environmental factors affect nutrient requirements for goats
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Environmental Factors Affect Nutrient Requirements For Goats. An Peischel Small Ruminant Specialist (Goats) Cooperative Extension Service Tennessee State University and University of Tennessee Phone: 615-963-5539. the GOAT. Environmentally Adaptive Extremely Opportunistic - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Environmental FactorsAffect
Nutrient RequirementsFor Goats
An PeischelSmall Ruminant Specialist (Goats)
Cooperative Extension ServiceTennessee State University
andUniversity of TennesseePhone: 615-963-5539
the GOAT
• Environmentally Adaptive
• Extremely Opportunistic
• Food Security
• Biological Land Enhancement
• Value-Added Products
• Alternative Enterprise
Ecosystem Foundation Blocks
• Succession – Change and development– Complex, stable communities– Competition, interdependence and
adaptation
• Water Cycle– Maximum use of rainfall– Minimize erosion– Percolation / infiltration
Ecosystem Foundation Blocks
• Mineral Cycle– Effective cyclic pattern– Biological soil – atmospheric interaction– Continuous decomposing plant & animal residues
• Energy Flow– Carbon cycle– Keeps all processes of life functioning– Solar power– All living things depend upon plants to harvest
(capture) energy from sun & convert it to a useable form
-INTER · RELATIONSHIPS-ITEM PLANT ANIMAL SOIL ECON-
OMICS
SOCIAL
Herd
Objectives
Unit Size
Feed on Offer
Desired Residual
Growth Rate
Growing Conditions
Animal Conditions
Days Browsed
Days Grazed
the CONTINUUM
• SOIL
• PLANTS
• ANIMALS
• ATMOSPHERE
Healthy Soils
• Drain and warm up quickly in spring• Aeration and permeability maintained• Store moisture for dry spells• Resist erosion and nutrient loss• Support populations of microbes, earthworms, and other
soil life which cycle nutrients and build humus• Do not require ever-increasing fertilizer rates to maintain high
yields• Produce healthy, quality forage crops• Ability to sustain vigorous root systems
The condition of the soil is at least as important as its fertility
SOIL MINERAL DEFICIENCIES (Tennessee)
• Copper (Cu)• Fragile bones• Low conception rate• Anemia
Selenium (Se)
White muscle disease Reproductive failureZinc (Zn)
Foot rot Compromised immune system
WEEKS OF GROWTH
I II III IV
Dormant
GR
OW
TH
RA
TE
(# /
AC
/ D
A)
Forage Quality & Goat Requirements PROTEIN
0
5
10
15
20
Pasture Veget. Pasture Mature Pasture Dead
CP %
J-M Luginbuhl
Dry and Early Pregnant Does
Yearling
Weanling Does in Early Lactation
Forage Quality & Goat Requirements TDN
30
40
50
60
70
80
Pasture Veget. Pasture Mature Pasture Dead
TD
N % Dry & Early Pregnant
Does
Does in Early Lactation Yearling
Weanling
J-M Luginbuhl
Energy Physiological Priorities
Energy has the number one effect on reproduction– Basal metabolism– Activity– Growth– Energy reserves– Pregnancy– Lactation– Energy reserves (milk fat)– Estrus cycle / Initiation of pregnancy
• Hormonal• Ovulation
– Excess energy reserves
TNC
(%)
35
30
25
20
15Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept
verbinagoldenrodironweed
TNC – Lipids, Sugars, Starches, Pectins
Chemical composition of various plants browsed by goats (%)
Browse type Crude protein
Neutral
detergent fiber
Calcium Phosphorous
Multiflora rose
18.8 34.5 0.99 0.32
Honeysuckle 12.8 34.5 1.21 0.30
Brambles 15.9 24.5 0.23 0.84
Privet 18.0 26.8 0.89 0.34
Green briar 17.0 39.5 0.60 0.18
Kudzu leaves
23.7
Trumpet creeper
16.7 43.1 0.42 0.22
Goat’s Eye1) Young green leaves / stems
70 – 75% digestible20% CP24 – 30 hour turn over rate
2) Old green leaves60 – 65% digestible10% CP50 hour turn over rate
3) Dead / brown leaves45% digestible6% CP65 hour turn over rate
4) Mature stems35% digestible4% CP72 hour turn over rate
Body Condition Score (BCS)
BCS 2 BCS 7
Extremely thin
Spine and ribs visible
Sternum protruding
Skin on bone
“V” cavity at tailhead
Spinous processes not visible
Frame not visible
Sternum covered
Hooks and pins rounded
Flat between hooks
Browsing Calendar(based on the goat)
Specie Preferred Time Not Preferred
Notes
Yellow Star Thistle
Leaf phase through seedhead production
Cane heads are dead & empty
All ages & classes select 1st at various growth phases
Scotch Broom
Before flowering
All fall die back
Flowering Caution using young doelings & pregnant does
Chamise Fall / winter / spring Mid to late summer
Buckeye Fall as leaves die
Back & seeds drop
Green & productive Toxic
Tamarisk New shoots,
Young branches
Old decayed plants Continuously barking & trampling
Vegetation
Energy Requirement
of Goats
DietaryPreference
•Management•Terrain•Physiological state•Climate
•Plant specie•Fiber composition•Nitrogen content•Seasonal patterns•Browse and grass
Quality
•Browse•Density
•Plant part•Chemical composition
BehaviorSoil•Quantity•Residual•Dung and urine•Grass•Browse
•Fertility•Moisture•Organic Matter
Factors Affecting Rate of Improvement from Selection
Heritability
Generation interval
Genetic correlation
Environmental Factors
South Island of New Zealand
Environmental Factors
Nutrition
– Environment / weather– Breed– Stage of production– Quality of diet– Age and sex of goats– Body weight and
body condition– Activity and exercise
• Energy and protein levels in balance to reflect stage of production
• Vitamin and mineral requirements are being met
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
• Heat and Cold• Weather (precipitation and humidity)
• Nutrient density• Quality of feed on offer
• Predation• Travel (activity)
• Topography
DEGREE of STRESS(affected by)
•Breed of small ruminant•Physiological state
•Age / Body size / Sex•Nutritional status•Social dominance
•Fight / flight distance
ECONOMIC LO$$
• Decreased reproductive performance of both males and females
• Inability to maintain body condition score
• Decreased growth rate of off-spring
• Increased incidences of internal parasitism
• Suppressed immune system
Maintain Thermal Balance
• Thermal Radiation• Humidity
• Air Movement• Contact Surfaces
• Precipitation
Major Effects of THERMAL STRESSon Nutrient Requirements
• Reduction in voluntary feed intake• Digestibility and energy metabolism
lowered• Increased water consumption• Mineral requirements shift – K and Na• Forage quality decreases
Major Effects of THERMAL STRESSon Reproduction
• Delayed puberty (male and female)• Lower semen quality• Conception rate lowered• Adverse effects on fetal growth• Decrease of birth weights and weaning
weights• Increase in number of abortions
Management to Minimize Stress
– Vegetation – browse, pasture, woodlands– Mineral(s) and sea kelp on offer – Nutrient deficiencies corrected– Health (disease prevention, foot problems
controlled, internal parasites minimized)– Facilities / Fencing– Dogs – guardian / herding– Behavior– Water
Cooperative Extension Program