This makes the secondary system to
serve as a leak detection system and an early warning of potential future liabilities to necessitate action
for remediation. Above the drainage system of the primary liner shall be placed a geo-textile filter to act
as a filter/ barrier between the waste and the drainage system. This entire system would make the base
liner a double composite liner meeting the national laws.
Clay Liner consists of a varying proportions of hydrated aluminum silicates (e.g. kaolnite, bentonite,
illite and montmorillonite) which, when properly compacted, form a soil mass with a very low hydraulic
conductivity. The clay material for use as the liner at this landfill shall be analyzed and permeability
testing shall be carried out to ascertain its low permeability. Design permeability of the clay liner has been
fixed at 10–09
m/s and with availability of clay liner; we will be able to achieve better results than the
design values. Placement of clay liner shall be most critical in terms of its efficiency of functioning. Clay
should be placed in layers not exceeding 200-mm and shall be compacted to attain the required
permeability. The clay layer after attaining the 0.45m thickness should be then checked for its
permeability. Further to this, clay shall be kept moist to ensure that it does not dry up and cause cracks to
the lining system. To ensure this we intend to keep the clay for the purpose at +4% wet of optimum
moisture content.
Synthetic Liners consists of various synthetic flexible membrane liners have been considered for use as
the primary liner at the proposed landfill. Both Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) and High – Density
Polyethylene (HDPE) liners are generally suitable for this landfill. Tensile strength is a fundamental
design consideration in order to assess the ability of the liner to resist uniaxial and biaxial strains, which
occurs in the landfill. Another stress strain consideration is the coefficient of thermal expansion.
Considering various membrane properties it is decided to use HDPE liner with appropriate thickness as
primary liner for the base of the landfill. HDPE was selected for the following reasons:
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Adequate strength to withstand mechanical strength during construction, placement and
operations.
Acceptable weathering performance.
Superior physical properties under chemical and environmental exposure to wastes
Capability to withstand the seaming process.
The hydraulic conductivity of HDPE is of the order of 0.5*10–16
m/sec, which is effectively impermeable.
Construction of the seam welding process shall be subjected to strict QA/QC measures to ensure the
integrity of the liner.
Secure Landfill is the final placement area for land fillable hazardous wastes which are treated or wastes
does not require treatment. Waste directly or after treatment will be disposed in the landfill as per the
laboratory advice. Waste will be spread in the landfill using heavy earth machinery and then compacted
using vibro compactor. At the end of the landfill operations 10 – 15 cm soil cover is placed as a daily
cover.
During rainy season a flexible geo-membrane cover shall be placed over the uncapped area of the landfill
minimize infiltration of rainfall into the landfill; the rain water shall be diverted to join the surface water
drains. At the end of the total landfill operations the final capping shall be done using composite liner
with clay and synthetic geo-membrane, with vegetative soil cover grass cover. The cross section of the
landfill meeting MOEF Guidelines is given in Figure 2.6
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Figure 2.6
Cross section of the landfill
2.5.4.3 Leachate Management
Leachate generated from the landfills is effectively collected and treated off without causing any adverse
effect to the environment. Leachate treatment at the proposed TSDF shall be solar evaporation pan of the
wastewater and shall be done in forced evaporation system constructed for the purpose and the residue
shall be reprocessed as hazardous solid waste.
A very critical aspect in wastewater management would be minimization of generation of leachate/
wastewater. To minimize the same we propose to keep a maximum portion of the landfill covered
especially during the monsoon, thus minimizing the generation of leachate.
Liner System Specifications:Double composite Liner as explained in Landfill Section
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Capping Arrangement: Yes, Section as defined in Landfill Section
Monsoon capping:Yes, during monsoon the facility shall be under monsoon covers.
Primary collection System:300-mm Drainage media with lateral and header pipes
Secondary Collection System:300-mm Drainage media with lateral and header pipes / Geo net
Leachate collection and removal shall be provided above the geo-membrane in two layers viz. the
primary and the secondary liner. The primary liner shall serve as leachate collection and removal system,
while the secondary liner shall serve as leak detection system and a signal of potential liabilities in terms
of environmental pollution.
Leachate shall be collected by a network of lateral and header pipes embedded in a drainage layer, all of
which shall eventually drain into a leachate collection sump. The collected leachate shall be transferred to
a leachate treatment system. Leachate, thus collected shall be transferred to the solar evaporation system
and the residue after decanting shall be subjected back to the land filling process.
The leachate collection system in an engineered landfill takes the form of an under-drain beneath the
waste material it is required to ensure there is no more than a limited head of pressure above the base liner
to cause leakage of liquid from the base of the landfill. The design maximum pressure head in the
proposed landfill shall be limited to 300 mm.
Drainage is affected by a layer of about 300 mm thick of graded sand/gravel having a high permeability.
Within this layer a network of HDPE pipes are placed to collect leachate and conduct it quickly to the
collection sump for removal from landfill. The pipes are typically perforated only over the upper half to
allow the leachate to enter the pipe and thereafter to be contained within the pipe network system. The
layout of the pipe network generally includes sufficient redundancy to ensure that if a blockage occurs
somewhere in the network the leachate simply backs-up a little then flows into the system a little further
up-gradient. Two layers of the leachate collection system shall be provided one over the other. Slotting
area of the pipe shall be done only on the top 120o portion of the pipe and to an extent of 100 Sq. cm per
running meter of the pipe.
The key design features of the leachate collection system to be installed at the proposed landfill comprise
the following:
A network of semi perforated HDPE pipes laid out directly over the primary and secondary liners
and graded towards the collection sump at no less that 1 and 2% slope, with a slotting area of 100
Sq. Cm per running meter of the pipe.
A drainage layer 300 mm thick of graded sand/gravel placed over the entire base of the landfill,
covering the pipe network.
A geo-textile placed over the primary liner serving the purpose of filter/ barrier between the waste
and the drainage media.
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The pipe shall have sufficient strength to withstand the load imposed by the overlying waste and the earth
moving activities associated with the placement and the compaction of the waste (Min 6 Kg/ Sq.cm). The
main pipe (headers) feeding leachate to the sump shall have the capability to be cleaned out in case of
clogging. However, the design shall include sufficient redundancy of pipe work to ensure alternative
drainage paths are available in the event of localized clogging of any part of the system. Leachate
treatment plant design is discussed in the subsequent section.
Quantity of Leachate Generated from Landfill:
I = P – PCR/O – AET +/- S
Where,
I - Rate of Infiltration
P -Precipitation
PCR/O- Coefficient of Runoff
AET -Actual Evapo-Transpiration
S -Soil Moisture Content Retention Capacity
Empirically,
For Capped portion of landfill: I = 0.01 P
For Uncapped Portion of landfill: I = 0.7 P
Landfill with temporary cover: I = 0.3 P
Drainage of surface run-off, its collection, treatment (if required based on pre-determined criteria)
and disposal:
Network of open channels have been designed and shall be constructed around the land fill to intercept
surface runoff of rainwater and divert it around the facility or collect it for the use at the facility or for
disposal. Storm water collected on the land fill site will be directed to a first flush retention pond which
shall be designed for a sufficient capacity to cover a 1in 100 years 10 minutes storm event.
Storm water drainage system
Storm water drainage is one of the main components of landfill facility. The arrangement shall be such
that the storm water from landfill facility has to be collected effectively in drainage system and conveyed
away from facility quickly. Storm water drain shall be of trapezoidal shape / rectangular with
concrete/Pitching. The inside part of drain has to be plastered with cement mortar. Storm water drain
shall be constructed all along between the road and the green belt.
First flush retention Pond:
Surface water runoff is a significant component in a landfill design and shall be clearly designed. The
design includes a garland drainage system all around the landfill which shall be lined and shall be
connected to a storm water collection pond. Water collected in the pond shall be tested for storm water
quality parameters and if it meets the discharge standards shall be discharged, otherwise the same shall be
considered as leachate and sent to the leachate treatment plant.
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2.5.5 Incinerator
Incineration is an ultimate treatment process, applied to certain wastes that cannot be recycled, reused or
safely deposited into a landfill. It is a high temperature, thermal destruction oxidation process in which
hazardous wastes are converted in the presence of oxygen in air into gases and incombustible solid
residue. The gases are vented into the atmosphere with cleaning as deemed necessary while the solid
residue is sent to landfill for disposal. The proposed incinerator would cater for the disposal/ destruction
of the following wastes:
Spent Solvents
Waste Oils, Oil Emulsions and Oil mixtures
Pesticide Wastes
Refinery Wastes
Pharmaceutical Wastes
Phenolic Wastes
Grease and Wax Wastes
Organic wastes containing halogens, sulphur, phosphorous or nitrogen compounds
Solid materials contaminated with oils.
Organics with high calorific value
The primary objective of incinerator is to destroy the wastes as completely as possible, to have end
products (solids and gases) that are harmless when released from the incinerator and to minimize the
formation of new hazardous organic compounds. To achieve the same the incinerator is proposed with
sufficient temperature, time and turbulence and in presence of excess air. Incinerator is the facility for
final disposal of incinerable wastes. Wastes which are not fit for disposal in the landfill and are
candidates for incineration shall be disposed in the incinerator. The wastes shall be pre-processed in case
of necessary for making it uniform calorific value and maintain the norms of halogen concentrations less
than 1% and all. Wastes are fed through cart dumper and ram feeder into the rotary kiln and the hot gases
are sent to the secondary combustion chamber. The residence time and the desired temperatures are
maintained at both primary and secondary combustion chambers for complete combustion as per CPCB
guidelines for hazardous waste incineration. The gases after complete combustion shall be sent to spray
drier / evaporative cooler for cooling followed by Gas cleaning equipment.
The gases are passed through multi cyclones for removal of particulates. Then dry lime and activated
carbon are injected for neutralization of acidic gases and removal of organic constituents if any. The flue
gases then passed through bag filters for complete removal particulates and then through wet alkaline
scrubber for neutralization. The flue gases after completely cleaned in all respects shall be sent out
through a 30 m stack. The ash generated during the combustion process and collected at the bottom of the
hopper will be send to landfill facility. The typical layout of the Incinerator is shown in Figure 2.7,
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Figure 2.7
Typical Layout of incinerator
2.6 Bio Medical Waste
Growth in population, industrialization and changing life styles and food habits have brought with it
various health related issues. More and more people are suffering from ailments. Alongside this is the
growing awareness towards utilizing proper medical facilities. This has created the need for a whole range
of health care establishments, hospitals, clinics, laboratories which are generating “Bio-Medical Wastes”
that are incompatible with the environment. These wastes need professional attention for effective
management as the infectious nature of the waste can cause irreparable damage to the human health and
the environment. It has become imperative to monitor and control the management and handling of these
wastes.
The concern about disposal of infectious wastes generated by the hospitals is increasing rapidly due to the
fear of the spread of viruses such as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Hepatitis B.
These wastes (bio-medical wastes generated from health care establishments) present a high risk of
causing potential damage to the human health and the environment by way of spreading. To prevent the
spread of such infectious wastes that finds its genesis in bio-medical wastes (from hospitals, clinics,
laboratories, dispensaries etc.) a scientific approach is required. It is essential that professionally trained
personnel should handle the wastes and that the wastes should be disposed scientifically.
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To enable effective management and handling of the bio-medical wastes, the Ministry of Environment
and Forests Climate Change (MOEFCC) has issued regulations for the management and handling of these
wastes. In response to these rules, Government and major Private Hospitals initiated their arrangements
for treatment and disposal of bio-medical wastes. However, the smaller nursing homes, clinics and other
similar institutions which do not have or can afford such facilities need alternate modalities and
arrangements to dispose their wastes, in accordance with the Rules.
In view of the difficulties faced by private hospitals, nursing homes and clinics that could not make their
own arrangements due to high cost involved in setting up treatment and disposal facilities, the need for a
centralized system for treatment was felt. Consequentially, in September 2003, the Central Pollution
Control Board enunciated the “Guidelines for Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility”
which in addition to providing common facilities discouraged the setup of individual incineration
facilities by health care establishments.
2.6.1 Categories of Bio Medical Waste as per BMW rules
Categories of Bio Medical Waste is given in the Table 2.9 below
Table 2.9
Categories of Bio Medical Waste
Option Waste Category Treatment & Disposal
Category
No. I
Human Anatomical Waste
(human tissues, organs, body parts)
Incineration #/deep burial*
Category
No. 2
Animal Waste
(animal tissues, organs, body parts carcasses, bleeding
parts, fluid, blood and experimental animals used in
research, waste generated by veterinary hospitals colleges,
discharge from hospitals, animal)
Incineration#/ deep burial*
Category
No 3
Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste
(wastes from laboratory cultures, stocks or specimens of
micro-organisms live or attenuated vaccines, human and
animal cell culture used in research and infectious agents
from research and industrial laboratories, wastes from
production of biologicals, toxins, dishes and devices used
for transfer of cultures)
local autoclaving / micro-
waving / incineration#
Category
No 4
Waste sharps
(Needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, glass, etc. that may
cause puncture and cuts. This includes both used and
unused sharps)
Disinfection (chemical
treatment # 01/auto claving
/ micro- waving and
mutilation/ shredding**
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Category
No 5
Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic drugs
(wastes comprising of outdated, contaminated and
discarded medicines)
Incineration #/destruct ion
and drugs disposal in
secured landfills drugs
disposal in secured
Category
No 6
Solid Waste
(Items contaminated with blood, and body fluids including
cotton dressings, soiled plaster casts, lines, beddings, other
material contaminated with blood)
Incineration # autoclaving /
micro-waving
Category
No. 7
Solid Waste
(Wastes generated from disposable items other than the
waste shaprs such as tubings, catheters, intravenous sets
etc).
Disinfection by chemical
treatment@/autoclaving/mi
cro-waving and
mutilation/shredding
Category
No. 8
Liquid Waste
(waste generated from laboratory and washing, cleaning,
house-keeping and disinfecting activities)
Disinfection by chemical
treatment@ and discharge
into drains.
Category
No. 9
Incineration Ash
(ash from incineration of any bio-medical waste)
Disposal in municipal
landfill
Category
No. 10
Chemical Waste
(Chemicals used in production of biologicals, chemicals
used in disinfection, as insecticides, etc.)
Chemical treatment @ and
discharge into drains for
liquids and secured landfill
for solids
@Chemicals treatment using at least 1% hypochlorite solution or any other equivalent chemical reagent.
It must be ensured that chemical treatment ensures disinfection.
**Multilation/shredding must be such so as to prevent unauthorised reuse.
#there will be no chemical pretreatment before incineration. Chlorinated plastics shall not be incinerated.
*Deep burial shall be an option available only in towns with population less than five lakhs and in rural
areas.
Options given above are based on available technologies. Occupier/operator wishing to use other State-of
the-art technologies shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board to get the standards laid down to
enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.
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2.6.2 Color Coding and Type of Container for Disposal of Bio-Medical Wastes
Color
Coding
Type of Container -I Waste Category Treatment options as per
Table 2.9
Yellow Plastic bag Cat. 1, Cat. 2, and Cat. 3,
Cat. 6.
Incineration/deep burial
Red Disinfected
container/plastic bag
Cat. 3, Cat. 6, Cat.7. Autoclaving/Microwaving/
Chemical Treatment
Blue/White
translucent
Plastic bag/puncture
proof Container
Cat. 4, Cat. 7.
Autoclaving/Microwaving/
Chemical Treatment and
destruction/shredding
Black Plastic bag Cat. 5 and Cat. 9 and
Cat. 10. (solid)
Disposal in secured landfill
Note:
1. Color coding of waste categories with multiple treatment options as defined in Table 2.9, shall be
selected depending on treatment option chosen, which shall be as specified in Table 2.9.
2. Waste collection bags for waste types needing incineration shall not be made of chlorinated plastics.
3. Categories 8 and 10 (liquid) do not require containers/bags.
4. Category 3 if disinfected locally need not be put in containers/bags.
2.6.3 Collection and Transportation
Bio-medical waste will be collected from each health care establishment on a regular basis. Wastes shall
be segregated as per the color coding, properly packed and placed at a secure designated point by the
health care establishment from where it will be collected. Upon collection wastes shall be placed into
closed containers enclosed in a containerized vehicle and transported to the site. The vehicles shall be
dedicated for the purpose and shall adopt the conditions specified in the BMW (Management &
Handling) Rules-1998 & subsequent amendments.
2.6.4 Disinfection and Destruction
Upon receipt of the waste at the facility, wastes containers shall be unloaded. Wastes based on their
colour codes shall be separated and properly treated and disposed off. Categories 1, 2, 3 and 6 (as per
MOEFCC rules) shall be directly loaded into the incinerator while categories 4 and 7 shall be loaded into
the autoclave for dis-infection. Ash, residue from high temperature incineration and other material
residues from the process shall be collected into containers and shall be disposed into a secured landfill.
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2.6.5 Bio Medical Waste Incineration
The incinerator proposed for Hazardous waste will be used for incineration of Bio-medical Waste, hence
it is a common facility for incineration of all incinerable wastes coming to the facility.
2.6.6Autoclave
The primary purpose of autoclave is to sterilize / disinfect the waste with steam. Microorganisms which
contribute to infection do not survive beyond 80oC. However, as a precaution MOEFCC has stipulated a
temperature of 120oC with 15psi pressure and 60 min duration to ensure distribution of temperature. At
this temperature and pressure, microorganisms are completely destroyed and thus render the wastes
infection free. The dis-infected waste shall then be segregated into HDPE, PP, rubber, latex, glass and
metal. The segregated materials shall then be shredded completing the process of disinfection and
ensuring non-recycling of the waste materials for medical / food grade purposes. All the process control
conditions will be as per the applicable Bio medical rules.
2.6.6.1 Autoclave Features
A vacuum type (programmable) autoclave which can operate at all the specifications mentioned by
MOEFCC is proposed.
The autoclave shall have continuous and automatic recording of temperature, pressure, date, time and
batch of loading. Every batch shall be monitored with a strip chart recorder and once in a month the
spore validation test and/or spore monitoring shall be done.
Following are the key features of the proposed autoclave:
Type: Vacuum Type, automatic with documentation
Capacity: 432 liters per hour
Temperature: 120°C
Pressure: 15 psi
Automation: PLC with MMI ( Man-Machine interface)
Documentation/ Recording: Computerized recording
The Layout of typical autoclave sterilization process is given in Figure 2.8
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Figure 2.8
Layout of Autoclave Sterilization Process
2.6.7 Other Infrastructure
The other infrastructure required /proposed in Bio-medical Waste Treatment Section is as follows
Effluent Treatment Plant: An ETP to treat the scrubbing water, floor washings and other
wastewater from the plant is proposed and treated water is reused for circulation into the
scrubber. The treatment system consist of cooling tank, pressure sand filter and activated carbon
filter assembly followed by neutralization before recirculation into the scrubber.
Shredder: A mechanical shredder to make the waste unrecognizable as medical waste shall be
installed with a capacity to handle about 100 kg of medical wastes per hour with its
D.O.L.Starter. Shredder Motor Capacity of 10 HP and used 3 High speed Blades.
Landfill: The residue will be sent to secured landfill site.
2.7 E Waste Recycling
The assessment of e-waste recycling sector in India indicates that e-waste trade starts from formal
dismantling sector and moves to informal recycling sector. There are no large scale organized e-waste
recycling facilities in India at present except few in some states of India, while most of the e-waste
recycling units are operating in un-organized sector. So, this will be an opportunity for us to serve the
industries by handling their E-waste. The main objective of the proposed E-Waste facility is given below.
Sterilization Process
Steam Boiler
Temperature Pressure
W
A
S
T
E
IN
OUT
Release Valve
Steam Trap
Vacuum PumpWater
VALIDATION – Must. Daily – Indicator Strip Testing with Loads
Weekly Spore Testing for Efficiency of sterilisation
Microprocessor Controlled –
Vacuum-Steam Cycles
Temperature - Pressure
To Shredder
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To provide Safe and Secured Destruction services at project site to ensure intellectual property
assurance.
To provide innovative and pollution-free technology for recycling of E-waste.
To provide Environmental management system and solutions.
To recover up to 99% of total waste received
To enhance customer service through online account access.
To conserve natural resource & ensuring working towards global warming
The proposed project consists of the following facilities
World class security systems
Certified, Safe and Secured destruction services
Comprehensive EHS practices
Logistics, warehousing facility
Highly skilled manpower
2.7.1 Methodology
The methodology proposed to be followed at the E-Waste facility is as follows. Upon client request,
project management shall arrange a suitable and secured transport to collect the material from Clients
premises.
Collected material shall be weighed, if desired by clients at their premises using their own
weighing machine and witnessed by both parties.
Manifest to be issued by generator to transport with 6 colored copies as per HW Rules, 2008.
Delivery Order will be issued by Client prior to collection from their premises. Collected
material is to be provided in good packaging condition and thereafter will be transported to the
facility.
After inspection by project security guard, material shall be weighed at site weighbridge to
determine the gross weight of the material and will then be sent to its warehouse for acceptance.
Goods Receive Note (GRN) for the gross weight will be issued upon receiving the material at the
warehouse.
Material will then be sent for dismantling section under IDO (Internal Delivery Order) for
dismantling.
Destruction process can be witnessed by Client, if required.
Upon data destruction completed, official destruction certificate will be issued to Client for
records.
Dismantled material will then be sent to suitable recycling process.
2.7.2 Process Description
The process involved in proposed integrated E Waste recycling facility is basically physical destruction
and recovery of Platinum Group Metals (PGM’s). The steps of proposed process is described in following
paragraphs
The e-waste received from generator shall be stored at earmarked covered shed having concrete
floor and leak proof roof. Wooden or plastic pallets shall be provided to store the waste.
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Waste which may contain mainly electronic and electrical material and monitors of computer or
TV’s, shall be shifted to manual dismantling section in hand trolleys
A set of 8 to 10 no. of work stations are proposed with a suction hood for any dust particle
coming out of the dismantling process. A team of experts in dismantling shall be deputed for
dismantling purpose with all the required tools and tackles. The tools and tackles shall be
identified with best available brand to ensure optimization in working and to avoid small
accidents in the process. The employees at this section shall be provided with all the required
PPE’s i.e. apron, safety shoes, gloves, dust mask etc. Fire extinguishers shall be provided in the
working area.
The team deputed shall dismantle all the waste articles Eg. computer CPU box, hard drive, CD
ROM, cables, PCB’s etc. and monitor into back cover and picture tube. The hard drive, PCB’s
shall be further dismantled into components attached and naked PCB’s.
The dismantled PCB’s shall be sent for shredding followed by crushing and pulverizing. The
product shall be powder of PCB from which metal and non metal part which shall be segregated
by physical process. Both the products shall be stored in bags for disposal for recovery (metal
part) and for making of toys and monuments (non metal part). In case the non- metal part fails to
be recycled, the same shall be disposed into incinerator as this consists of residue with high C.V.
The dismantled picture tube shall send to Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) cutting m/c, which is a closed
chamber attached with a hood connected to cyclone and bughouse.
The CRT shall be put into the control panel connected automatic CRT cutting frame. The CRT
shall be cut into two pieces i.e. front glass and funnel glass.
The glass which is free from all coating etc shall be crushed further and stored in bags to be
dispatched for recycling
The components removed from PCBs shall be segregated and stored in bags for further disposal
and/or reuse.
The ferrous material i.e. cabinet, body of monitor etc shall be baled and disposed for recycling
Plastic from cabinet, monitor shall be shredded in the shredder and sold out for recycling to
authorized recyclers
The chemical process for recovery of PGM shall be established during phase – I
The waste generated from above process shall be stored at earmarked area and not allow the
waste to be exposed to the environment. The process flow sheet is given in Figure 2.9.
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Figure 2.9
E Waste proposed Flow Chart
Plastics
COLLECTION
Storage
Data Destruction
Segregation
Dismantling Testing/Refurbishing Storage
Disposal
Shredding
Delaminating
SALE TO
RECYCLERS
Ferrous Metal
Separator
CRT
Store
Sale to
Recyclers
PCB
&Components
Precious
Metals
SIEVING
Density
Separator
Copper Lead Aluminum
SALE TO
RECYCLERS
SALE TO
RECYCLERS
SALE TO
RECYCLERS
Recyclables
FERRROUS METAL
SALE TO RECYCLERS
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2.8 Recycling Facilities
The recycling facilities proposed for the site are
Spent solvent recycling
Used oil recycling
Alternative fuel and raw material facility
Used Lead acid battery recycling facility
Waste plastic recycling
Waste paper recycling
2.8.1 Spent Solvent Recycling
Spent solvents are recovered using a distillation methodology. Following are few solvents proposed to be
separated /distilled initially:
Isopropyl alcohol
Butanol
Dimethyl formamide
Toluene and
Ortho dichloro benzene
Storage of spent solvents
The waste solvent shall be received in drums (MS/Plastic) and shall be stored in shed which will
be provided with garland drain, fire hydrant system, lined floor etc.
The drums shall be stacked as per the best practices. The leakages shall be avoided at any point of
time.
A separate storage shed sized 35x40 m is proposed adjacent to facility to store the solvent drums.
The stacking of drums shall be in the manner that mixing of solvent drums shall be avoided at
maximum extent.
Distillation process is suitable for the recovery of many spent solvents. Distillation can be a batch or
continuous operation. It is proposed to adopt batch process in the proposed facility. The process involves
pre-treatment of neutralization and separation of spent solvent feed mixture in a Reactor. After layer
separation, the spent solvent mixture will be sent to distillation still connected to distillation column. The
solvent mixture is heated by steam and the distillation column will be under total reflux for a specific
period. Fractionation of solvent takes place solvent / water as the case may be are separated initially
under atmospheric pressure and later under vacuum (if required). Distilled solvents are analyzed, stored
and recycled, liquid effluent mostly condensate will be recycled back into system and solid residue sent
for incineration / landfill. Steam for heating will be donor from the boiler. The process diagram of the
solvent recovery is depicted below:
2.8.1.1 Process Description
Distillation can be a batch or continuous operation. It is proposed to adopt batch process in the proposed
facility. The process involves pre-treatment of neutralization and separation of spent solvent feed mixture
in a Reactor. After layer separation, the spent solvent mixture will be sent to distillation still connected to
distillation column. The solvent mixture is heated by steam and the distillation column will be under total
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reflux for a specific period. Fractionation of solvent takes place solvent / water as the case may be are
separated initially under atmospheric pressure and later under vacuum (if required). Distilled solvents are
analyzed, stored and recycled, liquid effluent mostly condensate will be recycled back into system and
solid residue sent for incineration / landfill. Steam for heating will be donor from the boiler. Flow chart
for Spent Solvent recovery is shown in Figure 2.10.
Figure 2.10
Flow Chart of Spent Solvent Recovery
Incinerator
Cooling Tower
Chiller
Main Product
receiver
Solvent received in
Drums
Pre - Treatment
( Adjusting pH,
removal of SS etc.)
Pump
Feed Tank
Pump
Agitated Vessel
Sludge
Column
Condenser
Cooler
Trail product receiver
Collection Tank Collection Tank
Pump
Feed Tank/
Incinerator
Pump
Drums
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2.8.2 Used Oil Recycling
Used oil is termed as hazardous. Lube oil does not wear out with use it only gets contaminated with
water, carbon and fuel etc. that means used oil when it is ready for rejection can be re-used.
The methods of disposal being followed are Dumping, Burning or Reprocessing. The Used / Waste Oil
generated are not easily biologically degradable. Therefore, dumping of Used / Waste oil is harmful to
environment.
Burning of Used / Waste Oil is not desirable for the following reasons:
Waste Fuel Oil contains substantial quantity of water that will prevent proper burning of fuel and
lead to generation of carbon monoxide.
The Used Oil (used lubricants, Transformer oils etc), they may contain chemicals, metallic
compounds, Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) etc which when burned will release gas to the
atmosphere. Therefore, burning of used / Waste Oil should not be encouraged.
The other option is Repressing. Improper reprocessing methods can lead to generation of waste
which is even more hazardous than Used / Waste Oil.
Therefore, reprocessing should be allowed only with approved methods. Reprocessing of Used /
Waste will not only be a solution for disposal of waste but it will have tremendous economic
advantage.
The process diagram of the waste/ used oil recycling plant will be as below in Figure 2.11
Figure 2.11
Waste/ Used Oil Recycling Plant
Was te Oil R ec eiv ing Tanks
Was te Oil R ec eiv ing Tanks
MIC R O F IL TR ATION
MIC R O F IL TR ATION
C E NTR IF UG EC E NTR IF UG E DE HY DR ATION
DE HY DR ATION
Dis tillation 1 (v ac uum Dis tillation )
Dis tillation 1 (v ac uum Dis tillation )
Water Water
Dis tillation 2 (Vac uum Dis tillation)
Dis tillation 2 (Vac uum Dis tillation)
Distillate to
fuel
B leac hingB leac hingB as e Oil for dis patc h
B as e Oil for dis patc h
Spent Fuller Earth
for disposal
Base OilBase Oil
Process Sludge
for disposal
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2.8.3 Alternative Fuel and Raw Material Facility
Alternative fuel platforms will be developed as below:
“S” Type
Alternative Fuel Preparation Facility
“L” Type
Alternative fuel preparation Facility
‘L’ Type Alternative Fuels Area
‘L’ Type Alternative Fuels are basically Liquid Type Incinerable Waste which are more than 2500 Kcal.
1. Common Neutralization Tank to maintain pH level 7
2. 25 KL Mixing Tank with Cooling Coil and External Jacket to control the heat for Exothermic
Liquid Waste
3. 25 KL Mixing Tank for the Non-Exothermic Liquid Waste
4. Agitator set up made by Stainless Steel
5. Pump
‘S’ Type Alternative Fuels Area:
‘S’ Type Alternative Fuels are basically Solid Type Incinerable Waste which are more than 2500 Kcal
1. Common Neutralization Tank to maintain pH level 7
2. Mixing pit of 5 x 5 m
3. Jaw mixer for premixing of the solid and semisolid Waste.
4. Blender
Solid blend is prepared through mixing in an appropriate quantity of solid/ semi solid waste with
binders. The first step of preparing solid blend is to selection of waste.
The segregation of waste according to their pH & calorific value helps in it. Source materials for
solid substitute fuel include Paint Sludge, Oily Filter Cake, Spent Carbon, Organic waste, Tarry
waste, Biomass, Resin, Distillation Residues, Grease, ETP sludge, and alumina sludge etc.
Assortment of waste is done according blending norms.
A general waste selection criteria for high calorific value fuel is Low moisture content, High LOI
& TOC, High calorific value, Good compressibility, Less ash content, Non toxic, Less pollutant,
Sustainable combustion.
Schematic Diagram for the Alternative Fuel and Raw Material Facility is shown in Figure 2.12.
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Figure 2.12
Alternative Fuel and Raw Material Facility
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2.8.4 Used Lead Acid Battery Recycling
Lead is one of the most vital nonferrous metal having multiple uses like in lead acid batteries, cable
covering, alloying elements in solders, nuclear shield etc, and in terms of its chemical it is used in glass,
paint and as an important stabilizers in PVC as lead striate etc.
Almost 70 to 80 % of lead productions come from recycling and balance 20 to 30% from virgin sources
that is lead concentrates. The requirement of lead is going up at the rate of 15 to 20 % annually. Its
requirement is going up more in developing countries like India and China. Further almost 70% of the
lead goes in to the production of lead acid batteries. Demand for lead acid batteries is going up almost at
the rate of 20 to 25% in India & China.
In India only Hindustan Zinc Limited and two other producers in smaller quantities produce lead from
lead concentrates. Rest of the lead production is either from recycling or imports. Since more & more
scrap lead acid batteries and other scrap of lead will be available there is a good scope to recover lead in
and environmentally friendly manner.
2.8.4.1 Used Lead Acid Battery Recycling Process
Extraction of Lead from used Lead Acid Battery Plates, Lead Scrap, lead dross and other lead bearing
wastes is carried out by using Rotary Furnace and Reverberatory Furnace.
Conventional method of lead extraction from used lead acid battery plates, lead scrap, lead dross and
other concentrate generates huge amount of sludge which becomes very difficult for disposal in the
landfill. However, the combination of Rotary furnace and Reverberatory furnace with high calorific
furnace oil as fuel reduces the quantum of slag generation and improves the recovery of lead metal
considerably. Furnace oil will be used as fuel to melt the battery and other scrap.
The schematic diagram of the lead recycling is shown in Figure 2.13& Schematic Diagram of Lead and
Lead alloys manufacturing is shown in Figure 2.14.
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Figure 2.13
Used Lead Acid Battery Recycling
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Figure 2.14
Lead Alloys Manufacturing
The Reverberatory furnace is filled with the charcoals and ignited by using the blower. The blower
supplies the required combustion air for burning the charcoal. After a sustained fire, the lead scrap (raw
material) is fed into the furnace. The metallic lead in the scrap melts and the oxides of lead are reduced
by the carbon present in the charcoal.
The charging of charcoal and raw material are repeated and the molten metal is collected in a pot at the
downstream side of the furnace. The fuel is used in the manufacturing process is charcoal and the quantity
of charcoal used in one shift (8 hrs.) is approximately 30 Kg per furnace. The rotary furnace is
manufactured from steel Plates with refractory lining inside the furnace to withstand temperature up to
1600°C. It is cylindrical in shape at the center and conical at both ends. The entire structure is supported
by four numbers antifriction double row spherical bearings and shafts and bearings are firmly mounted on
a common base frame.
The rotary furnace is driven by electrical Motor (which is 7.5 HP) and the Motor shaft is connected with
rotary furnace shaft through a double reduction worm gear box, chain and sprockets. A low stage burner
with high speed blower is fitted at one end of the Rotary Furnace to inject oil and for ignition. The other
end of the Rotary Furnace is connected with a suitably designed chute to carry the dust particles to the
pollution control equipment.
The fuel burner receives fuel continuously from a oil storage tank through insulated pipe line. A heater
and pump is used to heat and pump the fuel during winter season to overcome the slow discharge rate due
to viscosity of the fluid. Battery scrap, lead bearing members of the slag contains lead are charged inside
the furnace manually and heated up to 800 to 900°C after certain time the recharging process of scrap
continues. The disintegrated tiny particles and dust along to the air Pollution Control System for filtration.
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1. The rotary furnace is closed while processing the metal and the ambient air quality around the
furnace is confirming to the latest norms prescribed the Central Pollution Control Board. The
Smelting process proposed in lead recycling unit is explained in detailed below:
2. The raw materials namely, the batteries are received at the unit. The battery casing are broken
with the help of cutting machine and sorted accordingly.
3. The Plastic containers, Polypropylene wastes are processed in plastic grinding machine and
the PVC separator waste is sold to the PVC recyclers.
4. Initially, the lead scrap is fed into the rotary furnace and the flux agent like charcoal, iron
boring are added for ignition.
5. The burner supplies the required heat for melting of scrap. After a sustained fire is
established, the lead in the scrap (raw material) is melting gradually.
The metallic lead in the scrap melts and the oxides of lead are reduced by carbon from charcoal. The
chemical reaction shown is below:
PbO + C ---------Pb + CO or CO2
The chemical reaction taking place during smelting process is as follows:
2PbO + C -----------------2Pb + CO2
2 PbO2 + 2C ------------- 2Pb + 2 CO
PbSO4 + 2C -------------PbS + 2 CO2
PbSO4 + PbS -----------2Pb + 2SO2
Sb2O3 + 3 Pb -------------2Sb + 3PbO
2Pbo + C -------------2Pb + CO2
While heating up the battery plates. Sulphur dioxide gas generated.
PbSO4 + 2C -------------PbS + 2 CO2
PbSO4 + PbS -----------2Pb + 2SO2
3Pb + Sb2 O3-----------2Sb + 3 PbO
1. The fuel used in the manufacturing process is furnace oil.
2. The lead obtained from rotary furnace and reverbatory furnace is stored in a separate place
and it is known as impure lead. These lead are refined for making lead alloys and lead oxides
depending upon customer’s requirement.
3. The pot furnace is used for refining and alloying process. The alloy pot is connected to the air
pollution control system for filtration. The dust particles obtained from the alloy pot burner is
fed into a carbon arrestor and then passed to chimney which is 10 m high.
4. The disintegrated tiny particles and dust particles like SO2, NOx and lead particles are carried
to the air pollution control system for filtration.
The following machinery will be employed for the processing.
Rotary furnace
Charcoal Furnace 1
Charcoal Furnace 2
Charcoal Furnace 3
Charcoal Furnace 4
Melting Pot 1
Melting Pot 2
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Gravity Chamber
Cyclone Chamber
Bag House
Gen Set
ID Fan Flower
Chimney
Furnace Oil Tank
Air Compressor
EB Connection
2.8.5 Waste Plastic Recycling
A recycling plant uses seven steps to turn plastic trash into recycled plastic:
Segregation
The plastic shall be segregated manually into 2 major components i.e. dirty plastic not suitable for
granulation and plastic can be used for granulation.
Mechanized Cleaning
Since the plastic drums contain hazardous material, mechanized cleaning is done with some
cleaning agents to remove any types of hazardous substances. The cleaned drums can be re-used
or further processing can be done based on the requirement.
Chopping
The washed drums are chopped into flakes for further processing.
Drying
The plastic flakes are dried in a tumble dryer.
Melting
The dried flakes are fed into an extruder, where heat and pressure melt the plastic. Different types
of plastics melt at different temperatures.
Filtering
The molten plastic is forced through a fine screen to remove any contaminants that slipped
through the washing process. The molten plastic is then formed into strands
Pelletizing
The strands are cooled in water, and then chopped into uniform pellets. Manufacturing companies
buy the plastic pellets from recyclers to make new products.
Production of liquid fuel
Through the process of random depolymerization, plastic can be converted to liquid fuel. This
fuel can be utilized in various plants as a fuel supplement.
The process flow sheet of plastic recycling is given in below Figure 2.15
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Figure 2.15
Process flow sheet of plastic recycling
The process is having following steps
Shredding of plastic waste: a simple shredder will be deployed to shred the plastic into the
pieces of 3-4” size, ease to fed into pyrolysis unit.
Pyrolysis: the temperature of the column will be maintained around 300-500oC.
Catalytic Converter: A catalyst (metal compound) will be catalyse the reaction of de
polymerization. The plastic converted into fuel (mixed of liquid and gaseous fraction both).
Condenser: the gaseous fraction of fuel shall be condensed to liquid fraction at maximum
possible extent. Part of gaseous fraction that cannot be condensed shall sent be to pyrolysis
section for heating purposes as a supplement to fuel.
The liquid fuel can be stored in tanks or vessel for FURTHER use in various applications.
2.8.6 Waste Paper Recycling
Paper Recycling is the process of recovering waste paper and remaking it into new paper products. There
are three categories of paper that can be used as feedstock for making recycled paper:
Mill broke: Paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of paper, and is
recycled internally in a paper mill.
Pre-consumer waste: Material which left the paper mill but discarded before it was ready for
consumer use.
Post-consumer waste: Post-consumer waste are the material discarded after consumer use such
as old magazines, old newspaper, office wastes, old telephone directories, residential mixed
paper, industrial packaging , waste multi-wall cement paper bags.
Was te P las tic
Was te P las tic
S torag eS torag e
S eg reg ationS eg reg ation
Was hingWas hing
DryingDrying
G ranulationG ranulation
P las tic G ranules
P las tic G ranules
Dirty P las tic for P yrolys is
Dirty P las tic for P yrolys isDus t & dirtDus t & dirt
Exit Gases
Inert waste
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2.8.6.1 Process for Paper Recycling
ICWF focuses on recovering waste paper and sending to paper manufacturing industry. It is proposed to
carryout baling in the following steps:
Step 1: Waste Paper Collection: Collection of waste paper material shall be done through
special color coded recycling bins (segregated directly at Generator’s premises). However, at
some locations, all kinds of papers may be collected in a single bin.
Step 2: Manual Segregation: The waste paper collected is segregated according to variety /
thickness of paper like News paper, Office stationary, packaging paper, Card boards etc.
Step 3: Compaction and Baling: The waste paper is manually fed to the Baling press. It is
Equipment which utilizes Hydraulic pressure on the loose paper in an enclosed chamber to
compact them into Bales. The bale weight can be varied from 40 – 60 kg, making them very
convenient to handle manually.
Baling Wire and Tape
Step 4: Transportation: Transportation of bales to paper mills and other paper related product
manufacturing units.
2.9 Energy
The Energy facilities proposed for the site are
Renewable Energy
Waste to Energy
2.9.1 Renewable Energy
Renewable energy is energy that comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves
and geothermal heat. About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewable resources,
with 10% of all energy from traditional biomass, mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity.
New renewable (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and bio fuels) accounted for
another 3% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewable in electricity generation is around 19%,
with 16% of electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewable. In the proposed
project it is intend to set up 2 MW solar power project in the closed landfill after evaluating the recent
developments in solar energy on closed landfill on following criteria.
Solar power system considerations with respect to landfill applications,
Landfill technical and engineering considerations, and Regulatory considerations.
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At Ramky, we believe there are several important reasons for considering clean and renewable energy
facilities on contaminated lands
Contaminated lands offer hundreds of acres of open space in areas where solar Installations may
be less likely to involve community concerns over aesthetic impacts.
Contaminated lands may have lower overall transaction costs than Greenfield sites.
Development of Brownfield’s can assuage the stress placed on Greenfields to site clean and
renewable energy facilities.
Contaminated lands may have environmental conditions that are not well suited for commercial
or residential zoning or otherwise have low demand for real estate development.
Electricity generated from renewable energy projects on contaminated or remediated lands can
then be used onsite or credited for offsite use.
2.9.2 Solar Power System
There are a fairly wide set of considerations we have considered when planning a solar system to be
placed over a closed landfill. With respect to the solar technologies available, considerations includes
concentrating solar power (CSP) or photovoltaic (PV) will be best suited to site specific conditions.
Additional factors considered during the planning process, given the constraints of building on a landfill
cap, are the desired output capacity, weight characteristics, and degree of mechanical stress expected from
the panels weights and other onsite weather conditions.
2.9.2.1 Ground Mounted Solar System
Installation of a solar energy system on a landfill cap will require the use of ground mounted solar arrays.
Ground mounted solar systems often involve aluminum or galvanized steel framing that is attached to a
concrete foundation. The concrete foundation can also be referred to as a pier or footing and the panel
supports can be referred to as stanchions. With respect to footings, several designs are available.
Shallow poured concrete pillars
Pre-fabricated concrete
Slab
Ballast frames
Driven pile
Earth screw augers
Figure 2.16 the aluminum support stanchions supporting the PV panels are shown below
Figure 2.16
PV Panels for Generating Solar Energy
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2.9.2.2 Solar System Weight Considerations
PV cell and support system weight characteristics have important implications for installation on landfill
caps because of weight bearing limitations. There are three general types of PV panels with many
different variations and weights associated with each type. The three general PV cell materials are
monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous thin film. Monocrystalline panels offer the most efficient
power production per unit area but can be costly and heavy. Both monocrystalline and polycrystalline
cells are rigid and require mounting in a rigid frame to protect from cracking. Amorphous cells are the
least efficient on a power output per unit area basis but can be lighter weight than both monocrystalline
and polycrystalline cells and offer greater pliability as they are manufactured on flexible surfaces. For the
Industrial Land fill weight many not are the key constraints. However in other landfills (municipal),
where weight is an engineering concern, amorphous thin film PV cells could be the preferred choice.
New and emerging technologies like the Uni-Solar model PVL flexible laminate amorphous thin film
cells can dramatically cut weight as they offer high output per unit weight and can be applied directly to
landfill geomembrane caps, these newly developed flexible laminate PV strips eliminate the necessity for
system mounting and foundational structures. Monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels can be lighter
on a power output per pound basis than conventional thin film (amorphous) panels, where open space is
limited and maximum electricity production is sought, polycrystalline or monocrystalline PV may be
preferred because of the output advantage over thin film. However, with any PV cell type it is important
to keep in mind the various shading considerations at landfill sites with limited space; optimal solar
design requires strategic placement of arrays such that no shading occurs.
Single and double axis sun- tracking systems have not been considered in the system design as they will
be heavier than fixed tilt axis mounting systems, thus requiring deeper piers and footings unless there are
surface mounted footings. The deeper piers required by sun-tracking mounting systems will increase the
weight placed on the landfill and possibly increase settlement or jeopardize side slope stability at the site.
Options for foundations of solar system installations on landfill caps include concrete slabs, poured and
pre-fabricated concrete footings, and ballasted platforms. Slab foundations have not been considered as
they will be heavier than concrete footings or ballasted platforms and will therefore create a greater risk to
landfill settlement and side slope stability. Ballasted platforms are a lighter weight option and can
sufficiently anchor a solar system to a top deck, engineering difficulties with side slope installations is
suitably addressed through the design.
We have selected a solar power system whose cumulative weight is appropriate given the depth of the
landfill cap, waste characterizations, and side slope measure. We have limited the load to maximum of
500 Kg / m2 on a distributed basis. This load / design criteria is well within safe limits of the load capacity
of the landfill liner cap and other necessary components.
2.9.2.3 Wind Loading
Wind loading increase the weight placed on solar components and can increase the stress applied to the
support structures. We have complied with the International Electro technical Commission (IEC)
standards 61215 and 61646 that establish the industry standards for crystalline cell and amorphous thin
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cell mechanical loading, respectively. Customary solar panels are typically certified to withstand a
maximum mechanical loading of approximately 250 Kg per square meter, which converts to a wind speed
of approximately 170 Km per hour. The solar panels and mounting systems are thus certified for higher
mechanical loading. In addition we have suitably planned for routine operations and maintenance of the
landfill which entails mowing of surface vegetation on the cap.
2.9.2.4 Photovoltaic Power Generation
The overall system would comprise of following equipments
Solar array employing Wp or higher rating PV modules
Support structure made of galvanized steel angles with SS304
IP65 rated field junction box made of FRP/ Poly carbonate material.
Multi-stranded, UV protected, PVC insulated, PVC sheathed copper cable. The cables are sized
to minimize the voltage drops & the power loss. The cables confirm to IS1554/ IS 694. Snap on
connectors are employed for interconnections.
Power Conditioning Unit (PCU) receives DC power from DCDB (Where SPV array is
terminated). PCU has built in software based Maximum Power Point Tacking (MPPT) to harness
maximum power from the solar array. Typically the solar array will operate at 650 to 750 V DC
under the maximum power point operation. The DC power is then inverted to utility quality three
phase power& this power shall be exported to utility. Necessary grid synchronizer is incorporated
in the PCU through unique software.
Data acquisition system & Bi-directional energy metering is also built in to the system. An
integrated unit (Import –export meter) for energy generated by the plant is also provided. An
integrated SCADA system monitors the PCU & HV substation parameters. Certain operational
controls are provided in the SCADA (Supervisory Control &Data Acquisition). In order to enable
export of power to HT line (11KV/ 132 KV) LT power generated from the PCU is taken through
a Star –Delta HV transformer.
Schematic diagram of solar plant is shown below in Figure 2.17.
Figure 2.17
Solar Plant
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Description: The photo voltaic array is divided in to four quadrants of each 250KWp minimum. Each
string in the array shall have its own string monitoring unit which shall be one of the major diagnostic
tools for the system operator. Each unit array has field connected separate solar radiation meter& SPV
module temperature sensor. The respective digital out puts are taken to a supervisory controller located in
the control room. The Inverter unit employs state of the art DSP based technology to have conversion
efficiency over 95%. Electronic surge arrestors are provided at the DC input & the AC output of each
inverter. Necessary HT switch gears such as 33KV VCBs are provided for HT isolation & protection.
Each 250KWp system will have an independent Data Acquisition System (DAS) which would produce
the real time Data as well as event logs indicating all the supervisory faults also. Data logger of each
250KWp unit shall be integrated in to a mini Web server for the purpose of integrating the Data. These
Data via Profibus is taken to a master Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition (SCADA system).Service
interface on the operator panel is also provided.
2.9.3 Weather Monitoring Station
As a practice, a mini Solar Weather Monitoring station is proposed to be installed to monitor the weather
parameters in Real Time and store the monitored data to the SCADA or a separate computer. The actual
KWH annual energy generation then can be corroborated with the stored weather data gathered (Rainy
Days inclusive) in real time. The Pyranometers offered are calibrated and traceable to ISO standard &
Global Radiation norms. The Transducers, data acquisition systems accuracies are standard based as per
WMO (World Meteorological Organization`s Norms. The sensors and data acquisition outdoor unit with
dedicated power supplies with battery backup for unmanned operation, communication cable to the
indoor SCADA Computer, software, and calibrating tools shall be in the scope of supply. The data stored
in this computer may be collected either by a USB stick or arranged to be transmitted by RAMKY to its
O&M Team as necessary
The following Parameters are proposed to be logged and stored in Real Time Basis with Time, date, day,
year stamp /tagging.
Temperature, Principle :NTC , (Range :0-60deg C, Accuracy: 0.2 deg C )
Air Pressure, Principle: MEMS Capacitive ,(Range: 300 to 1200HPa, Accuracy: 1.5hPa)
Wind Direction, Principle: Ultrasonic,(Range: 0-60m/Sec, Accuracy: 3degree)
Wind Speed, Principle: Ultrasonic,(Range:0-60m/Sec,Accuracy:0.3m/Sec)
Pyranometers (Irradiance: W/Sq. m measurement), Standard: ISO, Class-2, To suit Maximum
Irradiance: 2000Watts/Sq m, Max Operating Temp: 80 deg C, Non stability<1%, Spectral Range
(50% Points):310 to 2800 nano meter.
Particulate meter: Principle: Pulse free Diaphragm pump, 0-6LPM flow rate, dust sampler.
Measuring Range: Total suspended particulates data of site needs to be furnished to confirm
details. Accuracy: Nominal 10 micron cut off point at 5 LPM typical sampling rate.
2.9.4 Plant Layout
Plant layout of typical PV technology is shown below in Figure 2.18.
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2.9.5 Operation and Maintenance
Operation and maintenance plays a vital role for the PV technology in order to utilize the best
performance without causing damage to the panels. Figure 2.19shown below are the components of the
solar plant.
Figure 2.18
Layout of PV Technology
Figure 2.19
Components of Solar Plant
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Brief Description of the Solar Plant
1. Photo Voltaic Panels, (PV) High-efficiency, single crystal silicon PV modules provide higher
amp-hour per watt output than other technologies and include dual bypass diode protection.
Modular PV panels permit expansion to accommodate increased loads.
2. Adjustable Array Structure, PV array tilt is easily adjustable from 30-60 degrees to maximize
solar energy. Further adjustment of 0-30 degrees possible with special positioning bars.
3. Control Centre, The control enclosure is a powder-coated steel box housing the power
distribution components (DC controller/distribution, inverter and AC distribution),
disconnects, system monitor and appropriate wire terminals. Enclosure is provided with
rainproof vents and a ground fault protected electrical outlet. Optional remote monitoring
equipment is available.
4. Inverter/Battery Charger, Microprocessor-controlled, high-efficiency sine wave inverter with
three-stage, temperature-compensated battery charger. Peak conversion efficiency of 96%,
protection circuitry, LCD display with user and setup menus.
5. DC Controller, Solid state, low frequency, pulse-width modulated solar charge control with
battery temperature compensation and automatic night time disconnect.
6. AC Distribution Panel, Output AC breaker panel provides surge protection and flexibility for
multiple AC load requirements.
7. DC Combiner Box, Provides PV circuit disconnects and lightning/surge protection for
electronic equipment.
8. Ventilator Fan, Designed for active ventilation of hybrid battery enclosure to prevent
accumulation of hydrogen gas.
9. Batteries, Available in three battery types: economy flooded lead-acid, industrial flooded
lead-acid and sealed lead-acid. Flooded lead-acid battery comes with recombiner caps to
minimize water loss. Sealed battery available for maintenance-free performance. The control
system maintains the batteries between 20% and 100% state of charge.
10. Battery Enclosure, Sealed batteries are housed in a powder-coated steel, lockable enclosure
with filtered vents. Flooded batteries are housed in an insulated, vented thermoplastic unit
with lockable lid and drain plug. Designed to minimize battery temperature extremes,
eliminate battery bank hot spots, prevent freezing and extend useful battery life.
11. Generator Hybrid, Commercial and Industrial engine generators available to meet
requirements. Includes battery, alternator, remote start/stop contacts, self-contained
protection and automatic safety shutdowns. Package includes weatherproof housing, vibration
isolators on steel skid, flexible couplings, and replaceable dry element air filter. Propane and
diesel fuel types available.
12. Structure, Industrial grade heavy-gauge steel coated with a durable hot–dip galvanized finish.
Available in four configurations: ground mount, road trailer, off-road trailer and breakdown
kit.
2.9.5.1 Operation and Maintenance Practices:
When mounting the module on the structure, keep the displacement of the forth corner of the
module smaller than 2mm for 1000mm of the diagonal of the module after other three corners are
placed on the structure.
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Be careful in handling polarity of the insulated output wires.
This module must be grounded by minus pole, install modules and ground mounting structure in
accordance with applicable law of each country.
Consult the government before the installation of the modules in case if installation is required by
the law.
The modules shall be installed and maintained by qualified personnel.
Follow safety precautions of the battery manufacture if batteries are used with the modules.
Consult the manufacturer for the proper installation on special vehicles such as boats and
campers.
The modules must be mounted using clips on the long sides of the module according to the
installation manual.
Remove the cable securing tapes and cable holders carefully before the installation.
The module is fitted with SMK corporation connectors which are mechanically and electrically
compatible with multi contact PV-KST/KBT4 as of 19th Nov 2010.
The connections must be completely done and locked.
Do not shade portion of the PV module surface from the sunlight for a long time. A hot spot
phenomenon which is appeared as white dot may occur on the shaded cell.
Operation:
When a part of the module is shadowed, the hot spot may be caused, therefore do not shadow the
cell.
The module shall be maintained by qualified person.
The electrical characteristic degrades when the front cover of the module becomes dirty.
Do not pour solvent when cleaning the modules.
Do not produce sparks near flammable vapors.
Do not expose the modules to sunlight concentrated with mirrors, lenses or similar means.
Keep modules away from children.
Installation of solar energy systems on landfill side slopes and caps is though complicated by a variety of
engineering obstacles, various solutions have come up to mitigate these. Following general guidance have
been considered to overcome engineering obstacles of landfill reuse as they apply to solar system
installations.
Settlement
A special consideration is taken while designing the solar installation on the landfill cap is the settlement.
The collective uniform and non uniform landform deformations caused by physiochemical, biochemical
and mechanical process that change the properties of the buried waste over the period of time. Total
settlement is described as an overall subsidence across the landfill. Differential settlement is described as
localized subsidence that results from heterogeneities across waste debris in the landfill. Specifically,
settlement can occur in landfills through any of five processes,
1. Mechanical consolidation – (Negligible – daily consolidation will be done)
2. Biochemical degradation – (Negligible)
3. Physiochemical change.
4. Migration of fine refuse into the voids of large waste materials (raveling) – (Considered and mitigated
through the structural designs)
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5. The absolute degree of active settlement depends on the depth of the waste heap, the type of waste
present, the method of placement, and age of the landfill.
Settlement due to above reasons has been considered in the overall design parameters to address the
issues related to long-term post closure care of the landfill and the system components of a solar energy
farm.
For developments on landfills, there are numerous methods to mitigate settlement. Geogrid reinforcement
can be used to strengthen the cover soils above the geomembrane. Beyond structural reinforcement,
designed flexibility in the solar system can preclude damages to the solar configuration caused by
settlement. The use of shims and adjustable racking systems in solar mounting structures can allow for
amending the solar system in ways that conform to landscape morphology.
Being selective in where solar energy systems are placed on a landfill can minimize settlement impacts.
One of the strategies used is to place the solar facility on the oldest section of the landfill top deck, since
the rates of settlement generally decrease over time. In addition the nature of different buried materials;
for example, a solar system placed above old construction debris that has been previously compacted will
not experience significant settlement because of low biochemical degradation.
Cover Material Integrity
For the most part, either a flat or north-to-south trending slope is optimal for solar energy production.
Clearing and grading activities are carried out in a manner that will not damage the landfill cap nor
expose any of the underlying waste debris, particularly when conducted in thinly capped areas.
During the planning process, adequate measures will be taken to ascertain the depth of the landfill cover
and the anticipated deadweight loading of the entire solar energy system. We would maximize the level
surfaces for adequate system stability, which may necessitate moving soil from deeper areas to shallower
areas or bringing additional top soil to the site. In almost all cases, we may also use prefabricated concrete
piers or concrete slabs will be adequate to support a solar system.
All the necessary requirements for utility trenching have been taken care and typically, a minimum of 24
inches of soil is desired to trench for electrical line placement without any impact on a clay or
geosynthetic liner.
Side Slope Stability
Landfills will be assessed for side slope stability prior to construction to ensure that the cap and slopes
can be developed without giving way. Slope instability will generally decrease over time as waste
decomposition rates slow. Engineered retaining walls and vegetative surfaces can provide protection from
erosion and the development of unsafe conditions.
Building on side slopes much larger than 5 degrees is complicated by shadow effects and the need for
increased erosion and storm water control systems. Moreover, increased operations and maintenance costs
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may accrue over time for repairs to the side slope. For higher degreed slopes, regarding and importation
of additional top soil may be necessary to achieve a slope that is favorable to supporting a solar system.
South facing landfill slopes are ideally situated to maximize solar exposure in higher latitudes once
shading is accounted for. We have considered a balance between optimizing energy production and
ensuring technically sound solar array placement. Side slopes will require strong foundational systems
like poured or pre-cast concrete footings to oppose the pressures of dynamic loading. As a general rule,
higher degreed side slopes warrant lighter solar arrays and strong foundational materials have to be
considered for designing.
2.9.6 Proposed System
The proposed power project envisages a power plant of 2 MW (AC). The power project will be based on
crystalline technology equipped with axis trackers. The DC output of the power modules will be
converted to AC output with the help of solar inverters. The voltage will be stepped up with the help of
transformers. Both on C side and AC side of conversion, and at the grid interconnection protection and
safety devices will be provided to enable safe and reliable operation of the complete solar power system.
Monitoring, metering and analysis of system provided with the power plant will help to record, store and
transfer data which is essential for the plant. The power evacuation will be done at 66 KV.
System Components:
Solar modules
Inverter
Transformers
Solar trackers
Junction boxes
Protective relays
DC distribution board
SCADA system, an integrated SCADA system capable of communicating with the inverters and
provide information of the entire solar PV panel. This SCADA will provide information on the
instantaneous output energy and cumulative energy for each inverters
Electrical system, The DC output from the PV modules is converted to three phase AC by means
of inverters. The inverter output are fed into an AC distribution board which in turn will be
connected to LV panel in the control room. The power evacuation system comprises of
Transformer ( oil immersed type), Low Voltage panel, High voltage panel, metering panel, KLT
and HT cable, Control and power evacuation cables
2.10. Waste to Energy
Certain categories of hazardous waste (which are high in calorific value) will be utilized to produce
energy in the proposed 2 MW Waste to Energy plant. All necessary air pollution control devices will be
installed to ensure the emissions are well within the prescribed limits as per all applicable guidelines. Ash
generated from the Waste to Energy plant will be disposed of in the secured landfill after appropriate
treatment/stabilization.
CHAPTER 3
DESCRIPTION OF THE
ENVIRONMENT
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CHAPTER 3
DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
3.1 Preamble
Baseline environmental status in and around the proposed project depicts the existing environmental
conditions of air, water, noise, soil, biological and socio-economic environment. With proposed project as
the center, a radial distance of 10 km is considered as ‘study area’ for baseline data collection. Baseline
data was collected for various environmental attributes so as to compute the impacts that are likely to
arise due to proposed developmental activity.
The main aim of the impact assessment study is to find out the impact of the project on the environment.
This study is carried out during the project planning stage itself, so that the proponent can implement the
project in a technically, financially and environmentally sustainable.
The success of any impact assessment study depends mainly on two factors. First is estimation of impact
from proposed project on the environment and the second is assessment of the environmental condition.
Both are key factors to arrive at the post project scenario. The estimated impact due to the proposal can be
superimposed over the existing conditions to arrive at the post project scenario. The baseline data
generation has been carried out in December-2015 to February 2016.
3.2 Meteorological Conditions
The study of meteorological conditions forms an intrinsic part of the environment impact assessment
study. The meteorological conditions of an area and the industrial process are both intertwined and each
has a definite influence over the other. Favorable weather conditions and the surroundings help the
successful operation of an industry, while the industrial activity influences the weather in both positive as
well as negative ways.
Dispersion of different air pollutants released in to the atmosphere has significant impacts on
neighborhood air environment. The dispersion/dilution of the released pollutant over a large area will
result in considerable reduction of the concentration of a pollutant. The dispersion in turn depends on the
weather conditions like the wind speed, direction, temperature, relative humidity, mixing height, cloud
cover and also the rainfall in the area. Normally the impacts surrounding the project site are studied in
detail.
3.2.1 Analysis of the IMD Data
Regional meteorological scenario helps to understand the climatic factors. It also helps in determining the
sampling stations in predicting the post project environmental scenario. Meteorological scenario exerts a
critical influence on Air Quality as the pollution arises from the interaction of atmospheric contaminants
with adverse meteorological conditions such as temperature inversions, atmospheric stability and
topographical features like hills, canyons and valleys.
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The critical weather elements that influence air pollution are wind speed, wind direction, temperature
which together determines atmosphere stability. Hence it is indispensable part of any air pollution studies
and requires interpretation of baseline information.
The Temperature, Humidity, Rainfall and wind speed as per IMD, Nalgonda Climatologically Tables
shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1
Meteorological Data from IMD (1971-2000)
IMD Station–Nalgonda,Lat:17° 03' & Long:79° 16' MSL 227 m, Distance from proposed site 27 km SE
Month
Temperature ºC Humidity
% Rainfall
pre dominant
direction
Mean
Max
Mean
Min Highest Lowest 8.30 hrs
Monthly
mm
No of
rainy
days
1st 2
nd
Jan 30.8 18.4 33.8 16.1 82 13.5 0.4 SE NE
Feb 33.5 20.7 36.5 18.0 82 7.2 0.5 SE NE
Mar 37.3 22.8 40.9 19.9 80 6.5 0.4 SE NE
Apr 39.6 25.5 43.0 22.4 73 17.6 1.0 SE NE
May 41.2 28.2 44.8 23.5 63 27.0 1.4 SE NW
Jun 37.6 27.2 42.6 23.4 71 65.9 3.5 NW SW
Jul 33.9 25.5 37.3 23.2 77 124.6 6.0 NW SW
Aug 32.8 25.0 35.4 22.8 78 133.0 6.7 NW SW
Sep 33.6 24.9 36.4 22.8 77 145.5 5.8 NW SW
Oct 33.1 23.7 36.2 21.4 78 104.3 3.8 NE SE
Nov 31.1 21.2 33.5 17.9 75 48.1 2.8 NE SE
Dec 30.0 18.6 32.2 15.7 73 3.8 0.3 NE SE
Source: GOI, Ministry of Earth Sciences, IMD, Climatological Tables - 1971-2000
3.2.2 Meteorological Scenario of the Study Area
Wind speed and direction data recorded during the study period is useful in identifying the influence of
meteorology on the air quality of the area. The meteorological data recorded at the site for the study
period is used for the preparation of the wind rose on sixteen- sector basis (N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, ESE,
SE, SSE, S, SSW, SW, WSW, W, WNW, NW and NNW).
The maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, rainfall recorded, wind speed and
predominant wind direction observed are given in Table 3.2.
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Table3.2
Observed Meteorological Data Onsite
Period Temp (°C) Humidity (%) Rain fall Predominant
wind direction Min Max Min Max (mm)
December 2015 12 34 13 100 0
SE to NW
January 2016 15 34 15 100 0
February 2016 16 37 11 100 0
3.3 Wind Pattern
The detailed analysis of wind pattern for the study period is given in the Table 3.3-3.6, and the wind
roses are given in the Figure 3.1 -3.4 respectively.
The predominant wind direction in the month of December 2015 is NE followed by ENE with average
wind speed of 1.77 m/s and calms was recorded up to 13.31% .
The predominant wind direction in the month of January 2016 is SE followed by ESE with average wind
speed of 2.67 m/s and calms was recorded up to 12.23 % .
The predominant wind direction in the month of February 2016 was SE followed by NE with average
wind speed of 3.05 m/s, and calms were recorded up to 11.76 %.
The predominant wind direction in the Season (December 2015 to February 2016) SE followed by NE
with average wind speed of 2.48 m/s and calms were recorded 12.32 %.
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Table 3.3
Frequency Distribution – December 2015
Wind Directions Wind Classes (m/s)
Total 0.5 - 1.5 1.5 - 2.5 2.5 - 3.5 3.5 - 4.5 >= 4.5
N 1.88 1.34 0.13 0.13 0.27 3.76
NNE 1.75 1.21 0.27 0.27 0.13 3.63
NE 7.53 2.96 1.88 0.27 1.61 14.25
ENE 4.97 2.28 0.54 0.94 2.02 10.75
E 3.76 1.61 1.21 0.13 0.40 7.12
ESE 3.76 1.21 0.13 0.00 0.67 5.78
SE 4.30 2.15 0.40 0.27 0.81 7.93
SSE 2.15 0.94 0.13 0.13 0.54 3.90
S 2.28 1.08 0.27 0.13 0.40 4.17
SSW 1.75 1.21 0.13 0.00 0.13 3.23
SW 2.02 0.67 0.13 0.00 0.40 3.23
WSW 1.75 0.81 0.40 0.13 0.13 3.23
W 2.28 0.54 0.40 0.54 0.13 3.90
WNW 1.34 1.34 0.40 0.13 0.54 3.76
NW 1.34 1.08 0.40 0.13 0.81 3.76
NNW 2.02 0.81 0.54 0.40 0.54 4.30
Sub-Total 44.89 21.24 7.39 3.63 9.54 86.69
Calms (< 0.5m/s) 13.31
Total 100
Note: 1. Average Wind Speed is 1.77m/s
2. All values are in percentages
Figure 3.1
Wind Rose - December 2015
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Table 3.4
Frequency Distribution – January 2016
Wind Directions Wind Classes (m/s)
Total 0.5 - 1.5 1.5 - 2.5 2.5 - 3.5 3.5 - 4.5 >= 4.5
N 1.21 1.21 0.00 0.27 0.67 3.36
NNE 1.21 0.67 0.13 0.00 1.34 3.36
NE 2.82 2.28 0.13 0.67 4.03 9.95
ENE 1.61 0.94 0.13 0.13 1.88 4.70
E 1.75 0.81 0.54 0.27 3.09 6.45
ESE 3.36 2.69 0.40 0.40 3.90 10.75
SE 5.11 2.96 0.94 0.40 5.78 15.19
SSE 2.15 0.13 0.00 0.40 1.61 4.30
S 0.81 0.81 0.54 0.13 1.75 4.03
SSW 2.42 0.54 0.40 0.27 0.67 4.30
SW 1.61 0.81 0.13 0.13 1.61 4.30
WSW 1.34 0.54 0.27 0.00 1.88 4.03
W 0.94 1.08 0.27 0.00 0.81 3.09
WNW 1.08 0.81 0.27 0.00 0.94 3.09
NW 0.94 0.67 0.13 0.13 1.61 3.49
NNW 1.21 0.94 0.00 0.00 1.21 3.36
Sub-Total 29.57 17.88 4.30 3.23 32.80 87.77
Calms (< 0.5 m/s) 12.23
Total 100
Note: 1. Average Wind Speed is 2.67 m/s
2. All values are in percentages
Figure 3.2
Wind Rose – January 2016
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Table 3.5
Frequency Distribution – February 2016
Wind Directions Wind Classes (m/s)
Total 0.5 - 1.5 1.5 - 2.5 2.5 - 3.5 3.5 - 4.5 >= 4.5
N 0.89 0.74 0.30 0.45 1.34 3.72
NNE 1.79 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.64 3.87
NE 2.83 0.60 1.64 0.89 4.02 9.97
ENE 1.34 0.30 0.60 0.89 3.13 6.25
E 2.68 1.04 1.19 0.89 2.38 8.18
ESE 1.93 1.34 0.74 0.74 5.06 9.82
SE 4.02 1.64 1.64 1.19 7.59 16.07
SSE 1.19 0.15 0.30 0.30 1.79 3.72
S 0.74 0.60 0.45 0.45 1.04 3.27
SSW 1.19 0.15 0.00 0.45 1.49 3.27
SW 0.30 0.74 0.30 0.15 1.19 2.68
WSW 0.74 0.60 0.30 0.45 1.49 3.57
W 1.19 0.30 0.74 0.30 1.04 3.57
WNW 0.60 0.30 0.45 0.30 1.79 3.42
NW 0.89 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.89 3.13
NNW 0.74 0.60 0.00 1.04 1.34 3.72
Sub-Total 23.07 9.97 9.08 8.93 37.20 88.24
Calms (< 0.5 m/s) 11.76
Total 100
Note: 1. Average Wind Speed is 3.05 m/s
2. All values are in percentages
Figure 3.3
Wind Rose – February 2016
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Table 3.6
Frequency Distribution December 2015 – February 2016
Wind Directions Wind Classes (m/s)
Total 0.5 - 1.5 1.5 - 2.5 2.5 - 3.5 3.5 - 4.5 >= 4.5
N 1.33 1.14 0.23 0.27 0.73 3.71
NNE 1.60 0.78 0.14 0.09 1.05 3.66
NE 4.49 2.01 1.19 0.60 3.21 11.49
ENE 2.66 1.19 0.41 0.64 2.29 7.19
E 2.75 1.14 1.01 0.41 1.92 7.23
ESE 3.02 1.74 0.41 0.37 3.11 8.65
SE 4.49 2.24 0.96 0.60 4.58 12.87
SSE 1.88 0.41 0.14 0.27 1.33 4.03
S 1.28 0.82 0.41 0.23 1.10 3.85
SSW 1.79 0.64 0.18 0.23 0.78 3.62
SW 1.37 0.73 0.18 0.09 1.05 3.43
WSW 1.28 0.64 0.32 0.18 1.14 3.57
W 1.47 0.64 0.46 0.27 0.64 3.48
WNW 1.01 0.82 0.37 0.14 1.05 3.39
NW 1.05 0.87 0.46 0.23 1.14 3.75
NNW 1.33 0.78 0.18 0.46 1.01 3.75
Sub-Total 32.78 16.62 7.05 5.08 26.14 87.68
Calms (< 0.5 m/s) 12.32
Total 100
Note: 1. Average Wind Speed is 2.48 m/s
2. All values are in percentages
Figure 3.4
Wind Rose December 2015 to February 2016
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3.4 Ambient air quality
The study area represents mostly rural and semi urban environment. The baseline status of the ambient air
quality has been assessed through a scientifically designed ambient air quality network. The design of
monitoring network in the air quality surveillance program has been based on the following
considerations.
Meteorological conditions on a synoptic scale
Topography of the study area
Representation of the regional background levels
Representation of the plant site
Influence of the existing sources
Major settlements in the study area
Ambient air quality monitoring stations were set up for 10 different locations with consideration in the
above mentioned points. The locations were selected in downwind, cross wind and up wind of the
proposed project. The detail monitoring stations is given Table 3.7 and air quality monitoring location on
base map is represented in Figure 3.5.The common air pollutants namely Particulate matter (PM10&
PM2.5), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), the oxides of nitrogen (NOX), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ammonia (NH3),
Benzene (C6H6), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Ozone (O3), Arsenic (As) and Benzo (a) Pyrene (BaP) were
sampled on 8/24 hourly and results were averaged to 24 hours to meet the requirements of the MoEF and
compared with the standards stipulated by CPCB. The detailed ambient air quality levels given in Table
3.8 – 3.13.
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Table 3.7
Air Quality Monitoring Locations
Code Name of the Location
W.R.T Site Latitude (N) Longitude (E)
Remarks Direction Wind
Distance
km D M S D M S
A1 Tondalvai SE Up wind 4.5 17 15 06.6 79 14 18.2
Top of the Gram Panchayat
A2 Iskilla NW Down wind 2.5 17 17 39.3 79 10 02.4
Top of the Gram Panchayat
A3 Munipampula NW Down wind 6.5 17 19 09.8 79 09 17.8
Top of the Mr.Naresh House
A4 Chinna Tummalagudem E Cross wind 2.5 17 16 37.4 79 13 54.7
Top of the Primary School
A5 Kunkudupamla NE Cross wind 6.5 17 19 51.2 79 14 24.3
Top of the Gram Panchayat
A6 Kakkireni N Cross wind 2.0 17 18 04.4 79 12 19.2
Top of the Gram Panchayat
A7 Pilligudem W Cross wind 1.5 17 16 32.2 79 10 40.2
Top of the Mr.Sathi Reddy House
A8 Mandra SW Cross wind 2.5 17 15 00.0 79 11 20.5
Top of the Gram Panchayat
A9 Vanipakula SW Cross wind 6.5 17 14 38.4 79 09 18.6
Top of the Gram Panchayat
A10 Narketpalli S Cross wind 8.0 17 12 15.6 79 11 36.6
Top of the Gram Panchayat
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Figure 3.5
Air Quality Monitoring Locations
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Table 3.8
Ambient Air Quality Levels (μg /m3)
Code Name of the Location
PM10 PM2.5
Min Max 98
th
Percentile Min Max
98th
Percentile
A1 Tondalvai 38.6 46.5 46.1 12.3 14.7 14.7
A2 Iskilla 43.6 48.7 48.5 12.1 14.9 14.9
A3 Munipampula 49.4 52.8 52.8 15.4 18.8 18.8
A4 ChinnaTummalagudem 40.3 47.6 46.6 13.1 15.6 15.5
A5 Kunkudupamla 46.3 51.2 51.2 14.2 16.8 16.8
A6 Kakkireni 41.5 47.8 47.8 11.6 15.9 15.9
A7 Pilligudem 36.9 44.6 44.0 10.3 13.7 13.7
A8 Mandra 44.4 50.3 50.3 13.4 17.6 17.6
A9 Vanipakula 38.5 48.5 48.5 12.2 15.7 15.7
A10 Narketpalli 53.2 56.3 56.3 18.6 25.3 25.3
98th
Percentile Range 44.0 to 56.3 13.7 to 25.3
NAAQ Standards 2009 100 (24 hourly) 60 (24 hourly)
Table 3.9
Ambient Air Quality Levels (μg /m3)
Code Name of the Location
SO2 NOx
Min Max 98
th
Percentile Min Max
98th
Percentile
A1 Tondalvai 9.3 12.5 12.5 11.5 14.9 14.9
A2 Iskilla 9.1 12.4 12.1 17.6 20.2 20.0
A3 Munipampula 10.9 14.2 13.6 15.4 17.5 17.4
A4 ChinnaTummalagudem 10.7 13.7 13.7 13.2 15.4 15.3
A5 Kunkudupamla 11.9 14.5 14.5 14.1 16.4 16.3
A6 Kakkireni 10.1 13.2 13.2 12.3 15.4 15.4
A7 Pilligudem 8.6 11.4 11.2 11.4 14.5 14.0
A8 Mandra 11.8 14.6 14.4 12.6 17.1 17.0
A9 Vanipakula 10.4 12.7 12.7 12.7 15.9 15.9
A10 Narketpalli 13.3 16.6 16.3 17.8 21.1 20.8
98th
Percentile Range 11.2 to 16.3 14.0 to 20.8
NAAQ Standards 2009 80 (24 hourly) 80 (24 hourly)
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Table 3.10
Ambient Air Quality Levels (μg /m3)
Code Name of the Location
Ozone (O3) Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Min Max 98
th
Percentile Min Max
98th
Percentile
A1 Tondalvai 8.5 11.9 11.9 130 144 144
A2 Iskilla 14.6 17.2 17.0 115 170 164
A3 Munipampula 12.4 14.5 14.4 215 258 258
A4 ChinnaTummalagudem 10.2 12.4 12.3 206 242 237
A5 Kunkudupamla 11.1 13.4 13.1 226 262 257
A6 Kakkireni 9.3 12.4 12.4 141 206 203
A7 Pilligudem 8.1 11.7 11.7 115 126 126
A8 Mandra 11.1 14.8 14.7 244 290 287
A9 Vanipakula 9.7 13.8 13.4 165 208 202
A10 Narketpalli 15.2 18.3 18.2 607 643 638
98th
Percentile Range 11.7 to 18.2 126 to 638
NAAQ Standards 2009 100 (8 hourly) 2000 (2 mg/m3) (8 hourly)
Table 3.11
Ambient Air Quality Levels (μg /m3)
Cod
e Name of the Location
Benzene (C6H6) Ammonia (NH3)
Min Max 98
th
Percentile Min Max
98th
Percentile
A1 Tondalvai 0.21 0.52 0.51 7.3 10.5 10.5
A2 Iskilla 0.21 0.47 0.47 7.1 10.4 10.1
A3 Munipampula 0.31 0.63 0.62 8.9 12.2 11.6
A4 Chinna Tummalagudem 0.42 0.57 0.57 8.7 11.7 11.6
A5 Kunkudupamla 0.43 0.65 0.65 9.9 12.5 12.5
A6 Kakkireni 0.33 0.56 0.56 8.1 11.2 11.2
A7 Pilligudem 0.13 0.33 0.33 6.9 9.4 9.3
A8 Mandra 0.42 0.56 0.40 9.8 12.6 12.4
A9 Vanipakula 0.22 0.44 0.44 8.4 10.7 10.6
A10 Narketpalli 0.51 0.83 0.83 11.3 14.6 14.3
98th
Percentile Range 0.33 to 0.83 9.3 to 14.3
NAAQ Standards 2009 5 (Annual) collected 8 hourly 400 (24 hourly)
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Table 3.12
Ambient Air Quality Levels
Parameter Lead - μg/m3 Nickel - μg/m
3 Arsenic - μg/m
3 Benzo (a) Pyrene - ng/m
3
98th Percentile Range *BDL BDL BDL BDL
BDL Value 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01
NAAQ Standards 2009 1.0 0.02 (20 ng/m3) 0.006 (6 ng/m
3) 1.0
*BDL – Below Detectable Limit
3.4.1 Regional Scenario
1. Particulate Matter: 2.5μm & 10μm
Particulate Matter (PM) is the term used for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in
the air. These particles originate from a variety of sources, such as power plants, industrial processes, and
diesel trucks. They are formed in the atmosphere by transformation and gaseous emissions. Their
chemical and physical compositions depend on location, time of year and weather. Particulate Matter is
composed of both coarse and fine particles. Coarse particles (PM10) are formed by mechanical disruption
(e.g. crushing, grinding, and abrasion of surfaces) evaporation of space and suspension of dust.PM10 is
composed of alumina silicate and other oxides of crustal elements. Major sources include fugitive from
roads, industry, agriculture, construction and demolition and Fly ash from fossil fuel combustion. The life
time of PM10 is from minutes to hours and the travel distance varies from <1Km to 10Km.
Fine particles have an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5μm (PM2.5). They differ from PM10 in origin &
chemistry. These particles are formed from gas and condensation of high temperature vapors during
combustion; they are composed of various combinations of Sulphate compounds, Nitrate compounds, and
Carbon compounds ,Ammonium, Hydrogen ion, Organic compounds, Metals (Pb,Cd,V,Ni,Cu.Zn,Mn and
Fe) and Particle bound water. The major sources of PM2.5are fossil fuel combustion, vegetation burning,
smelting & processing of metals. Their life time is from days to weeks & travel distance ranges from
hundreds to thousands Km.
The 98thpercentile of Particulate Matter <2.5μm recorded with in the study area were in the range of 13.7
to 25.3μg/m3.The 98
thPercentile of Particulate Matter<10μm recorded with in the study area were in the
range of 44.0 to 56.3μg/m3. The 24 hourly average values of Particulate Matter <2.5μm & Particulate
Matter <10μm were compared with national ambient air quality standards and found that all sampling
locations recorded values within the applicable limits of residential and rural area limits for all locations
in the study area.
2. Sulphur dioxide
Sulphur dioxide gas is an inorganic gaseous pollutant. Sulphur dioxide emissions are expected to emit
wherever combustions of any fuel containing sulphur takes place .the sulphur in the fuel will combine
with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide. Sulphur trioxide and Sulphuric acid mist are the other important
pollutants in the sulphur group. In general some of the important sources of Sulphur dioxide are Power
stations, Sulphuric acid plants, Oil refining, Boilers in the utilities in any industry and domestic use of
coal. The following sources of sulphur dioxide in the study area identified:
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Emissions from domestic fuel (coal, diesel etc)
Emissions from DG sets used by industries and local residents
Sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere is significant because of its toxicity. Sulphur dioxide is capable of
producing illness and lung injury. Further it can combine with water in the air to form toxic acid aerosols
that can corrode metal surfaces, fabrics and the leaves of plants. Sulphur dioxide is irritating to the eyes
and respiratory system. Excessive exposure to sulphur dioxide causes Bronchial asthma and other related
diseases as it affects the lungs. The 98th Percentile ofSO2 recorded within the study area was in the range
of 11.2μg/m3
to 16.3μg/m3. The 98
th percentile values of SO2 were compared with the national ambient
air quality standards and it was found that all sampling locations recorded values much lower than the
applicable limit to 80 μg/m3 for industrial, residential and rural areas.
3. Oxides of Nitrogen
Oxides of Nitrogen are also an inorganic gaseous pollutant like Sulphur dioxide. Oxides of Nitrogen
emissions are expected to be emitted wherever combustion at high temperatures takes place. Nitrous
oxide and Nitric acid mist are the other important pollutants in the inorganic nitrogen group. In general
some of the important sources of Oxides Nitrogen are boilers (Utilities) in any industry and Auto exhaust.
In a metropolitan town NOx levels are predominantly due to automobile emissions. The following sources
of Oxides of Nitrogen in the study area are identified:
Emissions from industrial and domestic burning of coal
Emissions from automobiles
Oxides of Nitrogen have far greater significance in photochemical smog reaction than any of the other
inorganic gaseous contaminants. NOx in the presence of sun light will undergo reactions with a number of
organic compounds to produce all the effects associated with photochemical smog. NOx has inherent
ability to produce deleterious effects by themselves like toxicity. It acts as asphyxiate when in
concentrations great enough to reduce the normal oxygen supply from the air. The 98th Percentile of NOx
recorded within the study area was in the range of 14.0 μg/m3to 20.8 μg/m
3.The 24 hourly average values
of NOx were compared with national ambient air quality standards and it was found that all the sampling
locations recorded values much lower than the applicable limit of 80μg/m3 for industrial, residential and
rural areas.
4. Ozone (O3)
Ozone (O3) or Trioxygen, is a triatomic molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms. It is an allotrope of
oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope (O2). Ozone in the lower atmosphere is an Air
pollutant with harmful effects on the respiratory systems of animals and will burn sensitive plants;
however the Ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is beneficial, preventing potentially damaging
ultraviolet light from reaching the Earth’s surface. Ozone is present in low concentrations throughout the
Earth’s atmosphere.
The 98th Percentile of O3 recorded within the study area was in the range of 11.7 μg/m
3 to 18.2μg/m
3The
8 hour average values of Ozone were compared with the national ambient air quality standards and found
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that the recorded values were within the applicable limits of residential and rural area limits for all the
locations in study area.
5. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Carbon monoxide is present in small amounts in the atmosphere, chiefly as a product of volcanic
activity but also from natural and man-made fires (such as forest and bushfires, burning of crop residues,
and sugarcane fire-cleaning). The burning of fossil fuels also contributes to carbon monoxide
production..
Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, but highly toxic. It combines with hemoglobin to
produce carboxyhemoglobin, which takes the space in hemoglobin that normally carries oxygen, but is
ineffective for delivering oxygen to bodily tissues. A level of 50% carboxyhemoglobin may result in
seizure, coma, and fatality.
The 98th Percentile of CO recorded within the study area was in the range of 126 μg/m3to 638 μg/m
3.
The 8 hourly average values of CO were compared with national ambient air quality standards and it was
found that all the sampling locations recorded values much lower than the applicable limit of 2000μg/m3
(2 mg/m3) for industrial, residential and rural areas.
6. Benzene (C6H6)
Benzene is a clear, colorless, highly flammable and volatile, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon with a gasoline-
like odor. Benzene is found in crude oils and as a by-product of oil-refining processes. Benzene is found
in the air from emissions from burning coal and oil, gasoline service stations, and motor vehicle exhaust.
Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure of humans to benzene may cause drowsiness, dizziness,
headaches, as well as eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation.
The 98thPercentile of Benzene recorded within the study area was in the range of 0.33 μg/m
3to 0.83
μg/m3
7. Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia is a colorless inorganic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3, usually in
gaseous form with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia is irritating to the skin, eyes, nose, throat, and
lungs. It is essential for many biological processes and has various industrial applications.
Ammonia occurs naturally and is produced by human activity. It is an important source of nitrogen which
is needed by plants and animals. Bacteria found in the intestines can produce ammonia. Ammonia is a
colorless gas with a very distinct odor. This odor is familiar to many people because ammonia is used in
smelling salts, many household and industrial cleaners, and window-cleaning products.
The 98thPercentile of Ammonia recorded within the study area was in the range of 9.3μg/m
3to14.3μg/m
3
Remaining Parameters (Lead, Nickel, Arsenic and Benzo (a) Pyrene) are all falling below detectable
Limits.
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Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)/CPCB are given in Table 3.13.
Table 3.13
NAAQ/CPCB Standards for Ambient Air Quality
S. No Pollutant Time
weighted
Average
Concentration in Ambient Air Method of Measurement
Industrial,
Residential,
Rural and
Other Area
Ecologically
sensitive area
(notified by
Central Govt.)
1 Sulphur Dioxide
(SO2), μg/m3
Annual* 50 20 Improved West and Geake
Ultraviolet fluorescence 24 hours** 80 80
2 Nitrogen Dioxide
(NO2), μg/m3
Annual* 40 30 Modified Jacob &Hochheiser
(Na-Arsenite)
Chemiluminescence 24 hours** 80 80
3 Particulate Matter (size
less than 10 μm) or
PM10μg/m3
Annual* 60 60 Gravimetric
TOEM
Beta attenuation 24 hours** 100 100
4 Particulate Matter (size
less than 2.5 microns)
or PM2.5 μg/m3
Annual* 40 40 Gravimetric
TOEM
Beta attenuation 24 hours** 60 60
5 Ozone (O3) μg/m3 8 hours** 100 100 UV photometric
Chemiluminescence
Chemical method 1 hour** 180 180
6 Lead (Pb) μg/m3 Annual* 0.5 0.5 ASS / ICP method after sampling
on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter
paper
ED – XRF using Teflon filter
24 hours** 1.0 1.0
7 Carbon Monoxide
(CO) mg/m3
8 hours** 2 2 Non Dispersive Infra RED (NDIR)
Spectroscopy
1 hour** 4 4
8 Ammonia (NH3)
μg/m3
Annual* 100 100 Chemiluminescence
Indophenol blue method
24 hours** 400 400
9 Benzene (C6H6)
μg/m3
Annual* 5 5 Gas chromatography based
continuous analyser
Adsorption and desorption
followed by GC analysis
10 Benzo (a) Pyrene
(BaP) – particulate
phase only ng/m3
Annual* 1 1 Solvent extraction followed by HPLC
/ GC analysis
11 Arsenic (As) ng/m3 Annual* 6 6 AAS / ICP method after sampling on
EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper 12 Nickel (Ni) ng/m3 Annual* 20 20
*Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week
24 hourly at uniform intervals.
**24 hourly or 8 hourly or 1 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the
time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
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3.5 Water environment:
Surface water and ground water samples were collected from different sources within the study area and
some important physical and chemical parameters including heavy metals were considered for depicting
the baseline status of the study area.
3.5.1 Water Quality Assessment
Groundwater and surface water collected from the study area to assess the water quality during the study
period. The groundwater samples were drawn from the hand pumps and open wells used by villagers for
their daily use. The details of the locations are given in the Table 3.14 and water quality locations are
represented in Figure 3.6& 3.7. Water sample analysis results have shown in Table 3.15(A&B) and
Table 3.16.
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Table 3.14
Water Quality Monitoring Locations
Code Name of the Location
W.R.T Site Latitude Longitude
Source Remarks Directio
n
Distance
km D M S D M S
Ground water
GW1 Site - - 17 16 39.9 79 12 15.2 Bore well Testing Purpose
GW2 Tondalvai SE 4.5 17 15 05.7 79 14 22.4 Hand pump Not Drinking Purpose
GW3 Iskilla NW 2.5 17 17 38.6 79 10 03.6 Hand pump Not Drinking Purpose
GW4 Munipampula NW 6.5 17 19 14.3 79 09 21.8 Well water Used for Domestic
GW5 Chinna Tummalagudem E 2.5 17 16 50.7 79 13 57.5 Borewell Used for Domestic
GW6 Kunkudupamla NE 6.5 17 19 50.9 79 14 24.1 Hand pump Used for Domestic
GW7 Kakkireni N 2.0 17 18 00.2 79 12 14.3 Hand Pump Used for Drinking
GW8 Pilligudem W 1.5 17 16 32.2 79 10 40.8 Borewell Used for Domestic
GW9 Uttutur WSW 2.0 17 16 07.2 79 10 01.5 Borewell Used for Domestic
GW10 Mandra SW 2.5 17 15 05.5 79 11 22.7 Hand pump Used for Drinking
GW11 Vanipakula SW 6.5 17 14 36.8 79 09 19.9 Borewell Used for Drinking
GW12 Shivanenigudem SW 8.2 17 15 29.2 79 07 41.4 Hand pump Used for Domestic
GW13 Narketpalli S 8.0 17 12 13.4 79 11 52.1 Bore well Not Drinking Purpose
Surface water
SW1 Akkenepally NE 4.6 17 17 28.9 79 14 39.2 Lake Used for Agricultural
SW2 Tondalvai SE 4.5 17 14 55.8 79 15 08.4 Lake Used for Agricultural
SW3 Munipampula NW 6.8 17 19 30.4 79 09 19.9 Lake Used for Agricultural
SW4 Musi River NW 8.0 17 20 29.7 79 09 35.2 River Used for Agricultural (2
Seasons)
SW5 Narketpally SSW 6.7 17 12 59.2 79 11 27.1 Pond Used for washing cloths
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Selected water quality parameters for water resources within 10 km of the study area have been used for
describing the water environment and assessing the impacts on it. Studies on water environment aspects
of ecosystem play an important role in preparation of environmental impact assessment report and to
identify sensitive issues and take appropriate action by maintaining ecological homeostasis. To assess the
water quality impacts, water resources in the impact area have been grouped into two classes.
Surface water resources including streams, tanks, rivers etc.
Ground water resources in the deeper strata of the ground
Ground water from dug wells, tube wells and hand pumps cater to the drinking water needs of the villages
in the region. The quality of ground water was assessed by taking samples and analyzed as per CPCB
norms. Reconnaissance survey was undertaken and monitoring locations were selected based on the
following consideration.
Location of the aquifer
Usage and source.
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Table 3.15(A)
Ground Water samples analysis
Parameter Unit GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 IS 10500:2012
Acc’ble Per’ble
pH - 7.26 7.19 7.53 7.22 7.09 7.05 6.5-8.5 N R
Elec. Conductivity µs/cm 537 1951 1540 1850 2050 2425 - -
Odor - Agreeable Agreeable
TDS mg/l 339 1239 972 1258 1394 1551 500 2000
Turbidity NTU 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1 5
Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 212 342 376 344 365 354 200 600
Chlorides as Cl mg/l 20 265 212 287 323 434 250 1000
Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 22 102 98 112 132 163 200 400
Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 12 25 22 25 28 24 45 N R
Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 233 595 474 646 688 686 200 600
Calcium as Ca mg/l 75 168 118 165 172 156 75 200
Magnesium as Mg mg/l 11 42 43 56 62 71 30 100
Sodium as Na mg/l 50 177 167 189 206 256 - -
Potassium as K mg/l 3 25 12 21 12 28 - -
Iron as Fe mg/l 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 N R
Flouride as F mg/l 1.5 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.0 2.4 1.0 1.5
Lead as Pb mg/l 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01
N R Cadmium as Cd mg/l <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 0.003
Chromium as Cr mg/l 0.024 0.029 0.01 0.014 0.003 0.022 0.05
Copper as Cu mg/l 0.014 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.009 0.019 0.05 1.5
Zinc as Zn mg/l 0.022 0.024 0.441 0.017 0.014 0.348 5 15
Mercury as Hg mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 N R
Phenolic Compounds mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.002
N R – No Relaxation
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Table 3.15(B)
Ground Water samples analysis
Parameter Unit GW7 GW8 GW9 GW10 GW11 GW12 GW13 IS 10500:2012
Acc’ble Per’ble
pH - 7.06 7.09 7.03 7.11 7.02 7.27 7.34 6.5-8.5 N R
Elec. Conductivity µs/cm 2100 980 1338 1376 1654 2049 1986 - -
Odor - Agreeable Agreeable
TDS mg/l 1332 632 850 882 1043 1293 1273 500 2000
Turbidity NTU 1.5 0.5 0.5 2.5 0.5 1.5 1.0 1 5
Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 311 265 349 321 312 365 387 200 600
Chlorides as Cl mg/l 434 118 145 163 281 323 355 250 1000
Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 97 58 67 102 87 158 115 200 400
Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 21 25 20 21 18 25 24 45 N R
Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 649 353 585 443 613 668 620 200 600
Calcium as Ca mg/l 153 71 119 107 172 149 153 75 200
Magnesium as Mg mg/l 64 42 69 42 44 71 57 30 100
Sodium as Na mg/l 143 104 78 145 127 196 189 - -
Potassium as K mg/l 26 6 5 10 7 8 7 - -
Iron as Fe mg/l 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 N R
Flouride as F mg/l 2.1 2.1 1.8 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.1 1.0 1.5
Lead as Pb mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.01
N R Cadmium as Cd mg/l <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 0.003
Chromium as Cr mg/l 0.029 0.019 0.041 0.027 0.024 0.031 0.023 0.05
Copper as Cu mg/l 0.009 0.009 0.012 0.026 0.008 0.014 0.013 0.05 1.5
Zinc as Zn mg/l 0.036 0.033 0.016 0.17 0.01 0.184 0.011 5 15
Mercury as Hg mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 NR
Phenolic Compounds mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.002
N R – No Relaxation
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Table 3.16
Surface Water analysis
Parameter Unit SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5 IS:2296 – 1992 Inland surface water Stds
A B C D E
pH --- 7.25 7.09 7.36 7.28 6.85 6.5-8.5 6-9 6.5-8.5 6-8.5
EC µs/cm 1506 1542 1946 2331 1657 - - - - 2250
Odor -- Unobjectionable Unobjectionable - -
TDS mg/l 967 990 1245 1494 1048 500 - 1500 - 2100
TSS mg/l 52 39 14 20 27 - - - - -
Turbidity NTU 50 35 10 12 15 - - - - -
Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 323 289 412 408 120 - - - - -
Chloride as Cl- mg/l 178 176 236 286 197 250 - 600 - 600
Sulphate as SO4 mg/l 78 108 105 134 187 400 - 400 - 1000
Nitrates as NO3 mg/l 54 45 56 82 71 20 - 50 - -
Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 376 412 598 775 518 200 - - - -
Calcium as Ca mg/l 87 93 126 165 149 200 - - - -
Magnesium as Mg mg/l 38 43 68 87 35 200 - - - -
Sodium as Na mg/l 123 118 126 132 96 - - - - -
Potassium as K mg/l 12 15 11 9 23 - - - - -
Iron as Fe mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.3 - 0.5 - -
Fluoride as F mg/l 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 - -
Lead as Pb mg/l 0.012 0.011 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.1 - 0.1
Cadmium as Cd mg/l 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 - 0.01 - -
Chromium as Cr mg/l 0.026 0.028 0.036 0.038 0.014 - - - - -
Copper as Cu mg/l 0.011 0.017 0.012 0.025 0.012 1.5 - 1.5 - -
Zinc as Zn mg/l 0.011 0.02 0.02 0.024 0.016 15 - 15 - -
Mercury as Hg mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 - - - -
DO mg/l 6.2 5.8 3.2 3.6 5.9 6 5 4 4
COD mg/l 12 26 38 32 28 - - - - -
BOD at 27oC mg/l 3 4 5 4 4 2 3 3 - -
Class A Drinking water source without Conventional Treatment; Class B Outdoor Bathing; Class C Drinking Water Source with Conventional
Treatment Followed by Disinfection; Class D Fish Culture and Wild Life Population; Class E Irrigation, Industrial Cooling
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Figure 3.6
Ground Water Quality Sampling Locations
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Figure 3.7
Surface Water Quality Sampling Locations
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3.5.2 Regional Scenario
Ground water
The pH limit fixed for drinking water samples as per IS 10500-2012 is 6.5 to 8.5 beyond this
range the water will affect the mucus membrane and or water supply system. During study period
the pH in the ground water samples was varying from 7.02 to 7.53. The pH of all samples was
falling within the acceptable limit.
The acceptable limit for total dissolved solids as per IS 10500:2012 is 500 mg/l, whereas the
permissible limit in absence of alternate source is 2000 mg/l, beyond this palatability decreases
and may cause gastro intestinal irritation. In water samples collected from the study area, the total
dissolved solids in groundwater are varying from 339 mg/l to 1551 mg/l. Only one sample is
falling within the acceptable limit and remaining 12 samples are above the acceptable limit but
within permissible limit.
The acceptable limit for chloride is 250 mg/l as per IS10500:2012 whereas the permissible limit
of the same is 1000 mg/l beyond this limit taste, corrosion and palatability are affected. The
Chloride levels in the ground water samples collected in the study area were ranging from 20
mg/l to 434 mg/l. The 5 samples are falling within acceptable limit and remaining 8 samples are
falling above the acceptable limit but within the permissible limit.
The acceptable limit as per IS10500:2012 for hardness is 200mg/l whereas the permissible limit
for the same is 600mg/l beyond this limit encrustation in water supply structure and adverse
effects on domestic use will be observed. In the water samples collected from the study area, the
hardness is varying from 233 mg/l to 688 mg/l. The 6 samples are falling above the acceptable
limit but within the permissible limits and remaining 7 samples were falling above the
permissible limits.
Fluoride is the other important parameter, which has the acceptable limit of 1 mg/l and
permissible limit of 1.5mg/l. However the optimum content of fluoride in the drinking water is0.6
to 1.5 mg/l. If the fluoride content is less than 0.6 mg/l it causes dental carries, above 1.5mg/lit
causes staining of tooth enamel, higher concentration in range of 3 – 10 mg/l causes Fluorosis. In
the water samples of study area the fluoride value were in the range of 1.5 to 2.4 mg/l. one
sample is falling within the permissible limit and remaining 12 samples were falling above the
permissible limit.
The general characteristics of all the ground water samples collected in the region shows fairly good
quality except some levels of Hardness and fluoride observed to be slightly higher than the stipulated
standards. The basic treatment for fluoride will reduce the concentration levels within the limits and can
be used for consumption.
Surface water
pH was varying between 6.85 to 7.36. The pH values for all the samples collected in the study
area during study period were meeting the Class ‘A’ norms as per IS: 2296-1992.
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The total dissolved solids were in the range of 967 mg/l to 1494 mg/l, which were meeting the
Class ‘C’ norms as per IS: 2296-1992.
The chlorides were in the range of 176 mg/l to 286 mg/l, indicating that 4 samples were meeting
the Class ‘A’ norms as per IS: 2296-1992 and remaining one sample is meeting Class ‘C’ norms
as per IS: 2296-1992
The hardness is varying between 376 mg/l to 775 mg/l, in which all samples were above the
Class ‘A’ norms as per IS: 2296-1992
Fluoride content was in range of 0.5 mg/l to 0.7 mg/l, which were meeting the Class ‘A’ norms
as per IS: 2296-1992.
3.6 Noise Environment
Noise can be defined as unwanted sound or sound in the wrong place at the wrong time. It can also be
defined as any sound that is undesirable because it interferes with speech and hearing, is intense enough
to damage hearing or is otherwise annoying. The definition noise as unwanted sound implies that it has an
adverse effect on human beings and their environment including land, structures, and domestic animals.
Noise can also disturb natural wildlife and ecological systems.
Sound can be transmitted through gases, liquids, and solids. Noise impacts can be of concern during the
construction and the operational phases of projects. Noise should also be considered in relation to present
and future land use zoning and policies.
Construction noise can be a significant source of community noise. Of concern are impacts on people
near the construction site, who are totally unrelated to construction activities (e.g. area residents, office
workers, school children, staff, etc.) Factors which are important in determining noise levels that will
potentially impact such populations include distance from the noise source, natural or man-made barriers
between the source and the impacted population, weather conditions which could potentially absorb,
reflect or focus sound (such as wind speed, direction, temperature inversions), the scale and intensity of
the particular construction phase (excavation, erection, or finishing).
The Environment/health impacts of noise can vary from Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) to
annoyance depending on loudness of noise levels and tolerance levels of individual.
While measuring the day-night equivalent noise levels (Ldn), it is considered that one event at night is
equivalent to ten similar events during the day time. Ldn is similar to 24 hours equivalent sound level
(LEq) except that, during the daytime 10 dB (A) weighing is added. The Ldn for a given location in a
community may be calculated from the hourly (LEq) equivalent sound levels with a 10 dB (A) correction
added to the night time value (Ln).
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Ldn= 10 Log (0.0416 [15 (10Ld/10
] + 9 (10Ln+10/10
]) + ......
Where Ld is the Equivalent noise levels at day (6.00 A.M to 10.00 P.M) and
Ln is the Equivalent noise levels at night (10.00 P.M to 6.00 A.M)
3.6.1 Noise Levels in the Study Area
Base noise levels are monitored in 11 different locations within study zone, using a continuous noise
measurement device. The day levels of noise have been monitored during 6 AM to 10 PM and the night
levels during 10 PM to 6 AM. The noise monitoring locations are given in the Table3.17 and the results
obtained are given in Table 3.18, noise monitoring locations are represented in Figure 3.8
Table 3.17
Noise monitoring locations
Code Name of the
Location
W.R.T. Site
Latitude(N) Longitude(E) Remarks Distance
km Direction
D M S D M S
N1 Site - - 17 16 39.9 79 12 15.3 Site
N2 Tondalvai 4.5 SE 17 15 06.5 79 14 18.1 Near Grama Panchayat
N3 Iskilla 2.5 NW 17 17 39.4 79 10 02.1 Near Village Junction
N4 Munipampula 6.5 NW 17 19 13.2 79 09 21.5 Near Andhra Bank
N5 Chinna Tummalagudem 2.5 E 17 16 37.4 79 13 54.3 Near Primary School
N6 Kunkudupamla 6.5 NE 17 19 48.2 79 14 23.4 Near primary School
N7 Kakkireni 2.0 N 17 18 04.9 79 12 19.3 Near Helth Centre
N8 Pilligudem 1.5 W 17 16 32.6 79 10 39.8 Near Mallanna Temple
N9 Mandra 2.5 SW 17 15 10.4 79 11 40.4 Near ZPHS
N10 Vanipakula 6.5 SW 17 14 38.3 79 09 18.4 Near Primary School
N11 Narketpalli 8.0 S 17 12 13.7 79 11 48.0 Near Nalgonda Road
Junction
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Figure 3.8
Noise Monitoring Locations
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Table 3.18
Noise Levels in the Study Area – dB (A)
Time (Hours) N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N11
AA
Q S
tan
dard
s in
res
pec
t of
Nois
e S
O 1
23 (
E )
dt
14th
Feb
2000 –
Res
iden
tial
Are
a
AA
Q S
tan
dard
s in
res
pec
t of
Nois
e S
O 1
23 (
E )
dt
14th
Feb
2000 –
Com
mer
cial
Are
a
1.00 42.6 42.9 41.5 42.1 42.3 42.6 41.6 41.7 42.7 42.5 44.5
2.00 43.6 44.2 43.3 43.7 43.2 43.4 42.4 42.2 43.1 43.4 45.4
3.00 45.4 45.1 43.6 44.8 43.8 44.7 43.3 43.1 45.3 44.7 46.5
4.00 45.8 45.4 44.7 43.1 44.9 45.7 47.1 49.4 45.6 45.7 46.8
5.00 46.8 52.9 45.5 47.1 45.3 45.9 49.6 46.3 45.9 46.5 47.5
6.00 51.3 54.2 48.7 46.1 46.5 46.0 44.5 52.0 47.8 46.9 48.9
7.00 53.4 55.8 55.4 55.4 54.5 54.6 55.4 53.1 55.7 54.5 56.8
8.00 56.4 56.3 56.5 56.7 55.4 55.5 46.4 54.7 56.8 55.7 58.6
9.00 56.0 55.2 55.6 57.6 56.7 56.3 47.7 55.8 55.8 56.7 62.6
10.00 57.6 55.7 55.8 55.4 57.6 55.6 55.7 54.7 56.8 54.6 65.4
11.00 56.4 56.4 54.6 55.2 56.4 55.8 55.0 56.6 54.5 56.1 68.6
12.00 55.7 54.3 54.4 54.7 55.6 55.6 54.0 54.5 53.5 54.3 67.5
13.00 54.3 52.6 53.4 46.3 54.6 53.2 55.2 50.1 52.7 53.5 65.7
14.00 56.1 54.3 52.3 54.7 55.6 52.6 56.2 49.1 54.7 52.8 62.3
15.00 55.6 53.6 54.5 55.9 54.5 53.5 52.5 55.6 56.8 53.7 60.2
16.00 56.4 55.2 55.4 56.2 55.6 55.1 53.2 54.7 57.8 54.8 63.2
17.00 54.8 54.0 52.3 55.6 56.4 56.2 58.9 52.8 55.6 55.7 65.4
18.00 53.3 54.3 53.5 56.5 52.4 55.1 51.4 52.2 52.9 56.5 61.3
19.00 49.1 47.1 51.4 52.4 50.3 46.2 49.7 45.3 48.6 54.7 58.7
20.00 46.5 48.0 47.6 46.3 48.5 50.5 50.2 46.6 43.3 51.6 55.6
21.00 45.8 43.9 46.5 45.2 46.5 49.5 44.9 47.1 44.9 48.6 51.6
22.00 44.5 42.7 45.6 45.4 45.3 45.5 46.9 42.7 43.0 45.6 46.5
23.00 45.6 43.0 44.6 44.4 44.3 45.2 47.8 43.1 43.3 44.6 45.8
24.00 43.5 43.2 43.5 42.3 42.6 44.3 43.7 43.3 42.1 42.9 44.3
Minimum 42.6 42.7 41.5 42.1 42.3 42.6 41.6 41.7 42.1 42.5 44.3
Maximum 57.6 56.4 56.5 57.6 57.6 56.3 58.9 56.6 57.8 56.7 68.6
Day Equivalent 54.7 54.1 53.8 54.6 54.6 54.1 53.6 53.3 54.5 54.4 63.3 55 65
Night Equivalent 44.0 43.3 43.4 43.2 43.3 44.0 44.7 43.9 43.2 43.8 45.2 45 55
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3.6.2 Observations
The values of noise observed in some of the rural areas are primarily owing to vehicular traffic and other
anthropogenic activities. In rural areas wind blowing and movements of birds would contribute to noise
levels especially during the nights. The day equivalents during the study period are range between 53.3 to
63.3 dB (A), whereas the night equivalents were in the range of 43.2 to 45.2 dB (A). From the results it
can be seen that the day equivalents and the Night equivalents were within the Ambient Noise standards
of residential. However, some of the locations in Noise levels are above the Ambient Noise standards of
residential but within the Ambient Noise standards of commercial.
3.7 Traffic Study
A traffic study may be required for any project at the sole discretion of the statutory authorities. A traffic
study will be required when there is the potential for the project to create a significant number of traffic
conflicts under future conditions. The potential for traffic conflicts will depend upon the trip generation of
the project as well as the congestion in the area surrounding the project site. Typically a project which
generates fewer than 25 peak hour trips will not be expected to significantly contribute to traffic
congestion, whereas a project which generates more than 50 peak hour trips will generally be considered
potentially significant trip generator.
The potential for significant impacts is highly dependent upon the circulation system in the project
vicinity. If the project access is through a congested intersection, a relatively small trip generator could
significantly increase the potential for traffic conflicts. If a project is located in a congestion free area with
many alternative routes available to disperse project traffic, a relatively large trip generator may have no
significant impact. The trip generation of the project and the sensitivity of the project vicinity to
additional traffic are both critical in determining the need for a traffic study.
The methodology adopted for carrying out the traffic study was to select the major roads around the
project site and count the various categories of vehicles moving on these roads. The traffic study details
area given in Table 3.19 and Table 3.20. The vehicular traffic on the existing road were determined and
converted into passenger car units (PCUs) and compared with IRC 106-1990 guidelines for capacity of
urban roads in plain areas.
The existing level of service is very good, in future after execution of the project even after addition
of around 50 PCUs in peak hour, the level of service will be in very good class.
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Table 3.19
Muthkur- Narketpally Road (Adjacent to the site)
Hours
Two wheeler Three Wheeler Passenger cars Trucks, Buses
and lorries Total vehicles
v/hr PCU/hr
(0.75) v/hr
PCU/hr
(1.2) v/hr
PCU/hr
(1) v/hr
PCU/hr
(3.7) Total
Total
PCU/hr
06-07 am 56 42 34 68 12 12 0 0 102 122
07-08 am 76 57 46 92 23 23 5 19 150 191
08-09 am 112 84 68 136 34 34 8 30 222 284
09-10 am 133 100 87 174 45 45 12 44 277 363
10-11 am 143 107 123 246 56 56 14 52 336 461
11-12 pm 132 99 102 204 43 43 16 59 293 405
12-01 pm 121 91 98 196 32 32 13 48 264 367
01-02 pm 112 84 76 152 44 44 9 33 241 313
02-03 pm 98 74 76 152 48 48 8 30 230 303
03-04 pm 76 57 67 134 54 54 7 26 204 271
04-05 pm 86 65 78 156 57 57 11 41 232 318
05-06 pm 93 70 86 172 54 54 13 48 246 344
06-07 pm 65 49 56 112 43 43 12 44 176 248
07-08 pm 54 41 45 90 32 32 10 37 141 200
08-09pm 34 26 32 64 21 21 8 30 95 140
09-10pm 23 17 16 32 11 11 7 26 57 86
10-11pm 12 9 7 14 8 8 6 22 33 53
The highest peak observed is 461 PCU/hr during 10am to 11 am
Road width 10 m
IRC- 106-1990
Standards
2 way/2 lane
(Undivided)
Roads with no frontage access, no standing
vehicles very little cross traffic 1500 PCU/hr
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Table 3.20
NH 9 (Hyderabad to Vijayawada) (To &Fro)
Hours
Two wheeler Three Wheeler Passenger cars Trucks,Buses
and lorries Total vehicles
v/hr PCU/hr
(0.75) v/hr
PCU/hr
(1.2) v/hr
PCU/hr
(1) v/hr
PCU/hr
(3.7) Total
Total
PCU/hr
06-07 am 234 176 23 46 287 287 323 1195 867 1704
07-08 am 255 191 34 68 456 456 254 940 999 1655
08-09 am 365 274 45 90 488 488 345 1277 1243 2128
09-10 am 487 365 55 110 587 587 478 1769 1607 2831
10-11 am 532 399 62 124 667 654 568 2102 1829 3279
11-12 pm 523 392 61 122 654 643 543 2009 1781 3166
12-01 pm 465 349 57 114 676 634 445 1647 1643 2743
01-02 pm 367 275 48 96 643 643 432 1598 1490 2613
02-03 pm 387 290 56 112 578 578 476 1761 1497 2741
03-04 pm 435 326 59 118 687 687 512 1894 1693 3026
04-05 pm 480 360 60 120 745 745 524 1939 1809 3164
05-06 pm 465 349 54 108 678 678 512 1894 1709 3029
06-07 pm 376 282 48 96 587 587 576 2131 1587 3096
07-08 pm 254 191 37 74 534 534 556 2057 1381 2856
08-09pm 212 159 27 54 476 476 645 2387 1360 3076
09-10pm 154 116 21 42 387 387 665 2461 1227 3005
10-11pm 132 99 12 24 432 432 634 2346 1210 2901
The highest peak observed is 3279 PCU/hr during 10 am to 11 am
Road width 40 m
IRC- 106-1990
Standards
2 way/4 lane
(Divided)
Roads with no frontage access, no standing
vehicles very little cross traffic 3600 PCU/hr
3.8 Soil quality
The present study on soil quality establishes the baseline characteristics in the study area surrounding the
project site. The study has been addressed with the following objectives.
To determine the baseline characteristic.
To determine the soil characteristics of the proposed project site.
To determine the impact of industrialization/urbanization on soil characteristics.
To determine the impacts on soils from agricultural productivity point of view.
3.8.1 Criteria adopted for selection of sampling locations
For studying soil characteristics, sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions
representing various land use conditions and geological features. The homogenized soil samples collected
at 10 different locations were packed in a polyethylene plastic bag and sealed. The sealed samples are sent
to laboratory analysis. The important physical, chemical parameter concentrations were determined from
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all samples. The details of the soil sampling locations are given in Table 3.21. The analytical results of
the soil samples are given in Table 3.22. The Soil Sampling locations are given in Figure 3.9.
Table 3.21
Soil sampling locations
Code Name of the
Location
W.R.T. Site
Latitude (N) Longitude
(E) Remarks Distance
km Direction
D M S D M S
S1 Site - - 17 16 39.6 79 12 17.9 Barren Land
S2 Tondalvai 4.5 SE 17 15 36.6 79 14 00.9 Agriculture Land
S3 Iskilla 2.5 NW 17 17 38.2 79 10 55.1 Agriculture Land
S4 Munipampula 6.5 NW 17 19 23.7 79 09 25.1 Agriculture Land
S5 Chinna Tummalagudem 2.5 E 17 16 57.8 79 14 02.6 Agriculture Land
S6 Kunkudupamla 6.5 NE 17 19 41.5 79 14 30.4 Agriculture Land
S7 Kakkireni 2.0 N 17 17 50.8 79 12 14.6 Agriculture Land
S8 Pilligudem 1.5 W 17 16 33.3 79 10 34.1 Agriculture Land
S9 Mandra 2.5 SW 17 15 01.9 79 11 29.6 Agriculture Land
S10 Vanipakula 6.5 SW 17 14 31.3 79 09 04.3 Agriculture Land
S11 Narketpalli 8.0 S 17 12 38.6 79 11 47.8 Agriculture Land
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Figure 3.9
Soil Sampling Locations
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Table 3.22
Soil Analysis Report
Parameters Unit S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11
Standard Soil Classification –
(Indian Council of Agricultural
Research, New Delhi)
Texture -- Powde
r&
Lumps
Powd
er&
Lump
s
Powd
er&
Lump
s
Powd
er&
Lump
s
Powd
er&
Lump
s
Powd
er&
Lump
s
Powd
er&
Lump
s
Powd
er&
Lump
s
Powd
er&
Lump
s
Powd
er&
Lump
s
Powd
er&
Lump
s
--
Colour -- Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey Grey --
Bulk Density g/cc 2.0 1.19 1.17 1.29 1.18 1.33 1.73 1.80 1.39 1.5 1.5 --
Moisture content % 0.45 12.4 10.6 16.07 9.1 8.20 2.5 0.32 5.7 2.8 1.55 --
pH ( 10% Solution) -- 6.89 7.02 7.22 7.18 7.11 6.93 7.12 7.28 7.15 7.21 7.12
Acidic<6.0, Normal to Saline 6.0-
8.5, Tending to become Alkaline8.6
to 9.0, Alkaline above 9.
EC ( 10% Solution) µs/cm 36 103 98 205 228 242 121 193 87 136 50
Normal<1000, Critical for
germination 1000-2000, Critical for
growing 2000 - 4000, Injurious to
most crops>4000
Organic Carbon % 0.59 0.94 0.66 1.05 0.50 0.36 0.86 0.34 0.92 0.53 0.82 Low < 0.5 , Medium 0.5 – 0.75, High
> 0.75
CEC 52 223 224 229 263 278 209 376 156 286 229 --
SAR 0.77 0.79 0.79 4.36 5.52 1.44 1.17 1.13 0.75 0.94 3.59 --
Ava. Nitrogen as N Kg/Ha 356 294 336 268 264 248 324 284 300 310 324 Low below 280, Medium 280-560,
High above 560
Ava Phosphates as P Kg/Ha 8.8 7.2 8.0 11.6 4.8 4.8 11.6 7.6 9.6 5.6 8.4 Low below 10, Medium 10-25,High
above 25
Ava Potassium as K Kg/Ha 244 216 142 618 640 200 192 354 402 644 606 Low below 110, Medium 110-280
High above 280
Calcium as Ca mg/Kg 432 2553 2042 2474 2670 4791 3198 1492 2395 3374 3340 --
Chlorides as Cl mg/Kg 246 197 246 246 394 443 246 197 197 147 295 --
Sulphate as SO4 mg/Kg 62 49 62 62 98 110 62 49 49 37 73 --
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Sodium as Na mg/Kg 84 188 190 952 1270 528 266 347 174 247 784 --
Boron as B mg/Kg 6.87 23.07 22.67 0.35 32.22 15.61 29.09 33.62 16.47 59.32 43.5 --
Zinc as Zn mg/Kg 6.36 49 34.28 0.70 17.64 22.27 33.63 31.26 27.35 65.16 83 --
Copper as Cu mg/Kg 3.34 13.14 13.38 0.19 11.95 5.21 15.31 4.6 5.61 17.41 11.63 --
Magnisium as Mg mg/Kg 285 1024 1372 690 809 1670 428 343 285 1095 166 --
Chromium as Cr mg/kg 7.42 14.22 13.63 0.13 22.29 9.86 18.92 8.57 9.53 15.41 15.75 --
Lead as Pb mg/kg 11.14 11.1 15.18 0.15 13.26 7.02 10.4 6.03 10.24 13.13 16.41 --
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3.8.2 Observations
The analytical soil samples results collected during the study period is summarized below. The
pH of the soil is an important property; plants cannot grow in low and high pH value soils. The
normal range of the soils is 6.0 to 8.5 are called as normal to saline in soils. Most of the essential
nutrients like N, P, K and Cl are available in plants at the neutral pH except for zinc and
manganese which are available at low pH range. The soils having pH below 7 are considered to
be acidic from the practical stand point, those with pH less than 5.5 and which respond to limiting
may be considered to qualify to be designated as acidic soils. On the basis of pH measurements
the degree of soil acidity may be indicated. The pH values in the study area are varying from 6.89
to 7.28 indicating that all soils are falling in normal to saline class.
Based on the electrical conductivity, the soils are classified in four groups, normal critical for
germination, critical of the growth of sensitive crops, injurious to most crops. The electrical
conductivity in the study area is varying from 36 to 242 μs/cm indicating that all samples are
falling in normal range.
Organic carbon in the study area is varying from 0.34 to 1.05 %. 3 samples are falling in low
range, four samples are falling in Medium range and remaining 5 samples are falling in High
range.
The other important parameters for characterization of soil for irrigation are N, P, K are known as primary
nutrients. Ca, Mn, S as secondary nutrients. The primary and secondary nutrients are known as major
elements. The classification is based on their relative abundance, and not on their relative importance.
Nitrogen encourages the vegetative development of plants by imparting a healthy green color to the
leaves. It also controls to some extent the efficient utilization of phosphorous and potassium. Its
deficiency retard growth and root development, turns the foliage yellowish or pale green, hastens
maturity, causes the shriveling of grains and lowers crop yield. The older leaves are affected first.
An excess of nitrogen produces leathery dark green leaves and succulent growth. It also delays the
maturation of plants, impairs the quality of crops like barley, potato, tobacco, sugarcane and fruits
increase susceptibility to diseases and causes lodging of cereal crops by indicating an undue
lengthening of the stem internodes. The available nitrogen as N in the study area is varying from 248
to 356 kg/Ha indicating that 3 samples are falling in low range and remaining 8 samples are falling
in medium range.
Phosphorous influences the vigor of the plants and improves the quality of the crops. It encourages
the formation of the new cells, promotes root growth and hastens the leaf development, the
emergence of ears, the formation of grains, and the maturation of the crops; it also increases
resistance to disease to disease and strengthens the stems of cereal plants, thus reducing the tendency
to lodge. When applied to leguminous plants it hastens and encourages the development of nitrogen
fixing nodule bacteria. If phosphorous is deficient in the soil, plants fail to make a quick start, do not
develop a satisfactory root system, remain stunted and sometimes develop a tendency to show a
reddish or purplish discoloration of the stem and foliage owing to an abnormal increase in the sugar
content and the formation of anthocyanin. It has also been observed that cattle feeding on the
produce of phosphorous deficient soils become dwarfed, develop stiff joints and loose velvety feel of
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the skin. Such animals show an abnormal craving for eating bones and even soil itself. In the study
area available, phosphorous is varying from 4.8 to 11.6 kg/Ha indicating that 9 samples are in low
range and remaining 2 samples are falling in medium range.
Potassium enhances the ability of the plants to resist diseases, insect attacks, cold and other adverse
conditions. It plays an essential part in the formation of starch and in the production of translocation
of sugars, and is thus of special value to carbohydrates rich crops, like sugarcane, potato and sugar
beet. The increased production of starch and sugar in legumes fertilized with potash benefits the
symbolic bacteria and thus enhances the fixation of the nitrogen. It also improves the quality of
tobacco; citrus etc. with an adequate supply of potash cereals produce plump grains and strong
straw. But an excess of element tends to delay maturity, though not to the same extent as nitrogen.
Plants can take up and store potassium in much larger quantities than what needed for optimum
growth and this excess uptake is known as luxury consumption. With the maturity or death of plants,
potassium is washed from the plant body readily. Vegetables and legumes are particularly heavy
consumers of potassium. The deficiency of potassium produces the characteristic ringing of alfalfa
leaves with rows of small white spots, reddish brown discoloration of cotton leaves, drying,
scorching and curbing of leaf margins of Potato, and Intraveinal Chlorosis and flaring along the
edges of Maize leaves. The older leaves are affected first. The available potassium in the study area
is varying between 142 to 644 Kg/Ha indicating that 5 samples are falling in medium range and
remaining 6 samples are falling in high range.
3.9 Ecological Environment
An ecological survey of the study area was conducted particularly with reference to recording the existing
biological resources in the study area. Ecological studies are one of the important aspects of
Environmental Impact Assessment with a view to conserve environmental quality and biodiversity. The
present objective is to study an area 10 km radius from the proposed project site.
Ecological systems show complex inter-relationships between biotic and abiotic components including
dependence, competition and mutualism. Biotic components comprise of both plant and animal
communities, which interact not only within and between themselves but also with the abiotic
components viz. physical and chemical components of the environment.
The assessment of flora and fauna of the study area was done as per the MoEF guidelines. The main
objective behind gathering information about the ecology and biodiversity of the study area was to assess
the existing baseline ecological conditions in the study area, correlate it with the data available with the
Department of Forests and develop mitigation measures for possible impacts of the project to the existing
ecology.
Nalgonda District falls in the AP-1 Krishna/Godavari Zone climatic zone of Andhra Pradesh state as per
the National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) along with Khammam, Prakasam Districts. As per the
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Agro-Climatic Regions formulated by The Planning Commission, Nalgonda District falls in the Southern
Plateau and Hills Region characterized by shallow& deep red loamy soils and sandy soil.
3.9.1 Objectives of Ecological and Biodiversity studies
The main objective of the survey is to collect the information about the ecology and biodiversity of the
project site and its surrounding of the project site within 10 km radius.
Generate baseline data from field observations from various terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems;
To assess the distribution of flora and fauna in and around of the project site
Compare the data so generated with authentic past records to understand changes
Characterize the environmental components like land, water, flora and fauna.
To assess the impacts of the project on the immediate ecology and biodiversity
3.9.2 Methodology adopted for the survey
To accomplish the above objectives, a general ecological survey covering an area of 10 km radius from
the proposed project boundary was done as follows:
1. Reconnaissance survey for selection of sampling sites in and around the site on the basis of
meteorological conditions;
2. Compilation of secondary data from published literature of Forest Division
3. Primary data generation through systematic studies which was done through:
Generation of primary data to understand baseline ecological status, fauna structure and important
floristic elements;
Preparing a checklist of plants observed at the site.
Determining the bird population by taking random readings at every location.
Observing mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects through their calls, droppings, burrows,
pugmarks and other signs.
Interaction with local residents
4. Collection of secondary data from Forest Working Plan and Gazetteers. The compilation of primary
and secondary data for flora and fauna is appended.
5. Primary data collected from core and buffer zone of the project site, surrounding villages namely
Mandra-2.5, Piligudem-1.5 km, Uthatur-2.0 km, Kakkireni-2.0 km village’s etc.
3.9.3 Flora
According to the classification of Forest Types Zones of India proposed by Champion and Seth (1968)
the vegetation group occurring in the area belongs to Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest (Group 5).
The core area of the proposed project is barren land and covered with grasses, acacia species. There are
no notified areas used by protected, important or sensitive species of flora and fauna within 10 km radius
of the project. The list of flora observed at the study area and surrounding of the project site given in
Table 3.23.
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Table 3.23
List of Flora in the Study Area
S. No Scientific Name Family Name Common Name
1 Acacia niloticaindica Fabaceae Babul
2 Ficusreligiosa Moraceae Peepul tree
3 Annona squamosal Annonaceae custard-apple
4 Casuarinaequisetifolia Casuarinaceae Oak tree
5 Cyperusrotundus Cyperaceae Nut grass
6 Psidiumguajava Myrtaceae Guava
7 CocosNusifera Aracaceae Coconut Tree
8 Filiciumdecipiens Sapindaceae Fern-leaf
9 Calotropisprocera Asclepiadaceae Rubber bush
10 Nerium oleander Apocynaceae Oleander
11 Miscanthussinensis Poaceae Chinese silver grass
12 Partheniumhysterophorus Asteraceae Congress grass
13 Ficusbenghalensis Moraceae Banyan tree
14 Citrus aurantifolia Rutaceae Lime
15 Sennasurattensis Caesalpiniaceae Bushy Cassia
16 Lawsoniainermis Lythraceae Henna
17 Cassia fistula Caesalpiniaceae Golden shower tree
18 Albiziasaman Mimosaceae Coco tamarind
19 Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Banana
20 Acacia catechu Mimosaceae Arabic Gum
21 Sennaauriculata Fabaceae legume tree
22 Borassusflabellifer Aracaceae Palmyra palm
23 Mimosa pudica Fabaceae sensitive plant
24 CissusQuadrangularis Vitaceae succulent twiner
25 Azadirachtaindica Meliaceae Neem
26 Tamarindusindica Fabaceae Tamarind Tree
27 Mangiferaindica Anacardiaceae Mango Tree
28 Ziziphusjujuba Rhamnaceae jujube
29 Opuntialittoralis Cactaceae culinary
30 Bauhinia purpurea Caesalpiniaceae Butterfly tree
31 Indopiptadeniaoudhensis Mimosaceae Gainti
32 Lantana camara Verbenaceae wild-sage
33 Phoenix sylvestris Arecaceae wild date palm
34 Tectonagrandis Lamiaceae Teak
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Table 3.24
Plants of Economic importance
3.9.4 Fauna
The core area is not isolated from its surroundings by any barrier, there are no chances for any kind of
isolation or restriction of any wild animal to the core area or the buffer area. As they are capable of
moving from place to place either for food or shelter or mate, it is not proper to list them separately for
different areas.
Hence, common lists are prepared based on available secondary data and on the basis of direct
observation, indirect or circumstantial evidence such as foot prints, feathers, skin, hair, hooves etc. The
list of fauna observed during primary survey and based on secondary sources is given in Table 3.25
S. No. Botanical Name Common Name
Cereals
1 Oryzasativa Rice
2 Eleusinecoracana Ragi
3 Zea mays Maize
Millets
1 Sorghum spp. Jowar
Pulses
1 Cajanuscajan Red gram
2 Cicerarietinum Bengal gram
Vegetables (leafy)
1 Hibiscus cannabinus Ambadi
2 Allium cepa Onion
Vegetables (fruit)
1 Momordicacharantia Bitter gourd
2 Lycopersiumesculentum Tomato
3 Trichosanthesanguina Ridge gourd
Fruits
1 Cocosnucifera Coconut
2 Tamarindusindica Tamarind
4 Psidium guava Guava
5 Mangiferaindica Mango
6 Citrus Lemon
Oil seeds
1 Ricinuscommunis Castor
2 Arachishypogaea Groundnut
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Table 3.25
List of Fauna in the Study Area
S. No Scientific name Common name Family WPA Schedule
Mammals
1 Lepusnigricollis Common Hare Leporidae Schedule-IV
2 Hystrixindica Indian Porcupine Hystricidae Schedule-IV
3 Sus scrofa Wild pig Suidae Schedule-III
4 Cannisaureus jackal Canidae part-II Schedule-II
5 Harpestesedwardsi Common mongoose Herpestidae Schedule -II
6 Rattusnorvegicus Field mouse Muridae Schedule-III
7 Rattusrattus House rat Muridae Schedule-III
8 Macacamulatta Monkey Cercopithecidae
9 Funumbulussp Stripped squirrel Sciuridae Schedule-III
Reptiles
10 Hemidactylussp House Lizard Gekkonidae Schedule-II
11 Calotesversicolor Garden Lizard Agamidae Schedule-III
12 Ptyasmucosus Rat snake Colubridae Schedule-II
13 Najanaja Cobra Elapidae Schedule-IV
14 Bungaruscandidus Krait Elapidae Schedule-IV
15 Viperarusseli Viper Viperidae Schedule-IV
16 Chamaeleochamaeleon common chameleon Chamaeleonidae
Amphibians
17 Bufomelanosticus Indian Toad Bufonidae Schedule-IV
18 Rhacophorusmaculatus Indian Tree frog Rhacophoridae Schedule-IV
Avian Species
19 Clanga hastate Common Eagle Accipitridae Schedule-IV
20 Eudynamysscolopaceus Common Koel Cuculidae Schedule-IV
21 Milvusmigrans Black Kite Accipitridae Schedule-IV
22 Passer domesticus House Sparrow Passeridae Schedule-IV
23 Columba livia Rock Pigeon Columbidae Schedule-IV
24 Coraciasbenghalensis Indian roller Coraciidae Schedule-IV
25 Gruidae Crane Gruidae Schedule-IV
26 Athenebrama Spotted Owlet Strigidae Schedule-IV
27 Haliasturindus Brahminy Kite Accipitridae Schedule-IV
28 Corvussplendens House Crow Corvidae Schedule-V
29 Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret Ardeidae Schedule-VI
30 Pycnonotuscafer Red vented bulbul Pycnonotidae Schedule-VI
Source:- Divisional Forest Office &information gathered from surrounding villagers during primary survey
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3.9.5 National Parks/ Wild life Sanctuaries
There are no wildlife sanctuaries and National Parks within 10km radius of the project site. Mahaveer
Harina Vanasthali national Park is at 65 km distance from the proposed project. Sensitivity map is shown
in Figure 3.10.
3.9.6 Endangered animals
Based on the survey conducted, the study area does not have any species as per the IUCN Red list.
Site Photographs
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Figure 3.10 Sensitivity Map
3.10 Google Imagery and Topo map for 10 km radius
The satellite based remote sensing is a sustainable global information system because it has the potential
to meet the needs and demands of the present and future. The synoptic Average, which provides
capability for integration of real time information on regional and global scales, is a unique characteristic
of this information system. Its versatility lies in its inherent capability to conceptualize situation to give
clear perceptions for defining short term and long term objectives.
3.11 Land Use land Cover
The satellite based remote sensing is a sustainable global information system because it has the potential
to meet the needs and demands of the present and future. The synoptic Average, which provides
capability for integration of real time information on regional and global scales, is a unique characteristic
of this information system. Its versatility lies in its inherent capability to conceptualize situation to give
clear perceptions for defining short term and long term objectives.
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An activity could bring about changes in the Land use and Land cover in the vicinity. A data based on
Land use and land cover indicates ecosystems existing in and around the center of an economic activity,
to safeguard to allow comparison at a future date to draw conclusions on the nature. The study reported
here is with the honest intention of building such a database on Landuse and land cover in an area within
about 10 km radius of the proposed project. The details of the landuse present in the 10 km study area are
given below in Table 3.26; Land use Landcover Map and satellite imagery shown in figure is shown in
Figure 3.11and 3.12.
Table 3.26
The details of the land use present in the 10 km study area
S. No. Color LULC Class Area in Hectares Area in Sq.km
Built Up Land
1
Settlements 1151.5 11.5
Agricultural Land
2
Crop Land 26453.0 264.5
3
Fallow Land 1457.8 14.6
4
Plantation 2203.3 22.0
Forest Land
5
Forest 66.2 0.7
Waste Lands
6
Rocky Area 626.9 6.3
7
Scrub Land 2660.1 26.6
Water body
8
River/Canal 512.8 5.1
9
Water Body 873.1 8.7
Others
10
Mining 193.7 1.9
Total 36198.2 362.0
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Figure 3.11
Satellite Imagery
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Figure 3.12
Landuse Landcover
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3.12 Socio Economic Survey
3.12.1 Demography and Socio-Economics (secondary data description)
This section illustrates the prevailing socio-economic aspects of people inhabiting in villages around
proposed plant boundary. It also attempts to comprehend the social phenomenon so as to represent the
demographic, occupational, gender and diversity among the project area villages, thereby postulate
impactful developmental interventions.
3.12.2 Methodology Adopted for the Study
The study area covers 36 villages in the 10 km radial distance from the periphery of the proposed project
site in Chityala, Ramanna Peta and Narkat palli Mandals of Nalgonda district. The study adopts a two-
fold methodology for data collection, namely, review of published secondary data and collection of
primary data. Secondary data was collected from district census statistics of 2011, which includes:
demography, occupational structure, literacy profile and Social structure etc.
Similarly, the primary data was collected through transact walks, administering structured questionnaire,
Focus group discussions, observation and key stakeholder interactions in project area villages.
The salient features of the demographic and socio-economic aspects are described in the
following sections. Similarly, village wise demographic data as per 2011 census is presented in
subsequent Sections.
Socio-Economic profile of the study area:
3.12.3 Distribution of Population
As per 2011 census the study area consists of 130349 and the distribution of population in the study area
is given in Table 3.27
Comprehensive survey about infrastructural
details-Kunkudapamla village
Reconnaissance survey-Vanipakala village
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Table 3.27
Distribution of Population in the Study Area
Source: District Primary Census statistics of Andhra Pradesh -2011
As illustrated in the above table, the gender composition, as percentage of men and women constitute
about 50.5% and 49.4% in the study area respectively.
3.12.3.1 Average Household Size
According to the Census data of 2011, the study area had an average family size of 3.9 persons per
household. This represents moderate family size and also in similarity with other parts of the district.
3.12.3.2 Population Density
It is estimated that the average density of population of the study area is 245 persons per km2.
3.12.3.3 Sex Ratio
To reiterate; the male and female constitute 50.5% and 49.4% respectively and number of females per
1000 males is 977. The widening gap in sex ratio reveals certain sociological aspects with regards female
births rate in rural areas. This is a result of growing infant mortality among female children, single person
family structure and migration of industrial workers.
3.12.4 Social Structure
The Socio-Economic study observed that 23.6% of population belongs to scheduled category, wherein
1.18% population belongs to Scheduled Tribes (ST), whereas Scheduled Castes (SC) comprises of
22.46% of total population. The distribution of population in the study area by social structure is shown in
Table 3.28.
S. No. Particulars 0-10 km
1 No. of Households 22633
2 Male Population 45593
3 Female Population 44565
4 Total Population 90158
5 Male Population (0-6 years) 4828
6 Female Population (0-6 years) 4308
7 Total Population (0-6 years) 9136
8 Average Household Size 3.9
9 % of males to the total population 50.5
10 % of females to the total population 49.4
11 Sex Ratio (no of females per 1000 males) 977
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Table 3.28
Distribution of population by social structure
S. No Particulars 0-10 km
1 Schedule caste 20245
2 % to the total population 22.46
3 Schedule Tribes 1062
4 % to the total population 1.18
5 Total SC and ST population 21307
6 % to total population 23.63
7 Total population 90158
Source: District Primary Census statistics of Andhra Pradesh -2011
3.12.5 Literacy Levels
The analysis of the literacy levels in the study area reveals that an average literacy rate of 59.13% as per
2011 census data. The distribution of literates and literacy rates in the study area is illustrated in Table
3.29.
However, the male literacy of the study area is 34.38%, whereas literacy rate among women, which is an
important indicator for social change, is estimated to be 24.76%.
Table 3.29
Distribution of literate and literacy rates
S. No Particulars 0-10 km
1 Male Population 45593
2 Female Population 44565
3 Total Population 90158
4 Male literates 30992
5 Female literates 22319
6 Total literates 53311
7 Male literacy rate (%) 34.38
8 Female literacy rate (%) 24.76
9 % of Male literates to the Male Population 67.98
10 % of Female literates to the Female Population 50.08
11 Total Literacy rate (%) 59.13
Source: District Primary Census statistics of Andhra Pradesh -2011
3.12.6 Occupational Structure
The occupational structure of project area is studied with reference three categories via., main workers,
marginal workers and non-workers. The main workers include 4 categories of workers defined by the
Census Department consisting of cultivators, agricultural laborers, those engaged in manufacturing,
processing and repairs in household industry; and others including those engaged in household industry,
construction, trade and commerce, transport and communication and all other services.
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The marginal workers are those workers engaged in some work for a period of less than six months
during the reference year prior to the census survey. The non-workers include those engaged in unpaid
household duties, students, retired persons, dependents, beggars, vagrants etc.; institutional inmates or all
other non-workers who do not fall under the above categories.
As per 2011 census, there is a total of 40.53% main workers in the study area. The marginal workers and
non-workers constitute to 7.15% and 52.31% of the total population respectively. Therefore, non-workers
are predominant in the total distribution of workers by occupation. The occupational structure of the study
area is given in Table 3.30.
Table 3.30
Occupational structure
S. No Particulars 0-10 km
1 Total Population 90158
2 Total workers 42992
3 Work participation rate (%)
(Total Workers/Total population)*100 47.68
4 Main workers 36544
5 % of main workers to total population 40.53
6 Marginal workers 6448
7 % of marginal workers to total population 7.15
8 Non-workers 47166
9 % of non-workers to total population 52.31
10 Dependency Ratio 1.09
Source: District Primary Census statistics of Andhra Pradesh -2011
3.12.6.1 Dependency Ratio
Based on the occupational structure of the study area the dependency rate of non-workers on the workers
category has been estimated at 1.09. The study also noted that, majority of the educated youth are also
part of the non-working population as they don’t have any job opportunities in the area. The prevalence of
low industrialization and subsistence agriculture has affected the employability of local population,
therefore there is a need for income generation activities to strengthen the livelihoods of local population.
3.12.7 Infrastructure and accessibility; Primary Observations
The following graph illustrates the current Infrastructural details in project area villages which includes,
presence of educational institutions, working profile, housing typology and social composition.
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Inferences/Insinuations
Demographic aspects
As it is illustrated in the above graph, the Sex ratio is observed as 977 women for 1000 men, and
population belongs to socially weaker sections amounts to 23.63.
Occupational Structure
Similarly, according to 2011 census, main workers constitute 40.53% of the total population whereas
marginal workers and non-workers constitute to 7.15% and 52.31% of the total population respectively.
To reiterate, distribution of workers by occupation indicates that the non-workers are the predominant
population.
Literacy profile
The male literacy rate is observed as 34.38 and female literacy rate is observed as 24.76 and hence the
total literacy has been recorded as 59.13.
Health care facilities and accessibility
The data collected from the field revealed that 70% of the population has access to Govt. hospitals, where
as 30% have access to Private hospitals.
Accessibility to Educational Institutions
It was observed, that 100% of villages are accessed with primary and secondary schools.
Water Resources
Major water sources in surveyed villages are tanks and bore
wells. However, drinking water provided through Krishna
River in the project area villages. However, the villagers have
stated that ground water is heavily contaminated by Fluoride,
due to which people are dependent on treated water for
drinking purposes.
Similarly, most of the villagers are been affected with fluorosis,
bone dysfunctional diseases are commonly observed in the
project area.
Housing Typology
The study noted that 70% of housing is Pucca and other 30% are Kutcha houses in the project area
villages
Iskilla village- Community Water tank
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Communication facilities
Post offices: 80% of villages surveyed are accessed with postal services, while other 20% of villagers
have to access nearby town to get postal benefits.
Electricity: All villages are accessed with electricity supply for both phases.
Bank facilities: 90% of villages are not accessed with bank facilities.
Heritage/pilgrim interests:
Some of the villagers have old temples
Awareness about Government schemes and programmes
Most of the villages surveyed are benefitted by government schemes such as old age pension schemes,
widow pensions, MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Gaurantee Act), housing
schemes, mobile health service-104 services, swatchh bharat mission etc. Swatchh bharat mission,
nevertheless has been implemented in the project villages not only as the National priority but also as a
drive for societal up-liftment. The SE study observed that Mission has been very successful in majority of
the villages, where in some villages have achieved 98% of private toilets in individual households and
100% free from Open Defecation. Alongside, the villagers are also aware of the developments so far as
the welfare schemes and programs the Government.
Other Observations
The study reveals that some of the villages have mobilized CSR support from private enterprises to avail
better civic facilities. Some villages got CSR funds from Multinational companies to purchase computers
in the schools and panchayat office and benches, community water tanks and Reverse Osmosis Treatment
plants etc.
The socio-Economic study revealed that the youth in the project area are devoid of employment
opportunities. They can be a potential source of workers with minimum handholding and vocational
education skills. The youth have expressed their willingness to setting up of industries in the area as it
provides them gainful employment opportunities.
Similarly, this would also trigger many direct and indirect benefits for economic advancement and social
development of project area.
The study also noted an active presence of Self-Help-Groups in the project area villages. Many of these
groups are acting as micro-finance entities, rotating small amount of loans among the group members.
CSR works would carry out in future
The proposed TSDF would take a pivotal role in developing health, education, skill development,
environmental management of the villages in the project area.
Suggestions for improvement of Socio-Economic Status
The socio-Economic status of the population in the project area shall be improved through CSR and
focused community development interventions. Some of the salient activities are illustrated below:
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Need to develop Sustainable water sources through village level Overhead tanks for the
consumption of people and their livestock is the prime factor to be considered as the most of the
villagers are not vulnerable in getting proper drinking facilities.
Need to provide of drinking water through Reverse Osmosis Treatment plants as majority of
villages have higher levels of presence by Fluoride in the ground water. These RO plants can be
community owned and community may also collect minimum user charges from the villagers to
address maintenance of plant.
Periodical health checkup camps need to be conducted along with regularization of 104 mobile
health services which are currently meeting the health care needs of the villages.
Providing capacity building trainings and strengthening of SHG activities.
Distribution of vitamin and de worming tablets to Anganwadi and school going children,
distribution of iron tablets to women will bring a tremendous change in the health of women and
children.
Youth empowerment programs though awareness creation about various government schemes,
providing appropriate opportunities with relevance to their qualification and skills, conducting
skills inculcating programs etc.,
Enhancing women empowerment through conducting skill training programmes for rural women
in tailoring, manufacturing household items would enhance their income thereby create better
livelihood opportunities for the rural women. These products can be purchased or marketed by
company, which will provide additional employment opportunity of the rural women &
adolescent girls.
Veterinary camps and Para-Vet services to enhance the milk production of existing milk
producing households.
There has been a need for provision of agriculture extension services in the project area as some
villages have good sources of water through bore wells and agriculture Canals. Similarly,
Farmers’ Clubs can also be formed in these villages to enhance the awareness of farmers on best
practices to enhance farm productivity, efficient water usage and sustainable agriculture.
A number of CSR activities can be initiated in the project area villages on convergence mode
whilst partnering with exiting Government schemes and financial support from developmental
institutions like NABARD.
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Table 3.31 Demographic details in the study area of 10 Km radius
Name No HH TOT_
P
TOT_
M
TOT_
F P_06 P_SC P_ST
P_
LIT
P_
ILL
TOT_
WORK
_P
Total_
CL_P
Total
AL_P
Total_O
T_P
NON_WO
RK_P
0-2 Km radius
Kakkireni 614 2473 1256 1217 259 388 1 1268 1205 1301 333 800 148 1172
2-5 Km radius
Palliwada 446 1947 982 965 265 862 4 972 975 902 124 540 238 1045
Iskilla 415 1584 801 783 167 449 0 812 772 824 154 520 147 760
Uthatoor 389 1390 704 686 147 466 7 794 596 763 187 333 233 627
Yennaram 490 2017 1046 971 196 399 110 1083 934 970 198 404 364 1047
Akkene Palle 1094 4454 2290 2164 408 929 0 2487 1967 2305 589 1249 421 2149
Chippala Palle 139 507 268 239 46 201 0 311 196 225 16 184 25 282
Thondalvai 764 3083 1592 1491 364 843 22 1712 1371 1604 351 980 239 1479
Thirumalagiri 107 460 231 229 59 252 0 242 218 228 21 144 61 232
Sub Total 3844 15442 7914 7528 1652 4401 143 8413 7029 7821 1640 4354 1728 7621
5-10 Km radius
Laxma Puram 442 1872 961 911 137 321 11 1019 853 1001 381 456 122 871
Janam Palle 464 2230 895 1335 180 309 29 1437 793 963 130 504 277 1267
Dubbaka 472 1839 903 936 165 470 31 984 855 900 228 422 249 939
Muni Panpula 606 2217 1104 1113 215 792 47 1280 937 1035 97 564 353 1182
Bachuppala 107 427 213 214 49 116 0 193 234 222 99 114 9 205
Suraram 267 1059 545 514 93 259 0 535 524 605 298 198 84 454
B.Thurka Palle 163 739 346 393 80 234 0 368 371 389 73 253 53 350
Kunkudu Pamula 201 783 389 394 75 176 0 420 363 395 99 173 123 388
Ammanabole 1445 5641 2860 2781 554 1495 64 3243 2398 2809 531 1529 701 2832
Nakkala Palle 330 1329 676 653 153 209 22 626 703 772 87 607 72 557
Sha Palle 364 1489 758 731 154 441 6 824 665 775 118 462 194 714
Sabbidiguda 101 417 210 207 37 65 0 219 198 232 44 170 18 185
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Nemmani 612 2381 1166 1215 229 394 0 1455 926 1209 230 585 215 1172
Pothineni Palle 150 619 311 308 50 312 0 326 293 295 50 91 151 324
Madhayedavally 368 1399 722 677 130 206 1 860 539 732 116 377 146 667
Narketpalle 2603 10394 5375 5019 1201 1712 254 7007 3387 4308 372 1138 2655 6086
Akkenepalle Vari
Lingotam 518 2062 1058 1004 234 365 45 1228 834 1046 80 596 351 1016
Shivaneni Gudem 303 1234 628 606 130 321 15 684 550 560 104 179 264 674
Vanipakala 603 2264 1122 1142 241 557 16 1176 1088 1165 269 489 386 1099
Wattimarthy 504 1840 939 901 159 359 4 1133 707 862 174 208 459 978
Chityala (CT) 3399 13752 7052 6700 1388 2321 197 9597 4155 5499 255 1155 3802 8253
Duppelli 563 2041 1020 1021 177 419 9 1179 862 1125 280 704 112 916
Dattappaguda 580 2229 1120 1109 210 542 46 1200 1029 1092 191 653 242 1137
Podichedu 530 2096 1048 1048 249 599 8 1124 972 1041 226 680 127 1055
Parada 688 2567 1278 1289 257 394 88 1390 1177 1179 249 665 243 1388
Eduluru 1278 5263 2673 2590 518 1450 16 2954 2309 2673 292 1752 422 2590
Vemalkonda 514 2060 1051 1009 160 618 9 1169 891 986 134 467 311 1074
Sub Total 18175 72243 36423 35820 7225 15456 918 43630 28613 33870 5207 15191 12141 38373
Grand total 22633 90158 45593 44565 9136 20245 1062 53311 36847 42992 7180 20345 14017 47166
CHAPTER 4
ANTICIPATED
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS & MITIGATION
MEASURES
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CHAPTER 4
ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
4.1 Identification of Impacts
Any developmental activity in its wake will bring about some impacts associated with its origin, which
can be broadly classified as reversible, irreversible, long and short-term impacts. In this chapter, an
endeavor has been made to identify various environmental impacts associated with the operation of
facility and other activities wherein, there may be a chance of pollution. Based on the possible worst case
emissions and waste generation from the proposed project and also taking into consideration the baseline
environmental status at the proposed project site, the environmental factors that are likely to be affected
(Impacts) are identified, quantified and assessed. Both instrumental (positive) and detrimental (negative)
impacts are accounted for this purpose. The prediction of impacts helps in the preparation of a sound
environmental management plan which has to be executed during the on-going activities for the proposed
project to minimize the adverse impacts on the environmental quality.
A large number of adverse impacts occur from facility operations. These impacts can be fatal accidents
(e.g., scavengers buried under waste piles) infrastructure damage (e.g., damage to access roads by heavy
vehicles) pollution of the local environment (such as contamination of groundwater and/or aquifers by
leakage and residual soil contamination during landfill usage, as well as after landfill closure) off-gassing
of methane generated by decaying organic wastes (methane is a greenhouse gas many times more potent
than carbon dioxide, and can itself be a danger to inhabitants of an area); harboring of disease vectors
such as rats and flies, particularly from improperly operated landfills.
4.2 Methodology
The potential impacts on the environment from the proposed project are identified based on the nature of
the various activities associated not only with the project implementation and operation, but also on the
current status of the environmental quality at the project site.
4.3 Potential Impacts
The potential significant environmental impacts associated with the project are grouped as below.
Air Environment
Impacts on ambient air quality
Impacts on ambient odor
Impacts on ambient noise
Water Environment
Impacts on surface & ground water quality
Impacts on aquatic life
Land Environment
Impacts on land use
Impacts on soil fertility
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Impacts on agriculture
Socio Economics
Impacts on infrastructure
Impacts on employment
Indirect Impacts
Impacts on public health and safety
Impacts on aesthetics
4.4 Prediction of Impacts
The impact assessment is carried out for the following phases and presented in the following paragraphs.
Impacts during development phase
Impacts during operation phase
4.4.1 Impacts during Development Phase
Construction phase works include site clearance, site formation, building works, infrastructure provision
and any other infrastructure activities. The impacts due to construction activities are short term and are
limited to the construction phase. The impacts will be mainly on air quality, water quality, soil quality and
socio-economics.
4.4.2 Impact on Air Quality
The principal potential source of air quality impact arising from the construction of the proposed project
is fugitive dust generation. The dust, measurable as Suspended Particulate Matter and Respirable
Suspended Particulates would be generated as a result of construction activities. The construction
program of the projects shall commence immediately after obtaining statutory clearances.
The potential dust sources associated with construction activities are loading and unloading of the
materials, top soil removal, travel over unpaved roads and wind erosion etc. The construction works
associated with the proposed development are broadly given below.
1. Site development and foundation works
2. Dust generation due to vehicles bringing raw materials
3. Un loading of raw materials, removal of un wanted waste material from site
4. Civil constructions and provision of infrastructure required for various activities proposed
Among all the construction activities, site formation has the highest potential for causing dust nuisance to
the nearby air sensitive locations. During the construction of the project, existing houses nearby may be
subject to the potential dust impacts.
Exhaust emissions from vehicles and equipment deployed during the construction phase is also likely to
result in marginal increase in the levels of SO2, NOX, PM, CO and un-burnt hydrocarbons. The impact of
such activities would be temporary and restricted to the construction phase. The impact is generally
confined to the project area and is expected to be negligible outside the plant boundaries.
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4.4.2.1 Mitigation Measures Proposed – Air Quality
For the proposed project site levelling and grading will be carried out, where ever possible to maintain the
natural elevations they will not be disturbed, only levelling activity will be carried out for providing
roads, sewage network, storm water system, and places required for providing buildings for
administrative and plant shed erection. According to the engineering assessment; most of the excavated
material shall be reused within the project boundary. The movement of cut and fill material will be
limited.
Most of the construction dust will be generated from the movement of construction vehicles on unpaved
roads. Unloading and removal of soil material shall also act as a potential source for dust nuisance. The
control measures proposed to be taken up are given below.
1. The important dust suppression measures proposed will be regular water sprinkling on main haul
roads in the project area, this activity will be carried out at least twice a day, if need arises
frequency will be increased on windy days, in this way around 50% reduction on the dust
contribution from the exposed surface will be achieved.
2. The duration of stockpiling will be as short as possible as most of the material will be used as
backfill material for the open cut trenches for road development.
3. Temporary tin sheets of sufficient height (3m) will be erected around the site of dust generation
or all around the project site as barrier for dust control.
4. Tree plantations around the project boundary will be initiated at the early stages by
5. Plantation of 2 to 3 years old saplings, regular watering will be done, so that the area will be
moist for most part of the day.
6. To reduce the dust movement from civil construction site to the neighborhood the external part of
the building (administration, canteen, etc) will be covered by plastic sheets
Given the implementation of proper control measures for dust suppression, no adverse impacts are
expected and compliance with the Ambient Air Quality is achieved at ASR’s (Air Pollution Sensitive
Receivers) at all time.
4.4.3 Impact on Water Quality
The proposed project will involve various construction activities. The following section summarizes the
activities likely to be undertaken during the proposed development and describes the potential impacts on
water quality from each activity.
i) Site formation
Preparation of designated area of land for subsequent development activities involves levelling of the
ground surface, removal of vegetation, stockpiling and generation of construction waste. Construction of
temporary infrastructure such as drainage culverts may be required. The site formation may produce large
quantities of run-off with high suspended solids loading in the absence of appropriate mitigation
measures. This potential problem may be aggravated during rainy season.
ii) Construction of Buildings
In rainy season during the construction phase due to construction of various civil structures site runoff
results significant pollution in the receiving water bodies and washing of various construction equipments
will also result in water pollution.
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iii) Site workshop
The used engine oil and lubricants, and their storage as waste materials as the potential to create impacts
if spillage occurs. Waste oil may infiltrate into the surface soil layers, or runoff into local Water courses,
increasing hydrocarbon levels. Proper precautionary measures should be taken to prevent any spillage of
the above materials and their subsequent runoff into the water bodies.
iv) Presence of workers
During construction, impacts from the workers include waste and wastewater generated from eating areas,
and sewage from temporary sanitary facilities. Sewage is characterized by high levels of BOD, ammonia
and E.Coli. Significant water quality impact will happen only if the sewage is discharged directly into the
receiving waters without any prior treatment.
4.4.3.1 Mitigation Measures – Water Quality
During site development necessary precautions will be taken, so that the runoff water from the site gets
collected to working pit and if any over flow is, will be diverted to nearby greenbelt/ plantation area.
During construction activity all the equipments washed water will be diverted to working pit to arrest the
suspended solids if any and the settled water will be reused for construction purposes, and for sprinkling
on roads to control the dust emission, etc. The domestic sewage generated will be treated in portable STP
or sent to septic tank/soak pit.
4.4.4 Impact of Noise Levels
The major activities, which produce periodic noise, during construction phase, are as follows:
Foundation works
Fabrication of structures
Plant erection
Operation of construction equipment
Movement of vehicles etc
4.4.4.1 Mitigation Measures
All noise generating equipment will be used during day time for brief period of its requirement. Proper
enclosures will be used for reduction in noise levels, where ever possible the noise generating equipment
will be kept away from the human habituation. Therefore, impact on noise environment due to proposed
project would be insignificant. All vehicles entering into the project will be informed to maintain speed
limits, and not blow horns unless it is required.
4.4.5 Impact Due to Solid Waste Generation
This category of waste generation in the proposed project is due to different types of raw materials being
used during construction stage in general may comprise the following
Cement concrete
Bricks, tiles,
Cement plaster
Steel (RCC, door/ window frames, roofing support, railings of staircase etc)
Rubble, sand, Stone (Marble, granite, sand stone)
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Timber/wood
Paints/varnishes
Besides above there are some major and minor components namely conduits, pipes, electrical fixtures,
panels, etc. all the above items will be segregated and stored at the site and once the facility established
will be process the same in respective treatment facilities within the site.
4.4.5.1 Mitigation Measures for Solid Waste
The solid waste generated during this period being predominantly inert in nature. Hence maximum effort
would be made to reuse and recycle them. The most of the solid waste material can be used for filing/
levelling of low-laying areas within the site. All attempts should be made to stick to the following
measures.
1. All construction waste shall be stored within the site itself. A proper screen will be provided so
that the waste does not get scattered.
2. Attempts will be made to keep the waste segregated into different heaps as far as possible so that
their further gradation and reuse is facilitated.
3. Materials, which can be reused for purpose of construction, levelling, making roads/ pavement
will also be kept in separate heaps from those which are to be sold or land filled.
4. The local body or a private company may be arranged to provide appropriate number of skip
containers/ trolleys on hire.
The use of the construction material basically depends on their separation and conditions of the separated
material. A majority of these materials are durable and therefore, have a high potential for reuse. It would,
however, be desirable to have quality standards for the recycled materials. Construction waste can be used
in the following manner.
1. Reuse of bricks, tiles, stone slabs, timber, piping railings etc to the extent possible and depending
upon their conditions.
2. Sale/ auction of materials which cannot be used at the site due to design constraint
3. Plastics, broken glass, scrap metal etc will be stored and processed within the site premises.
4. Rubble/ brick bats can be used for building activity, such as levelling, under coat of lanes where
the traffic does not constitute heavy moving loads.
5. Larger unusable pieces can be sent for filing up low laying areas.
6. Fine material such as sand, dust, etc can be used as cover material
7. The unearthed soil can be used for levelling as well as for lawn development
8. The broken pieces of the flooring material can be used for levelling in the building or can be
disposed off
9. The unused or remaining paints/varnishes/wood can either be reused or can be disposed off.
4.4.6 Impact on Land Use
Due to the development of Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal and
Recycling Facilities providing necessary air pollution control measures, wastewater treatment and
disposal measures, noise pollution control measures, etc, the impacts on the land use will be envisaged as
sufficient greenbelt will be provided around the boundary to enhance the aesthetics of the project area.
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4.4.7 Demographic and Socio Economic
The impact of the proposed unit on demography and socio economic conditions of the study area would
be as follows.
1. Additional strain on civic amenities like road, transport, communication, drinking water,
sanitation & other facilities to meet the work force requirement
2. Increase in demand for services like hotels, lodges, public transport etc.
3. Employment opportunities for construction labourers, skilled and unskilled workers etc.,
4. Economic up liftment of the area.
5. Increase in Labour rates.
6. More work to the civil construction and transportation companies
4.5 Impact during Operation
During the operation phase of the proposed project there would be impacts on the air environment, water
environment, Land environment and socio-economic aspects.
4.5.1 Prediction of Impacts on the Air Environment
Prediction of impacts from the proposed project on the ambient air quality was carried out using air
quality simulation models. The main sources of air pollution are as follows.
1. Area source emissions from Landfill operations
2. Line source emissions from Vehicular movement
3. Point source emissions from Incinerator, DG set.
The emissions from the DG sets are minimal since they will be operated only during power failures.
4.5.2 Atmospheric Dispersion of Stack Emissions
In order to estimate the ground level concentrations due to the emissions from the proposed project, EPA
approved American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model -
AERMOD 7.0.3 dispersion Model has been used. AERMOD dispersion Model provides option to model
emissions from a wide range of sources that are present at a typical industrial source complex. The model
considers the sources and receptors in undulated terrain as well as plain terrain and the combination of
both. The basis of the model is the straight line steady state Gaussian Plume Equation, with modifications
to model simple point source emissions from stacks, emissions from stack that experience the effect of
aerodynamic down wash due to nearby buildings, isolated vents, multiple vents, storage piles etc.
AERMOD dispersion model with the following options has been used to predict the cumulative ground
level concentrations due to the proposed emissions. Area being rural, rural dispersion parameters is
considered
Predictions have been carried out to estimate concentration values over radial distance of 10 km
around the sources
A combination of Cartesian and Polar receptor network has been considered
Emission rates from the sources were considered as constant during the entire period
The ground level concentrations computed were as is basis without any consideration of decay
coefficient
Calm winds recorded during the study period were also taken into consideration
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24-hour mean meteorological data extracted from the meteorological data collected during the
study period as per guidelines of IMD/CPCB has been used to compute the mean ground level
concentrations to study the impact on study area.
4.5.3 Pollution Sources
4.5.3.1 Area Sources
Daily waste will be discharged by tipping at the working area on a landfill, within the area demarcated for
the cell. Daily/Weekly cover (optional) is primarily used for prevention windblown dust, litter and
odours, deterrence to scavengers, birds, reduction of infiltration (during unseasonal rain) and in improving
the sites visual appearance. Soil used as daily / weekly cover shall give a pleasing uniform appearance
from the site boundary. To achieve this thickness of about 150mm is usually adequate and shall be
adopted.
4.5.3.2 Point Sources
The point source emissions considered for the proposed project are Incinerator and DG set. The DG set
will be used only during power failure for emergency requirements. Hence the impacts from the DG set
will be felt only during power failure in absence of Power plant. The inputs used to run the model are
stack details, emissions details are given in Table 4.1 and twenty four hours mean meteorological data is
given in Table 4.2
The Predicted maximum Ground level concentration of 24 Hour average PM, SO2 and NOx
concentrations considering 24 hour mean meteorological data of study season are superimposed on the
maximum baseline concentrations obtained during the study period to estimate the post project scenario,
which would prevail at the post operational phase. The overall scenario with predicted concentrations
over the maximum baseline concentrations is shown in the following Table 4.3 and isopleths are shown
in the Figure 4.1 to 4.3.
Table 4.1
Stack Emissions Details
Details Incinerator DG Set
Capacity 55 TPD 500 KVA
Type of fuel Haz wastes Diesel
Height of the stack (m) 30 8
Temp of flue gas (°C) 160 530
Internal Dia. of the stack (m) 0.6 0.25
Velocity of flue gas (m/s) 22 12
Flue gas Flow rate (m3/s) 6.22 0.6
PM Emissions (g/s) 2.4 --
SO2 Emissions (g/s) 9.5 0.02
NOx Emissions (g/s) 13.7 0.124
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Table 4.2
24 Hours Mean Meteorological Data for Winter Season
Year Month Day Hour Stability
Class
Temperature
°C
Relative
Humidity
%
Wind
Direction
Degree
Wind
Speed
m/s
2016 1 5 1 6 20 64 135 2.47
2016 1 5 2 6 19 68 110 2.33
2016 1 5 3 6 19 73 135 2.28
2016 1 5 4 6 17 82 135 2.37
2016 1 5 5 6 17 82 135 2.27
2016 1 5 6 5 17 88 90 1.46
2016 1 5 7 5 18 83 135 2.34
2016 1 5 8 4 19 83 135 2.43
2016 1 5 9 4 23 65 45 2.84
2016 1 5 10 3 25 59 135 2.66
2016 1 5 11 2 26 52 135 2.91
2016 1 5 12 1 27 49 90 3.03
2016 1 5 13 1 28 36 135 3.21
2016 1 5 14 1 28 35 110 2.72
2016 1 5 15 2 27 34 135 2.61
2016 1 5 16 3 28 32 45 2.24
2016 1 5 17 4 28 28 135 2.37
2016 1 5 18 5 25 39 135 2.58
2016 1 5 19 6 23 47 45 2.23
2016 1 5 20 6 22 46 135 2.77
2016 1 5 21 6 21 56 90 2,21
2016 1 5 22 6 21 56 45 2.35
2016 1 5 23 6 20 60 135 2,34
2016 1 5 24 6 20 64 135 2.33
Table 4.3
Post Project Scenario – Units: μg/m3
Particulars Particulate Matter
(PM)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Oxides of Nitrogen
(NOx)
Baseline Scenario (Max) 56.3 16.3 20.8
Predicted GLC (Max) 3.4 9.5 14.1
Overall Scenario (Worst Case) 59.7 25.8 34.9
NAAQ Standards 2009 100 80 80
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Figure 4.1
Predicted 24- Hourly Average GLCs of PM (μg/m3) at 10 km Radius
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Figure 4.2
Predicted 24- Hourly Average GLCs of SO2 (μg/m3) at 10 km Radius
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Figure 4.3
Predicted 24- Hourly Average GLCs of NOx (μg/m3) at 10 km Radius
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4.5.4 Air Pollution Mitigation Measures
4.5.4.1 DG Set
DG set will be used only in case of power failure. The DG set will be provided with acoustic erective and
adequate height of stack meeting MOEF/CPCB guidelines. So impact due to D. G. Set will be temporary
& for short time.
4.5.4.2 Incinerator
Incinerator will be provided with a stack height meeting MOEF Guidelines (minimum 30m), Spray dryer,
Multi cyclone, Bag house, Wet scrubber.
The gases are passed through multi-cyclone for removal of particulates. Dry lime and activated carbon are
injected for neutralization of acidic gases (HCl, HF, SO2) and removal of organic constituents. Flue gases
are passed through bag filters for complete removal of particulates and then to wet alkaline scrubber for
neutralization
Dioxins: To prevent reformation of dioxins by rapidly lowering the flue gas temperatures, particularly
from 500 °C to less than 200 °C by adopting rapid quench / catalyst / adsorption by activated carbon etc.
Mercury: If the feeding waste contains mercury and its compounds, activated carbon treatment for
control of these emissions is given. (Ex. activated carbon, conversion into mercuric chloride and then to
mercuric sulphide etc.)
Mist: Often there is a need to eliminate the mist in the stack emissions, therefore, where necessary de
mister may be provided.
4.5.4.3 Secured Landfill
During operation part of the Secured land fill, to minimize the odor and gases generation, daily it will be
covered with soil/ash and during rainy period with temporary cover (HDPE/Plastic sheets).
4.6 Impact on Water Quality
The water demand of the project will be met through groundwater or Grampanchayat Supply. To
minimize the water consumption; water saving options will be planned.
Improve energy efficiency of operations
Installation of flow restrictors on water supply line
Dry sweeping of all areas before mopping/washing
Eliminate leaks of the pipelines
Storm water harvesting
Rain water holding tanks
Recycling of water etc
The details of the wastewater generation from various activities are given in Table 4.4.
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Table 4.4
Wastewater Generation Details
S. No Utility Phase-I Phase-II Phase-III Total Remarks
Cum/day Cum/day Cum/day Cum/day
1 Domestic 4 2.5 2.5 8 Septic tank/soak pit or portable
STP
2 Floor Washings 2 1 1 4 Settling/Recycling
3 Recycling 10 10 Settling/Recycling Land filling
of settled sludge
4 Landfill operations
(leachate)
10 10 Incineration/ Forced Evaporation
/ spraying on landfill
5 Bio medical waste 4 4 Treatment/Recycling to
Incinerator
6
Boiler - - 20 20 Ash quenching/green belt
Cooling Tower - - 30 30
Total 30 3.5 52.5 86
4.6.1 Leachate Collection/ Treatment and Disposal
Leachate collection and removal is provided above the geo-membrane in two layers viz. the primary and
the secondary liner. The primary liner serves as leachate collection and removal system, while the
secondary liner serves as leak detection system and a signal of potential liabilities in terms of
environmental pollution.
Leachate is collected by a network of lateral and header pipes embedded in a drainage layer, all of which
eventually drain into a leachate collection sump. The collected leachate is transferred to a leachate
treatment system. Leachate, thus collected is transferred to the forced evaporation system and the residue
after decanting is subjected back to the land-filling process.
The leachate collection system in an engineered landfill takes the form of an under-drain beneath the
waste material. It is required to ensure there is no more than a limited head of pressure above the base
liner to cause leakage of liquid from the base of the landfill. The design maximum pressure head in the
landfill is limited to 300mm.
Drainage is affected by a layer of about 300mm thick graded sand / gravel having high permeability.
Within this layer a network of HDPE pipes are placed to collect leachate and conduct it quickly to the
collection sump for removal from landfill. The pipes are typically perforated only over the upper half to
allow the leachate to enter the pipe and thereafter to be contained within the pipe network system. The
layout of the pipe network generally includes sufficient redundancy to ensure that if a blockage occurs
somewhere in the network the leachate simply backs-up a little then flows into the system a little further
up-gradient. Two layers of the leachate collection system are provided one over the other. Slotting area of
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the pipe is done only on the top 120o portion of the pipe and to an extent of 100 Sq. cm per running meter
of the pipe.
The pipe must have sufficient strength to withstand the load imposed by the overlying waste and the earth
moving activities associated with the placement and the compaction of the waste (Min 6 Kg/ Sq.cm). The
main pipe (headers) feeding leachate to the sump has the capability to be cleaned out in case of clogging.
However, the design must include sufficient redundancy of pipe work to ensure alternative drainage paths
are available in the event of localized clogging of any part of the system.
4.6.2 Water Impacts Mitigation Measures
Leachate collected from Secured Landfill and other wastewater including vehicle and container washing,
leachate generated at treatment, incineration are treated together (excluding domestic wastewater) in
incineration/ Forced evaporation/spraying on landfill. The domestic effluent generated will be treated in
septic tank followed by soak pit or portable STP and the treated water is used for greenbelt development.
The effluent generated from floor washings, recycling activity, etc will be collected in collection tank
followed by settling tank and the settled water is reused. The effluent from bio medical waste is treated in
ETP and recycling to incinerator or circulation back to system. The waste water generated from boiler and
cooling tower used in ash quenching and for greenbelt development purpose. There will not be any
wastewater discharge to any nearby water body and adopts the zero wastewater discharge concept.
4.7 Rain Water Harvesting and Strom Water Management
Project Management will make proper utilization of rainwater by harvesting by appropriate rain water-
harvesting mechanism. Roof water will be collected by adopting proper treatment (O&G Trap), the
collected water will be used for various uses (dust suppression, floor washings, toiler flushing, greenbelt,
etc.).
Rainwater from surface areas will be harvested by construction of check dams all along the storm water
drainage network at a definite pitch. Based on the rainfall intensity of the plant area, storm water drainage
system will be designed. Strom water drainage system consists of well-designed network of open surface
drains with check dams at appropriate distances to improve the infiltration efficiency of the rain water
into ground so that all the storm water is efficiently drained off without any water logging.
Necessary expert advice has been obtained in this regard. Artificial recharge measures like rain water-
harvesting helps in reducing the urban run-off, decrease pollution of ground water and improve the
ground water table, which augments the yields of, bore wells.
4.8 Noise Environment
The Major source of noise in proposed project will be from unloading of Hazardous waste, Bio- Medical
Waste and E-Waste, Boiler/power plant, Incinerator, DG set, Stabilization of Hazardous waste, etc.
4.8.1 Noise Mitigation Measures
Adequate measures for noise control, at the design stage shall be taken such as keeping high noise
generating equipment’s like pumps, motors, etc., on anti-vibration pads, closed rooms and regular
maintenance as suggested by the manufacturer. Some of the mitigation measures proposed is
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Noise level specification of the various Equipments as per the Occupational Safety and Health
Association (OSHA) standards.
Providing suitable enclosures (adequate insulation) to minimize the impact of high noise
generating sources.
Employees will be provided with PPE like ear plugs, helmets, safety shoes, etc.
Development of greenbelt all along the boundary and along the roads within the project
4.9 Prediction of Impacts on Land Environment
Environmental Impacts on land environment have been classified primarily into two broad aspects, i.e.
direct impacts on the soil and land in the area and impacts on the flora and fauna of the area. Land
environment in the area has potential for contamination arising out of solid waste stored on to the landfill
area. The leachate generated from the land fill area is collected in the leachate holding tank and the
leachate is used back on to the landfill for dust suppression, mixing in stabilization process, etc. If any
excess leachate is left over, it will be treated in solar evaporation pond or spray dryer. As a result of this
there is no contamination of the soil due to the wastewater generated and hence the impacts due to the
proposed facility on the land environment are negligible.
To address the impacts on flora and fauna, it has been observed that there are no endangered species in
the project area and green belt will be developed along the boundary and adjacent to roads. Under CSR
activities adjacent open lands, parks, etc will be improved by plantation.
4.10 Predicted Impacts of the Landfill
The project has proposed secured scientific landfill which comprises Govt. of India Regulations and
Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules 1989 and its subsequent amendments in 2000, 2003,
2008 and 2009 as the Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules
with containment measures,
Composite bottom liner to prevent Leachate percolation
Landfill gas management system
Rodent controlled
Dust control etc
There shall be no loss of carbon sequestration on account of the proposed activity since the area is almost
barren. Development of a thick greenbelt all long the boundary of the site will more than compensate for
the loss. As there are no rare or endangered or endemic or threatened (REET) species, the proposed
project will not pose any problem to any REET species. Hence, the impact of the project on biota is
negligible.
4.11 Impacts on the Community
Public Safety: A number of activities those are likely to be carried out in the facility that has significant
adverse impacts on the public safety. With the implementation of a strong environmental management
plan, the communities residing near the project site are unlikely to be exposed to any long-term hazards.
Aesthetics: The project site is located away from the settlements and proposed greenbelt around the site,
as a part of the environmental management plan will help in improving the aesthetics of the environment.
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4.12 Impact on Ecology
There is no ecological and otherwise sensitive areas viz. wildlife sanctuary, national parks, archeological
important areas within 10 km radius of the project site. There are no known rare, endangered or
ecologically significant animal and plant species. Except for a few wild species of plants and grasses and
a few animals that are very commonly spotted in any rural environment, the study area does not have any
endangered or endemic species of animals. Due to the development of green belt at the project vicinity the
impact on the ecology will be minimal.
4.13 Impact on Socio Economics
The proposed facility is likely to provide direct and indirect employment and likely to increase the socio-
economic status of the nearby villages in the study area. Due to proposed project the facilities for public
transport, water supply telecommunications, education, public wealth etc., are likely to improve.
4.14 Odour Management
The goal for effective odour management is to eliminate objectionable odours by reducing the frequency,
intensity, duration, and offensiveness of odours that people might experience. The following describes
some of the specific odour causing compounds and conditions that can arise from solid waste handling:
Waste Transportation
Odours from waste transportation can vary greatly depending on the type of waste and the method of
transport. These odours are normally transient in nature and rarely the source of ongoing odour impacts.
Typical odour causing compounds from waste transportation include volatile organic acids which can be
prevented by containing the wastes as CPCB guidelines.
Storage Facility
The primary objective of storage is to temporarily store the waste before sending it to landfill depending
upon their characteristics. Some biological activity will occur in these storages, and the gases generated
can be a source of odours. The potential for waste odours to be carried away by air movement will
increase if the waste is left uncovered. It is important that putrescible waste be kept relatively cool in an
enclosed container and be removed and disposed quickly. It is also important that the container be
adequately cleaned after that waste is removed so that putrescible residues do not remain to decompose
further and generate odour.
Landfill facility
The most common odour-causing compounds at landfill cell are hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide,
ammonia etc., these odour causing compounds are produced through the decomposition of wastes. In
addition, methane can be generated by waste decomposition. These problems can be addressed by control
of transportation; appropriate waste storage and containment; minimization of the area and time that the
active portion of the landfill remains exposed to the environment; and generally careful operation and
maintenance of the landfill facility
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4.14.1 Odour Control Measures
Storage Facility
The proposed facility will receive and store the waste in an enclosed area. While handling odourous
wastes, care shall be taken to avoid smell nuisance.
Landfill Cell
For landfill cell following methods can be used to control odour:
Excluding Development Close to the Site.
Green belt development to form a surface capable of sorbing and forming sinks for odorous
gases. Leaves with their vast area in a tree crown, sorbs pollutants on their surface, thus
effectively reduce their concentrations in the ambient air and source emissions.
Ensuring that the operation is carried out under the best management practices
Storing putrescible waste in order to minimize its decomposition and control release and dispersal
of its odourants
Cleaning and removing spilled debris from storage and transport containers
Minimization of the area and time that the active portion of the landfill remains exposed to the
environment
Herbal spray on hazardous waste after disposing it in the landfill cell
CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF
ALTERNATIVES (Technology & Site)
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CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TECHNOLOGY & SITE
5.1 Introduction
The proposed facility has four principal waste disposals / recycling or recovery facilities such as
Hazardous Waste TSDF, e-Waste Recycling Facility, Bio-medical waste disposal Facility, Alternative
Fuel Recovery & Recycling Facilities. In addition to the above, there shall be temporary and long term
storages for interim storage and for intractable/ in-compatible wastes respectively. The proposed site
will be guided under the rules provided by hazardous waste management rules act 1989 and its
subsequent amendments.
5.1.1 Site Selection
Environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes would require common hazardous waste
management facilities for industrial clusters spread all over the country, as it is not possible to have
hazardous waste management facility for each unit. Hence common facilities become more necessary
in the wake of large number of small, medium industries in our country, which either have no funds or
space for development of hazardous waste management facility. For establishing a common facility for
treatment, storage, disposal and recycling facilities of hazardous waste CPCB has issued guidelines for
site selection criteria (HAZWAMS/25/2002-2003), under this criteria the following areas have to
excluded or rejected (knock out Criteria).
Areas with unstable geological features like unstable or weak soils; organic soil, soft clay or
clay-sand mixtures, soils that lose strength with compaction or with wetting, clays with a shrink-
swell character, sand subjected to subsidence and hydraulic influence.
Subsidence: e.g. owing to subsurface mines, water, and oil or gas withdrawal or solution prone
subsurface.
Wet lands.
Historical migration zones.
Flood prone areas
Area with 500 m from water supply zone and within 200 m from property line
Natural depression and valleys where water contamination is likely
Areas of ground water recharge and extremely high water table zone
Unique habitation areas, close to national parks with scenic beauty and formerly used landfills
Areas with high population, unique archaeological, historical, paleontogical and religious
interests,
Agricultural and forests lands and existing dump sites
Atmospheric conditions that would prevent safe disposal of an accidental release
Major natural hazards, e.g. volcanic activity, seismic disturbance, etc
Sensitive locations, e.g. storing flammable or explosive materials, airports
An unfavorable local hydro-geological situation, e.g. springs or drinking water well within very
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close proximity to the chosen area
Extremely bad access i.e. no existing access roads to the selected site which may involve long
distance more than 5 km from main roads
Great differences in altitude between the area of waste collection and the selected site
5.1.2 Compliance of the Site with Site Selection Criteria
Three sites were identified for establishing the proposed project using above mentioned knock out
criteria and among the three selected sites, the site 2 is selected as it is meeting the siting criteria and
does not have any R & R issues and sufficient land is also available. The details of the three sites with
respect to siting guidelines are given in Table 5.1, and siting criteria for alternate sites are given in
Table 5.2.
Detail investigations were evaluated for site 2 as per site evaluation criteria given in
(HAZWAMS/25/2002-2003) and presented in Table 5.3. The site 2 has got weightage of 74 on a scale
of 100 and it is falling in between good and ideal class based on various site specific studies such as;
Site specific information: proximity to the waste source, slope of site, topography,
accessibility, meteorology, etc
Hydro geology /geology, ground water table fluctuation, ground water directions, ground water
quality, depth of hard rock, soil type, geo technical features, etc.
Socio-economic features, land use, demography, transportation impact etc.
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Table 5.1
Rejection or Knock-Out Criteria
Identification Location
S. No Criteria Site 1
Urumadla Village, Chityala
Mandal, Nalgonda District,
Telangana
Site 2
Kakkireni Village, Ramannapeta
Mandal, Nalgonda District, Telangana
Site 3
Mandara Village, Ramannapeta
Mandal, Nalgonda District,
Telangana
Answer
Y / N
Answer
Y / N
Answer
Y / N
1 Existing or planned drinking water
protection and catchment areas
Y
Agricultural Bore well is
present in study area
N
N
Seasonal stream passing from center
of the site
2 High flood prone areas N N N
3 Areas with unstable ground N N N
4 Closer than 200 meters to populated
areas
N
Urmadla village is located 1.5
km NW from site boundary
N
Pilligudem village is 1.5 Km W from site
and Kakkireni Village is located 2 km N
from site boundary
N
Mandara Village is located 2.2 Km S
from site boundary
5 Closer than 200 meters to river
boundaries
N N N
6 Close to National Parks, Monuments,
Forests with large No. of flora and
faunda, historical, religious and other
important cultural places 500 m
N N Y
Sri Pathabi Ramalyam is located 300
m SW from site boundary
7 Existing use of site
(Agricultural/Forest/Old dump site)
Agricultural Land Agricultural Land /Barren Land Agricultural Land
REMARKS
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Site is suitable for detailed EIA study (Y/N) Site is rejected Because its
primary Agricultural Land &
Agricultural bore well-
presented within site boundary
Y Site is rejected because of Seasonal
stream is passing through site center
& Sri Pathabi Ramalyam Temple is
located 300 m SW from site
boundary.
Table 5.2
Siting Criteria for Alternate Sites
S. No Parameter Criteria Site 1
Urmadla Village, Chityala
Mandal, Nalgonda District,
Telangana
Site 2
Kakkireni Village,
Ramannapeta Mandal,
Nalgonda District,
Telangana
Site 3
Mandara Village,
Ramannapeta Mandal,
Nalgonda District,
Telangana
1. Lake or pond
(Distance from Surface
Water body)
Should not be within 200 m There are no lake or pond within
200m of boundary
There are no lake or pond
within 200m of boundary
There are no lake or pond
within 200m of boundary
2. River
Should not be within 100 m There is no river within 100 m
from the site
There is no river within 100
m from the site
There is no river within
100 m from the site
3. Flood plain Should not be within 100
year flood plain
Not in the flood plain Area Not in the flood plain Area Not in the flood plain Area
4. High way – State or
National
Should not be within 500 m National Highway -9,
Hyderabad to Vijayawada
Highway is located 7 Km N
from site boundary
National Highway -9,
Hyderabad to Vijayawada
Highway is located 9Km S
from site boundary
National Highway -9,
Hyderabad to Vijayawada
Highway is located 7 Km
S from site boundary
5. Habitation – Notified
habituated area
Should not be within 500 m Urmadla village is located 1.5
km NW from site boundary
Pilligudem village is 1.5 Km
W from site and Kakkireni
Village is located 2 km N
from site boundary
Mandara Village is located
2.2 Km S from site
boundary
6. Public Parks Should not be within 500 m There are no public parks within
500m
There are no public parks
within 500m
There are no public parks
within 500m
7. Critical habitat area –
area in which one or
more endangered
Not suitable N N N
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species live
8. Reserved Forest area Not suitable N
Y
N
9. Wet lands Not suitable N N N
10. Air Port Should not be within zone
around the airport(s)
N
N N
11. Water supply No Water supply well within
500 m
Agricultural Bores presented
with in site boundary.
N N
12. Coastal Regulation
Area
Not suitable Not Applicable does not fall
under CRZ.
Not Applicable does not fall
under CRZ
Not Applicable does not
fall under CRZ
13. Ground Water Table
level
GW table should be >2m
from the base of the landfill
Water level , BGL is more than
5 m
Water level , BGL is more
than 5 m
Water level , BGL is more
than 5 m
14. Presence of monuments
/ religious structures
Not suitable None in study area. None in study area Sri Pathabi Ramalyam
Temple is located 300 m
SW from site boundary
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Table 5.3
Site Evaluation – Selected Site - (HAZWAMS/25/2002-2003)
S.
no Criteria
Relative values
Weightage Overall
Ranking 5 4 3 2 1
100% 80% 60% 40% 20%
units Excellent Ideal Good Poor Bad C
1
General
Information
(25% weightage)
Transportation Economy km 0 to 5 5 to 10 10 to 20 20 to 40 >40 4 3
Slope (First Scale) % 1.5 1.5 to 1.2 1.2 to 0.75 0.75 to 0.5 < 0.5 3 2.4
Slope (Second scale) % 1.5 1.5 to 2.5 2.5 to 7.0 7.0 to 15 >15
Topography Shape Convex
Concave 4 3.2
Flood Proness
5 5
Optimum wind direction
(downstream village) km >1 1 to 0.5 0.5 to 0.2 0.2 to 0.1 < 0.1 4 4
Infrastructure
(Accessibility) NH SH Local road
No road 3 1.8
Infrastructure (Power
supply) 2 1.6
A
25 21
2
Hydrology
(12.5%
weightage)
Distance from surface
water body / drinking
water
km > 5 5 to 3 3 to 2 2 to 1 <1 6 3.6
Annual rainfall cm/year <25 25 to 80 80 to 150 150 to 250 >250 6.5 5.2
B
12.5 8.8
3
Hydrogeology
(12.5%
weightage)
Groundwater depth Post
Monsoon m >15 15 to 10 10 to 5 5 to 1 <1 3.125 1.875
Groundwater flow
direction (distance to D/S
village)
km > 5 5 to 3 3 to 1 1 to 0.5 <0.5 3.125 2.5
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Groundwater quality
bad
good 3.125 1.25
Groundwater gradient m/km <5 5 to 10 10 to 20 20 to 50 >50 3.125 1.875
C
12.5 7.5
4 Geology (12.5%
weightage)
Subsidence
Settled soil
Filled up
soil 4.5 4.5
Depth of bedrock m >15 15 to 10 10 to 5 5 to 1 <1 4 3.2
Seismic conditions Intensity V VI VII VIII IX 4 4
D
12.5 11.7
5
Geotechnical
(12.5%
weightage)
Permeability (1x10-6
cm/s) <0.1 0.1 to 1 1 to 10 10 to 100 >100 6.25 3.75
Engineering property
(MA, Pl, Sheer) 6.25 5.00
E
12.5 8.75
6
Socio Economic
/Ecological (25%
weightage)
Demography km >5 5 to 2.5 2.5 to 1.0 1.0 to 0.2 <0.2 6.25 3.75
Land use Pattern
Waste land /
saline
Grazing /
fallow
Single crop
/ non
irrigated
Double crop /
irrigated Plantation 6.25 6.25
Transportation impacts
passing
populated
areas
6.25 5.0
Special ecological
features 6.25 1.25
F
25 16.25
EXCELLENT:100, IDEAL:80, GOOD:60, POOR:40, BAD:20
Total 74.00
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5.2 Technological Aspects
Hazardous wastes, Bio-Medical Waste, E Waste, etc., have become an important environmental and
public health issue which concerns many countries in the world. In the modern framework of hazardous
waste management, a four pronged strategy has been adopted
1. Minimizing the quantity of waste
2. Recycling of waste
3. Treatment of the waste
4. Collection, transport and disposal of waste in an environmentally sound manner
All four of these approaches are important and are not exclusive of each other. When dealing with a
given hazardous waste problem, often there is a need to utilize a combination of the four general
approaches outlined above
5.2.1 Waste Minimization
The first priority in hazardous waste management is to reduce the quantity of waste to minimum. Three
major waste reduction schemes which are often used are summarized as below:
i) Process Modification
Often the industrial process can be altered in such a way that the use of raw materials is optimized and
the amount of-hazardous waste is reduced to barest minimum. For example, in zinc electroplating, the
sulphate salt is substituted by the chloride compound with slight modification of the process; this can
eliminate the cyanide problem.
ii) Waste Concentration
The waste can be concentrated using evaporation, precipitation or decantation techniques which mean
that the volume of waste can be considerably reduced using these methods. Incineration, viz., oxidation
of inflammable-waste is often practiced in order to reduce the volume of waste to be handled. It is an
excellent method of waste disposal, but the cost of operation usually exceeds the net gains.
iii) Waste Segregation
Segregating the hazardous waste streams from non-hazardous streams decreases the volume of
hazardous wastes, thus, making it easier to treat
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5.2.2 Recycling Wastes
Many substances in refuse wastes have value. They include glass, wood fiber from paper products, and
metal. Scientists have developed ways of recycling many wastes so they can be used again. Almost all
materials are recyclable. However, in some more energy will be expended in recovery than the
recovered value warrants. The two broad ways of processing hazardous waste are waste reuse and waste
recycling. We shall briefly deal with them.
1. Waste Reuse
In some cases waste material can be used as a raw material with very little processing. Transfer of the
waste "as is" without reprocessing, to another facility is known as waste reuse or waste exchange.
Unwanted materials of commence such as outdated chemicals or untested materials not meeting the high
quality control requirements of purchasing industry, can be reused without processing. Process wastes
such as cardboard for making paper pulp, copper or other metal salt solutions for metal recovery, oils
that can be used as fuels. This includes a variety of other materials that can be reused as industrial feed
stocks.
2. Waste Recycling
Recycling differs from reuse in that the waste must first be treated before it can be used in a
manufacturing process. When a transfer of waste "as is" is not possible, reprocessing the waste for
material recovery is known as recycling. For example, bag house dust from scrap steel processors,
containing up to 25 per cent zinc oxide, can be combined with waste sulphuric acid to make galvaniser's
pickle acid. The spent pickle liquor containing 8-10 percent zinc sulphate and some iron salts is then
usable, as fertilizer in agricultural fields. Use of waste organic solvents is the best example of recycling
waste.
5.2.3 Treatment of Waste
After material recovery, the waste water containing hazardous waste chemicals should be detoxified and
neutralized through treatment. There are many technologies available for treating hazardous wastes
before they are ultimately disposed of. Their aim is to modify the physical and/or chemical properties of
the wastes so that they are rendered harmless. Selection of a treatment process depends on many factors
such as the nature of the waste, the desired characteristics of the output stream, and economic and
energy considerations. The treatment technologies can be divided into the following groups, namely:
Physical treatment
Chemical treatment
Biological treatment
Solidification, and Incineration
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i) Physical Treatment
Physical treatment conducted using various methods such as phase separation. Phase separation includes
three steps, namely: lagooning, prolonged storage in tanks and sludge drying in beds. Lagooning and
tank storage are collectively used to separate particulate impurities
ii) Chemical treatment
This treatment is used to facilitate complete breakdown of hazardous wastes and more usually to modify
the chemical properties of the wastes, e.g., to reduce water solubility or to neutralize acidity or
alkalinity. The techniques involve oxidation, chemical reduction, neutralization, heavy metal
precipitation, oil/water separation and solvents/fuels recovery.
iii) Biological treatment
The gross impurities obtained from treatment of sewage are collectively known as sludge, which is
given biological treatment, before disposal. This is known as sludge processing which has become
important since improvements in industrial waste water treatment. The typical technologies for sludge
processing include conditioning, digestion, composting, thickening or dewatering and solidification.
Conditioning: In this step the sludge is exposed to atmosphere for a stipulated period until a
desired consistency is reached
Digestion: In this process the sludge is treated with bacteria which break down the long chain
compounds into simpler ones
Composting: In this step the organic matter in the waste sludge is converted into a usable stable
material
iv) Solidification
Processes convert the liquid waste into insoluble, rock-hard material and are used as pretreatment prior
to landfill disposal. This is usually done by mixing the waste with various reactants to produce a solid
mass. The basic aim of solidification process is to immobilize the hazardous constituents of the waste, so
that these do not leach out at the landfill disposal site.
v) Incineration
Thermal oxidation through incinerator is one of the proven technologies for destruction of hazardous
waste in all the forms i.e. solid / semi solid / liquid and gaseous, based on the feeding system, so as to
render them innocuous in the form of non-toxic and non-hazardous residues.
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5.2.4 Collection, Transportation and Disposal
Waste disposal is a multiphase activity, the different stages of which, i.e. collection, interim storage,
transport; treatment and disposal are highly interdependent, both technically and organizationally. Safe
collection and transport of hazardous waste form a critical link in the chain between its point of
generation and its place of treatment and disposal. In many respects, the same precautions apply to
hazardous waste in transit as apply to the carriage of dangerous goods; however, additional problems
arise from the hazardous nature of certain wastes because:
Waste in general has no perceptible economic value to the generator;
The chemical and physical properties of a waste may not be precisely known because it is
frequently a complex mixture from which all economically useful components have been
extracted:
Mixing of non-compatible wastes for convenience in transit could create an acute hazard, either
immediately or on treatment and disposal (for example, a mixture of ether waste containing a
sodium residue with an aqueous ether waste will explode)
Therefore, for a safe and secure disposal of hazardous waste, there should be a proper collection, transport
and storage system. The non-compatible wastes should be segregated and transported separately.
5.3 Disposal of Hazardous Waste
The final disposal of the hazardous wastes also needs to be carefully planned. There are four different
ways in which hazardous wastes can be finally disposed
Landfill disposal.
Incineration.
Dumping at sea
Underground disposal
We shall now discuss each of the above method of disposal of hazardous wastes.
5.3.1 Landfill Disposal
The disposal of hazardous waste by land filling is an important method of disposal in many countries.
Landfilling means storing harmful substances under the ground. This involves hauling the refuse to an
area allocated for this purpose. In India such areas range from unsanitary open dumps to properly
operated sanitary landfills. Open dumps are a poor method of waste disposal because they cause
environmental problems. For example, they can ruin the appearance of all area and provide a home for
rats and other rodents who spread disease. If garbage is exposed, it rots and smells foul. Most dumps
allow some burning, which fills the surroundings with smoke. In addition, rain water can drain through
refuse and carry harmful substances to streams.
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Properly operated sanitary landfills cause little damage to the environment. The area to be filled with
waste must be lined with a nonporous substance such as clay, or high density polyethylene (HDPE)—
plastic membrane to prevent the wastes from leaking to the surrounding areas. The wastes are packed and
dumped at the site and covered with earth each day. They cover of earth prevents insects and rodents from
getting into refuse. Operators of these sites forbid burning. In time, sanitary landfill sites become filled
up; many communities then cover the site for a final time and use the area for recreational purpose.
A typical landfill site consists of an artificial double liner at the bottom and a cover at the top. The above
design of landfill site does not have any provision for monitoring and repair of the site. In the recent past,
a new concept has developed in which the landfill site is constructed on a structure consisting of concrete
cells. The cell is a space for plant personnel to visit and observe any fault and repair the same.
5.3.2 Incineration
Incineration burns waste products. This is another method many industries and large cities use if they do
not have enough vacant areas for disposal sites nearby. Most hazardous wastes are detoxified in this
process. This is also an excellent method of waste minimization, waste detoxification and disposal, but its
cost of operation is very high, if the heat content of waste is not reutilized.
5.3.2.1 Advantages
Incineration is a process for the high-temperature oxidation of gaseous, liquid or solid wastes, convening
them into gases and an incombustible residue. The flue gases are released to the atmosphere with or
without recovery of heat and with or without cleaning; and any slag or ash produced is deposited in a
landfill. In general, incineration may be considered as an alternative method of detoxifying some non-
recoverable highly toxic wastes. It is an excellent method of reducing waste volume, and in addition
offers the possibility for recovering the heat content of the waste. In some communities heat from
municipal waste incineration isused to produce steam. This steam drives turbines that produce electric
power. Recycling of heat thus reduces the cost of operation of incinerators.
5.3.2.2 Waste Input
Generally, the wastes having inflammable characteristics are incinerated. The following types of wastes
are commonly treated in hazardous waste incinerators:
Solvent waste and sludge’s
Waste mineral oils
Varnish and paint wastes and sludge’s
Plastics, rubber and latex waste sludge’s and emulsions
Oils, emulsions and oil/water mixtures
Phenolic wastes
Mineral oil sludge’s
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Resin waste
Grease and wax wastes
Pesticide wastes
Acid tar and spent clay
Organic wastes containing halogen, sulphur or phosphorus compounds.
Wastes having high chlorine, sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorus contents, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) and those containing heavy metals and carcinogenic substances need special incineration
technologies and precautions. A large number of municipal incinerators lack adequate air pollution
control devices. Burning in many of these devices may release gases and solid particles that may harm
human health, damage property and kill plants. The flue gases from ordinary incinerators can be
dangerous in the absence of pollution control devices. Furthermore, as you have read earlier, incineration
sometimes becomes a costly affair.
5.3.3 Dumping at Sea
Another method of disposal of hazardous wastes involves dumping wastes at deep sea, designed to
prevent contamination of groundwater. Disposal at sea, of waste generated on land, is based on the
misconceived notion that-the enormous volume of water available for dilution enables the seas to be used
as a dump without permanent damage. However, this is an erroneous conviction. The decision to choose
this method of disposal is generally based on financial considerations. The site of disposal is determined
by the geographical location of the waste producer.
Disposal of waste at sea is controlled by international legislation and by the national legislation required
for the ratification of the international legislation. To prevent pollution of the seas by the direct discharge
of waste, the international legislation bans the dumping of extraordinarily hazardous wastes such as
organic silicon compounds, halogenated organics, mercury and its compounds, cadmium, carcinogenic
waste and plastics into the sea. The last of these can seriously disturb fishing and navigation.
5.3.4 Underground Disposal
It maybe excessively expensive to dispose of certain hazardous wastes, such as radioactive nuclear
wastes, in an environmentally acceptable manner at landfill still sites or incinerate them at thermal
treatment plants. These wastes are generated in all operations associated with the use of nuclear energy
for national defense or peaceful purposes such as mining of radioactive ore, production of nuclear fuel,
laboratory experiments and medical treatment. Underground disposal may provide an environmentally
and economically viable option in case of radioactive wastes. The underground disposal of hazardous
waste is acceptable only in inactive or partially active mines that meet specific geological and technical
criteria. Worldwide, only one deep-mine disposal facility is currently in operation: a worked-out
halite/potash salt mine at HerfaNeurode in the Federal Republic of Germany (now united Germany).
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Salt mines are often used for radioactive waste disposal because the excellent properties of salt deposits
prevent the interaction of wastes with other geological formations. The very existence of a salt deposit is a
proof that the underground site has been unaffected by water for millions of years. Salt is impermeable to
liquids and gases. Due to its hygroscopic nature, salt is capable of absorbing water entering the formation
from outside and of repairing minor fractures by re-crystallization, thus maintaining the original
impermeability. This feature is frequently supplemented by impermeable upper strata consisting of
wastes, usually rock, from mines or other industries.
The atmosphere in salt mines is extremely dry, so metal equipment and containers do notrust. There is no
risk of methane explosions as in coal mines. Bursting of carbon dioxide gas inclusions in the salt mines
may be observed during excavation of rocks but this does not pose a risk, particularly after mining
operations have ceased. Thermal conductivity of salt is good. Salt is strong, permitting the excavation of
spacious, stable galleries. In addition, salt has certain plasticity under pressure, allowing the dispersion of
strain and increasing the overall stability.
Based on the several options present for safe treatment, storage, disposal & recycling of various wastes in
the proposed projects the following options are considered which meeting the national standards.
Hazardous wastes: Recycling, treatment stabilization, secured landfill, incineration
Bio medical wastes: Disinfections, shredding, incineration, secured landfill
E Wastes: Dismantling, cutting, disposal to authorized dealers, incineration
5.4 Plasma Gasification
Plasma gasification is the process which converts organic matter into synthetic gas using plasma
technology. A plasma torch powered by an electric arc is used to ionize gas and catalyze organic matter
into synthetic gas and solid waste (slag). It is used commercially as a form of waste treatment; however, it
has been also tested for the gasification of biomass and solid hydrocarbons, such as coal, oil sands, and oil
shale. The process can both generate electricity while reducing the volume of waste.
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Figure 5.1
Layout of Plasma Gasification
5.4.1 Feedstock
The feedstock for plasma waste treatment is most often municipal solid waste, organic waste, or both.
Feedstock may also include biomedical waste and hazardous waste materials. Content and consistency of
the waste directly impacts performance of a plasma facility. Pre-sorting and recycling useful material
before gasification provides consistency. Too much inorganic material such as metal and construction
waste increases slag production. In turn this decreases syngas production. However the benefit is that the
slag itself is chemically inert and safe to handle. Certain materials may affect the content of the gas
produced, however shredding waste before entering the main chamber helps. This creates an efficient
transfer of energy. This ensures more materials are broken down.
5.4.2 Commercialization
Plasma gasification is in commercial use for waste disposal. Plasma arc gasification is a means to destroy
bio medical waste and also destroys hazardous waste. The main advantages of plasma gasification is
Clean destruction of hazardous waste streams.
Prevents hazardous waste from reaching landfills.
No harmful emissions or toxic waste.
Production of clean alloyed slag which could be used as construction material.
Processing of organic waste allows production of combustible syngas which can be used in
various applications, e.g. electric power and thermal energy generation.
Production of value-added products (metals) from slag.
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5.4.3 Pros and Cons of Plasma Gasification
Main Advantages of Plasma Technology are as follows
Far less toxic emissions compared to landfills or other waste-to-energy facilities.
Toxic waste can be safely processed, such as asbestos and medical wastes.
Syngas is a byproduct of the process, which is as clean as or cleaner than natural gas and can be
used to produce energy, such as bio fuel.
Metal is nearly 100 percent recoverable and can be used to make new steel.
Low dioxin emissions.
Waste is shrunk to 1 percent its original size; One-tenth the size of byproducts of incineration.
Main disadvantages of plasma technologies for waste treatment are:
Waste gasification and combustion ultimately releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere instead
of sequestering a large fraction of the carbon in a landfill;
Large capital costs relative to current landfills;
Requires large electrical energy input if the waste stream does not contains a large fraction of
unoxidized hydrocarbons;
The highly corrosive plasma flame may lead to frequent maintenance and component replacement
with associated facility down time;
The filters and gas treatment systems are themselves sources of toxic waste, some of which (e.g.
acidified water) are poor candidates for plasma processing
5.4.4 Conclusion
Plasma gasification technology is commercially proven and viable, while also meeting all current
regulatory requirements. Plasma gasification is positioned to take hold as a practical, economical and
environmentally responsible alternative to conventional forms of waste disposal and power generation.
Considering demerits of Plasma Gasification, Project management has decided to adopt landfill system.
5.5 No Project Option
It has been made mandatory by the government to dispose of Solid (Hazardous, Bio-medical, E Waste,
etc.,) waste in systematic and scientific disposal way and pollution control boards have been asked to
ensure it. For systematic & scientific disposal of hazardous wastes, a CHWMF becomes necessary where
care is to be taken to avoid any negative effects on the environment.
The industries in and around Nalgonda are facing huge cost burdens in terms of Hazardous Waste
Transportation and Disposal to the Common TSDF available in Hyderabad. This has also led to
unauthorized/ unorganized disposal of such waste leading to environmental pollution. Hence in the
absence of this project, there are chances that this situation may continue to prevail.
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Benefits and Advantages of project
Management of hazardous waste with additional benefit of green and clean Environment.
It minimizes the pollution load on environment from industrial hazardous waste.
Compliance with prescribed regulatory norms which in turn avert the risk of closure on account
of violation of rules.
It reduces the number of hazardous waste sites in the area and also eliminates the pollution
potential.
The management of wastes is relatively easier & economically viable at common facility.
Cost of environmental monitoring is less at common facility
Reduced environmental liability due to captive storage of hazardous waste in the premises of
industries
Better occupational health and safety at individual industry level
Prevention of natural resource contamination thereby improving overall environmental status of
the region
The proposed project will not cause depletion of natural resources or the significant adverse impacts on
environment. On the contrary, it will produce value added resources such as facilitating better
management of the industrial wastes. Hence, “No Project Option” is not considered.
CHAPTER 6
ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING PROGRAM
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CHAPTER 6
ENVIRONMENTALMONITORING PROGRAM
6.1 Environmental Monitoring Program
Environmental monitoring program describes the processes and activities that need to take place to
characterize and monitor the quality of the environment. Environmental monitoring is used in the
preparation of environmental impact assessments, as well as in many circumstances in which human
activities carry a risk of harmful effects on the natural environment. All monitoring strategies and
program have reasons and justifications which are often designed to establish the current status of an
environment or to establish trends in environmental parameters. In all cases the results of monitoring will
be reviewed, analyzed statistically and submitted to concerned authorities. The design of a monitoring
program must therefore have regard to the final use of the data before monitoring starts.
The monitoring program will have three phases
1. Construction phase
2. Monitoring phase
3. Post monitoring phase
6.2 Construction Phase
The proposed project envisages setting up of Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage,
Disposal and Recycling Facilities at Kakkireni Village, Ramanapeta Mandal, Nalgonda District,
Telangana, The major construction activities involved in setting up the unit are construction of sheds for
treatment units, stores, administrative blocks, canteen etc., major components in the industry are secured
landfill, incinerator, auto clave, shredder, diesel generator, cathode ray tube cutter and other civil,
mechanical and electrical equipment. The construction activities require clearing of vegetation,
mobilization of construction material and equipment. The construction activities are expected to last for
few months.
During construction Phase of secured landfill at every stage quality of construction will be monitored viz.
base preparation, liners quality, drainage layers, leachate collection system, storm water management
system, gas vent systems, etc. The generic environmental measures that need to be undertaken during
project construction stage are given in the following Table 6.1
Table 6.1
Environmental Measures during Construction Phase
S.
No
Potential Impact Detailed action to be followed
as per EMP
Parameters for
Monitoring
Frequency of
Monitoring
1. Air Emissions All equipment’s are operated
within specified design
parameters.
Random checks of
equipment logs/
manuals
Periodic
Vehicle trips to be minimized Vehicle Logs Periodic during site
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to the extent possible clearance &
construction activities
Any dry, dusty materials stored
in sealed containers or
prevented from blowing.
Stockpiles or open
containers of dusty
materials.
Periodic during
Construction activities
Compaction of soil during
various construction activities
Construction logs
Maintenance of construction
DG set emissions to meet
stipulated standards
Gaseous emissions
(SO2, HC, CO, NOx)
Periodic emission
Monitoring
Ambient air quality within the
premises & adjacent villages of
the proposed unit to be
monitored.
PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx,
and CO
As per CPCB/ SPCB
Requirement
2. Noise List of all noise generating
machinery onsite along with
age to be prepared.
Equipment logs, noise
reading
Regular during
construction activities
Night working is to be
minimized.
Working hour records Periodic during
Construction activities
Generation of vehicular noise Maintenance of records
of vehicles
Implement good working
practices (equipment selection
and siting) to minimize noise
and also reduce its impacts on
human health (ear muffs, safe
distances, and enclosures).
Site working practices
records, noise reading
No machinery running when
not required.
Acoustic mufflers/enclosures to
be provided in large engines
Mufflers/enclosures
shall be in place.
Prior to use of
equipment.
Noise to be monitored in
ambient air within the plant
premises.
Continuous Noise
recording
Asper CPCB/SPCB
requirement
The Noise level will not exceed
the permissible limit both
during day and night times.
All equipments operated within
specified design parameters.
Random checks of
equipment logs/
manuals
Periodic during
construction activities
Vehicle trips to be minimized Vehicle logs
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to the extent possible
3. Soil Erosion Minimize area extent of site
clearance, by staying within the
defined boundaries
Site boundaries not
extended / breached as
per plan document.
Periodic during
construction activities
Protect topsoil stockpile Effective cover in
place.
4. Wastewater
Discharge
No direct discharge of
wastewater to be made to
surface water, groundwater or
soil.
No discharge hoses
shall be in vicinity of
watercourses.
Periodic during
construction activities
The discharge point would be
selected properly and sampling
and analysis would be
undertaken prior to discharge
Discharge norms for
effluents as given in
Permits
Periodic during
construction activities
Take care in disposal of
wastewater generated such that
soil and groundwater resources
are protected.
Discharge norms for
effluents as given in
permits
5. Drainage and
Effluent
Management
Ensure drainage system and
specific design measures are
working effectively.
The design to incorporate
existing drainage pattern and
avoid disturbing the same.
Visual inspection of
drainage and records
thereof
Periodic during
construction activities
6. Waste Management Implement waste management
plan that identifies and
characterizes every waste
arising associated with
proposed activities and which
identifies the procedures for
collection, handling & disposal
of each waste arising.
Comprehensive Waste
Management Plan
should be in place and
available for inspection
onsite. Compliance
with MSW Rules, 1998
and Hazardous Wastes
(Management and
Handling Rules), 2003
Periodic check during
construction activities
7. Non-routine events
and accidental
releases
Plan will be drawn, considering
likely emergencies and steps
required to prevent / limit
consequences.
Mock drills and records
of the same
Periodic during
construction activities
8. Health Employees and migrant labour
health check ups
All relevant parameters
including HIV
Regular checkups as
per Factories Act
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6.3 Operation Phase
During operational phase period air emissions from incinerator, power plant, DG set, landfill if any,
wastewater characteristics, ash generation quantity, etc., are monitored, are given in Table 6.2. The
following attributes which merit regular monitoring based on the environmental setting and nature of
project activities are listed below:
Point Source emissions and ambient air quality in nearby villages
Groundwater Levels and ground water quality
Water & wastewater quality & quantity
Solid waste characterization (Ash, leachate treatment plant & Septic tank/soak pit sludge)
Soil quality
Noise levels (equipment and machinery noise levels, occupational exposures and ambient noise
levels)
Ecological preservation and Afforestation.
Table 6.2
Environmental Monitoring during Operational Phase
S. No Potential Impact Action to be Followed Parameters for
Monitoring
Frequency of
Monitoring
1. Air Emissions Stack emissions from
Incinerator
As per CFE conditions-
Operating hours,
Temperature, Pressure,
TOC of residues, LOI of
residues, Stack temp, CO,
PM, HCl, HF, SO2, NOx,
TOC, Mercury, Heavy
metals, dioxins & furans
As per CFE
conditions given
by SPCB or EC
conditions given
by MOEF and
CPCB protocol for
TSDF.
Gas quality from landfill
areas
VOC, H2S As per CFE
conditions given
by SPCB or EC
conditions given
by MOEF and
CPCB protocol for
TSDF.
Stack emissions from
Power plant and DG sets
As per CFE conditions PM,
SO2, NOx
AAQ within the project
premises.
All vehicles to be PUC
certificate.
As per CFE conditions /
NAAQ Standards
Vehicle logs to be
Maintained
Meteorological data Wind speed, direction,
temp., relative humidity
and rainfall.
2. Noise Noise generated from
operation of boiler,
Continuous Noise Level
recording
Periodic during
operation phase
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cooling towers, etc to be
monitored
Once in month by
third party
3. Wastewater
Discharge
(leachate)
Compliance to
wastewater discharge
standards
pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, COD
& Oil& grease (Heavy
metals if required)
Daily at regular
intervals
Once in a month
by third party
4. Solid waste/Haz.
Waste
Check compliance to
HWM rules
Quality & quantity
monitoring
Periodically /
CPCB norms.
5. Ground Water
Quality
Monitoring ground water
quality, through
piezometers
as per CPCB guidelines Periodically & as
per CPCB norms.
6. Flora and Fauna Vegetation, greenbelt /
green cover development
No. of plants, species Once a year
7. Soil quality Checking & Maintenance
of good soil quality
around
Physico-chemical
parameters and metals.
Once a year
8. Health Employees and migrant
labour health check ups
All relevant parameters
(BP, HIV, chest X-ray, Eye
vision, etc.) and HIV for
BMW workers
Regular checkups
as per factories act.
6.4 Post Operational Phase
Post-closure monitoring of the landfill will be done primarily as a compliance requirement in addition to
social responsibility; this also provides an early warning towards possible adverse impacts on human
health and the environment. The post-closure program of monitoring for water quality in the ground water
and surface waters down gradient of the landfill will be similar to that established for the operational
stage of the facility. The frequency of monitoring may be varied from time to time depending on changing
circumstances.
There is no need for the post-closure monitoring of air quality, noise or visual effects during the post-
closure period however this need will be reviewed periodically and should any aspects warrant further
monitoring they will be included in the program.The details of the post closure monitoring are given in
Table 6.3.
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Table 6.3
Environmental Monitoring during Post Operation phase
S.
No
Potential Impact Action to be Followed Parameters for
Monitoring
Frequency of
Monitoring
1. Air Emissions Gas quality from landfill
areas
VOC, H2S As per CFE
conditions given by
SPCB or EC
conditions given by
MOEF and as per
CPCB protocol for
TSDF.
AAQ within the project
premises
All vehicles to be PUC
certificate.
As per CFE conditions /
NAAQ Standards Vehicle
logs to be maintained
Meteorological data Wind speed, direction,
temp., relative humidity
and rainfall.
2. Wastewater
Discharge
(leachate) if
present
Compliance to
wastewater discharge
standards
pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, COD
& Oil& grease
Once in a month
(during initial period
more regularly)
3. Ground Water
Quality and
Water Levels
Monitoring ground
water quality, and water
levels within plant site
As per CPCB protocol Periodically and
CPCB protocol for
TSDF.
4. Flora and Fauna Vegetation, greenbelt /
green cover
development
No. of plants, species Once a year
5. Health Employees and migrant
labor health check ups
All relevant parameters
(BP, Sugar, chest X-ray,
Eye vision, etc.)
Regular checkups as
per factories act.
6.5 Environmental Laboratory Equipment
The proposed project will have an in-house environmental laboratory for the routine monitoring of Air,
Water, Soil, Meteorology and Noise. For all non-routine analysis, the plant will utilize the services of
external recognized laboratories and facilities. The procedures given in IS standards or CPCB approved
methods will be followed of analysis and sampling of various environmental parameters.
The list of laboratory equipment need for the environmental monitoring is given in Table 6.4.
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Table 6.4
Equipment Needed for Environmental Monitoring
Name of the Equipment No of Instruments
Online monitoring for incinerator stack 1
Weather Station, which can record wind speed, wind direction
Temperature, Relative Humidity (Automatic or manual),
1
Respirable Dust samplers 3
Fine Dust samplers 3
Portable Flue Gas Combustion Analyser 1
Portable Noise level meter (Dosimeter) 1
Portable Wastewater Analysis Kit 1
BOD Incubator 1
COD Digester with colorimeter 2
Electronic Balance 1
Spectro photo meter 1
Hot Air Oven 1
Laboratory Water Distillation and demineralization unit 2
General glass ware and laboratory chemicals, etc
MoEF approved parties will be monitoring at regular intervals
6.5.1 Environmental Management Cell
An efficient environmental management cell headed by a Project Incharge/head having a minimum of 5
to 10 years of experience will be formed. The project Incharge/head will be supported by team of
members (managers, operators, chemists, technicians, etc.) having minimum of 2 to 3 years experience in
their respective fields of work. The organizational setup of the environmental management cell is given
below in Figure 6.1.
Figure 6.1
Organization setup of Environmental Management
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6.6 Pollution Monitoring Facilities
Incinerator stack, Power plant and DG set stack should have provision of platform and port hold to stack
sampling meeting MOEF standards with necessary power point. Environmental laboratory shall have
above equipment/instruments to analyze air and wastewater parameters.
6.6.1 Reporting Schedules of the Monitoring Data
It is proposed that voluntary reporting of environmental performance with reference to the EMP should be
undertaken. The environmental monitoring cell shall co-ordinate all monitoring program at site and data
thus generated shall be regularly furnished to the State regulatory agencies. The frequency of reporting
shall be on six monthly basis to the local state PCB officials and to Regional office of MoEF. The
Environmental Audit reports shall be prepared forthe entire year of operations and shall be regularly
submitted to regulatory authorities.
6.6.2 Public Health Monitoring
The value of Public Health studies in seeking to establish whether or not a site or facility has caused
significant adverse health effects is well known. In this situation the results form a public health study
may not fulfill the primary objective of such a program, which is to detect health changes before the
manifestation of adverse health effects. However, three-stage health monitoring program is proposed.
Monitor the health of workers within the project site to identify adverse health effects, and
Periodically obtain feedback from local doctors regarding any potential indicators of adverse
health effects due to environmental cause in the communities surrounding, and particularly down-
stream of the landfill.
By organizing health camps on a regular basis.
6.6.3 Budgetary Provision for EMP
In order to comply with the environmental protection measures as suggested in the above sections, the
project management has made budgetary provision for environmental protection and safety measures.
Cost towards environmental mitigation measures are given in Table 6.5.
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Table 6.5
Budget of Implementation of Environmental Management Plan
S. No Particulars Capital Cost (Rs.
Crores)
Recurring Cost
(Rs. Lakhs/annum)
During Construction Phase
1
Air Pollution Control Systems, Water Pollution Control
Systems, Noise Control Measures, Solid waste Control
systems, etc.
1.0 2
During Operation Phase
1 Air Pollution Control Systems 10.0 25
2 LT collection system, holding tank, STP, etc 1.0 5
3 Gas collection, management, odour control etc 1.0 5
4 Noise Control measures – Acoustic enclosures for DG
set, Noise barriers for pumps, etc 0.5 2
5 Greenbelt development 1.0 2
6 Rainwater harvesting, storm water drains, 0.5 1
7 Online Stack monitoring 2.0 5
8 Ambient Air quality monitoring, Laboratory
equipments, etc 2.5 2
9 Third party monitoring, energy audit, environmental
audit, training programs, etc 0.5 5
Total 20 54
Capital Cost of the project is Rs.260Crores
CHAPTER 7
ADDITIONAL STUDIES
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CHAPTER 7
ADDITIONAL STUDIES
7.1 Risk Assessment & Disaster Management Plan
The principal objective of the risk assessment study is to identify and quantify the major hazards and
the risk associated with various operations of the proposed project, which may lead to emergency
consequences (disasters) affecting the public safety and health. Based on this information, an
emergency preparedness plan is to be prepared to mitigate the consequences. The approach involves
hazards identification, hazards assessment and evaluation, developing Disaster Management Plan
(DMP).
7.1.1Risk Analysis
Risk analysis includes an estimate of the probability or likelihood that an event will occur. Estimation
of random incidents totally uncorrected with plant activities may also be taken. Risk can be
characterized in qualitative terms as high medium or low, or in quantitative terms using numerical
estimates and statistical calculations. For practical purposes a risk analysis may be based on a
subjective, common- sense evaluation. Both probability and consequences are extremely important in
evaluating risk. A high risk situation can be the result of a high probability with severe consequences
(e.g. irreversible health effects or death due to an airborne toxic dust, a fire or explosion with injuries
or fatalities), whereas moderate risk situations can be a result of either high probability with mild
consequences or low probability with more severe consequences. Diminishing the likelihood of an
accident or minimizing the consequences will reduce risk overall.
A relative ranking of hazards requires extensive mathematical evaluations, application of statistics and
extensive support from experts. Application of readily available information and common sense when
combined with site-specific evaluations such as the vulnerability analysis will complete much of the
risk analysis process.
7.1.2 Evaluating Hazards
The need for the sophisticated techniques for evaluating hazards depends on the result of Preliminary
Hazard Analysis. Various techniques for evaluation hazards are:
Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP)
Accident Consequence Analysis
Event Tree Analysis
Fault Tree Analysis
Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis.
In order to be in a state of readiness to face the adverse effects of accidents, an Emergency
Preparedness Plan (EPP) has to be prepared. Such a plan must. Inter-alia, cover the possible hazardous
situations in the locality and the causes, areas most likely to be affected, on-site and off-site plans,
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establishment of Emergency Control Centers (ECC), location of emergency services and duties of
officers/staff during emergency.
The EPP document for accidents is to be designed to provide for measures to contain the incident and
for minimization of effects due to fire, explosives, release or escape of toxic gas, spillage of hazardous
substances in storage, processing or during transportation. The necessary preventive and protective
steps required to be taken before, during and after an accident need to be worked out in operational
terms and detailed in the document.
7.2 Identification of Major Hazard Installations Based On GOI Rules, 1989 as amended in 1994
& 2000
By Studying accidents occurred in industries in India over a few decades, a specific legislation
covering major hazard activities has been enforced by Government of India in 1989 in conjunction
with Environment Protection Act, 1986. This is referred here as GOI rules 1989. For the purpose of
identifying major hazard installations the rules employ certain criteria based on toxic, flammable and
explosive properties of chemicals.
7.2.1 Identification of Toxic, Flammable, Explosive Chemicals
Toxic Chemicals: Chemicals having the following values of acute toxicity and which owing to their
physical and chemical properties are capable of producing major accidents:
S. No Toxicity Oral toxicity
LD50 (mg/kg)
Dermal toxicity LD50
(mg/kg)
Inhalation toxicity
LC50 (mg/l)
1. Extremely toxic 1-50 1-200 0.1-0.5
2. Highly toxic 51 – 500 201-2000 0.5 - 2.0
Flammable Chemicals: Flammable gases: Gases which at 200C and at standard pressure of 101.3
KPa are:-
Ignitable when in a mixture of 13 percent or less by volume with air, or
Have a flammable range with air of at least 12 percentage points regardless of the lower
flammable limits.
Note: The flammability shall be determined by tests or by calculation in accordance with methods
adopted by International Standards Organization ISO Number 10156 of 1990 or by Bureau of Indian
Standards ISI Number 1446 of 1985.
Extremely flammable liquids: chemicals which have flash point lower than or equal to 230C
and boiling point less than 350C
Very highly flammable liquids: chemicals which have a flash point lower than or equal to
230C and initial boiling point higher than 35
0C.
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Highly flammable liquids: chemicals which have a flash point lower than or equal to 600C but
higher than 230C.
Flammable liquids: chemicals which have a flash point higher than 60oC but lower than 90
0 C.
Explosives: Explosives means a solid or liquid or pyrotechnic substance (or a mixture of substances)
or an article.
Which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and
pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings;
Which is designed to produce an effect by heat, light, sound, gas or smoke or a combination of
these as a result of non-detonative self sustaining exothermic chemical reaction?
7.2.2 Applicability of Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989 &
subsequent amendments
A systematic analysis of the chemicals and their quantities of storage has been carried out to determine
threshold quantities as notified by GOI Rules, 1989 and the applicable rules are identified. The results
are summarized in Table 7.1.
Table 7.1
Description of applicable provisions of GOI rules’1989 as amended in 1994 & 2000
Applicable rules Description
1 Short Title And Commencement
These rules are called as Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous
Chemical Rules, 1989.
2 Definitions
In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires
3 Duties Of Authorities
4
General Responsibility Of The Occupier During Industrial Activity
Take adequate steps to prevent major accidents
Provide information to persons working onsite
Impart training, provide equipment and antidotes
5 Notification of major accidents to concerned authority
If any major accident occurs, occupier to inform Concerned authority as listed in
Schedule 5 and submit report as per the format in Schedule 6
(applies after commencing of the activity)
6 Industrial Activity To Which Rules 7 to 15
7 Notification of site to competent authority
8 Updating of site notification following changes in threshold quantity
9 Transitional provision for the existing activity
10 Preparation of safety reports for commencement of activity
11 Updating of safety reports based on modification
12 Provision of further information on safety reports to the authority
13 Preparation of onsite emergency plan by the occupier
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14 Preparation of offsite emergency plan by the occupier
15 Information to be given to persons liable to be effected by a major accident
16 Disclosures of Information
Where for the purpose of evaluating information notified under rule 5 or 7 to 15,
the concerned authority discloses that information to some other person, that
other person shall not use that information for any purpose, and before disclosing
the information the concerned authority shall inform that other person of his
obligations under this paragraph.
17 Collection, development and dissemination of information on hazardous
chemicals employed by the occupier
18* Import of hazardous chemicals
19 Improvement Notices
If a person has contravened the provisions of these rules, the concerned authority
shall serve on him a notice
20 Power Of The Central Government To Modify The Schedules
Occupier shall develop information in the form of safety data sheet as specified in Schedule 9. Every
container of the hazardous chemical should be labelled with name of the manufacturer or importer of
the hazardous chemical.
7.2.3 Storage facilities of hazardous chemicals
The storage capacities / details of the major hazardous chemicals proposed to be used in the project are
given in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2
Details of Chemicals and Applicability of GOI rules
Solvent Storage
Type
Storage
Capacity (Tons)
Listed in
Scheduled
Threshold Quantity (Tons) for
Application of Rules
5,7-9,13-15 10-12
Diesel Tankers 17 Schedule
3 (part II)
5000 50000
From the above table it can be inferred that there would be no major Hazardous chemical stored at the
proposed plant, which would attract the GOI rules 4 5,7-9 and 13-15, as the quantity likely to be stored
at site lies below the stipulated threshold quantities.
7.2.4 Nature Of Possible Hazards
Hazard Area Probable Cause Of The Accident
Explosion
Boilers / Transformers / Receivers for
the Air compressors. Malfunctioning of the Safety Valve
Flammable Petroleum Product Storage
Tank / Drum Storage area
External fire causing pressure built up in the
tanks / barrels
Fire H.S.D. / FO Storage Area Flammable vapor / air mixture and source of
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ignition.
Flammable Petroleum Product
Storage Tank / Drum Storage Shed
/Production Area
Formation on pool in the dyke wall and
source of ignition.
External fire Built up of internal pressure
Failure of the top cover Tank on Fire
Spillage Acid / Alkali Storage Area Spillage of Acid / Alkali due to rupture of
the pipe line, collapse of the storage tank
7.2.5 Maximum credible accident analysis for diesel storage area
Identification of causes and types of hazards is the primary task for planning for risk assessment.
Hazard can happen because of the nature of chemicals handled and also the nature of process involved.
So for risk analysis first step is to identify the hazardous chemicals which are to be studied for risk
analysis.
Identification of Hazardous Chemicals is done in accordance with The Manufacture, Storage and
import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989.
Schedule 1, of the Rule provides a list of the Toxic and Hazardous chemicals and the flammable
chemicals. It defines the flammable chemicals based on the flash point and boiling point.
"Major accident hazards (MAH) installations" is defined as the isolated storage and industrial
activity at a site handling (including transport through carrier or pipeline) of hazardous chemicals
equal to or, in excess of the threshold quantities specified in Column 3 of Schedule 2 and 3
respectively Schedule 3 has classified hazardous substances in an operating plant into 5 groups and
has provided the threshold quantities for application of above rules.
Group1 & 2 – Toxic substances
Group 3 – Highly reactive substances
Group 4 – Explosive substance
Group – 5 Flammable substances
The following Table 7.3 shows the list of major chemicals which have been identified as hazardous
chemicals in The Manufacture, Storage and import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 and which are
to be considered as Major accident hazards (MAH) installations. 20 KL/month of diesel fuel is
expected to be consumed at incinerator site.
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Table 7.3
Hazardous Chemicals at Site
S.
No
Chemical Use Nature of Chemical
(Schedule 1 & 3)
Type of Storage
& No’s
Storage
Quantity
1 Diesel Supporting fuel
for Vehicles
Highly Flammable Horizontal & 2
No (each 10 KL)
20 KL
Summary Table on the Inventories
Chemical Codes/
Label TLV FBP MP FP
UEL LEL
%
HSD
(High Speed
Diesel)
Flammable 800 mg/m
3
TWA 215 - 376
0 C NA 32
0 C 6.0 0.6
TLV : Threshold Limit Value FBP : Final Boiling Point
MP : Melting Point FP : Flash Point
UEL : Upper Explosive Limit LEL : Lower Explosive Limit
Fire Explosive Toxicity Index (FETI) for HSD
The application of FETI would help to make a quick assessment of the nature and quantification of the
hazard in these areas.
F&EI of fuels used for the proposed Industrial Area
Chemical/Fuel NFPA Classification
GPH SPH *F&EI F&E
Category Nh Nf Nr MF
HSD 1 2 0 10 1.8 2.83 50.89 Light
*FEI = MF *(1+GPH) * (1+SPH)
The F&EI values are ranked into following categories
F&EI Category
S. No F&EI F&E Category
1 1-60 Low
2 60-90 Medium
3 90 and above Severe
Nature of Hazard from Oil Storage:
Diesel is a petroleum product. It is a highly flammable liquid having flash point between 320–96
0C.
However its auto ignition temperature is 2560C. Its boiling point ranges between 150
0-400
0C. Furnace
Oil is of similar characteristics having flash point above 660C. Major Hazards from oil storage can be
fire. Maximum credible accidents from oil storage tank can be
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a) Tank Fire
b) Pool / Dyke fire.
Tank Fire
Oil is stored in floating roof tank. Leak in rim seal leading to accumulation of vapour is a source of
fire. Lighting can be a source of ignition and can cause tank fire. Overflow from tank leading to
spillage may cause vapour cloud formation. This can catch fire and it can flash back to the tank to
cause tank fire.
Pool / Dyke Fire
If there is outflow from the tank due to any leakage from tank or any failure of connecting pipes or
valves, oil will flow outside and form a pool. Where the tank is surrounded by a dyke, the pool of oil
will be restricted within that dyke. After sometime, the vapour from the pool can catch fire and can
cause pool or dyke fire.
Heat Radiation and Thermal Damage Criteria
The level of damage caused by heat radiation due to fire is a function of duration of exposure as well
as heat flux (i.e. radiation energy onto the object of concern). This is true both for the effect on
building and plant equipment and for the effect on personnel. However the variation of likely
exposures times is more marked with personnel, due to possibility of finding shelter coupled with
protection of the skin tissue (clothed or naked body). Further, it is assumed that everyone inside the
area by the pool fire will be burned to death (100% lethality) or will asphyxiate. Radiation at various
heat flux levels which are critical in risk analysis, are given in the Table 7.4.
Table 7.4
Effect of Heat Radiation
Exposure Time in seconds for % Fatality
Radiation Level (Kw/m2) 1% 50% 99%
1.6 500 1300 3200
4.0 150 370 930
12.5 30 80 200
37.5 8 20 50
The damage and fatality (percentage of the exposed people to be killed) due to the exposure time is
very important in determining the degree of fatality and corresponding effect distance. It is observed
that the exposed persons normally find shelter or protection from the heat radiation (e.g. against a
wall) within 10 seconds. However, exposure time of 30 seconds is normally assumed for pessimistic
calculation which applies if people do not run away immediately or when no protection is available.
The variation of the effects on humans due to heat flux and duration of exposure have been developed
in the form of a Probit Equation which gives following values for human fatality levels in Table 7.5.
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Table 7.5
Heat Radiation and Fatality
Incident Radiation
Intensity (KW/m2)
Type Of Damage
37.5 Sufficient to cause damage to process equipment
25 Minimum energy required to ignite nearby wood at infinitely long
exposure (non piloted)
12.5 Minimum energy required for piloted ignition of wood, melting plastic
tubing etc. 1st degree burns for 10 seconds exposure.
4.5 Sufficient to cause pain to personnel if unable to reach cover within 20
seconds; however blistering of skin (1st degree burns) is likely.
1.6 Will cause no discomfort to long exposure
For the storage of HSD (Diesel), it is assumed that the complete liquid leaks due to tank failure or
ruptures and develops into a pool and gets ignited. Hazards distances have been arrived due to effect
of pool fires. For computing the damage distance from the tank failure area ALOHA software is used.
Full tank storage capacity has been considered. The out is given as Table 7.6
Table 7.6
Scenario (pool fire)
HSD Storage Tank
Scenario : Pool Fire
Input Data Results of computation
Spilled Quantity 10 KL Flame center height 28 m
Pool Diameter 17 m Mass burning rate liquid 933 kg/min
Wind Speed 2.4 m/s Total Amount burned 3472 kg
Heat Radiation at ground level KW/m2 Isopleths distance (m)
37.5 18
25.0 24
12.5 36
4.5 59
1.6 84
A perusal of the above table clearly indicates that 37.5 KW/m2
(100% lethality occurs within the radius of the pool which is computed at 18 m tank on pool fire. This
vulnerable zone will damage all fuel storage equipment falling within the pool radius.
Similarly the threshold limit for first degree burns is 1.6 KW/m2, this vulnerable zone in which the
thermal fluxes above the threshold limit for first degree is restricted to 84 m in case fuel storage area
catches pool fire.
The risk contours are given below in Figure 7.1
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Figure 7.1 ALOHA Source point on the layout
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7.3 On-Site Emergency Plan
An on-site emergency is caused by an accident that takes place in plant itself and the effects are
confined to the factory premises involving only the people working in the factory. On-site
emergency plan to deal with such eventualities is the responsibility of the occupier and is
mandatory. An on-site emergency plan should contain the following key elements:
basis of the plan: Hazard analysis
accident prevention procedure/measures;
accident/emergency response procedure/measures and
Recovery procedure.
7.3.1 Elements of Planning
The charts and maps should highlight the accident-prone areas of the industry so that in case of an
emergency. It provides a basis for taking any action.
7.3.1.1 Emergency Personnel’s Responsibility during Normal Office Hours
Site Controller: The Project Head (however called) or his nominated deputy will assume overall
responsibility for the plant / storage site and its personnel. His duties will be to:
Assess the magnitude of the situation and decide if staff needs to be evacuated
from their assembly points to identify safer places;
Exercise direct operational control over areas other than those affected;
Undertake a continuous review of possible developments and assess in
consultation with key personnel as to whether shutting down of the plant or any
section of the plant and evacuation of personnel are required;
Liaise with senior officials of Police, Fire Bridge, Medical and Factories
Inspectorate and provide advice on possible effects on areas outside the factory
premises:
Look after rehabilitation of affected persons on discontinuation of emergency;
Issues authorized statements to news media, and ensure that evidence is preserved
for enquiries to be conducted by the statutory authorities.
Fire & Security Officer: The Chief Fire and Security Officer will be responsible for fire fighting.
On hearing the fire alarm he shall reach the fire station immediately and advise fire and security
staff in the factory of the incident zone and cancel the alarm. He will also announce on PAS or
convey through telephones or messengers or canteens to the Communication Officer, Incident
Controller and Site Controller about the incident zone. He will open the gates nearest to the
incident and stand by to direct the emergency services.
Telephone Operator: On hearing the emergency alarm, he will immediately contact Site
Controller and on his advice call the local fire-bridge or mutual-aid scheme members. In case the
PAS internal/external telephone system becomes inoperative, he shall inform the Communication
Officer through a messenger. In case fire has been detected and the alarm is not in operation, he
shall receive information about location from the person who detected the fire and thereafter
immediately consult the Incident Controller and make announcement on PAS or telephone telling
the staff about location of the incident and to evacuate to their assembly points. He will continue to
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operate the switch board advising the callers that the staffs is not available and pass all calls
connected with the incident to the Communication.
Departmental Heads: The Departmental Heads will report to Incident Controller and provide
assistance as required. They will decide the staff they require at the incident site.
Fire Pump Attendant: Two persons identified in each shift will work as fire pump attendants. On
hearing the fire alarm, they will immediately proceed to pump house to ensure that pumps are
operating and stand by to maintain them. At the end of emergency, they will be relieved of their
duty by the Fire and Security Officers.
7.4 Infrastructure
Emergency Control Room- Emergency Control Room is to be set up and marked on the site plan.
The Control Room will be the focal point case of an emergency from where the operations to
handle the emergency are directed and coordinated. It will control site activities and should be
furnished with external and internal telephone connections, list of essential telephone numbers, list
of key persons and their addresses.
Assembly Points- Assembly points are to be set up farthest from the location of likely hazardous
events where pre-designated persons from the works, contractors and visitors would assemble in
case of emergency. Up-to-date list of pre-designated employees of various departments (shift-
wise) must be available at these points so that roll call could be taken. Pre-designated persons
would take charge of these points and mark presence as the people come into it.
7.5 Operational Systems During Emergency
7.5.1 Communication System
There are different types of alarms to differentiate one type of an emergency from other as
described below:
Fire or Gas Normal Fire Siren
Emergency/Evacuation High-pitched wailing Siren
Alarms should be followed by an announcement over Public Address System (PAS). In case of
failure of alarm system, communication should be by telephone operator who will make
announcement in industrial complex through Public Address System which should be installed. If
everything fails, a messenger could be used for sending the information.
7.5.2 Warning System & Control
The Control Centers should be located at an area of the minimum risk or vulnerability in the
premises concerned, taking into account the wind direction, areas which might be affected by
fire/explosion, toxic releases, etc.
For promptness and efficiency, the factory premises/storage sites may be divided into ‘X’ number
of zones, which should be clearly marked on the site plan.
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Emergency Services - Under this, each factory should describe the facilities of fire-fighting,
first-aid and rescue. Alternate sources of power supply for operating fire pumps,
communication with local bodies, fire brigade, etc. Should also be clearly indicated.
An adequate number of external and internal telephone connections should be installed.
A plan or plans of the works to illustrate-
a. Areas with large inventories of hazardous material.
b. Sources of safety equipment.
c. Fire-hydrant system and alternate supply sources.
d. Stock of other fire-fighting materials.
e. Assembly points, first-aid centres.
f. Surrounding habitation within 1/ 2 km distance.
g. Availability of first-aid equipment.
7.5.3 Mutual Aid
It is essential to have mutual aid arrangements as it is useful in cases of major fire and other
emergencies. Mutual aid arrangements are to be worked out in the plan to facilitate additional help
in say, fire-fighting or medical attention which might be beyond the capacity of an individual
factory/unit. To make the mutual aid plan a success, the following are considered essential:
Written procedure which spells out how call for help will be made and how it will be
responded.
The type of equipment which would be used and procedure for making replacement.
A quick hot-line method of communication.
A brief mention of the type of hazard in each plant and fire-fighting measures.
Orientation and joint training program for staff.
Joint inspections and drills.
7.6 Disaster Management Plan
Emergency prevention through good design, operation, maintenance and inspection are essential to
reduce the probability of occurrence and consequential effect of such eventualities. The overall
objective of the DMP/Emergency Response Plan (ERP) is to make use of the combined resources
at the site and outside services to achieve the following.
Localize the emergency on property and people
Minimize effects on property and people
Effective rescue and medical treatment
Evacuation.
A disastrous event strikes suddenly, violently and without warning. Identifying the potential
hazards ahead of time and advance planning can reduce the dangers of serious injury, loss of life
and damage to environment in the event of an incident occurrence.
The first response to a disaster is the job of the local government’s emergency services with the
help from the nearby municipalities and the volunteer service agencies. In a catastrophic disaster
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only the govt. can provide the rescue search on the disaster site, resumption of electric power,
food, water, medicines, cloths, shelter and other basic human needs. It is the long term recovery
phase of disaster which places the most severe financial strain to govt. in-addition to damage to
public facilities and infrastructure. It takes longer time to get aid from the govt. for rescue work
when there is a natural calamity because of various constraints such as reaching the site, priority of
personnel involved, availability of material, equipment and rescue team personnel etc. It is always
advisable to develop teams within the organization for taking immediate rescue action if possible.
Industry has to prepare a detailed disaster control measures and give information such as the
quantity of hazardous material stored, the location of storage, the approximate population living in
the vicinity and the detail of the hazardous characteristic of the material to the Employees, District
Collector, Police, Fire service department, Director of Factories, State Pollution control Board and
the Public living in the vicinity regularly to enable the government to prepare the disaster
management plan. Educate employees and the public living in the vicinity the safety measures
required to be taken in the event of an accident taking place.
What are the types of disasters that can occur in a hazardous waste management site?
An earth quake leading to damage of liner and contamination of soil and ground water due
to leakage of chemicals, waste material and leachate.
Cyclone leading to flood water entering landfill site contamination of ground water and
soil.
Major explosion of chemicals fire and toxic gas release.
Contamination of soil and water sources due to leakage of contaminants from the landfill
waste or due to leakage of leachate.
Release of dangerous gases from the incinerator affecting the public in the vicinity.
7.6.1 An earthquake
During site selection stage based on the past seismic metrological data / reports earth quake prone
areas have to be avoided. Cover the site with public liability insurance as per the advice of
government. Design building to withstand minor shocks of earth quake without damage to
structures.
Maintain inventory of material and the location of stock on day today basis and submit the report
to disaster management authority (district collector) and the state pollution control board weekly /
monthly also maintain parallel record at H.O.
Maintain MSDS of stored materials toxicity of gases that can emanate due to reactions of stored
materials including the landfill material. Provide communication facilities internal and with people
living in the vicinity. Educate the employees and the surrounding peoples about the possible
dangers in case of an earthquake and the safety measures required to be taken.
Take preventive action of stopping work activities, informing and evacuating employees and the
public living in the vicinity to safe location as per the advice of government agency if there is an
advance earth quake warning from the agencies.
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After an earth quake (if the site is affected), Inform disaster management authorities and state
pollution control board authorities over phone, e-mail or through messenger. Display Phone
Numbers of: District Collector, Police S.P, Fire Service Department, Factories Inspectorate and
nearby Hospitals. Inform company authorities through phone: Phone numbers: Project Head, EHS
Head, HR Head. Inform the insurance authorities about the incident. Phone Numbers: Local
Insurance officer and Divisional Manager
Test the nearby water sources and soil for contamination and the extent of damage and compare
data with the base data. If found contaminated, Inform public of the affected area not to use water
from the wells or bore wells through mobile public announcement system and by using media like
radio and TV. Arrange supply of drinking water from outside till the condition is normalized.
Use the services of the lab and expertise of pollution board and find solutions to arrest the leakage
of material and leachate and start remedial measures.
Divert material required for lining and transfer skilled employees for new pit construction from
other site along with additional number of equipments. Construct new pit and start transfer landfill
material / leachate in to the new pit. Test the soil contamination level and find out the level of
damage and treat the soil if required or remove the contaminated soil and safely transfer it in the
new land fill.
Check the water contamination level and advise authorities and public about the usability of water.
Asses the expenditure required for implementation of required remedial measures. Prepare cost
estimate of the total loss including the transport and remediation cost. Make insurance claim and
pay compensation if any advised by the govt. authorities to the affected victims.
7.6.2 Cyclone leading to land fill flood Control measures during planning and operation:
During site selection and approval of the site for hazardous waste disposal and should highlight the
history / possibility of cyclone / Floods, Tsunami in the particular area. If it falls in any of the
above better avoid usage of that site, for hazardous waste handling and storage.
Maintain base line data of quality of water and soil at least one year before start of site activities.
Check the possibility of breach of an upland water pond / tank or dam which can cause flood
before finalizing the location. Design buildings as per national building code to withstand for the
maximum wind speed experienced by the region without damage.
Cover the site with public liability insurance as per government advice. Check the maximum
rainfall in the location and the possibility of rain water entry from outside in to the site. Arrest the
outside water entry by raising the ground level or by constructing bund wall / compound wall and
providing proper drains along the boundary.
Ensure the storm water drainage system is well designed and maintained to drain storm water from
the site to outside drains and is sufficient to drain rain or flood water without allowing it to
accumulate near landfill. Maintain waste storage and landfill level above the drain level.
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Ensure the leachate ponds capacity is sufficient and will not over flow due to rain water collection.
Get the warning advice from the weather forecasting department regularly. Stop all activities of
land fill and cover the land fill with liners regularly to prevent rain water contact with the waste
material before the start of rain fall. If possible provide temporary bund wall with sand bags to
reduce the damage to landfill bund due to the flowing water. Evacuate the place and move to safe
location as per the advice.
After the occurrence
Check the extent of contamination and damage to ground water source and the soil after the flood
and compare data with base data. Inform disaster management authorities and state pollution
control board authorities if contamination is detected through phone or through messenger. Phone
Numbers. Inform company authorities over phone. Phone numbers: Project Manager, HR
manager, EHS manager
Inform public of the affected area not to use water from the wells or bore wells through mobile
public announcement and by using media like radio and TV. Arrange supply of drinking water
from outside till the condition is normalized. Continuously test and monitor the soil and ground
water sources and advise public the condition regularly.
Check the soil contamination level if necessary start remedial action as per the advice of pollution
board. Plan for removing the contaminated soil and fill it in a new land fill pit.
Inform insurance company over phone. Phone Numbers: Assess the damage, prepare and submit
estimate of damage and claim insurance. If necessary relocate the affected public to an unaffected
site.
7.6.3 Major explosion of chemicals / fire and toxic gas release in landfill or Stores Control
measures during planning:
Analyze material samples before accepting the materials for disposal. Ensure material samples
collected and analyzed before taking the material inside the premises. Explosive materials should
not be accepted without treatment and check the incoming materials using an explosive meter.
Ensure good covered storage space available for incinerable waste material. Storage is well
ventilated to prevent accumulation and concentration of gases below explosive and flammable
limit. Install gas detectors and explosive level meters with early warning alarm. Avoid electric
fittings in flammable material storages use flame proof materials if felt essential.
Compartmentalize storage to limit the stock quantity and risk of fire spread. Locate incinerable
waste storages away from heat source and hot furnace areas.
Provide communication facility and sufficient number of security personal for 24 hours manual
watching.
Installation of smoke detection and warning and automatic fire hydrant with foam monitors,
automatic sprinklers, mist sprays and CO2 flooding system in incinerable waste storage will help a
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lot in early detection and automatic fire fighting. Provide separate storage for reactive chemicals.
Provide spark proof equipments to handle solvent waste containers.
Ensure sufficient gap between storage sheds are maintained as per national building code to
prevent fire spread and easy movement of fire vehicles around the storage during an emergency.
Wind socks with wind speed indicators are installed in the site to see the wind direction from any
location. Lightning arrestors are installed to cover the whole site. Employ only qualified and
trained employees to supervise the storage activities.
Operation:
Ensure public liability insurance cover is in force for the site. Plan for the disposal of Low flash
point material immediately on arrival and minimize inventory of low flash point materials and
flammable materials. Reactive materials are separated and stored away from the flammable
materials store. Display No smoking warning boards around the waste material storages. Do not
allow any source of heat or spark in material storage.
Ensure static electricity is discharged from material containers by bonding the containers. Maintain
sufficient gap between stack for inspection and also for better ventilation. Do not use mechanical
handling equipments which produce sparks or static electricity.
Use spark proof equipment while handling low flash point and waste containing solvents. Ensure
good housekeeping is maintained in and around storage. Maintain record of quantity of material
stock and the MSDS of material in each shed for giving required information to disaster
management team on arrival at site. Install and maintain sufficient number of appropriate first aid
fire appliances and ensure the approach way is not blocked.
Train all the employees in first aid, fire fighting and the procedures to be followed in case of an
emergency. Replace leaky containers and clean spillage immediately. Remember inhaling gas
generated due to a fire or explosion is dangerous. Use of Self contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA) is mandatory for all rescue and fire fighting work in case of an explosion or fire. Check
the wind direction and inform everyone to stand on the upwind direction through public address
system or through phones. Advice evacuation of people at site and surrounding if found necessary.
Try and put off fire with the help of available hand appliances, fire hydrant water using internal
trained employees. Bring all available fire fighting appliances and also get help from nearby
industries in control and rescue operations only if they are trained and have the required PPE to
carry out the work safely. Phone Numbers of nearby industries: If the fire is found very major
leave it to professionals to deal with it.
Inform state fire and police department about the disaster through phone or through messenger.
Display Phone Numbers: Nearby Fire station, Police station at many locations. Inform company
authorities through phone. Phone Numbers: Use SCBA and rescue affected employees to safe
location and if necessary give first aid with the help of trained first aider.
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Remember to wash with cool water in case of burn injury or chemical spills on human body and
eye at least for 15minits before shifting the victim to hospital. Measure the gas pollution level in
the environment and advice concerned. Inform disaster management authorities and state pollution
control board authorities through phone or through messenger. Phone Number; District collector,
Police. Inform nearby hospitals the possible gas that can release from the incident for quick
treatment.
Call additional ambulance if felt necessary the site controller will direct concerned department to
arrange without delay. Provide FIRST AID to the affected victim before moving them to hospitals.
Send the victims to hospital with their personal data and their medical history while sending for
treatment. Measure the contamination level of air and soil and report to authorities. Initiate
remedial measures such as supply of drinking water and measure air contamination level regularly
till the condition normalizes.
If felt necessary, Inform public living near the affected area to evacuate through public
announcement and by using media like radio and TV the direction of escape route and advise them
to use wet cloth to cover the nose while moving. Put off fire using the fire hydrant water and foam
compound or with the help of fire extinguisher.
Use Self Contained Breathing Apparatus and Collect gas samples analyze the type of gas emanated
and the toxicity level.
Inform Fire service and police personnel about the potential of the gas emanated due to the
reaction promptly. Block the road traffic at least 5 km distance depending on the toxicity of the gas
and the wind speed to prevent exposure of more number of public.
Provide first aid to burn injuries by pouring cool water before shifting the victim to hospital: Phone
Number of Hospitals: Shift the gas affected victims to well ventilated area and provide breathing
oxygen. Transport the affected to the hospitals with the advice of the possible name of gas inhaled
by the victim.
Check the extent of damage to the liners if any and arrange for immediate repair based on the
need. Prepare report of the incident and investigate and find out the root cause of accident. Inform
insurers about the incident. Estimate the loss incurred and make the insurance claim and pay for
the actual expenses inquired for treatment and compensation for the victim or the family members
of the victim.
7.6.4 Contamination of soil and water sources due to leakage of contaminants
Control measures:
First and the foremost are to collect soil and water samples from the site before starting operations
and establish the base line data. Cover the site with public liability insurance.
Make sure that the preparation of landfill pits done as per the laid out standard. Special care is
taken while laying the liners such as visual check for damage of liner material and proper welding
of joints to ensure that the leakage of leachate from the liner is absolutely nil also by conducting
leak proof tests ultrasonic or X-ray tests.
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Avoid damage of liners during land fill operation by the use of sharp edged objects such as cutting
knives, dropping of crow bars and by moving heavy vehicle on the liners. Contamination of water
and soil due to leakage of leachate from the liners / due to over flowing from leachate ponds
especially during rainy season spillage while pumping or spillage during handling operation to be
avoided.
Flooring of material stores should not have cracks and should not allow seepage of material. The
floor should be provided with bund wall and collection pit.
Periodic checking of soil and water samples and compare data with base line data at least once a
month. If any adverse increase in parameters noticed increase the frequency of tests. Prepare
comparative analysis data if found more, than the base line data inform the pollution board
authorities.
After the incident:
If the operation is continued the condition is going to be disastrous after some time. Hence it is
necessary to initiate corrective measures as per the advice of the pollution control board. Follow
the corrective measures mentioned after an earth quake and flood.
7.6.5 Release of toxic gases from incinerator
Control Measures:
Ensure public liability insurance cover is taken for the site. Analyze the combination of waste
material that is proposed to be burned and check the possibility of toxic gas generation and get the
written report from lab before start feeding the waste material in the incinerator.
Install wind socks and wind speed monitor at site visible from all points. Employ qualified and
well trained operators to operate the incinerator. Maintain the temperatures of gases at locations as
per the incinerator operation instruction. Install instruments to detect and warn operators before the
toxicity level reaches higher than the statute limit.
Monitor the toxic content levels at the chimney exhaust continuously during the operation. If any
changes in parameters of gases noticed during the operation stop feeding the material and inform
the lab manager immediately and take corrective measures. Reanalyze the sample and decide the
combination of materials before restart.
Maintain the record of changes made for future reference. Inform the employees and the public
living in the vicinity about the safety measures required to be taken in case of an accidental
release.
After an incident:
Evacuate everyone from the site and the vicinity to safe place. Additional care to be taken while
evacuating, sick, old, infants and physically challenged persons. Detect the gas that is generated by
analyzing the gas and its toxicity level. Provide first aid to victims by removing them to safe and
well ventilated area. If necessary send the victim for treatment with information of the type of gas
victim is exposed to.
If necessary make insurance claim and meet the expenses.
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7.7 Hazard Control Measures
7.7.1 Fire
To increase the level of safety in proposed project, installation of smoke alarms or automatic fire
detection /alarm systems will be proposed at strategic locations as an early warning of fire to the
occupants.
To prevent fire mishaps and to manage the emergency situation during fire in the proposed project
the following activities and precautions are proposed.
Emergency evacuation plan is important for all projects, and the same will be prepared as
per Fire & Safety rules.
Regular mock drills will be carried out to create awareness on procedures to be followed
in times of emergency situation/evacuation
It will be advised to keep oxygen cylinders, medical kits and masks to prevent smoke
inhalation especially for those with respiratory disorders for whom smoke inhalation can
be very dangerous.
Plant manager will be advised to ensure that the fire fighting equipments are in good
working conditions.
The plant will be provided with sufficient fire fighting gadgets (water, soil, cylinders, etc).
Simple steps to be followed during emergency are as follows.
Call the fire rescue department: During fire in plant, leave the premises by nearest available
exit. Call fire department and do not assume anyone else has called the fire department. If your
cloth catches fire, do not get panic or run, stop, drop and roll.
Cover your nose and mouth with a wet clean cloth: Stay calm cover your nose and mouth with
a wet, clean cloth to prevent smoke inhalation injury and choking. Never jump off or attempt to
climb down the side of a tall structure as it will mean certain death.
Do not run: During a fire, smoke containing poisonous gases such as CO tends to rise up. When
you run in a smoke filled room, you tend to inhale the smoke faster. CO dulls the senses and
prevents clear thinking, leading to panic. To prevent being asphyxiated, dip tissues or cloth in
water and cover your noise with it.
Head-count of the occupants: During an emergency, make good use of the evacuation procedure
and help each other to reach out of plant/building safely. Ensure nobody is left behind by doing a
head-count of occupants. Visitors should read and understand the evacuation plan before going
into the plant/building area and ensure their safety.
7.7.2 Natural Disasters
Disasters occur without notice. Most disasters are natural such as earthquake, floods, hurricanes,
sandstorms, landslides, tsunamis and volcanoes. We have no way of stopping them, but we can
learn to deal with the difficult situations that arise due to them.
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During disasters like floods, fire, earth quake, landslides, rescue beings at site. Even before
external help arrives, people affected by the disasters help each other.
The government and many voluntary organizations send teams of workers trained in rescue
operations to disaster-affected areas. These teams join hands with the local community helpers
such as doctors, nurses, social workers and policemen.
Temporary shelters are built for displaced people. Doctors and nurses provide medical aid. They
treat the wounded and work to control epidemics. Social workers collect food and cloth from all
over the country for the disaster-affected people. The police maintain law and order. Media –
persons help in spreading news about the victims and their conditions. They also post
advertisements that urge people to donate for victims.
In extreme conditions, the army and Air force organize rescue operations. They clear roads, send
medical teams and help to move people to safer places. The air force drops food, water and clothes
in the affected areas. Organization like UN helps in providing aid during massive disasters.
Individually, people from all over the world also come forward to help during a disaster. They
donate blood while many donate money. Some even reach the disaster affected places to give an
extra hand in the rescue operation. Families adopt children who have lost their parents and thus
give them a new home.
Some of the points we can keep in mind when disaster happens
If there is a tornado, take shelter in a place without windows.
In an earthquake, remember to crouch under some heavy furniture or stand under the
doorframe for cover.
In case of a fire in the building, leave the building by nearby exit
If the site is flooded, then climb up to the roof.
Do not use the telephone, except to call for help, so as to leave telephone lines free for the
organization of response
Listen to the messages broadcast by radio and the various media so as to be informed of
development
Carry out the official instructions given over the radio or by loudspeaker
Keep a emergency kit ready. In all the different types of emergency, it is better to be
prepared than to get ready, to get information so as to get organized, to wait rather that act
too hastily
During floods turn off electricity to reduce the risk of electrocution
As soon as flood begins, take vulnerable people (old, children, sick, etc) to upper floor
Beware of water contamination, wait until the water is declared safe before drinking or
boil the water before drinking
Clean and disinfect the room that is flooded
During storms and hurricanes do not go out in a car or a boat once the storm has been
announced
If caught outside in a storm, take refuge as quickly as possible in shelter (never under a
tree), if there is no shelter, lie down flat in a ditch.
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In a thunderstorm keep away from doors, windows, and electrical conductors, unplug
electrical appliances and aerials. Do not use any electrical appliances or the telephone
During earthquake keep calm, do not get panic, People who are indoors should stay there
but move to the central part of the building, people who are outside should stay there,
keeping away from buildings to avoid collapsing walls and away from electrical cables.
Anyone in a vehicle should park it, keeping away from bridges and buildings
During spread of clouds of toxic fumes, close doors and windows, seal any cracks or gaps
around windows and doors with adhesive tape. Organize a reserve of water (by filling
wash basins, baths, etc. Turn off ventilators and air conditioners.
7.7.3 Electrical Accidents
Electrical hazards can cause burns, shocks, and electrocution which can lead to serious injury and
even death. When dealing with potentially serious electrical hazards stop and think! Instead of
taking a chance and risking your personal safety, call trained professionals to handle problems.
Many times people prefer to take electrical matters into their own hands. Other small aspects of
electrical repair in a business setting may be taken care of without needing professional service
technicians. If you do decide to take matters into your own hands, safety precautions can avoid
injuries and other losses.
7.7.3.1 Prevention of Electrical Accidents
Flexible cords connected to appliance should be wired to confirm to the international color code.
Color of insulation wire is
Brown represents live wire,
Blue represents neutral wire and
Green/yellow stripes represent earth wire.
What you should look for when selecting an electrical appliance are given below
a. The appliance should be suitable for operation on local electrical supply of 240 volts AC
and frequency of 50 Hz.
b. The appliance should preferably be tested and certified by a national or reputed standards
testing authority
c. Look for certified plugs on the flexible cords connected to the appliances. If the appliance
is double insulated and has a 2-pin plug, then it should be fitted with a suitable certified
plug.
d. An essential formality when buying any appliances is a duly completed guarantee card
with the dealers/retailer's official stamp and details of the appliance (serial number, etc.).
Safety precautions to be taken when using electrical appliances
a. Avoid using handheld appliances when your hand and/or body are wet.
b. Do not use or leave appliances where liquid can splash onto them.
c. Flexible cords connecting the appliance and the plug should be in good condition, if the
cord is frayed, chaffed, cut or melted, have the entire cord replaced by a competent person.
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d. Check accessories such as plugs attached to appliances for cracks and burnt marks and
have them replaced. If undue overheating occurs or burnt marks appear in any electrical
appliance, have it checked.
Some common causes of electrical accidents in the house
a. Faulty wiring: This usually occurs when unauthorized extension or rewiring is done by
unqualified persons. Some of the usual faults are the omission of earth wires and the
reversing of the live and neutral wires. Without an earth wire, the exposed metal parts of
appliances may deliver a lethal shock to the user when a fault develops.
b. Improper flexible cords: This can be caused by connecting the flexible cord wrongly to the
plug. In the case of appliances which have exposed metallic parts, a 2-core instead of a 3-
core flexible cord is used. When the appliance is faulty, the exposed metal parts may
become live and a fatal accident could result.
c. Faulty appliance: Attempts to repair faults in electrical appliances by people not trained to
do so can result in accidental shock.
To prevent Electrical accidents, the following points should be kept in mind:
All electrical wiring, rewiring or extension work must be carried out by licensed electrical
contractors. On completion, the contractors should test before electricity supply is
connected.
Repair of appliances and replacement of flexible cords should be carried out only by
competent persons.
To ensure electrical safety in the facility, a current-operated Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
(ELCB) or Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB) set to operate at a very small leakage
current is recommended. (This is usually marked 100 mA or 0.1 A on the label). In case of
dangerous electrical leakage to earth, it should automatically cur off the supply of
electricity.
DO NOT use multi-way adaptors. Over loading can cause fire. One socket outlet is for one
appliance only.
DO NOT carry out wiring extension, Engage a licensed wiring contractor for the work.
DO NOT use a two-way lighting adaptor for any extension.
DO NOT connect any electrical appliance to lighting outlets. A lighting outlet does not
have an earth wire to prevent danger.
ENSURE the switch is in "OFF" position before changing bulbs.
DO NOT make joints to lengthen the lead of the electrical appliances. If the lead wire is
worn out or too short, replace it with a new wire.
DO NOT drive nails carelessly on the wall. There may be concealed wiring.
USE individual socket outlet for every electrical appliance.
KEEP AWAY from danger areas such as a substation for whatsoever reasons.
CHECK before carrying out excavation work to prevent damaging any underground cable.
The operator may receive severe electric shock or even be electrocuted.
TAKE PRECAUTION when working in the vicinity of overhead lines to avoid any
unforeseen incident.
DO NOT meddle with any broken overhead wire. Report the matter immediately to the
nearest electric office.
DO NOT climb any electric pole. You may receive an electric shock or get electrocuted.
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DO NOT throw anything onto the overhead lines.
NEVER attempt to retrieve anything stuck to overhead lines by whatever means.
DO NOT climb transmission line towers. No one is safe from its high voltage shock.
DO NOT erect any structure close to transmission lines.
DO NOT fly kites close to overhead lines.
TAKE PRECAUTION when working in the vicinity of overhead lines to avoid any
unforeseen incident.
NEVER stand on a damp or wet surface when using electrical equipment.
USE a portable electrical tool, which is properly earthed.
DO NOT tap electrical power without a proper plug.
DO NOT use any electrical tool which has a damaged casing, cap, switch , lead or plug.
7.7.3.2 First Aid and Emergency Procedures
Burns can cause due acid spillage and leakage of electricity. Curative measures for any issues of
burns and First Aid procedures are given below:
Table 7.7 First Aid for Burns
Burns Covering Small Area Burns Covering Extensive Area
i. Allow cold tap water to run gently over
the area or immerse in cold water.
ii. It may be necessary to cover with gauze
or a clean handkerchief, and bandage.
i. Allow person to lie down.
ii. Cover burned areas with sterile dressing
or clean cloth and lightly bandage.
iii. If clothing is adhering, do not disturb;
leave the clothing alone.
iv. Keep person warm. If person is not
nauseated, he may have sips of water.
v. Arrange for immediate medical care.
Note:
Do not user ointments, greases, pastes or powder on burned area.
Do not prick the blisters caused by burns.
Tetanus Immunization - Protection against tetanus should be considered whenever the skin is
broken by injuries
7.8 Full Mock Drill Monitoring
The mock drills are to be conducted at regular intervals. For conducting mock drills a committee
has to be organized.
The committee may invite any other official/expert, if considered necessary.
7.8.1 Steps of Mock Drills
The Mock Drills should be carried out step by step as stated below.
First Step : Test the effectiveness of communication system.
Second Step : Test the speed of mobilization of the emergency teams.
Third Step : Test the effectiveness of search, rescue and treatment of
Casualties.
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Fourth Step : Test Emergency isolation and shut down and remedial measures taken
on the system.
Fifth Step : Conduct a full rehearsal of the actions to be taken during an
emergency.
The Disaster Management Plan should be periodically revised based on experience gained from
the Mock Drill.
7.9 Geological Studies
7.9.1 Introduction
Evaluation of surface and sub-surface geological conditions and its behavior towards
environmental aspects is one of the important factors for systematic planning of a construction
project. Considering this, detailed studies were conducted within the proposed site at Kakkireni
village, Ramannapeta mandal, Nalgonda district, Telangana. This chapter is dealing with the
general conditions of the site & methodology and results of Electrical Resistivity tests.
7.9.2 Objectives
Study of the Geological and Hydrogeological conditions inside study area and its
surroundings.
Characterization of various Geological formations and their disposition in the 72 Acres of
land.
Detailed Geophysical investigations in the study area to decipher the subsurface lithology
and water table.
7.9.3 Site Topography
Topographically the proposed TSDF site area representing an undulated terrain with Minor natural
drains at several locations. The land elevation is progressively increasing from site center to
towards Northeast and Northwest directions. There are two prominent uplands present within the
site. These two uplands are located in the Northeast and northwestern part of the site boundaries. It
is understood from the topographical map of the site, that the Northeastern upland is having a
maximum elevation value of RL 330m. Similarly another upland located in the northwestern
corner of the site is having maximum elevation value of RL 325 m. The lowest elevation within
the site is observed along this natural drain with a RL between 310 and 305m. The overall
elevation difference from lowest to highest is about 15m. The river Musi is following from West to
East at a distance from 8 km from site center. Drainage pattern of the study area is dendritic to sub-
dendritic. Major soil observed in study area is red sandy soil.
7.10 Regional Geology
The district forms a part of the stable southern Indian Peninsular Shield consisting of older
Metamorphics, Peninsulaar Gneissic Complex (PGC), Dharwar Supergroup of Rocks. The
hornblende schists and amphibolites (older metamorphic) which are the oldest rocks occur, as
rafts, enclaves and discontinuous linear bands, within the Peninsular Gneissic complex. The PGC
occupies a major part of the district and comprises migmatitites, granites, granodiorite, tonalite-
trondhjenite suite of rocks and hornblende-biotiteschists. Metabasalt, metarhyolite and banded
haematite quartzite of Dharwar Supergroup are exposed as linear belts near Peddavuru on
Hyderabad-Nagarjunasagar road and also around Fatehpur of Miryalaguda taluk. The PGC and
Dharwar rocks are intruded by younger granites, basic dykes and quartz-pegmatite veins.
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In the southern part of the district along the northern bank of the Krishna River the rocks of
Archaean Peninsular Gneissic Complex are un-conformably overlain by sedimentary rocks of
1100-600 m.y.age, constituting the Cuddapah Supergroup and Kurnool Group. The Cuddapah
Supergroup in the district is predominantly made up of arenaceous and argillaceous sediments
respectively, represented by quartzite and shale of Cumbum Formation (Nallamalai Group) and
Srisailam Quartzite. The Kurnool Group of rocks comprises calcareous (chemical precipitates)
sediments and quartzite.
7.10.1 Local Geology
Scheme area forms a part of the stable southern Indian Peninsular Shield consisting of Peninsulaar
Gneissic Complex (PGC), rock boulders are scattered in Northeast and northwestern part of the
site boundaries.
7.11 Geophysical Investigations
Application of Electrical Resistivity Methods will help us for identify the nature and thickness of
subsurface formation by studying the variation of their physical properties through the
measurements made at the surface. Several surface geophysical methods are deployed to reach the
purpose. All these methods rely upon the principle that each lithological assemblage has
independent physical properties. Identification of a property helps to recognize the formation. One
such property easily detectable is its electrical character for the passage of known strength of
current. Hence, geophysical investigations were conducted, at 8 possible locations within the
proposed sites. At every testing location the detailed information was collected up to 35 m depth
from the surface.
There are two popular surface electrical methods in Geophysical investigations namely
Schlumberger and Werner configurations. The Schlumberger method of Electrical Resistivity Test
(ERT) has been used in the present study with the help of a DC resistivity meter.
ERT Studies Conducted in study area
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7.11.1 DC Resistivity Meter
The DC Resistivity Meter Model DDR-3 of IGIS make is used in the present geophysical
investigations. It is having features with high quality data acquisition capability as well as for its
field worthiness. The meter consists of two units, a current unit and a potential unit. While the
current unit serves the purpose of sending the required output of constant current, the potential unit
provides an accurate measurement and display of potential resistance values directly over a liquid
crystal display.
The field measurements for DC resistivity investigations basically involves sending a known
strength of current into the ground through the current electrodes and observing the resulting
voltage across the potential electrodes, to get the resistance values. The instrument has the facility
to provide the operator the direct readout of these resistance values on liquid crystal display.
Figure.7.2 Show the Resistivity Meter used in the present study.
7.11.2 Electrical Resistivity Tests (ERT)
Resistivity sounding is a process, in which depth investigation is made. In this, the center of the
configuration (o) is kept fixed and measurements are made by successively increasing electrode
spacing. The apparent resistivity values obtained with increasing values of electrode separations
are used to estimate the thickness and resistivity of the subsurface formations. The plot between
apparent resistivity and the distance between any two successive electrodes separation is used for
analysis of thickness and true resistivity of the subsurface formations.
The resistivity data is to be interpreted (analyzed) in terms of physical parameters viz., resistivity
and thickness of the formations and these parameters in-turn, along with hydro-geological
information are to be used to infer the nature of subsurface formations. In the present study
Inverse Slope method of interpretation is used to interpret the data acquired from the field.
Figure.7.2 DC Resistivity Meter Model DDR-3
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7.11.3 Methodology
In Geo-electrical methods, current is sent into the ground through a pair of electrodes called
current electrodes and resulting potential difference across the ground is measured with the help of
another pair of electrodes called potential electrodes. The ratio between the potential difference
(V) and the current (I) gives the resistance (R), which depends on the electrode arrangement and
on the resistivity of the subsurface formations.
In Schlumberger configuration, all the four electrodes are kept in a line. The outer electrode
spacing is kept large, compared to the inner electrode spacing, usually more than 5 times. Field
resistance values will be obtained at every change of electrode spacing for calculating apparent
resistivity values. The disposition of electrodes for Schlumberger configuration is shown in
Figure 7.3 and the apparent resistivity a for a specified configuration is computed with below
mentioned formula.
Figure 7.3 Schlumberger configuration
a = k R
Where ‘k’ is the constant = [(AB/2)2 – (MN/2)
2] MN
‘AB’ is current electrode spacing and
‘MN’ is potential electrode spacing
R = V / I
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7.11.4 Test Results
The Resistivity Information collected from the 10 selected ERT points located in the proposed site
was analyzed/ interpreted using inverse slope software. Figure.7.4 gives the location map of all
ERT points conducted within the site. Based on the obtain results, it is understood that the entire
study area representing uniformity of hard rock. Weathered rock is observed along with seasonal
stream, its developed due to rocks were subjected to Arial and Sub Arial weathering conditions.
Basically the country rock is granitic gneisses belonging to Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC).
Rock boulders are scattered in Northeast and northwestern part of the site boundaries.
Based on the electrical resistivity results, 6 projected sub-surface litho logical cross-sections, 5
individual litho logs, & fence diagram were generated. Figure.7.4 represents the location map of
ERT Tests and Figure.7.5 Index map of cross-section lines and the litho logical cross-sections
were presented from Figure.7.6 to Figure. 7.11 Similarly Figure.7.12 to Figure.7.16 represents
the individual litho-logs of each individual ERT point. Figure 7.17 represents Fence diagram of
studyarea.
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Figure 7.4 Location Map of Electrical Resistivity Tests Conducted Within the Study Area
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Figure 7.5 Index Map of Cross Section Generated Within the Study Area
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Figure.7.6 litho logical cross-sections covering ERT No 10, 1&2
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Figure.7.7 litho logical cross-sections covering ERT No 2, 3&7
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Figure.7.8 litho logical cross-sections covering ERT No 1, 4&2
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Figure.7.9 litho logical cross-sections covering ERT No 6, 5&9
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Figure.7.10 litho logical cross-sections covering ERT No 8, 6&7
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Figure.7.11 litho logical cross-sections covering ERT No 8&2
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Figure.7.12 litho-logs of ERT No 1&2 Figure 7.13 litho-logs of ERT No 3&4
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Figure 7.14 litho-logs of ERT No 5&6 Figure 7.15 litho-logs of ERT No 7&8
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Figure 7.16 litho-logs of ERT No 9&10
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Figure 7.17 Fence Diagram
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7.12 Surface Soil Infiltration Tests
Infiltration is one of the characteristic properties of soil. Water entering into the soil at the surface
is called infiltration. Infiltration rate is dependent upon the nature and proportion of clay and sand,
the type of vegetation, the granularity, angularity and texture of sand. Infiltration rates are high in
sandy soils and low in clayey soils. In order to evaluate the infiltration capacity of the site two
Surface soil infiltration tests were conducted at two representative locations. Figure.7.19 gives the
location of these tests.
Figure 7.18 Surface Soil Infiltration Test using Double Ring Infiltrometer
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Figure 7.19 Location Map of Infiltration Tests Conducted within study Area
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7.12.1 Theory
Water entering the soil at the surface is called Infiltration. The Infiltration rate ‘f” at any time‘t’ is
given by Horton’s equation.
F = fc + (fo – fc) e-kt
Where
fo = Initial rate of infiltration capacity at time to
fc = Final constant rate of infiltration at saturation
k = A constant depending primarily upon the soil and vegetation it is equal to
fo – fc
Fc
e = base of natural Logarithm = 2.71828
Fc = Shaded area in Fig.
For any two points x, y on the curve against time t1, t2 and infiltration rates f1, f2
log(f1-f2) - log(f2-fc)
Rate of infiltration ‘k’ =
Log (t2 – t1)
7.12.2 Methodology
Infiltration tests were conducted by adopting Double Ring Infiltrometer method. In this method
two rings of 15 cm and 7 cm diameter are driven into ground so that they penetrate into soil
uniformly without any tilt or undue disturbance of soil surface up to a depth of about 5 cm, after
driving is completed, soil disturbed adjacent to the sides is tamped gently. Clean water is poured
into rings to maintain depth of about 15 cm water column in both the inner and outer rings. Fall in
water column inside the ring is recorded periodically at close intervals of 2/5 minutes in the
beginning and increased interval of 10/15 minutes subsequently. Water is added immediately after
each measurement into both the rings to maintain original constant depth of 15 cm. Fall of water
level between two successive readings and total fall of water level from the beginning of the test at
each time is estimated.
The infiltration rate in the beginning of the test is high. After the soil attains saturation the rate
decreases and stabilizes at a fixed rate. The infiltration rates in cm/hr to all elapsed time readings
Time ‘t’ in minutes
Infi
ltra
tio
n r
ate
cm
/hr
fc
f0
f1
f2
t1 t2 15 20 5 10 25 30 0
1
2
3
4
5
Figure 7.20 Soil Infiltration Curve
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are calculated. The infiltration rates (cm/hr) against the elapsed time (minutes) are drawn on
coordinate graph. A fitted straight line is the final infiltration curve. The rate per day is estimated
using the graph.
7.12.3 Results
The observed infiltration values are moderate at beginning stage and low at the ending. The field
data was analyzed and the results are indicating the infiltration capacity is between 7.33 Cm/hr and
8.83 Cm/hr. The details of infiltration results are tabulated below.
Results of infiltration tests
Test ID Rate of Infiltration
m/day Cm/day Cm/hr Cm/sec
INF-01 7.35 735.0 30.6 0.510
INF-02 8.83 882.7 36.8 0.613
INF-03 7.33 733.4 30.6 0.509
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SOIL INFILTRATION TEST-1
Duration of time
in minutes for
each Filling
Time elapsed
since test started
(T) minutes
Fall in water
Column(h) in cm
for time (t) in
minutes
Cumulative fall
In water column
(H) in cm for
time (T) in
minutes
Infiltration rate
in Cm/hr
[H/T*60
minutes]
2 2 1 1 30.0
2 4 0.5 1.5 22.5
2 6 0.5 2 20.0
2 8 0.1 2.1 15.8
2 10 0.1 2.2 13.2
5 15 0.2 2.4 9.6
5 20 0.2 2.6 7.8
5 25 0.2 2.8 6.7
5 30 0.2 3 6.0
10 40 0.3 3.3 5.0
10 50 0.3 3.6 4.3
10 60 0.2 3.8 3.8
10 70 0.2 4 3.4
10 80 0.2 4.2 3.2
10 90 0.2 4.4 2.9
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Infi
ltra
tio
n R
ate
(cm
/hr)
Time Elapsed (Min)
Soil Infiltration Test -01 (TSDF Nalgonda)
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SOIL INFILTRATION TEST-2
Duration of time
in minutes for
each Filling
Time elapsed since
test started (T)
minutes
Fall in water
Column(h) in cm for
time (t) in minutes
Cumulative fall In
water column (H)
in cm for time (T)
in minutes
Infiltration rate
in Cm/hr
[H/T*60
minutes]
2 2 1.2 1.2 36.0
2 4 0.9 2.1 31.5
2 6 0.9 3 30.0
2 8 0.8 3.8 28.5
2 10 0.8 4.6 27.6
5 15 1.4 6 24.0
5 20 0.9 6.9 20.7
5 25 0.6 7.5 18.0
5 30 0.4 7.9 15.8
10 40 0.3 8.2 12.3
10 50 0.3 8.5 10.2
10 60 0.2 8.7 8.7
10 70 0.2 8.9 7.6
10 80 0.2 9.1 6.8
10 90 0.2 9.3 6.2
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Infi
ltra
tio
n R
ate
(cm
/hr)
Time Elapsed (Min)
Soil Infiltration Test -02 (TSDF Nalgonda)
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SOIL INFILTRATION TEST-3
Duration of time
in minutes for
each Filling
Time elapsed
since test started
(T) minutes
Fall in water
Column(h) in cm
for time (t) in
minutes
Cumulative fall
In water column
(H) in cm for
time (T) in
minutes
Infiltration rate
in Cm/hr
[H/T*60
minutes]
2 2 1 1 30.0
2 4 0.8 1.8 27.0
2 6 0.8 2.6 26.0
2 8 0.9 3.5 26.3
2 10 0.9 4.4 26.4
5 15 1.2 5.6 22.4
5 20 0.6 6.2 18.6
5 25 0.5 6.7 16.1
5 30 0.5 7.2 14.4
10 40 0.4 7.6 11.4
10 50 0.4 8 9.6
10 60 0.4 8.4 8.4
10 70 0.5 8.9 7.6
10 80 0.5 9.4 7.1
10 90 0.5 9.9 6.6
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Infi
ltra
tio
n R
ate
(cm
/hr)
Time Elapsed (Min)
Soil Infiltration Test -03 (TSDF Nalgonda)
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7.13 Hydrogeology
The Archaean crystalline rocks, which occupy 90% of the district, comprise granites, gneisses,
schists and intrusives. The consolidated metasedimentary rocks of Cuddapah and Kurnool system
comprising limestones, quartzites and shales occupy 9% in the southern part of the district. The
unconsolidated deposits comprising alluvial sands, clay, occur as isolated and narrow patches
along the major rivers and streams occupying around 1% of the area.
The study area and its surroundings are underlain by crystalline rocks granites, gneisses. The
ground water in these formations occurs in the weathered & fractured zones. Under water table &
semi confined condition respectively. These rocks types do not passes primary porosity. Due to
fractured & weathering they have developed secondary porosity often giving rise to potential
aquifer at depths. The phreatic aquifer is developed by means of open dug wells with depth
ranging from 6-15 m and dug-cum-bore wells up to 60m. The yield of irrigation wells range from
100 to 150 cu.m/day. At places, it is upto 200 cu.m/day.
7.13.1 Natural Drainage
Regionally drainage network of an area is principally governed by the topography of the land,
whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land. Since
the study areas are located on an upland area with respects to its surrounding environs, one first
order streams originating at this location and forming the most common form of drainage system
called dendritic system. All the existing drains are moving to the down streams and connecting to
the nearest surface streams. There are no major surface tanks and rivers within 2km radius from
site boundary. Most of them are minor tanks connected with the nearest surface streams as
catchment. Whereas one small surface water tank is present in southern side of the site boundary.
It’s almost dry throughout the year; it will be recharged during the rainy season. As per drainage
map there is no seasonal streams flowing from site to nearest surface water tank. The detailed map
of natural drainage system occurring 5km study of proposed site is presented in Figure 7.21. River
Musi is flowing from West to East further South at distance 8 km from site boundary.
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Figure: 7.21 Natural Drainage Map of 5 km radius
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7.14 Well Inventory
A total 20 observation wells were established in and around the study area covering 10 km radius
for water level. Monitoring for groundwater level was carried out during Dec-2015. List of well
inventoried is given in Table 7.8. The water level contours for the above period indicating the
groundwater flow from NS-EW in the watershed. Ground water contour map for the month of
Dec-2015 is given in Figure 7.22. Depth of water level varied from 18 m to 40 m in water shed
depending on the location of observation well and withdrawal in the area. Groundwater occurs in
phreatic as well as semi confined to confined conditions.
Well Inventory in Shivanigudem Village
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Figure 7.22
Depth of water levels
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Table 7.8 Wells Inventoried in Surrounding Villages
magl – meters above ground level, mbgl – meters below ground level, bgl – below ground level
Well
No.
Village Coordinates Lat & Long Type of
Well
Dimensions /
Diameter (m)
Measuring Point,
magl.
Total Depth,
mbgl.
Depth to Water,
bgl.
1 Tondalvai 17 15 5.25N, 79 14 18.22E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.4, E 90 18
2 Chinna Tummalagudem 17 16 49.98N, 79 13 55.98E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.4, N 100 20
3 kunkuruoamala 17 19 41.9N, 79 14 25.99E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.6, E 90 21
4 Munigumpalle 17 19 14.93N, 79 09 18.3E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.3,W 110 20
5 Iskilla 17 17 44.0N,79 09 58.43E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.4, S 100 24
6 Pilligudem 17 16 34.14N,79 10 34.26E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.6, E 110 40
7 Kakkireni 17 17 5.88N, 79 12 0.003E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.6, N 120 18
8 Mandra 17 15 2.91N, 79 11 22.05E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.4, S 110 26
9 Wanapakala 17 14 37.57N, 79 09 21.5E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.6, W 140 30
10 Uthatoor 17 16 11.1N, 79 10 1.97E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.2, N 120 35
11 Shivanigudem 17 15 26.61N, 79 07 44.24E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.3,E 140 30
12 Chityala 17 13 54.40N, 79 07 49.67E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.4,E 150 35
13 Dubbak 17 18 57.93N, 79 07 41.22 E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.2,W 120 18
14 Ennaram 17 19 17.98N,79 12 25.27E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.2,S 110 20
15 Narkatpalli 17 12 21.04N,79 11 43.20E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.4,N 150 32
16 Shapelly 17 15 3.64N, 79 16 53.40E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.4,N 110 21
17 Nakkalapalle 17 17 24.28N, 79 16 24.73E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.3,N 110 23
18 Pallepahad 17 19 2.31N, 79 16 3.01E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.2,N 90 20
19 Duppalli 17 22 6.18 N, 79 10 53.54 E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.4,S 90 19
20 Suraram 17 21 49.97 N,79 13 28.37 E Bore Well 6.5 inch (165 mm) 0.4,S 100 18
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7.15 Artificial Recharge
The growing competition for water is increased attention to the use of artificial recharge to
augment ground water supplies. Artificial recharge is a process by which excess surface water is
directed into the ground—either by spreading on the surface, by using recharge wells, or by
altering natural conditions to increase infiltration to replenish an aquifer. Artificial recharge is a
way to store water underground in times of water surplus to meet demand in times of shortage.
Artificial recharge control land subsidence caused by declining ground water levels, maintain base
flow in some streams, and raise water levels to reduce the cost of ground water pumping. It is
useful to think of the entire artificial recharge operation as a water source undergoing a series of
treatment steps during which its composition changes. The constituents of potential concern
depend not only on the character of the source water, but also on its treatment prior to recharge
(pre-treatment), changes that occur as it moves through the soil and aquifer (soil-aquifer
processes), and treatment after withdrawal for use (post-treatment).
CHAPTER 8 PROJECT BENEFITS
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CHAPTER 8
PROJECT BENEFITS
8.1 Introduction
The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 and its subsequent amendments prevent
the industries from dumping their solid wastes indiscriminately. At the same time they permit the
industries to dispose of their wastes in safe & secured manner. It has been made mandatory by the
government to dispose of Hazardous waste in systematic and scientific disposal way and pollution control
boards have been asked to ensure it. For systematic & scientific disposal of solid wastes, a facility has to
be developed where care is to be taken to avoid any negative effects on the environment. Similar is the
case with Bio-medical waste and E-waste.
8.2 Benefits of Hazardous Waste Management
The main benefits of the proposed project are
The proposed project facilitates better management of the industrial hazardous wastes.
It will be the showcase for other districts / states for management of hazardous waste with
additional benefit of green and clean Environment
It minimizes the pollution load on environment from industrial hazardous waste
Compliance with prescribed regulatory norms which in turn avert the risk of closure on account
of violation of rules
It reduces the number of hazardous waste dump sites in the area and also eliminates the pollution
potential
Possibility for recovery of material can be researched at common site
The management of wastes is relatively easier & economically viable at common facility
Cost of environmental monitoring is less at common facility
In absence of expertise or availability of less expertise this route is confirmed to be most viable
and workable
Reduced environmental liability due to captive storage of hazardous waste in the premises of
industries
Better occupational health and safety at individual industry level
Prevention of natural resource contamination thereby improving overall environmental status of
the region
Competitive advantage in international markets vis-à-vis grading of the products on
environmental consideration
8.3 Benefits of E Waste Recycling
Electronic products are made from valuable resources and highly engineered materials, including metals,
plastics and glass, all of which require energy to mine and manufacture them. Reusing and recycling
consumer electronics conserves our natural resources and avoids air and water pollution, as well as
greenhouse gas emissions that are caused by manufacturing virgin materials.
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Recycling of E Waste helps protect the environment in a number of ways. Electronic and electrical items
are made from valuable resources such as precious metals, copper, and plastics all of which require
energy to mine and process. Recovering these materials by recycling avoids the need to mine and process
new materials, which in turn, conserves our natural resources, and avoids air and water pollution and
greenhouse gas emissions. Recovering metals from used E-waste will reduce extraction of raw metals
from the earth.
8.3.1 Materials Recovered from E Waste
Almost all of the materials used to manufacture electronic equipments can be recovered to make new
products. Metals, plastics, and rechargeable batteries from recycled electronic equipment are turned into
new materials and products.
Electronic equipment contain a number of different metals – gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper, tin,
and zinc – that are recovered in the recycling process. The recovered metals are then used by a number of
different industries such as jewelry, plating, electronics, automotive, and art foundries.
The plastics recovered from the electronic equipment are recycled into plastic components for new
electronic devices or other plastic products such as garden furniture, license plate frames, non-food
containers, and replacement automotive parts. When the rechargeable battery can no longer be reused, the
battery can be recycled into other rechargeable battery products.
8.4 Benefits from Bio Medical Waste
In appropriate treatment and disposal of bio-medical waste contributes to environmental pollution,
uncontrolled burning / incineration causes air pollution, dumping in nallas, tanks and along the river bed
causes water pollution and unscientific land filling cause soil pollution.
The proper bio-medical waste management will help to control nosocomial diseases (hospital acquired
infections), reduce HIV/AIDS, sepsis, and hepatitis transmission from dirty needles and other improperly
cleaned / disposed medical items, control zones (diseases passed to humans through insects, birds, rats
and other animals), prevent illegal repacking and resale of contaminated needles, cut cycles of infection
and avoid negative long-term health effects like cancer, from the environmental release of toxic
substances such dioxin, mercury and others.
8.5 Benefits of Landfill
Landfills minimize the natural impact of solid waste on the environment by the following mechanics:
Isolation of inert waste through containment
Elimination of polluting pathways
8.6 Benefits from Recycling Facilities
Recycling is the process of making or manufacturing new products from a product that has originally
served its purpose. If these used products are disposed off in an appropriate, environmentally friendly
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way, the process of recycling has been set in motion. In the proposed project the following recycling
facilities are proposed.
Used Lead Acid Battery Recycling
Used Oil Recycling
Spent Solvents Recycling
Alternate Fuel and Raw material facility
Waste Plastic Recycling
Waste Paper Recycling
Some of the benefits from the above activities are as follows
8.6.1 Used Lead Acid Battery Recycling
Lead is a mineral that has been in use for at least 5000 years. Current statistics reveal Current statistics
reveal approximately 88 % of the batteries were Starting, Lighting & Ignition (SLI) automotive batteries
with a lifespan of about 4 years accompanied by 8% of motive power type with a lifespan of 6 years.
Further, 4 percent were a stationary type with a lifespan of 10 years. Widely researched facts conclude
that 97 percent of the lead recycled was from lead acid batteries. Until couple of years ago, the lead
recycled as a percentage of apparent lead supply, was estimated at 63% with a recycling efficiency of
95%. The rest was from other metal sources including castings, sheet, solders and miscellaneous
fabrications. The main benefits are as follows.
1. Recycled lead is cheaper to produce than virgin lead. Recycled lead takes less than 25% of the
energy required to produce lead from ore extraction.
2. Recycling of lead has a smaller carbon footprint than mining, conserves ore reserves, and reduces
the amount of waste associated with primary extraction
3. A high recycling rate means that there is less opportunity for lead to end up in the waste stream
where it requires would pose a health risk to people.
4. In recent decades, the amount of lead from batteries ending up in landfills has dramatically
decreased, and as a result, overall flow of lead to landfills has dropped markedly.
5. By keeping lead out of landfills, recycling helps conserve landfills, and reduce the need for
investment in controls to eliminate airborne particulate from incineration.
8.6.2 Used Oil Recycling
Many people who are unfamiliar with the importance of recycling used oil are unconsciously harming the
environment by throwing it away with their normal garbage or emptying their used oil into storm drains.
Such actions, especially emptying used oil into storm drains, can cause real harm to the environment. To
put it into perspective, just one gallon of used oil can contaminate 1 million gallons of water.
Recycling used motor oil keeps it out of our rivers, lakes, streams and even the ground water. In many
cases, that means keeping it out of our drinking water, off our beaches, and away from wildlife. We all
share the responsibility of protecting our environment and keeping our waters safe. Recycling used oil
allows us to continue to enjoy what many of us take for granted every day – clean water.
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To recycle used oil, processors and refiners remove water, insoluble, dirt, heavy metals, nitrogen,
chlorine, and oxygenated compounds from oil drained from automobiles or other machines. The resulting
product called “refined” oil must meet the same stringent refining, compounding, and performance
standards as virgin oil for use in automotive, heavy duty diesel, and other internal combustion engines,
and hydraulic fluids and gear oils. Extensive laboratory testing and field studies conclude that refined oil
is equivalent to virgin oil it passes all prescribed tests and, in some situations, even outperforms virgin oil.
The same consumers and businesses that use regular oil also can use refined oil, since refining simply
reconditions used oil into new, high-quality lubricating oil. Any vehicle maintenance facilities,
automobile owners, and other machinery maintenance operations that use oil also can use refined oil. In
some cases, fleet maintenance facilities that use large volumes of oil arrange to reuse the same oil that
they send to be refined—a true closed recycling loop. The main benefits of Recycling Oil are given
below.
Recycling used oil keeps it from polluting soil and water.
Motor oil does not wear out—it just gets dirty—so recycling it saves a valuable resource.
Less energy is required to produce a gallon of redefined base stock than a base stock from crude
oil.
8.6.3 Spent Solvent Recycling
Waste solvent recycling means reducing the amount of local, state and central toxic release inventory.
Recycling waste solvents keeps excess contaminants from entering water systems and damaging the
environment. Recovering solvents reduces emissions and cuts down raw material costs. Some of the
benefits due to spend solvents recycling are as follows.
Recycling solvents reduces the environmental impact by reducing the volume of solvents destined
for disposal at incineration facilities.
Reduces the amount of hazardous waste generation
Reduces the amount of virgin solvents manufacturing
Where waste is suitable for fuel blending a more cost effective solution will be provided.
8.6.4 Benefits of Alternate Fuel Raw material Facility
Low calorific value, Non hazardous waste, Inorganic materials can be used as a blender
Homogeneity of the mixers parameter is vital for the end user
The Cement Industry can play an important role in the urgent global need for destruction of
hazardous wastes like Polychlorinated bi phenyls (PCB), Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP), and
ensuring the Destruction and Removal Efficiency (DRE) of 99.9999 %.
Investigation proved cement kiln had the Lowest Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo
furans (PCDD/DFs) emission reduced to the extent of 99.3% using Hazardous Wastes.
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Methane is a particularly potent Green House Gases (GHG), and is currently considered to have a
Global Warming Potential (GWP) 25 times that of CO2. Reduction of about 1.6 kilograms (kg) of
CO2 per kg of utilized Refuse Derived Fuel.
A holistic approach to waste management has positive consequences of GHG emissions. Co
processing proved a viable method to dispose the HW.
The surrounding industrial belts located in and around Nalgonda including Mahaboobnagar,
Warangal, Khammam will be benefitted from the proposed site.
8.6.5 Waste Plastic Recycling
Recycling plastic conserves the natural resources and energy that would be required to produce
plastic from scratch.
When plastic is recycled, less plastic is sent to landfill and thus, less of this material takes up
room in our environment for hundreds of years. In fact, recycling one ton of plastic can save 7.4
cubic yards of landfill space.
Plastics are becoming increasingly easy to recycle. Besides the invention of new plastic recycling
technology, governments all over the world have plastic collection schemes in place
8.6.6 Waste Paper Recycling
Reduces Logging for Fiber
Conserves Energy:
Conserves Water:
Reduces Air and Water Pollution:
Reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions
8.7 Improvements in the Physical Infrastructure
The proposed project is expected to yield a positive impact on the socio economic environment. It helps
sustain the development of this area including further development of physical infrastructural facilities.
The following physical infrastructure facilities will improve due to proposed project.
Road Transport facilities
Housing facilities
Water supply and sanitation
Power
8.8 Improvements in the Social Infrastructure
Agriculture & plantation are one of the basic sectors of employment for the local people in this area. The
project will lead to indirect and direct employment opportunity. Employment is expected during
construction and operation period, waste lifting and other ancillary services. Employment in these sectors
will be temporary or contractual and involvement of unskilled labour will be more. A major part of this
labour force will be mainly from local villagers who are expected to engage themselves both in
agriculture and project activities. This will enhance their income and lead to overall economic growth of
the area.
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The following changes in socio-economic status are expected to take place with this project.
The project is going to have positive impact on consumption behavior by way of raising average
consumption and income through multiplier effect.
The project is going to bring about changes in the pattern of demand from food to nonfood items
and sufficient income is generated.
Due to the corporate social responsible activities by project authorities, the socio economic
condition of the people will be improved.
People perceive that the project will in the long run help in the development of social
infrastructures/such as.
1. Education facilities
2. Banking facilities
3. Post offices and Communication facilities
4. Medical facilities
5. Plantation and parks
6. Community facilities
Industrial development and consequent economic development should lead to improvement of
environment through better living and greater social awareness. On the other hand, the proposed project is
likely to have several benefits like improvement in indirect employment generation and economic growth
of the area, by way of improved infrastructure facilities and better socio-economic conditions. Better
hygienic conditions, as solid waste being dumped at several places will be brought to one place for further
treatment and scientific disposal.
8.9 Employment Potential
The main advantage of the proposed project is direct employment generation (i) absorbs rural labor and
unskilled workers (in addition to semi-skilled and some skilled) (ii) provides opportunity for seasonal
employment thereby supplementing workers income from farming; and (iii) permits participation of
women workers both during construction and operation phase. The maximum benefit will be for local
villagers as they are easily accessible.
Additionally it is estimated that good number of jobs will be created as an indirect employment
opportunities at local/regional level due to contractual, marketing and associated jobs directly with the
project. The other related employment due to transportation requirement, supply of essential items and
services to the project site and other community services will be plenty.
Employment in these sectors will be permanent based on own initiatives and interest of the individual.
Involvement of unskilled labor requirement will be continuous basis depending on the requirement of
contractor at site. A major part of this labor force will be hired from nearby places.
8.10 Other Tangible Benefits
Additional housing demand for rental accommodation will increase
Cultural, recreation and aesthetic facilities will also improve.
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Improvement in communication, transport, education, community development and medical
facilities.
Overall change in employment and income opportunity.
The State Government will also benefit directly from the proposed project, through increased revenue
from royalties, excise duty, etc.
8.11 SWOT Analysis
SWOT Analysis is a useful technique for understanding your Strengths and Weaknesses, and for
identifying both the Opportunities open to you and the Threats you face. What makes SWOT particularly
powerful is that, with a little thought, it can help you uncover opportunities that you are well placed to
exploit. And by understanding the weaknesses of your business, you can manage and eliminate threats
that would otherwise catch you unawares.
More than this, by looking at yourself and your competitors using the SWOT framework, you can start to
craft a strategy that helps you distinguish yourself from your competitors, so that you can compete
successfully in your market.
It views all positive and negative factors inside and outside the firm that affect the success. A consistent
study of the environment in which the firm operates helps in forecasting/predicting the changing trends
and also helps in including them in the decision-making process of the organization.
Many cities are facing the problem of overburdened landfill because of limited land availability and open
dumping sites equipped no sanitary system, such as soil cover, leachate collection and treatment system
polluting the environment through CH4 emission and leachate intrusion into ground and surface water.
As India is a developing country still struggling to decide the best option to treat and dispose of waste,
and financial constraints. India still facing low waste management literacy of the people, lack of
cooperation between the public and private sector and limited availability of the trained and skilled
personnel in the waste management sector are obstacles to improving waste management sector.
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Figure 8.1
SWOT analysis
It was found that community support on waste management work was not entirely satisfactory. It appears
that the socio-economic status of a city is positively correlated with the technical competence of the waste
administrators and may determine attitudes of the inhabitant such as the ability/willingness to recycle
solid waste and knowledge on how or where to recycle.
The other approaching method that can be implemented was SWOT analysis. SWOT is an acronym for
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. A SWOT analysis is a technique commonly used to
assist in identifying strategic direction for an organization or practice.
The strengths and weaknesses of a system are determined by internal elements, whereas external forces
dictate opportunities and threats. Strengths can be defined as any available resource that can be used to
improve its performance. Weaknesses are flaws/shortcomings of any system that may cause to lose a
competitive advantage, efficiency or financial resources.
In Integrated hazardous waste management SWOT analysis was performed to formulate strategic action
plans for municipality solid waste management in order to mobilize and utilize the solid waste solid
management resources and inhabitant awareness on the one hand and municipal corporation’s resources
on the other. It has allowed the introduction of a participatory approach for better collaboration between
the community and Municipal Corporation. With the SWOT analysis, efforts were made to explore the
ways and means of converting the possible ’threats’ into ‘opportunities’ and changing the ‘weaknesses’
into ‘strengths’ regarding to implementation the integrated hazardous waste management programs in the
future.
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8.11.1 Materials and Methods
This study was carried out the first time with the preliminary exploratory investigation of solid waste
management, and data collection before it was detailed and followed by a focused analysis using the
SWOT method. For completing this methodology, three stages were implemented including desk analysis
and field survey. The stages were
8.11.2 Stage 1
The field survey was conducted from landfills and interviews with residents of the area surrounding
landfill site to evaluate the influence of the landfill on the people and with residents of four different
resettlements: the upper-class, middle-class, lower-class and rural resettlement areas to evaluate resident
perceptions of solid waste management and willingness to participate in system.
8.11.3 Stage 2
The external and internal data of the solid waste management, the landfill site and the inhabitant
perception was determined to support the decision with the SWOT analysis. The internal analysis was a
comprehensive evaluation of the ‘internal environments’, i.e., strengths and weaknesses, while the
external analysis included the opportunities and threats that might arise when changes occur in the
external environments during the implementation of the solid waste management program.
8.11.4 Landfill Site Condition
The factors investigated as the STRENGHTS of the proposed project are
More than 200 people work at different capacities in the proposed project
Closed landfill site has no effect on the environment that can be used as a public facility
The waste that dumped on various sites in un scientific method will decrease
The factors investigated as the WEAKNESS of the proposed project are
There will be insufficient treatment of leachate in the landfill area
There will be insufficient support of equipment such as bulldozers, excavators and other facilities
in the starting stage
Chances of accidental leakage of leachate onto ground or water aquifer
Chances of industrial accidents due to unforeseen situations
The factors investigated as the OPPORTUNITIES of the proposed project are
Some part of the waste will be re - usable; recyclables can be used for other activities.
Some technologies can be implemented in the waste treatment, for generation of power,
complicated waste can be sent to incinerator/landfill.
The factors investigated as the THREATS of the landfill are
Leachate pollution to the environment
Influence of dumping in the site area can be resulted in the odor diffusion
The land cannot be used for any other activity except for developing playground, parks, etc.
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8.11.5 Strategies derived from the SWOT profile of the landfill
Proposing the technology to recover reusable, recyclable material from wastes.
Proposing power generation from plastic, paper waste considering the approval from the local
community in the surrounding area.
Authority of project can coordinate with local persons to educate them for employment
opportunities.
Maintain the project site more properly to prevent the effect to the surrounding area and
environment with using the sufficient equipment and facilities, and the technology such as daily
cover and insect prevention.
Constructing the properly leachate treatment facility to prevent the bad effect theleachate to the
environment.
8.12 Conclusion
In this study, SWOT analysis was determine the strategic that contain with building on strengths,
minimizing weaknesses, exploring opportunities and counteracting threats. Strategies have been identified
and formulated from the SWOT matrix in relation to increasing government role, participation of the
inhabitant and landfill conditions for the hazardous waste management.
The strategies that resulted from this analysis were focused on the inhabitant participation and
environment consideration. For purposeful of the inhabitant participation, strategies that arise was
connected with the: educating the inhabitant, increasing the role of student and young people to involve in
the system, increasing the awareness, increasing the effort to recycle and encourage the habitant to use the
recycle material. All the strategies cannot be conducted by the community or by the government
separately.
It must be some collaboration and continuous effort from the community and government to maintain the
solid waste management system. The role of the community group and NGO could be increased, and the
pilot project for managing the waste could be supported by the government.
The strategies for the environment consideration were focused in managing the landfill site more
properly. The strategies were concern to prevent the bad effects to the environment and the influence of
the landfill site operation to the inhabitant at the surrounding area. The strategies was encourage the
landfill authority to changes the landfill operation system from the open dumping system to the sanitary
system and implementing technology to maintain the waste that enter the landfill site.
The analysis result showed that SWOT analysis was the one of approaching system that could be used as
the tools for maintain the hazardous waste management system in with the strategies that use the
inhabitant participation and environment as the considering factors for approaching.
CHAPTER 9
ENVIRONMENTAL
COST BENEFIT
ANALYSIS
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CHAPTER 9
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
9.1 Introduction
Preparation of environmental management plan is required for formulation, implementation and
monitoring of environmental protection measures during and after commissioning of projects. The plan
indicates the details of various measures which have been proposed and to be followed including cost
components. Cost of measures for environmental safeguard should be treated as an integral component of
the project cost and environmental aspects should be taken into account at various stages of the project.
Conceptualization: preliminary environmental assessment
Planning: detailed studies of environmental impacts and design of safeguards
Execution: implementation of environmental safety measures
Operation: monitoring of effectiveness of built-in safeguards
9.2 Environmental Management during Construction
The impacts during the construction phase on the environment would be basically of temporary in nature
and are expected to reduce gradually on completion of the construction activities.
9.2.1 Air Quality Mitigation Measure
For the proposed project site leveling and grading will be carried out if required, where ever possible to
maintain the natural elevations they will not be disturbed, only leveling activity will be carried out for
providing roads, sewage network, storm water system, and places required for construction of sheds and
administrative buildings. According to the engineering assessment, most of the excavated mud’s
generated during construction activities will be reused within the project site for leveling during road
formation, bunds construction around the land fill site, etc. The excess if any will be given to local
contractors for disposal in low lying areas, road construction use, etc.
During construction period most of the dust will be generated from the movement of construction
vehicles on unpaved roads. Unloading and removal of soil material shall also actas a potential source for
dust nuisance. The control measures proposed to be taken up aregiven below.
1. Water sprinkling on main haul roads in the project area will be done, this activity will be carried
out at least twice a day, if need arises frequency will be increased on windy days, in this way
around 50% reduction on the dust contribution from the exposed surface will be achieved
2. The duration of stockpiling of excavated mud will be as short as possible as most of the material
will be used as backfill material for the open cut trenches for road development.
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3. Temporary tin sheets of sufficient height (3m) will be erected around the site of dust generation
or all around the project site as barrier for dust control.
4. Tree plantations around the project boundary will be initiated at the early stages by plantation of 2
to 3 years old saplings using drip irrigation or by regular watering so that the area will be moist
for most part of the day.
5. All vehicles carrying raw materials will be instructed to cover with tarpaulin / plastic sheet,
unloading and loading activity will be stopped during windy period.
6. To reduce the dust movement from civil construction site to the neighborhood the external part of
the construction activity will be covered by plastic sheets.
9.2.2 Water Quality Mitigation Measure
During site development necessary precautions will be taken, so that the runoff water from the site gets
collected to working pit and if any over flow is, will be diverted to nearby greenbelt / plantation area.
During construction activity all the equipment’s washed water will be diverted to working pit to arrest the
suspended solids if any and the settled water will be reused for construction purposes, and for sprinkling
on roads to control the dust emission, etc.
The domestic wastewater generated from temporary toilets used by the work force will be diverted to
septic tank followed by soak pit. Therefore, impact on water quality due to proposed unit would be
insignificant.
9.2.3 Noise Mitigation Measures
Noise generating equipment will be used during day time for brief period of its requirement. Proper
enclosures will be used for reduction in noise levels, where ever possible the noise generating equipment
will be kept away from the human habituation. Temporary tin sheets of sufficient height (3m) will be
erected around the noise generating activity or all around the project site as barrier for minimizing the
noise travel to surrounding areas. Therefore, impact on noise environment due to proposed project would
be insignificant.
All vehicles entering into the project will be informed to maintain speed limits, and not blow horns unless
it is required. Personal protective equipment like earmuffs, helmets covering ears would be provided to
the workers working near noise generating equipment and would see that workers use the protective
gadgets regularly.
9.2.4 Solid Waste Mitigation Measures
The solid waste generated during construction period being predominantly inert in nature, construction
and demolition waste does not create chemical or biochemical pollution. However maximum effort would
be made to reuse and recycle them. The most of the solid waste material will be used for filing/ leveling
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of low-laying areas, as road construction material, if any excess given to local contractors for lifting and
dumping in low lying areas. All attempts would be made to stick to the following measures.
1. All construction waste shall be stored within the site itself. A proper screen will be provided so
that the waste does not get scattered.
2. Attempts will be made to keep the waste segregated into different heaps as far as possible so that
their further gradation and reuse is facilitated.
3. Materials, which can be reused for purpose of construction, leveling, making roads/ pavement
will also be kept in separate heaps from those which are to be sold or land filled
The use of the construction material basically depends on their separation and conditions of the separated
material. A majority of these materials are durable and therefore, have a high potential for reuse. It would,
however, be desirable to have quality standards for the recycled materials. Construction waste can be used
in the following manner.
Reuse of bricks, tiles, stone slabs, timber, piping railings etc. to the extent possible and depending
upon their conditions.
Sale/ auction of materials which cannot be used at the site due to design constraint
Plastics, broken glass, scrap metal, used cement bags, etc., can be sent for recycling in the
industries
Rubble/ brick bats can be used for building activity, such as leveling, under coat of lanes where
the traffic does not constitute heavy moving loads.
Larger unusable pieces can be sent for filing up low laying areas.
Fine material such as sand, dust, etc., can be used as cover material
The unearthed soil can be used for leveling as well as for lawn development
The broken pieces of the flooring material can be used for leveling in the building or can be
disposed off
The unused or remaining paints/varnishes/wood can either be reused or can be disposed.
9.2.5 Ecological Aspects
During construction period, there could be clearing of vegetation in order to prepare the site for
construction, the top soil from the construction area will collected and will be stored separately and will
be used for greenbelt development. A comprehensive green belt program will be planned to improve the
ecological condition of the region.
9.2.6 Site Security
Adequate security management would be made to ensure that the local inhabitants and the stray cattle are
not exposed to the potential hazards of construction activities. Round the clock security personnel will be
appointed to restrict entry of unwanted people to the site.
The above mentioned mitigation measures are tabulated and given in Table 9.1
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Table 9.1
Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase
Air Quality
Mitigation
Measures
Water sprinkling on main haul roads in the project area will be done, this activity will be
carried out at least twice a day, if need arises frequency will be increased on windy days, in
this way around 50% reduction on the dust contribution from the exposed surface will be
achieved.
The duration of stockpiling of excavated mud will be as short as possible as most of the
material will be used as backfill material for the open cut trenches for road development.
Temporary tin sheets of sufficient height (3m) will be erected around the site of dust
generation or all around the project site as barrier for dust control.
Tree plantations around the project boundary will be initiated at the early stages by
plantation of 2 to 3 years old saplings using drip irrigation or by regular watering so that the
area will be moist for most part of the day.
All vehicles carrying raw materials will be instructed to cover with tarpaulin / plastic sheet,
unloading and loading activity will be stopped during windy period.
To reduce the dust movement from civil construction site to the neighborhood the external
part of the construction activity will be covered by plastic sheets.
Water Quality
Mitigation
Measures
The runoff water from the site collected in working pit, settled water reused for
construction activities and if any over flow is, will be diverted to nearby greenbelt /
plantation area.
All equipments washed water will be diverted to working pit to arrest the suspended solids
if any and the settled water will be reused for construction purposes, and for sprinkling on
roads to control the dust emission, etc.
The domestic wastewater generated from temporary toilets used by the work force will be
diverted to septic tank followed by soak pit.
Noise
Mitigation
Measures
Noise generating equipment will be used during day time for brief period of its
requirement.
Proper enclosures will be used for reduction in noise levels, where ever possible the noise
generating equipment will be kept away from the human habituation.
Temporary tin sheets of sufficient height (3m) will be erected around the noise generating
activity or all around the project site as barrier for minimizing the noise travel to
surrounding areas.
All vehicles entering into the project will be informed to maintain speed limits, and not
blow horns unless it is required.
Personal protective equipment like earmuffs, helmets covering ears would be provided to
the workers working near noise generating equipment and would see that workers use the
protective gadgets regularly.
Solid Waste
Mitigation
All construction waste shall be stored within the site itself. A proper screen will be provided
so that the waste does not get scattered.
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Measures Attempts will be made to keep the waste segregated into different heaps as far as possible
so that their further gradation and reuse is facilitated.
Materials, which can be reused for purpose of construction, levelling, making roads/
pavement will also be kept in separate heaps from those which are to be sold or land filled.
Site Security Adequate security arrangement would be made to ensure that the local inhabitants and the
stray cattle are not exposed to the potential hazards of construction activities, fencing will
be provided along the boundary.
Round the clock security personnel will be appointed to restrict entry of unwanted people to
the site.
9.3 Management during Operation Phase
Necessary control measures will be undertaken at the design stage to meet the statutory requirements and
towards minimizing environmental impacts.
During project implementation period special emphasis will be made on measures to minimize leachate /
effluent generation and dust control at source. The specific control measures related to air emissions,
liquid effluent discharges, noise generation, solid waste disposal etc. are described below:
9.3.1 Air Quality Management
The main activities from the proposed project which cause air pollution are as follows:
Incinerator stack emissions
Power plant & DG set stack emissions
Dust particulates due to movement of vehicles and road sweepings
Temperature &Odour from bio medical waste management plant
Dust, Odour& Gas generation from secured landfill
The following methods of abatement will be employed for the air pollution control.
Incinerator will be provided with a stack height meeting MOEF Guidelines, Spray dryer, Multi
cyclone, Bag house, and Wet scrubber
Power plant will be provided multi cyclone / bag house followed by a stack height meeting
MOEF Guidelines for proper dispersion of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.
DG set will be provided with a stack height meeting MOEF Guidelines for proper dispersion of
sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.
Internal roads will be concreted / asphalted to reduce dust emissions
Speed restriction will be followed within the project and speed breakers will be provided at entry
and exit points
Gas management system in secured landfill will be provided
Green belt will be provided along the internal roads and plant boundary
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9.3.2 Odor Control
The odor management is one of the issues in ICHWTSDF. The main aim is to minimize the number of
sources of odor generation which exist in site. To undertake direct management of odor generating
sources that give rise to odor problems.
The mitigation measures proposed to minimize and control odor are as follows.
Dilution of odorant by odor counteraction or neutralize by spraying Ecosorb (organic and
biodegradable chemical) around odor generation areas at regular intervals.
Covering the landfill area under operation daily with layer of earth, clay or a similar material.
Covering by using heavy duty hessian, plastics and foams odor can be minimized.
Covering of trucks carrying waste while transportation.
The waste after combustion in primary and secondary stages the off gas/flue gases shall be passed
through spray dryer, cyclone separation, activated carbon dry lime and wet scrubber. The odour
will be removed during the above gas cleaning operations especially the activated carbon shall
adsorb any organics if so present in the flue gases. The odour free gases shall be released into the
atmosphere from 30 m stack.
9.3.3 Gas Management
Land fill gas is generated as a product of waste biodegradation. In land fill, Organic waste is broken down
by enzymes produced by bacteria in a manner. Considerable heat is generated by these reactions with
methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide and other gases as by products. Methane and
carbon dioxide are the principle gases produced with almost 50-50% share. When methane is present in
the air in concentrations between 5 to 15%, it is explosive. Landfills generate gases with a pressure
sufficient enough to damage the final cover and largely have the impact on vegetative cover. Also
because only limited amount of oxygen are present in a land fill, when methane concentration reach this
critical level, there is a little danger that the land fill will explode.
To minimize the gas generation in the proposed project incinerator is proposed for incineration of organic
based (high calorific) waste, hence gas generation is anticipated to be less. To manage the gas generated a
venting system with flaring arrangement is proposed if the gas generation is more it will be diverted to
canteen.
9.3.4 Water Quality Mitigation Measures
The main wastewater generations sources in the proposed project are domestic wastewater, leachate
generation from secured land fill (hazardous waste) area, Effluent in Bio medical waste, vehicle wash
area, etc. Leachate treated in incineration/ Forced evaporation/spraying on landfill. The domestic effluent
generated will be treated in septic tank followed by soak pit or portable STP and the treated water is used
for greenbelt development. The effluent generated from floor washings, recycling activity, etc will be
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collected in collection tank followed by settling tank and the settled water is reused. The effluent from bio
medical waste is treated in ETP and recycling to incinerator or circulation back to system. The waste
water generated from boiler and cooling tower used in ash quenching and for greenbelt development
purpose. There will not be any wastewater discharge to any nearby water body and adopts the zero
wastewater discharge concept.
9.3.5 Noise Mitigation Measures
The main sources of noise generation is due to movement of vehicles carrying waste, all vehicle (drivers)
entering into the project will be informed to maintain speed limits, and not blow horns unless it is
required. Necessary speed controlling bumps will be placed near weighbridge and entrance of the site.
The other areas where noise generation is anticipated is Incinerator section, power plant area, DG set
room, necessary personal protective equipment like earmuffs, helmets covering ears would be provided to
the workers working near noise generating equipment and would see that workers use the protective
gadgets regularly. Regular maintenance of the equipment will be carried out as per the schedule given by
suppliers. The noise pollution management measures proposed is given below.
Acoustic Enclosure for all the high noise level equipments
All the design/installation precautions as specified by the manufacturers with respect to noise
control are strictly adhered to
Major noise generating sources are insulated adequately by providing suitable enclosures
Other than the regular maintenance of the various equipment, ear plugs are provided to the
personnel close to the noise generating units
All the opening like covers, partitions are designed properly
9.3.6 Solid Waste Mitigation Measures
The ash coming from the incinerator and power plant will be used as a daily cover for landfill along with
soil and mud.
The mitigation measures proposed during operation period are given in Table 9.2.
Table 9.2
Mitigation Measure proposed during Operation Phase
Air Quality
Management
Incinerator will be provided with a stack height meeting MOEF Guidelines, Spray dryer,
Multi cyclone, Bag house, Wet scrubber
Power plant will be provided multi cyclone / bag house followed by a stack height
meeting MOEF Guidelines for proper dispersion of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.
DG set will be provided with a stack height meeting MOEF Guidelines or 1 m above the
tallest structure in the project area for proper dispersion of sulfur dioxide and oxides of
nitrogen.
Internal roads will be concreted / asphalted to reduce dust emissions
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Speed restriction will be followed within the project and speed breakers will be provided
at entry and exit points
Gas management system in secured landfill will be provided
Green belt will be provided along the internal roads and plant boundary
Odour Control Dilution of odourant by odour counteraction or neutralize by spraying Ecosorb (organic
and biodegradable chemical) around odour generation areas at regular intervals.
Covering the landfill area under operation daily with layer of earth, clay or a similar
material
Covering by using heavy duty hessian, plastics and foams odour can be minimized.
Gas Management To minimize the gas generation in the landfill, the organic based waste will be diverted to
incineration to the maximum extent possible
To manage the gas generated a venting system with flaring arrangement will be provided,
if the gas generation is more it will be directed to canteen
Water Quality
Mitigation
Measures
The leachate generated from landfill will be collected into leachate collection wells.
The leachate collected will be sprayed back into landfill for dust suppression, stabilization
of hazardous waste, etc. the excess if any will be disposed into spray drier of the
incinerator or treated and sent to solar pond (during phase I)
The domestic wastewater will be collected and treated in septic tank/soak pit or portable
STP and reused for greenbelt
The effluent from floor washings, workshop etc., will be collected, treated in O&G trap,
settling tank and recycle back for dust suppression, etc.,
The waste water from bio-medical sections will collected, disinfected and after necessary
treatment reused for dust suppression on landfill area
Noise Mitigation
Measures
Acoustic Enclosure will be provided for all the high noise generating equipment’s
All the design/installation precautions as specified by the manufacturers with respect to
noise control are strictly adhered to
Major noise generating sources are insulated adequately by providing suitable enclosures
Other than the regular maintenance of the various equipment, ear plugs are provided to the
personnel close to the noise generating units;
All the openings like covers, partitions are designed properly.
Solid Waste
Mitigation
Measures
The ash coming from incineration plant / power plant will be used as daily cover in
secured landfill
The sludge generated in the leachate pond/ solar pond will be sent to secured land fill
Occupational Health
& Safety
Periodic health checkup for early detection and control of communicable Diseases
Will provide preventive measures for potential fire hazards with requisite fire detection,
firefighting facilities and adequate water storage, etc.
Provide regular training for workers in their respective fields
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9.4 Post Operation of Landfill
A final landfill cover is usually composed of several layers, each with a specific function. The surface
cover system must enhance surface drainage, minimize infiltration, support vegetation and control the
release of landfill gases. The landfill cover to be adopted will depend on the gas management system.
As recommended by the MOEFCC, the final cover system must consist of a vegetative layer supported by
a drainage layer over barrier layer and gas vent layer. The details of the landfill cover are given below.
A 60cm thick compacted clay
A HDPE geo-membrane liner of thickness 1.5mm
Geo net and 285 gsm Geotextile, 7-8mm drainage composite
Top soil 45cm and vegetative soil 15cm followed by vegetation.
The mitigation measures proposed during post operation period are given in Table 9.3.
Table 9.3
Mitigation Measure proposed during Post Operation Phase
Post Operation Phase
Landfill
maintenance
After closure of the landfill, the integrity of the final cover will be maintained, if any
repairs required it will be rectified as necessary
After closure of the landfill, shall continue Leachate, gas and surface water
management as well as environmental monitoring of the landfill for a period of 30
years or until harmful leachate is not produced for 5continuous years
After few years of closure, the leachate is observed to meet all discharge standards,
the same shall be discharged directly to lined drains
The landfill shall be abandoned after 30 years of closure if concentrations of
contaminants in all liquid and gaseous emissions from the landfill are observed to be
below prescribed limits
9.5 Socio Economic Development Activities under CEP
Corporate Environmental Policy (CEP), also known as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), is a form
of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. Ideally, CEP policy would function as a
built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure its support to ethical
standards and international norms. Consequently, business would adopt responsibility for the impact of its
activities on the environment, consumers, employees, Communities, Stakeholders and all other members
of the public sector. CEP focused businesses would proactively promote the public interest by
encouraging community growth and development, and voluntarily eliminating practices that harm the
public sector, regardless of legality.
Economic growth is possible only through consumption of inputs available in the environment and
society. The harnessing of natural resources has a direct impact on the economy, the environment and
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society at large. CEP is a concept whereby organizations serve the interests of society by taking
responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, employees, shareholders, communities and
the environment in all aspects of their operations.
Thus CEP is a management’s commitment to operate in an economically, socially and environmentally
sustainable manner, while recognizing the interests of its stakeholders. This commitment is beyond
statutory requirements. CEP is, therefore, closely linked with the practice of sustainable Development.
9.5.1 Planning
The planning for CEP starts with the identification of the activities/projects to be undertaken.CEP
projects/activities may be undertaken in the periphery of project boundaries or anywhere in the country.
However, specific CEP strategies shall be developed that mandate the design of CEP Action Plan (Long-
term, medium-term and short-term), with a shift from the casual approach to the project based
accountability approach.
Selection of activities under CEP would be made to ensure that the benefits reach the smallest units in the
area of District depending upon the operations and resource capability of the project. The approach to
CEP planning needs to be shifted from an ad-hoc charity to a long-term sustainable approach. The
monitoring skills available with the project authorities could be shared as far as possible, with the local
administration by training and setting up required structures and systems.
The long-term CEP Plan shall match with the long term Business Plan. This shall be broken down into
medium term and short term plans. Each of these plans shall be clearly specified the following.
Requirements relating to baseline survey
Activities to be undertaken
Budgets allocated
Time-lines prescribed
Responsibilities and authorities defined
Major results expected
However, these plans shall also clearly specify the implementation guidelines and the involvement of the
implementing agency
9.5.2 Implementation
CEP initiatives shall be considered the following parameters for identifications/selection of
schemes/projects as per the stipulated guidelines:
Investment in CEP should be project based. Mere donations to philanthropic/charity or other
organizations would not come under the category of CEP.
CEP activities should generate community goodwill, create social impact and visibility.
For every project, the time-frame and periodic milestones should be finalized at the outset.
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CEP activities should also involve the suppliers in order to ensure that the supply-chain also
follows the CEP principles.
CEP activities should help in building a positive image of the company in the public perception.
CEP projects may be closely linked with the principles of sustainable Development. Based on the
immediate and long term social and environmental consequences of their activities.
Management should take the shoulder responsibility for restoring/Compensating for any
ecological damage that is taking place as a result of its operations.
Project activities identified under CEP shall be implemented by Specialized Agencies and generally not
by staff of the project management. Specialized agencies would be made to work singly or in tandem with
other agencies.
Specialized agencies would include:-
Community based organizations whether formal or informal
Elected local bodies such as Panchayat
Voluntary Agencies (NGOs)
Institutes/Academic Organizations
Trusts, Missions, etc.,
Self-help Groups
Government, Semi-Government and autonomous Organizations
Standing Conference of Public Enterprises (SCOPE)
Mahila Mandals/Samitis and the like
Contracted agencies for civil works
Professional Consultancy Organizations, etc.,
Project Management will take responsibility to develop awareness among all levels of their staff about
CEP activities and the integration of social processes with business processes. Those involved with the
undertaking of CEP activities will be provided with adequate training and re-orientation.
Initiatives of State Governments, District Administration, local administration as well as Central
Government Departments/Agencies, self-Help Groups, etc., would be dovetailed/Synergized with the
initiatives taken by the management.
Every care will be taken to ensure that there is no duplication of CEP activities undertaken by the project
with that of programs run by Central State and Local Governments. While assigning CEP projects to
specialized agencies, every possible effort will be made to verify the reliability and clean track record of
such agencies or they may select from panels maintained by Government, Semi-Government,
Autonomous Organization or the National CEP Hub, etc.
Activities related to sustainable Development will form a significant element of the total initiatives of
CEP. However, these activities will be carried out under the 3 UN Global compact principles, pertaining
to the Environment. Nevertheless, business related with project activities will be asked to:
Support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges
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Undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility
Encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies.
9.5.3 Possible Areas of Activities under CEP
Some of the possible areas of activities under CEP are given below; they will be undertaken depending on
the local requirement and its immediate need.
Drinking Water Facility
Education
Electricity Facility
Solar Lighting System
Health and Family Welfare
Plantation/Irrigation Facilities
Sanitation and Public Health
Pollution Control
Animal Care
Promotion of Sports and Games
Promotion of Art and Culture
Environment Friendly technologies
Promotion of livelihood for economically weaker sections through forward and backward
linkages.
Relief to victims of Natural Calamities like earth-quake, Cyclone, drought & Flood situation in
any part of the country
Supplementing Development Program of the Government
Non-conventional Energy Sources
Construction of Community Centres/Night Shelters/Old Age Homes
Imparting Vocational Training
Setting up of skill development centers
Adoption of Villages
Scholarships to meritorious students belonging to SC, ST, OBC and disabled categories
Adoption/Construction of Hostels (especially those for SC/ST and girls)
Skill training, entrepreneurship development and placement assistance program for youth
Building of Roads, Pathways and Bridges
Entrepreneurship Development Program (EDP)
Disaster Management Activities including those related to amelioration/mitigation
Activities related to the preservation of the ecology and to sustainable development.
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The tentative budget allotted for undertaking CSR activities are given in Table 9.4.
Table 9.4
Budget for CSR activities
Name of the Activity 1st year 2
nd year 3
rd year
General & Dermatology Camp 150000 170000 190000
Awareness program on Health &Hygiene 60000 65000 80000
Awareness program on Food & Nutrition 60000 65000 80000
Vocational Training programs for Youth 500000 600000 700000
Vocational Training for women 100000 110000 120000
Paryavaran Puraskar Awards 150000 160000 170000
Agriculture Support (Farmer clubs,
farmer field schools, marketing support
etc)
635000 700000 750000
Note Book distribution in schools 30000 35000 45000
Infrastructure/ Material/ health support to
schools 500000 575000 625000
Veterinary Camps 75000 175000 250000
RO Plants 1200000 1200000 1200000
Workshop on Waste Management in
Schools 150000 160000 170000
Celebration of Children’s, Independence
,Republic day in schools 90000 95000 100000
Total 3700000 4110000 4480000
Capital cost of the project is Rs.260 Crores
After 3 years 2% of the Profit will be used for CSR Activities
9.6 Occupational Health Management
There will be routine observation of health as certain sufferings are likely to appear as result of exposure
by the workers during operations of various facilities. All the employees shall be required to undergo a
medical checkup before joining the facility. Medical checkup will be conducted on regular basis and the
health conditions will be monitored. First aid facilities required to attend immediately for meeting
emergency situations shall be made available at the facility.
9.7 Fire Protection System
The fire protection system will protect the entire site area from fire hazards happening accidentally. This
fire protection system comprises of a ground level water storage tank to store the anticipated requirement
of water. One electric motor driven pump and one diesel high pressure pumps will be provided to pump
the water to a high pressure header from where the water is distributed to various high pressure hydrants
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provided at selected locations. Necessary fire hoses terminated with spouts will be kept ready at each
hydrant location to facilitate firefighting. The header also caters to a multi fire system to automatically
sprinkle water through sprinklers provided.
9.8 Environmental Management Cell
The Environmental Cell will be headed by the Project Managers followed by other officers and
technicians. The department is the nodal agency to co-ordinate and provides necessary services on
environmental issues during operation of the project. This environmental group is responsible for
implementation of environmental management plan, interaction with the environmental regulatory
agencies, reviewing draft policy and planning. This department interacts with State Pollution Control
Board and other environment regulatory agencies. The department also interacts with local people to
understand their problems and to formulate appropriate community development plan. The major duties
and responsibilities of Environmental Management Cell shall be as given below:
To implement the environmental management plan,
To assure regulatory compliance with all relevant rules and regulations,
To ensure regular operation and maintenance of pollution control devices,
To minimize environmental impacts of operations as by strict adherence to the EMP,
To initiate environmental monitoring as per approved schedule
Review and interpretation of monitored results and corrective measures in case monitored results
are above the specified limit
Maintain documentation of good environmental practices and applicable environmental laws as
ready reference
Maintain environmental related records
Coordination with regulatory agencies, external consultants
9.8.1 Record Keeping and Reporting
Record keeping and reporting of performance is an important management tool for ensuring sustainable
operation. Records should be maintained for regulatory, monitoring and operational issues. Typical record
keeping requirements for the TSDF is summarized in Table 9.5 below:-
Table 9.5 Record Keeping Particulars
Parameter Particulars
Solid Waste Handling and Disposal Daily quantity of waste receive
Daily quantity sent to landfill
Waste water Daily quantities of treated effluent disposed
Quantity and point of usage of treated wastewater
Treated wastewater quality
Regulatory Licenses (Environmental) Environmental Permits / Consents from TNPCB
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Monitoring and Survey Records of all monitoring carried out as per the finalized
monitoring protocol
Accident reporting Date and time of the accident
Sequence of events leading to accident
Chemical datasheet assessing effect of accident on
health and environment
Emergency measure taken
Step to prevent recurrence of such events
Other Log book of compliance
Employee environmental, health and safety records
Equipment inspection and calibration records, where
applicable
Vehicle maintenance and inspection records
9.9 E-Waste Management and Handling Rules 2011
The action plan to comply the rules under E waste management handling rules are given below in Table
9.6.
Table 9.6
Compliance E Waste Management Rules 2011
Section Applicable Rule Compliance
Responsibilities of Collection Centers
1 Obtain an authorization in accordance with the
procedure under rule 9 from the State PCB and
provide details such as address, telephone
no/helpline no, e-mail, etc of such collection centre
to the general public
Authorization from PCB will be obtained
after obtaining EC and the same will be
informed to general public
2 Ensure that the e-waste collected by them is stored
in a secured manner till it is sent to registered
dismantler(s) or recycler(s) as the case may be
E-waste collected will be processed and
the processed waste will be segregated
and stored in secured manner till it is
disposed to recyclers
3 Ensure that no damage is caused to the environment
during storage and transportation of e-waste
After receiving the request from the client
the project management will arrange a
suitable and secured transport to collect the
material from clients premises and the
collected material will be stored in secured
place till it is processed further as per rules.
4 File annual returns in Form 3, to the SPCB on or
before the 30th June following the financial year
Regular annual returns will be filed to
SPCB on or before 30th June every
financial year
5 Maintain records of the e-waste handled in Form 2 Records of e-waste handled will be
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and make such records available for scrutiny by the
SPCB concerned
maintained in Form 2 and the same will be
shown to concerned SPCB officials
Responsibilities of Dismantler
1 Obtain authorization and registration from the
SPCB in accordance with the procedure under the
rules 9 & 11
Authorization and registration will be
obtained from SPCB in accordance with the
procedure under the rules 9 & 11 after
obtaining EC
2 Ensure that no damage is caused to the environment
during storage and transportation of e-waste
It will be ensured that no damage is caused
to the environment during storage and
transportation of e-waste
3 Ensure that the dismantling process do not have any
adverse effect on the health and the environment
Necessary air pollution control measures
(sprinkling of water, cyclone followed by
bag filter) are provided to ensure the
dismantling process do not have any
adverse effect on the health and the
environment.
4 Ensure that the facility and dismantling process are
in accordance with the standards or guidelines
published by the CPCB from time to time
It will be ensured that the facility and
dismantling process are in accordance with
the standards or guidelines published by the
CPCB from time to time
5 Ensure that dismantled e-waste are segregated and
sent to the registered recycling facilities for
recovery of materials
It will be ensured that dismantled e-waste is
segregated and sent to the registered
recycling facilities for recovery of materials
6 Ensure that non-recyclable / non – recoverable
components are sent to authorized treatment storage
and disposal facilities
Non-recyclable / non – recoverable
components are separated and sent to
incineration or secured land fill for further
disposal
7 File a return in Form 3. To the SPCB on or before
30th June following the financial year to which that
return relates
Annual returns in Form 3. Will be filled to
the SPCB on or before 30th June following
the financial year to which that return
relates
8 Not process any e-waste for recovery or refining of
materials, unless he is registered with SPCB as
recycler for refining and recovery of metals
Will not process any e-waste for recovery
or refining of materials
9.10Action Plan for Complying Performance Evaluation & Monitoring of TSDF
The detailed action plans for complying performance evaluation and monitoring of TSDF facility is given
below under Table 9.7
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Table 9.7
Action Plan for Monitoring TSDF
Section Condition Compliance
4.1 Basic Information to be provided by
the operator of the facility
The basic information as per the Format given in
HAZWAMS/…./2010-2011 dated May 24, 2010,
Annexure-III will be provided to SPCB/CPCB before
the start of operation of the facility as one time
exercise. In case if there is any change in the activity
of the proposed facility, updated information will be
provided to SPCB/CPCB
4.2 Periodic information to be prepared
and submitted on quarterly basis by
the operator of the facility
Periodic information as per the format given
HAZWAMS/…./2010-2011 dated May 24, 2010,
Annexure-IV will be provided to SPCB/CPCB on
quarterly basis within 15 days of the end of the
quarter
5.2 Uniformity in monitoring of soil,
ground & surface water, ambient air
quality, gaseous emissions from vents
provided to the already capped
landfills, a monitoring protocol is to
be followed
To have Uniformity in monitoring of soil, ground &
surface water, ambient air quality, gaseous emissions
from vents provided to the already capped landfills, a
monitoring protocol suggested in
HAZWAMS/…./2010-2011 dated May 24, 2010,
Annexure-V will be followed and will be provided to
SPCB/CPCB as per Consent conditions
5.4 Storage of Incompatible wastes in the
TSDF
While storing and mixing incompatible wastes
general criteria suggested as guideline in
HAZWAMS/…./2010-2011 dated May 24, 2010,
Annexure-VII will be followed
5.6 Online tracking system for movement
of hazardous waste
Measures will be taken to put in place online tracking
system for movement of the hazardous waste from
generators to the final disposal facility
5.7 Strengthening and upgrading
laboratories, Accreditation as per
EPA, 1986, obtaining ISO 17025
through NABL system
A fully fledged laboratory having sufficient
equipment for monitoring and analysis of all required
parameters will be established in the facility. Funds
will be provided for regular upgradation of the
laboratory. Will apply for accreditation as per EPA,
1986 and will strive to obtain ISO 17025 through
NABL system
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9.11 Compliance of Hazardous Waste Rules 2008
Point wise compliance of the Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movement)
Rules 2008 including collection and transportation design etc., are given in Table 9.8.
Table 9.8
Compliance of Hazardous Waste Rules 2008
Chapter II
PROCEDURE FOR HANDLING HAZARDOUS WASTES
II - 4 Responsibilities of the occupier for handling of
hazardous wastes
1 The occupier shall be responsible for safe and
environmentally sound handling of hazardous
wastes generated in his establishment.
The proposed project is Treatment, Storage
& Disposable Facility (TSDF) no
hazardous waste will be generated.
2 The hazardous wastes generated in the
establishment of an occupier shall be sent or sold to
a recycler or re-processor or re-user registered or
authorized under these rules or shall be disposed of
in an authorized disposal facility.
The proposed project is Treatment, Storage
& Disposable Facility (TSDF) no
hazardous waste will be generated.
3 The hazardous wastes transported from an
occupier's establishment to a recycler for recycling
or reuse or reprocessing or to an authorized facility
for disposal shall be transported in accordance with
the provisions of these rules.
Transportation of hazardous waste shall be
done in accordance with the provisions of
these rules
4 The occupier or any other person acting on his
behalf who intends to get his hazardous wastes
treated and disposed of by the operator of a
Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility shall give
to the operator of a facility, such information as
may be determined by the State Pollution Control
Board.
Management shall collect information
required as per State Pollution Control
Board from the respective industry which is
sending the hazardous waste for treatment
and disposal
5 The occupier shall take all adequate steps while
handling hazardous wastes to:
I. contain contaminants and prevent accidents and
limit their consequences on human beings and the
environment; and
II. Provide persons working on the site with the
training, equipment and the information necessary
to ensure their safety.
All necessary preventive measures will
be taken while handling the hazardous
wastes.
Personal protective gadgets will be
provided to workers and it will be seen
that they use while working
In case of accidents, necessary cleaning
of the site will be taken up
II - 5 Grant of authorization for handling hazardous
wastes.
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1 Every person who is engaged in generation,
processing, treatment, package, storage,
transportation, use, collection, destruction,
conversion, offering for sale, transfer or the like of
the hazardous waste shall require to obtain an
authorization from the State Pollution Control
Board.
Authorization for Hazardous waste
Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility
will be obtained from State Pollution
Control Board.
2 The hazardous waste shall be collected, treated, re-
cycled, re-processed, stored or disposed of only in
such facilities as may be authorized by the State
Pollution Control Board for the purpose.
The proposed project is Treatment, Storage
&Disposable Facility (TSDF)no hazardous
waste will be generated.
3 Every person engaged in generation, processing,
treatment,
package, storage, transportation, use, collection,
destruction, conversion, offering for sale, transfer
or the like of the hazardous waste or occupier of the
facility shall make an application in Form 1 to the
State Pollution Control Board for authorization
within a period of sixty days from the date of
commencement of these rules: Provided that any
person authorized under the provisions of the
Hazardous Waste(Management and Handling)
Rules, 1989, prior to the date of coming into force
of these rules, shall not require to make an
application for authorization till the period of
expiry of such authorization.
Application in Form 1 will be made to State
Pollution Control Board for proposed
Treatment, Storage &Disposable Facility
(TSDF)
4 On receipt of the application complete in all
respects for the authorization, the State Pollution
Control Board may, after such inquiry as it
considers necessary and on being satisfied that the
applicant possesses appropriate facilities, technical
capabilities and equipment to handle hazardous
waste safely, grant within a period of one hundred
and twenty days an authorization in Form 2 to the
applicant which shall be valid for a period of five
years and shall be subject to such conditions as may
be laid down therein.
Accepting the condition
5 The State Pollution Control Board may after giving
reasonable opportunity of being heard to the
applicant refuse to grant any authorization.
Condition acceptable
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6 Every person authorized under these rules shall
maintain the record of hazardous wastes handled by
him in Form 3 and prepare and submit to the State
Pollution Control Board, an annual return
containing the details specified in Form 4 on or
before the 30th day of June following to the
financial year to which that return relates.
Shall maintain the record of hazardous
wastes handled at the facility in Form 3
and prepare and submit to the State
Pollution Control Board, an annual return
containing the details specified in Form 4
on or before the 30th day of June following
to the financial year.
7 An application for the renewal of an authorization
shall be made in Form 1, before its expiry and the
State Pollution Control Board may renew the
authorization after examining each case on merit
subject to the condition that there has been no
report of violation of the provisions of the Act or
the rules made there under or conditions specified
in the authorization.
Application for the renewal of authorization
shall be made in Form 1 before the expiry
to State Pollution Control Board
8 The occupier or operator of the facility shall take all
the steps, wherever required, for reduction and
prevention of the waste generated or for recycling
or reuse and comply the conditions specified in the
authorization.
All steps, required, for reduction and
prevention of the waste generated or for
recycling or reuse and comply the
conditions specified in the authorization
will be taken
9 The State Pollution Control Board shall maintain a
register containing particulars of the conditions
imposed under these rules for management of
hazardous waste, and it shall be open for inspection
during office hours to any person interested or
affected or a person authorized by him on his
behalf.
condition acceptable
II - 6 Power to suspend or cancel an authorization
1 The State Pollution Control Board, may, if in its
opinion the holder of the authorization has failed to
comply with any of the conditions of the
authorization or with any provisions of the Act or
these rules and after giving him a reasonable
opportunity of being heard and after recording
reasons thereof in writing cancel or suspend the
authorization issued under rule-4 for such period as
it considers necessary in the public interest.
Condition acceptable
2 Upon suspension or cancellation of the
authorization the State Pollution Control Board
may give directions to the person whose
Directions given by State Pollution Control
Board shall be followed
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authorization has been suspended or cancelled for
the safe storage of the hazardous wastes, and such
person shall comply with such directions.
II-7 Storage of Hazardous Waste
1 The occupiers, recyclers, re-processors, re-users,
and operators of facilities may store the hazardous
wastes for a period not exceeding ninety days and
shall maintain a record of sale, transfer, storage,
recycling and reprocessing of such wastes and
Crake these records available for inspection:
Provided that the State Pollution Control Board
may extend the said period in following cases,
namely:-
i. Small generators up to ten tones per annum;
ii. Recyclers, re-processors and facility
operators up to six months of their annual
capacity;
iii. Generators who do not have access to any
Treatment, Storage, Disposal Facility in the
concerned State; or
iv. The waste which needs to be specifically
stored for development of a process for its
recycling, reuse.
condition acceptable
Chapter III
PROCEDURE FOR RECYCLING, REPROCESSING OR REUSE OF HAZARDOUS
WASTES
III 8 Procedure for grant of registration
1 Every person desirous of recycling or reprocessing
the hazardous waste specified in Schedule-IV may
make an application in Form 5 accompanied with a
copy each of the following documents for the grant
or renewal of the registration:-
consent to establish granted by the State Pollution
Control Board under the Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (25 of 1974) and
the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981 (21 of 1981);
a) certificate of registration issued by the
District Industries Centre or any other
government agency authorized in this
The proposed project is Treatment, Storage
&Disposable Facility (TSDF) no recycling
or reprocessing of the Hazardous waste
shall be carried out, in case if recycling or
reprocessing is proposed necessary
application in Form 5 will be made for
grant of registration.
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regard;
b) proof of installed capacity of plant and
machinery issued by the District Industries
Centre or any other government agency
authorized in this behalf; and
c) In case of renewal, certificate of
compliance of effluent, emission standards
and treatment and disposal of hazardous
wastes, as applicable, from the State
Pollution Control Board or the Concerned
Zonal Office of Central Pollution Control
Board.
2 The Central Pollution Control Board, on being
satisfied that the applicant is utilizing
environmentally sound technologies and possesses
adequate technical capabilities, requisite facilities,
and equipment to recycle, reprocess or reuse
hazardous wastes, may grant registration to such
applicants stipulating therein necessary conditions
for carrying out safe operations in the authorized
place only
condition acceptable
3 The Central Pollution Control Board shall dispose
of the application for registration within a period of
one hundred twenty days from the date of the
receipt of such application complete in all respects.
condition acceptable
4 The registration, issued under sub-rule shall be
valid for a period of five years from the date of its
issue, unless the operation is discontinued by the
unit or the registration is suspended or cancelled by
the Central Pollution Control Board.
condition acceptable
5 The Central Pollution Control Board may cancel or
suspend the registration granted under these rules,
if it has reasons to believe that the recycler or re-
processor has failed to comply with any of the
conditions of the registration, or with any provision
of the Act or rules made there under.
condition acceptable
6 The Central Pollution Control Board may after
giving a reasonable opportunity of being heard to
the applicant, by order, refuse to grant or renew the
registration.
condition acceptable
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7 The recycler or re-processor shall maintain records
of hazardous wastes purchased and processed and
shall file an annual return of its activities of
previous year in Form 6 to the State Pollution
Control Board, on or before the 30th day of June of
every year.
condition acceptable
III - 9 Conditions for sale or transfer of Hazardous
Wastes for recycling
The occupier generating the hazardous wastes
specified in Schedule-IV may sell it only to the
recycler having a valid registration from the Central
Pollution Control Board for recycling or recovery.
condition acceptable
III -10 Standards for recycling
The Central Government and Central Pollution
Control Board may issue the guidelines for
standards of performance for recycling processes
from time to time.
condition acceptable
III -11 Utilization of hazardous wastes
The utilization of hazardous wastes as a
supplementary resource or for energy recovery, or
after processing shall be carried out by the units
only after obtaining approval from the Central
Pollution Control Board.
condition acceptable
Chapter V
TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL FACILITY FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES
V 18 Treatment, Storage and Disposal-Facility for
hazardous wastes
1 The State Government, occupier, operator of a
facility or any association of occupiers shall
individually or jointly or severally be responsible
for, and identify sites for establishing the facility
for treatment, storage and disposal of the hazardous
wastes in the State.
Site meeting MOEFCC guidelines has been
identified for proposed TSDF
2 The operator of common facility or occupier of a
captive facility, shall design and set up the
Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility as per
technical guidelines issued by the Central Pollution
Control Board in this regard from time to time and
shall obtain approval from the State Pollution
Control Board for design and layout in this regard
The proposed facility shall be designed as
per CPCB technical guidelines and
necessary approval will be obtained from
State Pollution Control Board for design
and Layout
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from time to time.
3 The State Pollution Control Board shall monitor the
setting up and operation of the Treatment, Storage
and Disposal Facilities regularly.
Condition acceptable
4 The operator of the Treatment, Storage and
Disposal Facility shall be responsible for safe and
environmentally sound operation of the Treatment,
the Storage and Disposal Facility and its closure
and post closure phase, as per guidelines issued by
the Central Pollution Control Board from time to
time.
Management shall be responsible for safe
and environmentally sound operation of
TSDF, closure and post closure phase.
5 The operator of the Treatment, Storage and
Disposal Facility shall maintain records of
hazardous wastes handled by him in Form 10.
We shall maintain records of the hazardous
wastes handled as per Form 10
Chapter VI
PACKAGING, LABELLING, AND TRANSPORT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
VI - 19 Packaging and labeling
1 The occupier or operator of the Treatment, Storage
and Disposal Facility or recycler shall ensure that
the hazardous waste are packaged and labeled,
based on the composition in a manner suitable for
safe handling, storage and transport as per the
guidelines issued by the Central Pollution Control
Board from time to time.
Packaging and Labeling shall be done as
per the guidelines issued by the CPCB
2 The labeling and packaging shall be easily visible
and be able to withstand physical conditions and
climatic factors.
Packaging and labeling shall be done in
such a way that it is easily visible and
withstands physical conditions and climatic
factors
VI -20 Transportation of Hazardous waste
1 The transport of the hazardous wastes shall be in
accordance with the provisions of these rules and
the rules made by the Central Government under
the Motor Vehicles Act. 1988 and other guidelines
issued from time to time in this regard.
Transportation of the hazardous wastes
shall be in accordance with the provisions
of these rules and the rules made by the
Central Government under the Motor
Vehicles Act.1988 and other guidelines
issued from time to time.
2 The occupier shall provide the transporter with the
relevant information in Form 11, regarding the
hazardous nature of the wastes and measures to be
taken in case of an emergency and shall mark the
hazardous wastes containers as per Form 12.
Condition acceptable
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3 In case of transport of hazardous wastes for final
disposal to a facility for treatment, storage and
disposal existing in a State other than the State
where the hazardous waste is generated, the
occupier shall obtain ‘No Objection Certificate’
from the State Pollution Control Board of both the
States.
Condition acceptable
4 In case of transportation of hazardous wastes
through a State other than the State of origin or
destination, the occupier shall intimate the
concerned State Pollution Control Boards before he
hands over the hazardous wastes to the transporter.
Condition acceptable
VI -21 Manifest system (Movement Document to be
used within the country only)
1 The occupier shall prepare six copies of the
manifest in Form 13 comprising of color code
indicated below and all six copies shall be signed
by the transporter:
Copy number
with color
code
(1)
Purpose
(2)
Copy1
(White)
To be forwarded by the
occupier to the State Pollution
Control Board or Committee.
Copy2
(Yellow)
To be carried by the occupier
after taking signature on it
form the transporter and the
rest of the four copies to be
carried by the transporter.
Copy3 (pink) To be retained by the operator
of the facility after signature.
Copy4
(orange)
To be returned to the
transporter by the operator of
facility/recycler after accepting
waste.
Copy5 (green) To be returned by the operator
of the facility to State
Pollution Control
Board/Committee after
Condition acceptable and six copies
manifest system shall be followed
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treatment and disposal of
wastes.
Copy6 (blue) To be returned by the operator
of the facility to the occupier
after treatment and disposal of
hazardous materials/wastes
2 The occupier shall forward copy 1 (white) to the
State Pollution Control Board, and in case the
hazardous wastes is likely to be transported through
any transit State, the occupier shall prepare an
additional copy each for intimation to such State
and, forward the same to the concerned State
Pollution Control Board before he hands over the
hazardous wastes to the transporter.
Condition acceptable
3 No transporter shall accept hazardous wastes from
an occupier for transport unless it is accompanied
by copies3 to 6 of the manifest.
Condition acceptable
4 The transporter shall submit copies 3 to 6 of the
manifest duly signed with date to the operator of
the facility along with the waste consignment.
Condition acceptable
5 Operator of the facility upon completion of
treatment and disposal operations of the hazardous
wastes shall forward copy 5 (green) to the State
Pollution Control Board and copy 6 (blue) to the
occupier and the copy 3 (pink) shall be retained by
the operator of the facility.
Condition acceptable
Chapter VII
Miscellaneous
VII -22 Records and returns
1 The occupier generating hazardous wastes and
operator of the facility for disposal of hazardous
waste shall maintain records of such operations in
Form 3.
Disposal of hazardous waste records shall
be maintained in Form 3
2 The occupier and operator of a facility shall send
annual returns to the State Pollution Control Board
in Form 4.
Annual returns shall be sent to the State
Pollution Control Board in Form 4.
3 The State Pollution Control Board shall prepare an
inventory of the hazardous wastes within its
jurisdiction and compile other related information
like recycling of the hazardous wastes and
No action to the facility management
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treatment and disposal of the hazardous wastes
based on the returns filed by respective occupier
and operator of the facility.
VII -23 Responsibility of Authorities
The Authority specified in column 2 of the
Schedule VII shall perform the duties as specified
in column 3 of the Schedule subject to the
provisions of these rules.
No action to the facility management
VII -24 Accident reporting and follow-up
Where an accident occurs at the facility or on a
hazardous waste site or during transportation of the
hazardous waste, the occupier or operator of the
facility or the transporter, as the case may be, shall
report immediately to the State Pollution Control
Board about the accident in Form14.
In case of accident report shall be sent to
the State Pollution Control Board in Form
14
VII- 25 Liability of occupier, transporter, operator of a
facility and importer
1 The occupier, importer, transporter and operator of
the facility shall be liable for all damages caused to
the environment or third party due to improper
handling of the hazardous wastes or disposal of the
hazardous wastes.
Condition acceptable
2 The occupier and the operator of the facility
shall be liable to pay financial penalties as
levied for any violation of the provisions under
these rules by the State Pollution Control
Board with the prior approval of the Central
Pollution Control Board.
Condition acceptable
VII -26 Appeal
1 Any person aggrieved by an order of suspension or
cancellation or refusal of authorization or its
renewal passed by the State Pollution Control
Board, may, within a period of thirty days from the
date on which the order is communicated to him,
prefer an appeal in Form15 to the Appellate
Authority comprising of the Environment Secretary
of the State.
Condition acceptable
2 Any person aggrieved by an order of suspension or
cancellation or refusal of registration or its renewal
passed by the Central Pollution Control Board,
Condition acceptable
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may, within a period of thirty days from the date on
which the order is communicated to him, prefer an
appeal in Form15 to the Appellate Authority
comprising of the Secretary, to the Government of
India in the Ministry of Environment and Forests.
3 The Appellate Authority may entertain the appeal
after the expiry of the period of thirty days if it is
satisfied that the appellant was prevented by
sufficient cause from filing the appeal in time.
Condition acceptable
4 Every appeal filed under this rule shall be disposed
of within a period of sixty days from the date of its
filing.
Condition acceptable
CHAPTER 10
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
PLAN
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CHAPTER 10
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
10.1 Introduction
Management of pollution and the waste generated from the industries is always been a challenging task
faced by the country. As per EIA Notification S.O. No 1533 dated 14th September 2006 and subsequent
amendments the proposed project is falling under Project / Activity 7 (d) Common Hazardous Waste
Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDFs), Category “A” and requires environmental clearance
from MOEFCC, New Delhi. The proposal was considered by the Expert Appraisal Committee in its 1st
meeting held during 22nd
December 2015 for issuing of the Terms of Reference (TOR) for undertaking
detailed EIA Study in accordance with the provisions of the EIA notification and subsequent
amendments. The MOEFCC has given Terms of Reference vide its letter No. F. No. 10-236/2015-IA.III
dated 28th January 2016.
At present in the Nalgonda region the hazardous waste generated by industrial activities, biomedical
waste generated by hospitals and e-waste generated by commercial, industrial and residential waste is
given to small time recyclers. The Proposed project will be designed to collect & treat all these different
types of waste on scientific basis under the following rules.
The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 1989 and
its subsequent amendments.
The Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 and subsequent amendments.
The Plastic Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011 and subsequent amendments.
E-Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011 and subsequent amendments.
The proposed Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal and Recycling Facility
at Kakkireni Village is in Ramannapeta Mandal in Nalgonda District of Telangana state mainly has four
waste disposal / recycling or recovery facilities such as Hazardous Waste TSDF, Renewable Energy and
Waste to Energy, Bio-medical waste disposal Facility, Alternative Fuel Recovery & Recycling Facilities.
The proposed treatment facilities will be developed in phase wise manner.
In Phase I secured land fill with a capacity of 548 TPD will be taken up along with other treatments units
like Stabilization (383 TPD), Biomedical waste (12.5 TPD - 50000 beds), E waste (82 TPD), spent
solvent recycling (27 KLPD), used oil recycling (54 KLPD), used lead acid batteries recycling (65 TPD),
Alternate fuel and raw material (55 TPD) are proposed to be handled. Where as in Phase II waste plastics
recycling (27 TPD), waste paper recycling (54 TPD) and incinerator (55 TPD). And in Phase III power
generation of 2 MW with using renewable energy and 2 MW with waste to energy plants are proposed.
The total area provided for the proposed project is around 74 Acres, out of which around 34.7 acre of land
is mainly utilized for Secured landfill, used for direct disposal of hazardous waste and as well the
stabilized hazardous waste after detoxification. An area of 23.7 Acres of land is used for greenbelt
development within the project site and along the peripheral boundary. The remaining 15.6 Acres of land
is used for chemical storage, waste storage, utilities, tyre wash, incinerator, biomedical plant setup along
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with effluent treatment system and all type of recycling facilities. Around 2 acres of land is to be still
acquired out of total 74 acres of land proposed.
Water requirement for the project will be met through the Ground water or Gram Panchayat water supply
scheme. The execution of the TSDF project would be in three phases. Water requirement for all three
phases is 366 KLD. Out of which, in phase I water required is 109 KLD, in Phase II water required is 49
KLD and in Phase III water required is 208 KLD.
Power required for the project will be met from Telangana TRANSCO with a capacity of 1500 KVA and
for emergency purpose DG sets will be made available by respective units of proposed project
Around 700 liters of HSD would be stored at site for operating DG sets to meet emergency power
requirements for effluent treatment plant, utilities etc and also auxiliary fuel with a capacity of 20 KL per
month used for Incinerator.
Around 285 persons would be employed for the project out of which 65 are during construction phase and
220 will be in Operation phase (Phase wise). Work force will be employed from the nearby villages on
priority basis for operational and maintenance of the proposed project. Indirect employment expected due
to the present project will be around 50 persons for various support facilities.
10.2 Baseline Environmental Status
Field investigations were undertaken for collecting the existing baseline environment for Air, Water,
Noise, Soil, Ecological and Socio-economic Conditions. A study area of 10 Km radius from the project
site is identified to establish the present environmental conditions for the above environmental
components. The main aim of the EIA study is to identify the critical environmental attributes which will
be affected and have adverse impacts on the surrounding environment due to the proposed project. The
field data generation is undertaken during the winter season from December (2015) to February (2016).
Meteorology (Climate)
The metrological data is collected from the nearest IMD station at Nalgonda and also at site with the help
of automatic weather station. The pre dominant wind direction recorded is from South East (SE) closely
followed by North East (NE). Calm conditions prevailed for 12.32% of the total time. Average wind
speed observed for the winter season is around 2.48 m/s.
Air Quality
Ambient Air quality was monitored at 10 locations within the study area of the project site. The locations
were identified in downwind, cross wind and up wind directions. The air pollutants monitored are
Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5), Sulphur dioxide, Oxides of nitrogen, Ozone, Carbon Monoxide, Lead,
Nickel, Benzene, Benzo(a)Pyrene, Ammonia and Arsenic as per the standard MOEFCC guidelines and
results were compared with NAAQ/CPCB Standards.
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The minimum and maximum levels of Particulate Matter < 2.5 microns are recorded in the range of 13.7
to 25.3 µg/m3, whereas the particulate matter <10 Microns are in the range of 44.0 to 56.3 µg/m3.
The sulphur dioxide concentrations within the study area observed are in the range of 11.2 to 16.3 µg/m3,
the oxides of nitrogen observed are in the range of 14.0 to 20.8 µg/m3, the ozone and carbon monoxide
observed are in the range of 11.7 to 18.2 µg/m3 and 126 to 638 µg/m
3 respectively and the benzene and
ammonia observed are in the range of 0.33 to 0.83 µg/m3 and 9.3 to 14.3 µg/m
3 respectively. The
observed air pollutants were well within the limits as per CPCB/NAAQ standards. The other parameters
viz. lead, nickel, arsenic and benzo (a) pyrene were also monitored in the study area and are found to be
below detectable limits.
Water Quality
Surface and Ground water samples were collected from different sources within the study area and
analyzed for all important physico-chemical and biological parameters to establish the quality of water
prevailing in the project surroundings. Around 13 ground water and 5 surface water samples were
collected.
The ground water is mainly from hand pumps, wells and bore wells used by the villages for domestic and
drinking purposes. The surface water collected from lake or pond and Musi River. The pH of ground
water observed is from 7.02 to 7.53 and in surface water it is from 6.85 to 7.36, the TDS level of GW is
from 339 to 1551 mg/l, whereas in surface water the levels are 967 to 1494 mg/l. The chloride
concentrations in GW is between 20 to 434 mg/l, whereas the surface water has a chloride values of 176
to 286 mg/l. The hardness observed in ground water is 233 to 688 mg/l and in surface water the hardness
found to be between 376 to 775 mg/l. Fluoride concentrations observed in GW is in the range of 1.5 to 2.4
mg/l and in surface water the fluoride content observed in between 0.5 to 0.7 mg/l. The general
characteristics of all the ground water samples collected in the region shows fairly good quality except
some levels of Hardness and fluoride observed to be slightly higher than the stipulated standards. The
basic treatment for fluoride will reduce the concentration levels within the limits and can be used for
consumption.
Noise Quality
Noise was monitored at 11 locations within the study area of the project site. The locations were
identified for assessment of existing noise level status, keeping in view of the land use pattern, residential
areas in villages, schools, bus stands, etc., day levels of noise monitored during 6 AM to 10 PM and in
night during 10 PM to 6 AM. The noise levels were monitored as per the Ambient Noise Standards of
residential and commercial area standards. The noise levels during the day are ranging in between 53.3 to
63.3 dB (A), whereas in night noise levels are ranging between 43.2 to 45.2 dB (A). The site is accessible
by a NH9 and Muthkur – Narketpally road.
The traffic survey carried out at Narketpally village towards Muthkur to Narketpally. The minimum level
of Traffic Survey at Muthkur – Narketpally Road is 53 PCU/H and whereas the maximum level of Traffic
Survey is 461 PCU/H. The total worst case baseline PCU/Hr is 461, total width of the road in meters
(Arterial Roads) PCU/Hr is 7 and as per the IRC: 106-1990 (PCU’s per hour).
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Soil Quality
Soil Quality was monitored at 11 locations within the study area of the project site. The locations were
selected to assess the existing soil conditions representing various land use conditions and geological
features. The important physical, chemical parameter concentrations were determined from all the
samples.
The pH values in the study area are varying from 6.89 to 7.28, the electrical conductivity is varying from
36 to 242 µs/cm, the organic carbon is varying from 0.34 to 1.05 %, the available Nitrogen is varying
from 248 to 356 kg/ha, the available phophorus is varying from 4.8 to 11.6 kg/ha, and the available
pottasium is varying between 142 to 644 kg/ha.
Ecological Environment
A detailed study was done within 10 km radius area of the project site which includes, Compilation of
secondary data from published literature of Forest Division and Primary data generation through
systematic studies. The proposed area falls in the Southern Plateau and Hills Region characterized by
shallow, deep red loamy soil & sandy soil. The primary data was collected through visual observation of
species in the study area. Babul, Guava, Banyan tree etc., and Common species of Mammals like
Common hare, Monkey, Field Mouse, Stripped squirrel are commonly seen around the study area.
No Wildlife Sanctuaries or National parks exist in 10 km radius of the project site. The living species
which are endangered or threatened as per the IUCN Red list were not identified or observed in the core
zone or buffer zone of the project site. There will not be any adverse impact of the proposed project on
the terrestrial flora and fauna. The loss in flora will compensated by greenbelt development backed up
with a strong EMP.
Socio Economic Environment
The study area covers 36 villages in the 10 km radial distance from the periphery of the proposed project site
in Chityala, Ramanna Peta and Narkat palli Mandals of Nalgonda district. 70% of the sample households live
in Pucca house. Remaining 30% of the households shelter in kutcha houses.
In the field survey it has been reported that 100% of the households have electricity facility. agriculture sector
supports more than 80% of the population. Work participation rate in Kakkireni and surrounding villages is
around 1.1 in 2011. Majority of the working population is around 80% of the population was engaged in
activities like agriculture and allied services etc. The 10% engaged in the Microenterprises and remaining are
engaged in Daily Labour.
The socio-Economic study revealed that the youth in the project area are devoid of employment opportunities.
They can be a potential source of workers with minimum handholding and vocational education skills. The
youth have expressed their willingness to setting up of industries in the area as it provides them gainful
employment opportunities.
Similarly, this would also trigger many direct and indirect benefits for economic advancement and social
development of project area.
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10.3 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
The proposed power plant may cause impact on the environment in two phases.
During Construction phase
During Operation phase
a) Impacts during construction phase
The possible construction activities that contribute to the environmental impacts are:
Dust Generation during leveling of earth
Dust generation due to the movement of vehicles on unpaved roads
Emission of pollutants from vehicular exhaust
Unloading of raw materials and removal of unwanted waste material from site
Accumulation of excavated earth material
Noise generation due to operation of construction equipment
The impacts due to construction activities are short term and are limited to the construction phase. The
impacts will be mainly on air quality, water quality, soil quality and socio-economics, necessary control
measures will be taken to minimize the impacts.
b) Impacts during operation phase
During the operation phase of the proposed project there would be impacts on the air quality, water
quality, Noise quality, Land environment and socio-economic aspects etc.
Impact on Air quality
The proposed project is a Hazardous waste management and the major source of pollution would be the
emissions from the stack. The important air pollutants generated from the proposed project are particulate
matter (PM), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX).
The major air pollutants generated from the proposed project are given below:
1. Point source emissions from Incinerator, DG set.
The emissions from the DG sets are minimal since they will be operated only during power failures.
To estimate the ground level concentration of air pollutants released from 30 m and 8 m height of the
stack provided for the incinerator and DG set, a study state dispersion model based on Gaussian Plume
(AERMOD Version 7.0.3) software is used to calculate the concentrations for PM, SO2 and NOx. The
incinerator has a stack with a diameter 0.6 m and releases the flue gas it in velocity of 22 m/s. The DG set
has a stack with a diameter 0.25 m and releases the flue gas it in velocity of 12 m/s. The SO2 and NOx
Emission rates estimated for incinerator and DG set are in the range of 0.02 to 9.5 g/s and 0.124 to 13.7
g/s respectively and PM emission rate for incinerator is 2.4 g/s. The result of dispersion modeling reveals
a maximum ground level concentration for PM is 3.4µg/m3, for SO2 is 9.5µg/m
3 and for NOx is
14.1µg/m3. The overall concentration including existing baseline status for PM is 59.7µg/m3, for SO2 is
25.8µg/m3 and for NOx is 34.9µg/m
3. Which are well within the stipulated standards of regulatory agency.
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Proposed Mitigation Measures
Following mitigation measures will be adopted to reduce the environmental impacts
The important dust suppression measures proposed will be regular water sprinkling on main haul
roads in the project area, this activity will be carried out at least twice a day, if need arises
frequency will be increased on windy days, in this way around 50% reduction on the dust
contribution from the exposed surface will be achieved.
The duration of stockpiling will be as short as possible as most of the material will be used as
backfill material for the open cut trenches for road development
Temporary tin sheets of sufficient height (3m) will be erected around the site of dust generation or
all around the project site as barrier for dust control.
Tree plantations around the project boundary will be initiated at the early stages by
Plantation of 2 to 3 years old saplings, regular watering will be done, so that the area will be moist
for most part of the day.
To reduce the dust movement from civil construction site to the neighborhood the external part of
the building (administration, canteen, etc) will be covered by plastic sheets
Impact on water quality
The water required for the proposed project shall be met through the Ground water or Gram Panchayat
water supply scheme. The possible sources of wastewater within the project site are:
i) Floor washings
ii) Leachate from landfill operations
iii) Sewage from Domestic Use
iv) Wastewater from Cooling Towers
v) Effluent from water treatment plant in Bio medical waste
vi) Blow downs from Boiler and Cooling Tower etc.
Proposed Mitigation Measures
Leachate collected from Secured Landfill and other wastewater including vehicle and container washing,
leachate generated at treatment, incineration are treated together (excluding domestic wastewater) in
incineration/ Forced evaporation/spraying on landfill. The domestic effluent generated will be treated in
septic tank followed by soak pit or portable STP and the treated water is used for greenbelt development.
The effluent generated from floor washings, recycling activity, etc will be collected in collection tank
followed by settling tank and the settled water is reused. The effluent from bio medical waste is treated in
ETP and recycling to incinerator or circulation back to system. The waste water generated from boiler and
cooling tower used in ash quenching and for greenbelt development purpose. There will not be any
wastewater discharge to any nearby water body and adopts the zero wastewater discharge concept.
Rain Water Harvesting and Storm Water Management
Project Management will make proper utilization of rainwater by harvesting by appropriate rain water-
harvesting mechanism. Roof water will be collected by adopting proper treatment (O&G Trap), the
collected water will be used for various uses (dust suppression, floor washings, toiler flushing, greenbelt,
etc.).
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Rainwater from surface areas will be harvested by construction of check dams all along the storm water
drainage network at a definite pitch. Based on the rainfall intensity of the plant area, storm water drainage
system will be designed. Strom water drainage system consists of well-designed network of open surface
drains with check dams at appropriate distances to improve the infiltration efficiency of the rain water
into ground so that all the storm water is efficiently drained off without any water logging.
Necessary expert advice has been obtained in this regard. Artificial recharge measures like rain water-
harvesting helps in reducing the urban run-off, decrease pollution of ground water and improve the
ground water table, which augments the yields of, bore wells.
Impact on Noise Levels
Any hazardous facility, in general, consists of several sources of noise pollution. The different sources of
noise pollution are mentioned below:
Induced draft & Forced draft fans
Diesel Generators
Cooling Towers
Frequent vehicular movement etc.,
Proposed Mitigation Measures
Adequate measures for noise control, at the design stage shall be taken such as keeping high noise
generating equipment’s like pumps, motors, etc., on anti-vibration pads, closed rooms and regular
maintenance as suggested by the manufacturer. Some of the mitigation measures proposed is
Noise level specification of the various Equipments as per the Occupational Safety and Health
Association (OSHA) standards.
Providing suitable enclosures (adequate insulation) to minimize the impact of high noise
generating sources.
Employees will be provided with PPE like ear plugs, helmets, safety shoes, etc.
Development of greenbelt all along the boundary and along the roads within the project
Odor Control
The odor management is one of the issues in proposed project. The main aim is to minimize the number
of sources of odor generation which exist in site. To undertake direct management of odor generating
sources that give rise to odor problems.
The mitigation measures proposed to minimize and control odor are as follows.
Dilution of odorant by odor counteraction or neutralize by spraying Ecosorb (organic and
biodegradable chemical) around odor generation areas at regular intervals.
Covering the landfill area under operation daily with layer of earth, clay or a similar material.
Covering by using heavy duty hessian, plastics and foams odor can be minimized.
Covering of trucks carrying waste while transportation.
The waste after combustion in primary and secondary stages the off gas/flue gases shall be passed
through spray dryer, cyclone separation, activated carbon dry lime and wet scrubber. The odour
will be removed during the above gas cleaning operations especially the activated carbon shall
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adsorb any organics if so present in the flue gases. The odour free gases shall be released into the
atmosphere from 30 m stack.
10.4 Environmental Monitoring Program
Environmental Monitoring Program has been designed for assessing the efficiency of implementation of
Environment Management Plan and to take corrective measures in case of any degradation in the
surrounding environment.
Different activities involved in the proposed project and their impact on various environmental attributes
have been taken into account while designing a detailed environmental monitoring program.
Implementation of EMP and periodic monitoring is proposed to be carried out at plant level and area level
for the proposed waste management project allied activities like storage facilities, workshop, staff
canteen, etc. A comprehensive monitoring mechanism has been devised for monitoring of impacts due to
proposed project.
Cost towards investment for Environmental Management/Environmental Mitigation Measures will be
Rs.20.0 Crores and 54 Lakhs/annum will be the recurring cost
Plant level environmental protection measures like dust suppression, treatment and recycling of
wastewater, plantation and noise control in the plant premises, housekeeping, implementation of EMP and
Environmental Clearance conditions will be monitored by the plant authorities.
10.5 Risk Analysis
The principal objective of the risk assessment study is to identify and quantify the major hazards and the
risk associated with various operations of the proposed project, which may lead to emergency
consequences (disasters) affecting the public safety and health.
All necessary measures to minimize the risk due to the proposed project will be taken during design stage
and also during operation period viz, Fire & safety control measures, Emergency preparedness plan,
Disaster Management plan, etc.
10.6 Project Benefits
From the proposed project the major benefits, include improving the degraded environment by
establishing an Integrated Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal and Recycling
Facilities.
The proposed project facilitates better management of the industrial wastes.
It will be the showcase for other states for management of hazardous waste with additional
benefit of green and clean Environment.
It minimizes the pollution load on environment from industrial hazardous waste
Compliance with prescribed regulatory norms which in turn avert the risk of closure on account
of violation of rules
It reduces the number of hazardous waste dump sites in the area and also eliminates the pollution
potential
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The management of wastes is relatively easier & economically viable at common facility.
Cost of environmental monitoring is less at common facility
Reduced environmental liability due to captive storage of hazardous waste in the premises of
industries
Better occupational health and safety at individual industry level
Prevention of natural resource contamination thereby improving overall environmental status of
the region
Reduction in the cost of transportation and subsequent traffic.
10.7 Environmental Management Plan
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is required to ensure a sustainable development of the plant
area and the surrounding areas of the plant. The EMP will be integrated in all the major activities of the
project, with clearly defined policies, to ensure that the ecological balance of the area is maintained and
the adverse effects are minimized. EMP requires multidisciplinary approach with mitigation,
management, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation, to
eliminate adverse environmental impacts or reduce them to acceptable levels. In order to ensure
sustainable development in the study area; it needs to be an all-encompassing plan for which the plant
authorities, government, regulating agencies, and the population of the study area need to extend their
cooperation and contribution.
The mitigation measures are planned for construction and operation phases and the overall management
plan helps to improve the supportive capacity of the receiving bodies. The EMP aims to control pollution
at the source level to the possible extent with the available and affordable technology followed by the
standard treatments before getting discharged. The recommended mitigation measures will synchronize
the economic development of the study area with the environmental protection of the region.
10.8 Conclusions
The proposed integrated hazardous waste treatment storage, disposal and recycling facility at Nalgonda
will be executed in an area of 74 acres with various treatment systems which includes direct landfilling,
stabilization, biomedical waste, E waste, incineration and all type of waste recycling facilities. The
expected project cost for the facility is around 260 Crores.
The air pollutant emissions from stacks and other fugitive operations are treated in a bag filter system
followed by reducing gaseous pollutant concentrations by providing wet scrubbing system as well as
multiple effect evaporator systems.
The water requirement for the entire operations is around 366 KLD and the waste water generated is
treated by physic-chemical methods to achieve the regulatory standards.
The environmental management plan will consists of multidisciplinary approach with mitigation,
management, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken up during implementation and operation
to minimize adverse environmental impacts to reduce them to acceptable levels.
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The benefits of the proposed project mainly to handle all the untreated hazardous waste from various
industries in Nalgonda & surrounding districts of Nalgonda and to provide a suitable treatment facility to
dispose off in a scientific manner. The project also eliminates the captive hazardous waste units existing
within some of the major industries and provides a common Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility
which is relatively easier and economically viable. The project also improves better occupational health
and safety at individual industry level and prevention of natural resource contamination thereby
improving overall environmental status of the region.
The EIA report covers all the baseline status related to various environmental components like air, water,
noise, soil, biological and socio-economic conditions within the project study region. The predicted and
anticipatory & pollution level increase is very minimal due to the proposed treatment storage and disposal
facility and all the mitigation and monitoring mechanisms will be undertaken to safeguard the
environment within the project region.
CHAPTER 11
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
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CHAPTER 11
DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS 11.1 Ramky Group
Ramky, founded in the year 1994, today spans into a specialist multi-disciplinary organization focused in
areas of Civil, Environment & Waste Management Infrastructure with specific emphasis on ‘Public
Private Partnership’ Projects. The corporate office of the group is located at Hyderabad and the regional
offices are located at Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmadabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Bhopal and Kolkata. The major
companies of the group are 1) Ramky Infrastructure Ltd, 2) Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd, 3) Ramky
Estates & Farms Pvt. Ltd. and 4) Smilax Laboratories Ltd.
11.2 Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited
Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited (REEL) is the consulting arm of the group provides vital function of
effectively providing the backward linkage to the project implementation function in the form of
concepts, strategies, structuring, planning and designing infrastructure projects. Ramky is a multi and
cross disciplinary team of professionals, offering solutions at each cycle of a project. Consultancy
Division is one of the departments of REEL. The services offered by the consultancy division are given
below.
11.2.1 Consultancy Services
Facilitating in obtaining Environmental Clearances from MOEFCC, New Delhi and SEAC’s from
various states
Obtaining Consent for Establishment & Consent for Operation from State Pollution Control
Boards Preparing of Environmental Impact Assessment Reports.
Environmental Audits to help industries to recycle and reuse resources and plan for low polluting
technologies.
Risk Assessment Studies for hazardous chemical storage & Process in order to devise viable
onsite and offsite emergency plans.
Identification and evaluation of hazardous Waste disposal sites.
Preparation of Detailed Project Reports of MSW, HWMP, BMW
Environmental management systems, training, documentation and implementation as per ISO:
14001:1996 Standards.
Characterization and quantification of biomedical waste, municipal solid waste and design of
disposal facilities.
Environmental management strategies to mitigate adverse impacts arising out of developmental
activities.
Effluent treatment plant design after thorough review of process, reaction mass balance and
treatability studies of effluents
Post project Monitoring network design
Consultancy Services for setting up environmental laboratories
Design of Sewage treatment plants
Design of Waste treatment plants
Health and socio- economic surveys
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited 11.2
Resettlement and rehabilitation plans
Systems development for ISO:9000,OSHAS:18000,NABL,ISO:17025 Standards
11.2.2 Laboratory services
Analysis of air samples for ambient air quality and those collected from industrial sources for
both routine and industry specific pollutants
Water and wastewater analysis for important parameters as for standard methods, including
pesticides and poly hydro carbons
Solid and hazardous waste analysis including TCPL tests
Monitoring of noise levels at source and in ambient air
Development of new methods and quality assurances of results obtained
Design and settings of laboratories
11.2.3 Training services
Monitoring of environmental parameters –air, water, noise, soil etc…
Environmental impact assessments
Effluent treatment plant operations and maintenance
Sewage treatment plant operations and maintenance
ISO 9000&14000, OHSAS 18000 Awareness, documentations, internal auditors
Establishment environmental laboratories
Pollution control in industries
Biomedical waste management
11.2.4 Field Services
Site selection and suitability studies for settling up of Industries
Ambient Air Quality monitoring for all pollutants
Noise Level Monitoring
Meteorological data collection as per CPCB norms
Stack Emission monitoring for all pollutants and assessment of efficiency of control equipment
Water, Wastewater and Soil Sample Collection
Assessment of efficiency of ETP and analyzing critical parameters of field.
Flora and Fauna assessment through sectorial studies and damage assessment due to development
projects
Damage Assessment studies in case of oil well blowouts, major industrial accidents, etc.
11.2.5 Treatment Plant Services
Water Treatment Plants-design, construction, operation and maintenance
Efficiency studies of Effluent Treatment plants
Design, construction, operation and maintenance of ETP
Up gradation/modification of ETP
Sewage Treatment Plants-design, construction, operation and maintenance along with mechanical
equipment erection
Supply of mechanical equipment
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited 11.3
11.2.6 Solid Waste Management Services
Industrial Waste Management
Hazardous Waste Management
Municipal Solid Waste Management
Biomedical Solid Waste Management
The Company has over 2000 employees in various sectors of which over 600 employees are post
graduates and about 15 employees are having PhD’s.
ANNEXURE 1
Action plan for Management of Excessive Leachate Generation
during Monsoon Period
Telangana Waste Management Project (TWMP) at Nalgonda District (TS). 2016
M/s Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited 1
Annexure 1
Landfill Protection Measures for Monsoon period
It is to ensure complete protection and covering of all the leachate generating sources during monsoon.
The following activities as a minimum should be undertaken before on set of monsoon.
Cover the operating area of the landfill temporarily during monsoon with proper HDPE Liner (1.0
mm Thick)
Provide proper gutter/drainage system to drain off rain water fallen on the waste storage sheds.
Ensure separation of leachate and storm water drains carefully
Ensure cleaning of all the sludge/dirt/soil in drainages (remove blockages) for proper run off
Small operating area can be kept available for disposing waste during non rainy days, to avoid or
reduce storage of waste in the temporary storage shed.
during monsoon
Keep all the dewatering pumps (diesel and electrical) ready including standby pumps
Keep umbrellas, rain coats, gum boots and other personal protective equipment for the staff
Ensure proper insulation of all electrical wire and avoid loose wires.
Avoid mixing rain water with leachate if any.
Cover all the empty waste carrying containers, drums etc., to avoid generation of leachate
Avoid parking vehicles in the rain.