environmental and social management framework (esmf) … · nmcg projects ... table 2-20:...

National Mission for Clean Ganga Ministry of Jal Shakti

Department of Water Resources, River Development

& Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India

Environmental and Social Management Framework

(ESMF)

Annex-I - Environmental and Social Baseline

Prepared by

The Energy and Resources Institute (January 2011)

Updated by

Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd (16 March 2020)

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CONTENTS 1. NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN PROJECT ..................................................................... 1

1.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Ganga River Basin Management: Initiatives ....................................................................................... 1 1.3. NMCG: An Evolutionary Journey ......................................................................................................... 2

1.3.1. National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) ................................................................... 2 1.3.2. National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) .......................................................................... 2

1.4. NMCG Projects .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.4.1. Short-term Action Plan ......................................................................................................... 3 1.4.2. Medium-term Action Plan ..................................................................................................... 3 1.4.3. Long-term Action Plan .......................................................................................................... 4

1.5. Identified Thurst Areas and Action Points .......................................................................................... 4 1.6. Key Achievements under Namami Gange Programme ....................................................................... 5 1.7. External Funding and Funding Mechanism of NMCG ......................................................................... 8 1.8. Portfolio of Projects: NGRBA ............................................................................................................... 8 1.9. Potential Environmental Impacts of the Projects ............................................................................... 9 1.10. Environmental and Social Analysis (ESA) and Management Framework (ESMF) ............................. 10

1.10.1. Project description .............................................................................................................. 10 1.10.2. Objectives of ESMF project ................................................................................................. 11 1.10.3. Composition of ESMF report ............................................................................................... 11

2. ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF GANGA BASIN ............................................................. 13 2.1. The Ganga River ................................................................................................................................ 13 2.2. Course of the Ganga.......................................................................................................................... 15 2.3. Stream and Flow Characteristics of Ganga ....................................................................................... 18 2.4. Physiography of Ganga Basin ............................................................................................................ 21 2.5. Soil Characteristics ............................................................................................................................ 22 2.6. Climatic Factors ................................................................................................................................. 24 2.7. Groundwater Resources ................................................................................................................... 26 2.8. Land Use ............................................................................................................................................ 29

2.8.1. NATURAL VEGETATION – GANGA BASIN ............................................................................ 31 2.8.2. Environmentally Sensitive Areas ......................................................................................... 33

3. GANGA BASIN – POLLUTION ASPECTS ......................................................................... 47 3.1. General .............................................................................................................................................. 47 3.2. Urban Water Supply .......................................................................................................................... 47 3.3. Municipal Wastewater generation and disposal .............................................................................. 51 3.4. Industrial wastewater ....................................................................................................................... 54 3.5. Agricultural sources of pollution ....................................................................................................... 55 3.6. Water Quality .................................................................................................................................... 56 3.7. Polluted river stretches ..................................................................................................................... 64 3.8. Water quality Monitoring ................................................................................................................. 67 3.9. Ganga Action Plan (Phase I & II) ........................................................................................................ 69 3.10. Existing sewage treatment capacity ................................................................................................. 71 3.11. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 74

4. SOCIAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................ 75 4.1. Socio-economic profile of Ganga basin ............................................................................................. 75

4.1.1. Health ................................................................................................................................. 89 4.1.2. Economic Profile ................................................................................................................. 92 4.1.3. Housing profile .................................................................................................................... 92

4.2. Cultural Practices of Communities .................................................................................................. 100 4.2.1. Fest and Festivals .............................................................................................................. 104 4.2.2. Sanitation .......................................................................................................................... 104

4.3. Vulnerable communities and gender .............................................................................................. 105 4.3.1. Health indicators in eleven states ..................................................................................... 106

Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

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4.4. Key Stakeholders ............................................................................................................................. 107 4.5. Key social and cultural issues .......................................................................................................... 108

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1-1 : NAMAMI GANGE AT A GLANCE (30TH SEPTEMBER, 2019) .............................................................................................. 5 TABLE 1-2: PORTFOLIO OF RIVER POLLUTION MITIGATION PROJECTS UNDER NGRBP ...................................................................... 9 TABLE 2-1: MAJOR RIVER BASINS OF INDIA ...................................................................................................................................... 13 TABLE 2-2 STATE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF THE DRAINAGE AREA OF GANGA RIVER IN INDIA ........................................................... 15 TABLE 2-3: SUB BASIN AREA OF THE RIVER GANGA AND THEIR DRAINAGE AREA ........................................................................... 18 TABLE 2-4: ANNUAL WATER INFLOW AND OUTFLOW IN GANGA BASIN AT SELECTED MONITORING STATIONS OF YEAR 2018..... 18 TABLE 2-5: STREAM CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS TRIBUTARIES OF THE GANGA ........................................................................ 20 TABLE 2-6: SOILS TYPES IN GANGA BASIN AND THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EROSION (AREA IN SQUARE KILOMETRES) .................. 23 TABLE 2-7: RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE DETAILS AT SELECTED STATIONS IN THE GANGA BASIN ............................................... 25 TABLE 2-8: STATE WISE GROUNDWATER USAGE PATTERN IN THE GANGA BASIN STATES .............................................................. 28 TABLE 2-9: STATE-WISE GROUND WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY, UTILISATION AND STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT ...................... 28 TABLE 2-10: STATE-WISE LAND USE PATTERN AND CROPPING INTENSITY IN GANGA BASIN STATES (2014-2015) ........................ 30 TABLE 2-11: TEMPERATURE ZONES OF INDIA ................................................................................................................................... 31 TABLE 2-12: STATE-WISE FOREST COVER IN GANGA BASIN STATES ................................................................................................ 33 TABLE 2-13: BIOSPHERE RESERVES COMING UNDER GANGA BASIN ................................................................................................ 34 TABLE 2-14: NATIONAL PARKS WITHIN GANGA BASIN ..................................................................................................................... 35 TABLE 2-15 : TIGER RESERVES WITHIN GANGA BASIN ...................................................................................................................... 37 TABLE 2-16 : ENDANGERED SPECIES OF GANGA BASIN .................................................................................................................... 37 TABLE 2-17: WEST BENGAL MANGROVE COVER DATA (2017) ........................................................................................................ 40 TABLE 2-18 : STATE-WISE INTENSITY OF IRRIGATION IN THE GANGA BASIN (2014-2015) ............................................................... 41 TABLE 2-19: STATE / SOURCE-WISE NET AREA IRRIGATED (2014-2015) IN THE GANGA BASIN ....................................................... 41 TABLE 2-20: IRRIGATION PROJECTS COMPLETED/ONGOING FOR STATES IN GANGA BASIN (2017) ................................................ 42 TABLE 2-21: INFORMATION ON MAJOR/MEDIUM IRRIGATION PROJECTS AND CATCHMENT AREA IN GANGA BASIN STATES ....... 43 TABLE 2-22: SOURCES OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION WITHIN GANGA BASIN (2014-2015) ................................................................ 43 TABLE 2-23: DIVERSION /STORAGE PROJECTS FOR CONSUMPTIVE USE IN GANGA BASIN .............................................................. 44 TABLE 2-24: STORAGE PROJECTS FOR HYDROELECTRICITY GENERATION IN GANGA BASIN ........................................................... 45 TABLE 3-1 : DISTRIBUTION OF TOWNS AND CITIES IN GANGA BASIN .............................................................................................. 47 TABLE 3-2: IMPORTANT GANGA RIVER FRONT TOWNS IDENTIFIED IN 2017 ................................................................................... 47 TABLE 3-3: WATER SUPPLY IN CLASS I AND CLASS II CITIES IN THE GANGA BASIN STATES .............................................................. 48 TABLE 3-4: CITY-WISE WATER SUPPLY LEVELS FOR THE 97 GANGA RIVER FRONT TOWNS .............................................................. 48 TABLE 3-5: MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER GENERATION AND MODE OF DISPOSAL IN THE GANGA BASIN .......................................... 51 TABLE 3-6: WASTEWATER GENERATION DATA FOR CLASS I AND CLASS II CITIES ............................................................................ 51 TABLE 3-7 : SECTOR-WISE AND STATE-WISE GPIS IN 2019 ............................................................................................................... 54 TABLE 3-8: COMPLIANCE STATUS OF GPIS (2019) AS ON 11.12.2019 .............................................................................................. 54 TABLE 3-9 : STATE WISE COMPLIANCE STATUS OF GPIS ................................................................................................................... 55 TABLE 3-10 : SECTOR WISE COMPLIANCE STATUS OF GPIS .............................................................................................................. 55 TABLE 3-11: BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, DISSOLVED OXYGEN, AND FAECAL COLIFORM IN THE RIVER GANGA ................... 60 TABLE 3-12: WATER QUALITY DATA OF RIVER GANGA (YEAR 2014-2019) ....................................................................................... 62 TABLE 3-13: WATER QUALITY DATA OF RIVER GANGA (YEAR 2014-2019) ....................................................................................... 63 TABLE 3-14: DESIGNATED BEST USE CLASSIFICATION OF INLAND SURFACE WATERS IN INDIA ....................................................... 64 TABLE 3-15: POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES OF GANGA ...................................................................................................................... 65 TABLE 3-16: DISTRIBUTION OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS WITHIN GANGA BASIN ................................................. 68 TABLE 3-17: LIST OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS ANALYZED ...................................................................................................... 68 TABLE 3-18: FREQUENCY OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS WITHIN GANGA BASIN ..................................................... 69 TABLE 3-19: TARGET AND STP CAPACITIES INSTALLED UNDER GANGA ACTION PLAN .................................................................... 70 TABLE 3-20: SEWAGE GENERATION FOR VARIOUS YEARS, TREATMENT CAPACITY CREATED / PROPOSED TO BE CREATED ........... 70 TABLE 3-21: STATE WISE WASTEWATER GENERATION AND TREATMENT IN CLASS I &II TOWNS IN GANGA RIVER BASIN ............. 71


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TABLE 3-22: SEWAGE GENERATION AND TREATMENT OF CLASS I CITIES OUT OF THE 97 TOWNS ALONG THE RIVER GANGA ....... 72 TABLE 3-23: SEWAGE GENERATION AND TREATMENT OF CLASS II AND OTHER CITIES ALONG THE RIVER GANGA ........................ 73 TABLE 4-1: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY LOCATION AND CASTE ............................................................................................ 86 TABLE 4-2: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY SEX ......................................................................................................................... 87 TABLE 4-3: EDUCATIONAL LEVEL ...................................................................................................................................................... 87 TABLE 4-4: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY AGE GROUP ........................................................................................................... 88 TABLE 4-5: GENDER STATUS…. .......................................................................................................................................................... 88 TABLE 4-6: LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH BY SEX IN INDIA 2000-2014 ................................................................................................ 89 TABLE 4-7: INFANT MORTALITY RATES - 2006-2011 ........................................................................................................................ 89 TABLE 4-8: STATE WISE DATA ON HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE ......................................................................................................... 90 TABLE 4-9: STATE / UT WISE CASES AND DEATHS DUE TO DENGUE IN INDIA 2015-2018 (PROVISIONAL) ....................................... 90 TABLE 4-10: STATE/UT WISE CASES AND DEATHS DUE TO CHOLERA IN INDIA 2017(PROVISIONAL) ............................................... 90 TABLE 4-11: STATE/UT WISE CASES AND DEATHS DUE TO ACUTE DIARRHEAL DISEASE IN INDIA 2017 (PROVISIONAL) ................. 91 TABLE 4-12: STATE/UT WISE CASES AND DEATHS DUE TO ENTERIC FEVER (TYPHYOID) IN INDIA 2017 (PROVISIONAL) ................. 91 TABLE 4-13: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY OCCUPATION ........................................................................................................ 92 TABLE 4-14: TYPE OF FUEL USED ...................................................................................................................................................... 93 TABLE 4-15: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY AVAILABILITY OF BATHROOMS AND TOILETS ...................................................... 93 TABLE 4-16: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS CONNECTED BY DRAINAGE SYSTEM ........................................................................ 94 TABLE 4-17: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY AVAILABILITY OF KITCHEN ................................................................................... 94 TABLE 4-18: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY AVAILABILITY OF ELECTRICITY AND TOILETS (IN PERCENTAGE) .......................... 95 TABLE 4-19: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY AVAILABILITY OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES .................................................... 95 TABLE 4-20: SOURCES OF SAFE DRINKING WATER ........................................................................................................................... 95 TABLE 4-21: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY BANKING SERVICES AND ASSET OWNERSHIP ...................................................... 96 TABLE 4-22: LAND USE PATTERN ...................................................................................................................................................... 96 TABLE 4-23: BRIEF ECONOMIC PROFILE OF GANGA BASIN ............................................................................................................... 97 TABLE 4-24: CULTURAL PROFILE OF THE STATES ............................................................................................................................ 101 TABLE 4-25: TABLE DESCRIBING THE SC AND ST POPULATION ....................................................................................................... 105 TABLE 4-26: TABLE SHOWING VARIATION IN LITERACY RATE OF MALES AND FEMALES .............................................................. 106 TABLE 4-27: IDENTIFIED KEY STAKEHOLDERS ................................................................................................................................. 107

LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2-1: GANGA BASIN MAP (SOURCE: STATUS PAPER ON RIVER GANGA, NRCD, MOEF, 2009) ............................................... 15 FIGURE 2-2: DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE RIVER GANGA AND ITS TRIBUTARIES ...................................................... 16 FIGURE 2-3: AVERAGE ANNUAL FLOWS (MCM) IN THE MAJOR TRIBUTARIES OF THE GANGA RIVER .............................................. 17 FIGURE 2-4: PHYSIOGRAPHY AND GROUNDWATER FLOW OF GANGA BASIN, (SOURCE: MUKHERJEE AND DASGUPTA, 1983) ...... 21 FIGURE 2-5: SOIL AND RAINFALL (ISOHYETAL) MAP OF GANGA BASIN (SOURCE: MUKHERJEE AND DASGUPTA, 1983) ................. 24 FIGURE 2-6: VEGETATION TYPES OF GANGA BASIN .......................................................................................................................... 32 FIGURE 2-7: HISTORIC DISTRIBUTION OF DOLPHINS IN GANGA RIVER ............................................................................................ 38 FIGURE 2-8: FACTORS AFFECTING DOLPHINS ................................................................................................................................... 39 FIGURE 3-1: BOD LEVELS IN RIVER GANGA DURING YEAR 2014 AND 2019 (SOURCE: CPCB) ........................................................... 57 FIGURE 3-2: DO LEVELS IN RIVER GANGA DURING YEAR 2014 AND 2019 (SOURCE: CPCB) ............................................................ 57 FIGURE 3-3: WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA (UTTARAKHAND SEGMENT) [SOURCE: CPCB] ....................................................... 58 FIGURE 3-4: WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA (U.P UPPER SEGMENT) [SOURCE: CPCB] ............................................................... 58 FIGURE 3-5: WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA (U.P LOWER SEGMENT) [SOURCE: CPCB] ............................................................. 59 FIGURE 3-6: WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA (MID-GANGA SEGMENT) [SOURCE: CPCB] ............................................................ 59 FIGURE 3-7: WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA (WEST BENGAL SEGMENT) [SOURCE: CPCB] ......................................................... 60 FIGURE 3-8: LOCATION OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS ............................................................................................ 67 FIGURE 4-1: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF BIHAR STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ....................................................... 76 FIGURE 4-2: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF CHHATTISGARH STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ....................................... 77 FIGURE 4-3: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF NCT OF DELHI WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ...................................................... 78 FIGURE 4-4: MAP SHOWING DISTRICT OF HARYANA STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ................................................... 79 FIGURE 4-5: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ............................... 80


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FIGURE 4-6: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF JHARKHAND STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN.............................................. 81 FIGURE 4-7: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF MADHYA PRADESH STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ................................... 82 FIGURE 4-8: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF RAJASTHAN STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN .............................................. 83 FIGURE 4-9: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF UTTAR PRADESH STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ....................................... 84 FIGURE 4-10: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF UTTARAKHAND STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ....................................... 85 FIGURE 4-11: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF WEST BENGAL STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ........................................ 86

List of Appendices to the Annex Annex-Appendix 1 : Ground Water Quality of the Districts of the States under Ganga Basin

Annex-Appendix 2 : Environmentally Sensitive Areas in Ganga Basin

Annex-Appendix 3 : Compelte List of Wildlife Sanctuaries in Ganga Basin

Annex-Appendix 4 : Population of Cities/ Towns (2011)

Annex-Appendix 5 : Water Supply in Class II Cities

Annex-Appendix 6 : Sewage Generation of Class I Cities in Ganga Basin (Disposal in Tributaries)

Annex-Appendix 7 : Water Quality Data of River Yamuna (2012-2016)

Annex-Appendix 8 : Sewage Generation and Treatment of Class I Cities in the Ganga Basin

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1. NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN PROJECT

1.1. INTRODUCTION

1. The river Ganga has significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising in the

Himalayas and flowing into the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses a course of more than 2,500 km through

the plains of north and eastern India. The Ganga basin – which also extends into parts of Nepal, China and

Bangladesh – accounts for 26 per cent of India’s landmass, 30 per cent of its water resources and more

than 40 per cent of its population. The Ganga also serves as one of India’s holiest rivers whose cultural and

spiritual significance transcends the boundaries of the basin.

2. Despite its importance, extreme pollution pressures pose a great threat to the biodiversity and

environmental sustainability of the Ganga, with detrimental effects on both the quantity and quality of its

flows. Due to increasing population in the basin and poor management of urbanization and industrial

growth, river water quality has significantly deteriorated, particularly in dry seasons. Untreated sewage

and industrial wastewater represent the primary sources of pollution, with only one-third of the sewage

generated in the main-stem towns and cities receiving treatment before being discharged in the river.

3. Inadequate wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure/capacity provides the most

immediate explanation for this failure, as evidenced by the fact that 25% of pollution in the Ganga comes

from the industrial sector. Yet this issue is also intrinsically linked to poor management of the water supply

and sanitation, as well as failures in pollution monitoring by regulatory agencies. Other factors, such as

non-point source pollution from agriculture and livestock and poor solid waste management, also

contribute to the problem. Decreased flow, common during the dry season but also fueled by substantial

water extraction for irrigation contributes to poor water quality in the critical middle stretch of the river.

1.2. GANGA RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT: INITIATIVES

4. The Government of India (GoI) has undertaken clean-up initatives in the past. The most prominent

of such efforts was the Ganga Action Plan, launched in 1985 later complemented by a similar plan for the

Yamuna, the biggest tributary of the Ganga. These programmes have faced significant public scrutiny and,

despite some gains made in slowing the rate of water quality degradation, they have been widely perceived

as failure. The main shortcomings of these initiatives were: (i) inadequate attention to institutional

dimensions, including the absence of a long-tem-basin planning and implementation framework; (ii) little

effort made in addressing systemic weakness in the critical sectors of urban wastewater, solid waste

management, environmental monitoring, regulation and water resources management; and (iii)

inadequate scale, coordination and prioritization of investments, with little emphasis on ensuring their

sustainability. These programs also did not pay sufficient attention to the social dimensions of river clean-

up, failing to recognize the importance of consultation, participation and awareness-raising.

5. The lessons drawn from these prior experiences indicate that improving water quality in the Ganga

cannot be achieved by plugging the infrastructure gap alone. Rather, any effective initiative will have to

adopt a three-pronged approach:


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I Establishing a basin-level, multi-sectoral framework for addressing pollution in the river (including

national/state policies and river basin management institutions);

II Making relevant institutions operational and effective (e.g. with the capacity to plan, implement and

manage investments and enforce regulations); and,

III Implementing a phased program of prioritized infrastructure investments (with emphasis on

sustainable operations and mobilization of community support)

1.3. NMCG: AN EVOLUTIONARY JOURNEY

1.3.1. National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)

6. The NGRBA was established through Gazette notification of the Government of India S.O. No. 521

(Extraordinary) dated 20 February 2009 under section 3 of the Environment Protection Act, 1986, as an

empowered planning, financing, monitoring and coordinating authority for the Ganga River.

1.3.2. National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)

7. The first avatar of NMCG was in the form of a national level Program Management group (PMG) in

2011, for seeking $1bn assistance from World Bank. Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA)

accorded approval on 28.04.2011 to the World bank assisted project of NGRBA at an estimated cost of Rs.

7000 crore to be implemented by NMCG as a registered Society under the Societies Registration Act 1860,

to act as an implementation arm of NGRBA.

8. With change in Allocation of Business Rules, 1961 vide Gazette Notification dated 31.07.2014, the

work related to Ganga & its tributaries was transferred to Ministry of Water Resources, River Development

& Ganga Rejuvenation from the Ministry of Environment & Forests. The administrative control of NMCG

thus came over to the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation. The NGRBA

was re-constituted vide notification dated 29th September, 2014 for making suitable changes in the

proposed governing structure.

9. The next major development in the evolution of NMCG was launch of Namami Gange Programme

on 13th May 2015 with the approval of Cabinet as a Central Sector Scheme (100% central assistance), with

components including all objectives of NGRBA. Rs 20,000 crore non-lapsable funds were earmarked for

five-year period, i.e. 2015-2020.

10. The Namami Gange Program with a definite timeline of five year required a truly empowered

implementing body. This realization led to reconstitution of NMCG as an Authority on 7th October 2016.

With simultaneous dissolution of NGRBA, the present form of NMCG as an Authority is the designated body

to take all necessary decisions and actions for pollution abatement and rejuvenation of River Ganga.

11. Later in 2019, Ministry of Jal Shakti was formed by merging Ministry of Water Resources, River

Development & Ganga Rejuvenation and Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. Now, NMCG falls

under the Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, Ministry of Jal

Shakti.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Water_Resources,_River_Development_%26_Ganga_Rejuvenation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Water_Resources,_River_Development_%26_Ganga_Rejuvenation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Drinking_Water_and_Sanitation


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1.4. NMCG PROJECTS

12. All new projects sanctioned under Namami Gange Programme would have 100% funding from the

Central Government for the entire life cycle cost of the assets created, which includes 15-year Operation

& Maintenance cost as well.

13. The Action Plan has been considered for ‘Short-term’- a period of 3 years, Medium-term-a period

of 5 years and ‘Long term’- a period of 10 years and more. The projects already sanctioned have also been

taken into account in this action plan. Public private partnership (PPP) is being explored where in the

project funding will be linked to performance outcomes and benchmark indicators.

1.4.1. Short-term Action Plan

14. In order to control pollution and to contain it to manageable limits, following short-term activities

have been undertaken:

i. Scheme for rehabilitation and up-gradation of existing sewage treatment plants (STPs) along Ganga

ii. Ensuring 100% sewerage infrastructure in identified town alongside Ganga depending upon the

previous investments etc.

iii. Pollution mitigation in open drains through interception & diversion works.

iv. In situ sewage treatment in open drains and other innovative methods.

v. Support for preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) to keep a shelf of projects ready

vi. River Front Management for Ghat’s developments in selected cities and towns

vii. Industrial pollution abatement in selected cities and towns

viii. Action Plan for select cities-Public amenities, waste disposal and sanitation

ix. Capacity building of urban local bodies

x. Afforestation-Conservation of Flora

xi. Conservation of Aquatic life-special attention on Dolphin, Turtles and Ghariyals

xii. Safe disposal of flowers and other puja material

xiii. Establishment of Ganga Task Force and Ganga Vahini

xiv. GIS data and Spatial Analysis for Ganga basin

xv. Study of communities depending on Ganga for their traditional livelihood

xvi. National Ganga Monitoring Centre

xvii. Special guidelines for sand mining in Ganga

xviii. Study of possible diversion of a portion of river Bhagirathi at suitable location

xix. Assessment of Special Properties of Ganga Water

xx. Communication and Public Outreach Activities

1.4.2. Medium-term Action Plan

15. On medium term, apart from the completion of the ongoing projects, following activities are

envisaged:

i. Urban habitations on banks of river Ganga have been identified by the NMCG for extending

coverage of sewerage infrastructure including sewage treatment.

ii. Ministry of Drinking Water and sanitation (MoDW&S) has contemplated scheme for making all 1649

Gram Panchayats located on Ganga banks free from open defecation.


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iii. The MoEF & CC/CPCB to enforce zero liquid discharge by the grossly polluting industries located in

the all Ganga River Basin States.

1.4.3. Long-term Action Plan

16. The long-term vision for Rejuvenation of river ganga is restoring wholesomeness of river Ganga in

terms of defining concept of ensuring Nirmal Dhara, Aviral Dhara and maintaining the ecological integrity

of the river.

1.5. IDENTIFIED THURST AREAS AND ACTION POINTS

17. There are 7 identified thrust areas and 21 action points for the rejuvenation of Ganga and its

tributaries, as below:

Thrust Area 1-Aviral Dhara:

► Taking up comprehensive measures to determine and maintain environmental flow, which is site,

season and river specific and ensuring longitudinal connectivity.

Thrust Area 2-Nirmal Dhara:

► Rehabilitation and upgradation of existing sewage treatment facilities and taking up new projects of

sewage infrastructure in conjunction with the Ministry of Urban Development.

► Treatment of sewage and other effluents flowing directly into the river through various drains by

adoption of suitable technology and financial models.

► Tackling industrial pollution in conjunction with Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change

and through active involvement of Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Boards.

► Promoting sanitation in rural areas on the banks of the river Ganga in conjunction with the Ministry of

Rural development and development of select village panchayats as model panchayats to be christened

as “Ganga Grams”.

► Tackling pollution coming from use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture by promotion of

organic farming in the villages adjacent to river Ganga in conjunction with the Ministry of Agriculture.

► Tackling pious refuse entering into the river; removal of floating solid waste; development of model

Dhobi Ghats.

► Creating model cremation ghats on the banks of the river and promoting eco-friendly methods of

cremation of dead bodies taking religious leaders into confidence.

Thrust Area 3-Protection and Beautification of riverfront and development of Public amenities:

► River front development and Ghats at selected 7 places and also at other places of cultural significance.

► Development of public amenities in Char Dham Yatra and at Ganga Sagar.

► Engagement of Ganga Task Force.

Thrust Area 4-Inter-ministerial Coordination, State’s participation and Capacity building:

► Providing support to States for preparation of DPRs of various projects under Ganga rejuvenation

program.

► Coordination between various Ministries of the Central Government and concerned State

Governments; capacity building of State Governments, Urban local bodies and Panchayati Raj

Institutions.


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Thrust Area 5-Research and Monitoring:

► G.I.S and spatial mapping of Ganga basin.

► Research projects such as those relating to assessment of special quality of Ganga water; study of

communities traditionally dependent upon Ganga for livelihood and study for formulation of guidelines

for scientific sand mining.

► Establishment of National Ganga Monitoring Centre.

► Establishment of Ganga Institute of River Sciences at a suitable location along Ganga.

Thrust Area 6-Conservation of plants and aquatic species:

► Massive Afforestation drive for medicinal plants and native tree species.

► Conserving rich diversity of Gangetic aquatic life.

Thrust Area 7-People’s participation and Creating Awareness:

► Creation of Ganga Vahini/Ganga Vichar Manch.

► Communication and Public outreach activities.

1.6. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS UNDER NAMAMI GANGE PROGRAMME

18. Since the inception of the Namami Gange Programme (2011) till date (September 2019), a total of

305 projects have been sanctioned for a cost of Rs.28614 crore. The detail of the various projects

undertaken by NMCG is presented in the Error! Reference source not found. below.

Table 1-1 : Namami Gange at a Glance (30th September, 2019)

S. No. Projects Undertaken No. of

Projects Sanction Cost (Rs. in crore)

I. Sewage Infrastructure

1 Sewerage Infrastructure 150 23130.95

2 Modulat STPs Decentralized Treatment 1 410.00

II. Entry Level Activities

3 Old Ghats & Crematoria (Projects under NRCP/NGRBA – in State of West Bengal)

24 204.39

4 Ghats & Crematoria (New Projects under Namami Gange Programme) 47 822.01

5 River Front Development 1 336.73

6 Ghats Cleaning 3 43.87

7 River Surface Cleaning 1 33.53

III. Institutional Development (Non-Infrastructure)

8 Ganga Knowledge Center 5 145.11

9 Ganga Monitoring Center 1 46.69

10 CPCB [(i) Pollution Inventorization, assessment and surveillance on Ganga river, (ii) Strengthening of Environmental Regulator, (iii) Water Quality Monitoring system for River Ganga, (iv) Strengthening of laboratories, (v) Inspection & Monitoring of Industries, STPs & CETPs, (vi) Upgradation of Infrastructure of existing CETP]

12 964.59

11 District Ganga Committee 1 2.30

IV. Project Implementation Support/ Research & Study Projects/ Public Relations and Public Outreach

12 Project Implementation Support/ Research & Study Projects/ Public Relations and Public Outreach

10 154.05

V. Biodiversity

13 Educating Schools & Communities for conserving habitat of Ganga River Dolphin

1 1.28


6

S. No. Projects Undertaken No. of

Projects Sanction Cost (Rs. in crore)

14 Assessment of fish & fisheries of the Ganga river system for developing suitable conservation & restoration plan

3 7.31

15 Biodiversity Conservation 4 141.95

VI. Afforestation

16 Afforestation 21 306.31

VII. Composite Ecological Task Force & Ganga Mitra

17 Composite Ecological Task Force & Ganga Mitra 4 198.50

VIII. Bioremediation

18 Bioremediation 15 242.92

IX. Construction of IHHL across Gram Panchayats near Ganga River

19 Construction of toilets across Gram Panchayats near Ganga River (States- Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand & West Bengal)

1 1421.26

TOTAL 305 28613.75 Source: Monthly Progress Report (September 2019), NMCG

The key achievements under Namami Gange programme are:-

1. Creating Sewerage Treatment Capacity: A total of 150 projects were sanctioned in the States of

Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. Out of these projects, 44 projects

have been completed, 70 projects are under progress and 36 projects are under tendering stage.

2. Ghats and Crematoria: Out of a total of 71 projects sanctioned, 24 projects are of old ghat &

crematoria which are under NRCP/NGRBA in the State of West Bengal and 47 are new projects

under the Namami Gange programme. Out of the total projects, 46 projects have been completed,

22 projects are under progress and 3 projects are under tendering stage.

3. Creating River-Front Development: 2 River-Front Development projects have been sanctioned of

which, one project is in Patna and another project is in Chandigarh.

4. River Surface Cleaning: River Surface cleaning for collection of floating solid waste from the surface

of the Ghats and River and its disposal are afoot and pushed into service at 11 locations. Further,

trash skimmers have been deployed to control the solid waste floating in the river in 11 locations

(i.e. Delhi, Haridwar, Garhmukteshwar, Kanpur, Prayagraj, Varanasi, Patna, Sahibganj, Howrah,

Mathura-Vrindavan and Nabadwip).

5. Bio-Diversity Conservation: Several Bio-Diversity conservation projects are namely: Biodiversity

Conservation and Ganga Rejuvenation, Fish and Fishery Conservation in Ganga River, Ganges River

Dolphin Conservation Education Programme has been initiated. 5 Bio-Diversity centers’ at

Dehradun, Narora, Prayagraj, Varanasi and Barrackpore has been developed for restoration of

identified priority species. A total of 4 projects have been sanctioned upto September 2019 which

are under implementation.

6. Afforestation: Forestry interventions for Ganga through Wildlife Institute of India; Central Inland

Fisheries Research Institute and Centre for Environment Education have been initiated. Forestry

interventions for Ganga have been executed as per the Detailed Project Report prepared by Forest

Research Institute, Dehradun. So far 21 projects have been sanctioned of which 10 projects are

compeleted, 6 projects are under implementation andAdministrative Approval & Expenditure

Section (AA& ES) has been issued for the remaining 5 projects.

7. Bioremediation: A total of 15 projects have been sanctioned for bioremediation of which all the

projects are under implementation phase. The total cost of these projects is Rs.243 crore.


7

8. Industrial Effluent Management: There are 3 tannery clusters on the main stem of river Ganga

namely Jajmau, (Kanpur) having operational 346 units and the effluent is collected and treated at

36 MLD CETP (9 MLD tannery wastewater + 27 MLD sewage). Unnao having 15 units connected to

CETP (2.15 MLD) and and Banthar 20 units operational connected to CETP (4.5 MLD) numbers of

tanneries respectively. These clusters have CETP which are non-compliant with stipulated

discharge norms. CPCB has issued direction under Section 5 of E(P)A, 1986 for up-gradation of

these 3 CETPs so as to comply with the prescribed standards. In addition, 19 numbers individual

tanneries having own ETP’s are located in U.P, Bihar and West Bengal. The 3 CETPs at Kanpur region

connected with Tanneries sector are being monitored on weekly basis under PMO directions since

March, 2019. Directions under section 18(1)(b) of Water Act, 1974 issued in May, 2019 based on

weekly inspection reports.

The volume of effluent for tannery units in the cluster has increased and to meet the increased

wastewater load New 20 MLD CETP being constructed at Jajmau (sanctioned cost Rs 617 crore)

with Odour Control Systems, Zero Liquid discharge (ZLD) based pilot plant of 200 KLD capacity for

demonstration and Modular Chrome Recovery System. The up-gradation of Unnao CETP under

Namami Gange programme under consideration. Up-gradation proposal for Banthar CETP

sanctioned on 8th November 2019 with an estimated cost of Rs.108.93 crore.

Further, the 5 textile clusters namely Bhadohi, Pilkuwa, Rooma, Farrukabad and Mathura were

selected for consideration of CETP, of which CETP is not feasible for Bhadohi. NMCG has sanctioned

the 6.25 MLD CETP project for Mathura textile cluster amounting Rs. 13.87 crore with a condition

that industry has to contribute 25% of project cost and 100 % O&M. Further, SPV should reuse the

50-60% treated effluent water by the member units in their process. Three bids have been received

through e-tendering which are under evaluation. A new Textile Park is proposed in the Farrukhabad

textile cluster for which 1.5 MLD CETP is required. ZLD based system has been accepted by textile

association with 25 % funding toward the capital cost by the SPV of Textile Park. The proposal is

due for consideration in next Executive Committee meeting subjected to receiving of approval from

State Government and on the grounds of Environmental Clearance. Rooma textile cluster has 1.55

MLD CETP, which is operational and CETP Rooma run by Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) namely

Rooma Pollution Control Association of member units of Rooma. The CETP is working adequately,

except the primary tube settler and aeration tank which are working at its half capacity (0.76 MLD).

Direction has therefore been issued to the member units to operate at 50 % of the consented

production capacity. Pilkhuwa Industrial Park has been developed by Hapur Pilkhuwa Development

Authority (HPDA). Pilkhuwa has 2.10 MLD CETP with 7 units contributing 2.1 MLD effluent, whereas

the industrial park is designed for 179 units. The CETP was found non-complying w.r.t. inspection

conducted on 30.05.2019. The up-gradation will be considered by SPV once stabilization and

connections are completed at CETPs.

9. Industrial Effluent Monitoring: 1072 Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs) have been identified on

main stem of river Ganga and its tributaries after re-inventorisation exercise carried out by CPCB

in 2019 in consultation with concerned SPCBs. Inventory of GPIs is updated on annual basis .

Regulation and enforcement through regular and surprise inspections of GPIs is carried out for

compliance verification against stipulated environmental norms. The GPIs are also inspected on

annual basis for compliance verification of the pollution norms and process modification, wherever

required through third party technical institutes. First round of inspection of GPIs by the third-party

technical institutes has been carried out in 2017. Second round of inspection of GPIs has been


8

completed in 2018. Out of 961 GPIs inspected in 2018, 636 are complying, 110 are non-complying

and 215 are self-closed. Action has been taken against 110 non-complying GPIs and are issued

closure directions under Section 5 of the E(P) Act. In 2019, in the third round of inspection by third

party technical insitutions, 726 inspctions have been completed as on 11.12.2019. Online

Continuous Effluent Monitoring Stations (OCEMS) connectivity established to CPCB server in 899

out of 1072 GPIs.

10. Ganga Gram:- NMCG has released Rs.1020.44 crore to Department of Drinking Water and

Sanitation for construction of Individual Household Latrine (IHHL), Solid-Liquid Waste Management

and afforestation in 4465 Ganga Bank villages. The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation

has constructed 10,83,688 toilets in these 4465 villages and declared then Open Defecation Free

(ODF).

11. Public Awareness: A series of activities such as events, workshops, seminars and conferences and

numerous IEC activities were organized to make a strong pitch for public outreach and community

participation in the programme. Various awareness activities through rallies, campaigns,

exhibitions, shram daan, cleanliness drives, competitions, plantation drives and development and

distribution of resource materials were organized and for wider publicity the mass mediums such

as TV/Radio, print media advertisements, advertorials, featured articles and advertorials were

published. Gange Theme song was released widely and played on digital media to enhance the

visibility of the programme. NMCG ensured presence at Social Media platforms

like Facebook, Twitter, and You Tube etc.

1.7. EXTERNAL FUNDING AND FUNDING MECHANISM OF NMCG

19. External Funding: The Central Government has approved the projects for ‘World Bank’ assistance

to National Ganga River Basin Authority(NGRBA) for abatement of pollution of river Ganga’ at an estimated

cost of Rs.7000 crore. The Bank will support the Government of India by providing technical assistance and

financing of US $ 1 billion (approx. 4600 crore).The World Bank Board has approved this project on 31st

May 2011.The Loan agreement with World Bank has been signed on 14th June 2011.Japan International

Cooperation Agency (JICA) is supporting one project on Ganga in Varanasi worth Rs. 496.9 Crore on 85:15

basis.

20. Funding Mechanism: The investments required to create the necessary treatment and sewerage

infrastructure was shared between Centre and State Governments on 70:30 basis. Further, after approval

of Namami Gange Cabinet Note, the scheme has been changed to Central Sector Scheme (CSS) with 100%

funding from the central government. The funding also includes 10 years of Operations & Maintenance

(O&M) period which is further extended upto 15 years for Namami Gange Programme. The State

Governments would be required to motivate ULBs for resource recovery and revenue generation.

1.8. PORTFOLIO OF PROJECTS: NGRBA

21. The portfolio of projects under the NGRBP mainly aims at preventing discharge of untreated waste

water into River Ganga and thus aiding abatement of river water pollution and improvement in water

quality. Consequently, this also contributes to an improvement in the status of environment, health &

sanitation for the citizens of the concerned cities and towns. The projects, which will be implemented under

NGRBP, have their own beneficial impacts, as well as adverse. The significance of these impacts depends

http://swachhbharaturban.gov.in/ihhl/





9

on the individual project, along with its size and location. In general, the projects under NGRBP are small

in size as compared to major infrastructure development projects and/or Industrial projects and therefore

relatively have less potential adverse impacts.

22. The portfolio of river pollution mitigation projects to be implemented under the National Ganga

River Basin Project (NGRBP) is given in Table 1.1. The implementation of these projects is spread across

several cities and/or towns within the Ganga basin states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana,

Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal.

23. To develop and guide its environmental and social management procedures, the NGRBA has

carefully examined the portfolio of projects previously executed under the river pollution mitigation

projects under Ganga Action Plan (Phase I and II), along with similar other urban infrastructure projects

implemented elsewhere in the country under various Government of India sponsored schemes. It has

supplemented these studies with field visits and appraisals of sample projects to be implemented under

the present NGRBP and accordingly identified the environment and social issues arising from projects to

be implemented under NGRBP.

Table 1-2: Portfolio of River Pollution Mitigation Projects under NGRBP S.No. Portfolio of Projects Portfolio Components

1 Sewerage and Sanitation Schemes

• Provision for an entirely new sewerage network including individual house connections and gravity-based interception and diversion arrangements to drains carrying sanitary sullage/dry weather flow

• Extensions to existing sewerage networks in some parts of cities/towns to include areas which are un-sewered hitherto or to newly developed areas in the recent years

2 Sewage Treatment Plants/Facility

• Entirely new sewage treatment plant/facility

• Augmentation of capacities in existing sewage treatment plant/facility

• Remodelling /Renovation of existing sewage treatment facilities, resulting in better effluent quality and augmented treatment capacity

3 Solid Waste Treatment Facilities

• Engineered landfills with leachate collection and treatment systems

• Waste segregation and composting facilities

4 Industrial Pollution Control Facilities

• Common Industrial Effluent Treatment Plants(CETP’s)

• Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility(TSDF’s)

• Other Industrial Effluent Treatment and disposal facility

5 River Front Development Schemes

• River Front Development and beautification schemes of river banks

• Construction of Bathing Ghats

• Redevelopment of Cremation grounds, situated on river banks

• Development of electric and or gas-based crematoriums situated on river banks

To be implemented within the Ganga basin states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal

1.9. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECTS

24. The implementation of the river pollution mitigation projects under NGRBP is anticipated to

encounter a variety of environmental and social issues/problems, including:

► The pollution of surface and groundwater bodies or other natural resources;

► Issues related to air pollution or other environmental health and sanitation problems;


10

► Inconvenience to public due to traffic diversions and construction activities;

► Issues of land acquisition and rehabilitation and resettlement.

25. The NGRBP recognize these environmental and social issues and plans to mitigate them through a

set of management procedures detailed in this Environmental & Social Management Framework (ESMF).

NGRBA, through its state level SGRBA’s will ensure that policies and procedures described in the ESMF are

applied to all World Bank supported projects.

1.10. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ANALYSIS (ESA) AND MANAGEMENT

FRAMEWORK (ESMF)

1.10.1. Project description

26. Given the distributed nature of proposed project investments over a large area in multiple states,

the investments under the project may entail significant environmental and social impacts, including

acquisition of private land and resettlement issues. To help understand, environmental and social issues

associated with the NGRBA project and potential infrastructure investments proposed to be supported by

The World Bank, NGRBA, through the consultant, conducted the Environmental and Social Assessment

(ESA) of the project activities. The ESA formed the basis for development of the Environmental and Social

Management Framework (ESMF) that ensures compliance of all project activities with the environmental

regulations of GoI and the safeguard policies of The World Bank.

27. All potential projects and sub-projects planned under the NGRBP would have significant

environmental and social impacts. Therefore, the purpose of developing the Environmental and Social

Management Frame Work (ESMF) was to facilitate the management of environmental and social issues of

all investment projects proposed by the NGRBA. The ESMF currently only addresses the broader portfolio

of projects1 to be implemented under the NGRBA, as relevant information for specific projects (i.e. their

size, type and location) are either not yet available or are currently being prepared. As specific project

identification will operate as a demand-driven process, a single ESMF common to the NGRBA, the SGRBAs

and all other project implementing agencies is required. Through their use of an ESMF, the SGRBAs and

NGRBA will incorporate international best practices for managing social & environment issues of sub-

projects using an explicit management framework.

28. The current ESMF document is intended to help manage the social and environmental impacts

through appropriate measures during the planning, design, construction and operation of various sub-

projects of NGRBP. The framework identifies the level of safeguard due-diligence required for all categories

of sub-projects of NGRBP and provides specific guidance on the policies and procedures to be followed for

environmental and social assessment along with roles and responsibilities of the implementing agencies.

1 Portfolio of projects are discussed in detail in Chapter V


11

1.10.2. Objectives of ESMF project

29. The ESA and ESMF study for the project2 has been carried out to accomplish the following

objectives;

► Determine key social and environmental issues associated with River Ganga and possible activities that

could be initiated by NGRBA, both at national as well as state level;

► Conduct an environmental and social impact assessment of the ‘no regret’ investments proposed to be

supported by the project, identify potential environmental and social impacts associated with such

investments and recommend measures to mitigate impacts;

► Carry out an analysis of various stakeholders associated with the project, identify their concerns with

regard to environmental and social aspects, and recommend measures to mainstream these aspects

into the project;

► Develop an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for the project, to ensure that

environmental and social issues are effectively addressed in project design and implementation.

1.10.3. Composition of ESMF report

30. The ESMF has been divided into two volumes.

Volume I, titled Environmental and Social Analysis comprises the following sections:

► Project Description

► Ganga Basin Profile

► Ganga Basin - Pollution Aspects

► Initiatives of GOI

Volume II, titled Environmental and Social Management Framework comprises the following sections:

► Project Description

► Environmental Impacts

► Social Impacts

► Environmental and Social Regulatory Framework

► Environmental Management Framework

► Social Management Framework

► Project Appraisal, Monitoring and Reporting Arrangements

► Institutional Arrangements

► Training and Capacity Building

► Budgetary Support.

► Updation / maintenance of the ESMF

31. The Volume I is the environmental and social analysis (ESA) report and provides an overview of the

Ganga basin profile including the tributaries: Ramganga, Kali, Yamuna (downstream of Delhi), Hindon,

2 ‘Project’ comprises all the activities of NGRBA supported by The World Bank


12

Gomti, Betwa, Chambal, Parbati, Kshipra, Sind, Tons, Son, Damodar, Ajay, Burhi Gandak, Kiul, Kosi,

Mahananda, Ken and Ghagra. The Ganga basin covers 11 States i.e. Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana,

Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal. The

ESA report is structured as follows.

Chapter I : National Ganga River Basin Project

Chapter II : Environmental profile of the Ganga basin

Chapter III : Pollution aspects in Ganga basin

Chapter IV : Social profile of the Ganga basin

Chapter V : Policy and institutional framework for Ganga basin management

13

2. ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF GANGA BASIN

2.1. THE GANGA RIVER

32. India is drained by 14 major river systems with a catchment area of more than 2,500,000 Sqkm.

These river systems are grouped into four broad categories: the Himalayan rivers, the Peninsular rivers, the

Coastal rivers and the Inland rivers. In addition to the Ganga, the Himalayan river system includes the Indus

and Brahmaputra river basins.

33. The Ganga River (about 2525 km long) is fed by runoff from the Ganga basin, a vast land area

bounded by the snow peaks of the Himalaya in the north and the peninsular highlands and the Vindhya

Range in the south. The basin encompasses an area of more than a million square kilometers (1,086,000

sq.km.) spread over four countries: India, Nepal, Bangladesh and China. With 861,404 sq.km. within India

itself, the Ganga basin is the largest river basin in India and covers approximately 26.3 per cent of India’s

total geographical area. The catchment area, length, total utilizable water of all major river basins within

India and the states that they cover are given in Table 2.1.

Table 2-1: Major river basins of India

S. No

Rivers Length (Km.)

Catchment Area (Sq.Km.)

States falling in the catchment

Total Utilisable Water (BCM)

1 Indus

1114 321289

J&K, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chandigarh UT

72.49

2 a) Ganga

2525 861404

Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi UT, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal.

420.99

b) Brahmaputra

916 194413

Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal, Mizoram and Tripura

59.07

c) Barak and other rivers flowing into Meghna like Gomti, Muhari, Fenny etc.

41723 Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura

3 Sabarmati 371 21674 Rajasthan and Gujarat 4.93

4 Mahi 583 34842 Rajasthan, MP and Gujarat 7.3

5 Narmada 1312 98796

Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat

45.33

6 Tapi 724 65145

Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat

22.77

7 Brahmani 799 39033

Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa

22.35


14

S. No

Rivers Length (Km.)

Catchment Area (Sq.Km.)

States falling in the catchment

Total Utilisable Water (BCM)

8 Mahanadi 851 141589

Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Chattisgarh and Orissa

66.45

9 Godavari

1465 312812

Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Puducherry

116.95

10 Krishna 1401 258948

Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka

84.41

11 Pennar 597 55213

Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka

11.79

12 Cauvery 800 81155

Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Puducherry

31.3

TOTAL 2529401 966.13 Source: CWC, 2005 ; Jain et al, 2007 ; NMCG Website

34. The Ganga flows through the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal

Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The extent of the Ganga basin within these states

is given in Table 2.2 and Figure 2.1. In the entire basin, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand together share the

maximum basin area of 34%, followed by Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan.

Water Data - Complete Book, CWC (2005); Jain, S.K., Agarwal, P.K., and Singh, V.P. (2007). Chapter 7: River Basins of India. In: Hydrology and Water Resources of India, Springer, the Netherlands.


15

Figure 2-1: Ganga basin Map (Source: Status paper on river Ganga, NRCD, MoEF, 2009)

(May also be seen at Annex-Appendix 9)

Table 2-2 State wise distribution of the drainage area of Ganga River in India

S. No. State Details Drainage Area (Sq. Km.)

1 Uttarakhand Alaknanda and Bhagirathi which after their confluence become Ganga

52,988

2 Uttar Pradesh Ganga, Yamuna and its tributary, Ram Ganga, Chambal, Kaithi, Betwa, Ken, Son, Rihand, Sharda, Gomti

241,392

3 Haryana Yamuna 34,343

4 Himachal Pradesh Yamuna 4,317

5 Delhi UT Yamuna 1,484

6 Bihar Ghagra, Gandak, Kosi, Son, Punpun, North Koel 93,580

7 Jharkhand Ganga, Damodar, North Koel, Ajay 50,389

8 Rajasthan Chambal, Banganga 112,496

9 Madhya Pradesh Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken, Son, Rihand 181,066

10 Chhattisgarh Rihand and Son 17,908

11 West Bengal Damodar, Ganga 71,489

TOTAL 861,452 Source: Report on Ganga Basin, Ministry of Water Resources, March 2014

2.2. COURSE OF THE GANGA

35. The Ganga rises in the Garhwal Himalaya (30o 55’N, 79o7’E) as the Bhagirathi. The ice-cave of

Gaumukh at the snout of the Gangotri glacier, at 3,892 meters above sea level, is recognized as the

traditional source of the Ganga. The river cuts through the Himalayas until another head stream, the

Alaknanda, joins at Devapraya. It is below this confluence that the united stream of Bhagirathi and

Alaknanda becomes known as the River Ganga.

36. After running some 250 kilometers from its source, the Ganga pierces through the Himalayas at

Sukhi (near Rishikesh), before turning southwestwards for another 30 km where it finally descends into the

vast Indo-Gangetic plain at Haridwar (elevation 283m). At this point, the river swells into a mighty stream

of 750 metres wide. At Rishikesh, the Ganga delivers an average of 27 billion cubic metres of crystal clear

water per annum.

37. Throughout the course of the Ganga, from its source at Gaumukh to its mouth at Sagar Island in

Bay of Bengal, it is a common practice for Indians to take daily dips in the holy waters of the Ganga,

especially at places of pilgrimage like Rishikesh, Haridwar, Garhmukteshwar, Kannauj, Prayagraj, Mirzapur

and Varanasi. Figure 2.2 shows the schematic diagram of the entire stretch of river Ganga and its major

tributaries.

38. Apart from its sacred significance, water from the Ganga is widely used for domestic and industrial

purposes in towns and villages located on its course. The other major use of Ganga water is for irrigation.

For example, the Upper Gangetic Canal network, located near Hardiwar, siphons off large quantities of

water for irrigating a major portion of the Ganga-Yamuna plains in Uttar Pradesh, reducing flow in this area

to only 15 billion cum per annum at Balawali. Further downstream, a few minor tributaries join, once more

increasing the Ganga’s flow. At Garhmuktesar, minor streams join the Ganga to increase the flow to 22

billion cum in a year. The annual flow continues to rise for some 240 km downstream of Haridwar until

reaching Narora. At this point, another large irrigation network, the Lower Gangetic Canal, takes off at a

barrage spanning the 1164-metre river bed, and leaves a greatly diminished Ganga in its wake.


16

39. The Ganga does not receive any major tributary until the Ramganga joins at Kannauj, adding some

15.62 billion cum of water annually. At Prayagraj (1020 km from the source), the Ganga is joined on the

right by the River Yamuna, which actually contributes more water (76.5 billion cum / annum) than the main

river itself, augmenting the flow volume of the Ganga to a level of 130 billion cubic metres per year.

40. After Prayagraj, the Ganga begins to receive several major tributaries at more frequent intervals,

namely, the Tons, Son, Gomati, Ghaghara, Gandak, Burhi Gandak and Kosi. After Rajmahal, the Ganga

eventually reaches the head of its delta at Farakka, in the state of Jharkhand, having increased its flow

volume at each confluence. In addition to flow volume, water quality and sediment load also fluctuate

depending on the composition of the contributing stream.

Figure 2-2: Diagrammatic representation of the River Ganga and its tributaries

(the map can also be seen at Annex-Appendix 10)

Original source: Parua, P.K., 2009; added the tributaries: Hindon, Kali, Shipra, Kali Sind, Parvati, Sai, Rabti, North Koel, Kiul Bhagmati, and Damodar from Ganga River Basin Management Plan 2015 and Status Paper on Ganga River NRCD, MoEF, 2009.

41. Below Farakka, the Ganga bifurcates into the Padma and the original channel of the Ganga, known

as the Bhagirathi. Therefore, the Bhagirathi is treated as the main Ganga for all purposes in West Bengal.

The Padma, carrying the majority of Ganga’s flow, eventually turns southeastwards into Bangladesh, while

the Bhagirathi (Ganga) winds southwards down the deltaic plain of West Bengal and ultimately empties

Parua, P.K. (2009). Chapter 4: The Ganga’s Hydrology. In: The Ganga: Water Use in the Indian Subcontinent, Water Science and Technology Library 64, Springer.)


17

into the Bay of Bengal under the name of Hugli. Nearly halfway between Farakka and Sagar Island, the

hydraulic character of the Bhagirathi (Ganga) suddenly changes upon its entry into the tidal zone of the

Gangetic delta. The speed and direction of water in the estuarine streams and creeks are in continual flux

due to the ebb and flow of the tides.

42. The tributaries which contribute the largest amount of water per annum are,: the Ghaghara river

(94.4 billion cum), followed by the Yamuna (76.5 billion cum), the Kosi (68.34 billion cum), the Gandak (52.2

billion cum), the Son (31.8 billion cum), the Ramganga (15.62 billion cum), the Gomati (7.39 billion cum),

the Burhi Gandak (7.1 billion cum) and the Tons (5.91 billion cum). The names and drainage areas of these

tributaries of Ganga are given in Table 2.3. In addition, Figure 2.3 outlines a line diagramme of thse

tributaries and their annual flows in MCM.

Figure 2-3: Average annual flows (MCM) in the major tributaries of the Ganga River

Source: Jain et al, 2007

Jain, S.K., Agarwal, P.K., and Singh, V.P. (2007). Chapter 8: Ganga Basin. In: Hydrology and Water Resources of India, Springer, the

Netherlands


18

Table 2-3: Sub basin area of the river Ganga and their drainage area

S. No. Sub basin Drainage Area (Sq. Km.)

1 Above Ramganga Confluence 39104.61

2 Banas 51651.51

3 Bhagirathi and others (Ganga Lower) 64038.97

4 Chambal Lower 10941.26

5 Chambal Upper 25546.57

6 Damodar 41965.49

7 Gandak and others 56260.43

8 Ghaghara Confluence to Gomti confluence 58634.18

9 Ghaghara 26254.06

10 Gomti 29865.21

11 Kali Sindh and others up to Confluence with Parbati 48492.61

12 Kosi 18413.58

13 Ramganga 30839.69

14 Sone 65110.05

15 Tons 16905.74

16 Upstream of Gomti confluence to Muzaffarnagar 29061.37

17 Yamuna Lower 124867.19

18 Yamuna Middle 34586.39

19 Yamuna Upper 35798.19 Source: MoWR, 2014

2.3. STREAM AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF GANGA

43. Due to their high gradient and a tremendous velocity, Himalayan rivers including the Ganga have

a strong erosive power. The geological fact that the Himalayan rivers run through poorly consolidated

sedimentary rocks affected by folds and faults results in high rates of erosion and silt deposition. Landslide

debris further adds to the silt load.

44. The high intensity of rainfall in the Himalayan region means that more than 60 per cent of the

water flowing into the Ganga basin comes from the Himalayan streams joining the Ganga from the north.

The Peninsular streams combine to contribute only 40 percent of the water, despite the fact that the

catchment area of the Peninsular streams extends well over 60 percent of the entire Ganga basin.

45. Excluding the major tributaries (Yamuna, Ghaghara, Kosi, Son, Gandak and Ramganga), the

tributaries of the Ganga have rather low annual flows, (Ref. Figure above). A lack of water in streams and

tributaries increases their susceptibility to water pollution. Therefore, the Ganga’s minor tributaries are

pollution prone, especially as their flows diminish during the dry season.. As the main river’s flow rate

fluctuates reach to reach, its susceptibility to pollution varies accordingly. The annual water inflow and

outflow in the Ganga basin, is given in Table 2-4.

Table 2-4: Annual water inflow and outflow in Ganga basin at selected monitoring stations of year 2018 (Jan-Dec.)

District Total inflow (BCM) Change in Storage (BCM) Total Outflow (BCM)

Hardwar 2.86 0.04 2.82

Prayagraj 5.16 0.03 5.13

Patna 2.76 0.06 2.70

Sahibganj 2.0 0.06 1.94

Hugli 4.77 0.1 4.67

Nadia 4.69 0.09 4.60 Source: CWC: Water Audit: From: 01-Jan-2018 to: 31-Dec-2018


19

46. Water flow in the Ganga basin fluctuates enormously not only due to the seasonal variation of

rainfall, but also due to the large scale withdrawal of water for canal irrigation. The minimum flow occurs

in winter (December to February), while the lowest flow in the rest of the course of the Ganga is in the

summer (March to May). In places like Prayagraj and Nabadwip, the lowest flows occur in the summer

season, while Patna and Azamabad have low flow rates during winter. Overall, the flow of water in all the

streams of the Ganga basin reaches critically low levels during the long, dry season from December to May

- a serious concern which must be factored into any pollution control and prevention management

programme administered in the basin.

47. An annual inflow (stream water & rainfall), Outflow and total change in year 2018 have been

presented in table above (2-5). Outflow is meant for evapotranspiration, utilization in different head

(agriculture, domestic, industrial) and surface outflow, while change in storage is described in term such as

minor irrigation, reservoir, soil moisture and ground water.

48. Based on stream characteristics, the entire 2,525 km course of the Ganga can be divided into the

following major five sections: (i) mountainous, (ii) upper plain, (iii) middle plain, (iv) deltaic non-tidal and

(v) deltaic tidal plain.

49. The mountainous section stretches from the river’s source to Rishikesh, with an average bed slope

of one in 67 and a mean flow rate of 850 cubic metres per second at Rishikesh. The subsequent upper plain

section extends from Rishikesh downstream until Prayagraj at a slope of one in 4,100 and a mean flow rate

ranging between 850 and 1,720 cum per second before its confluence with the Yamuna. The third, middle

plain section stretches from Prayagraj to Farakka, with a slope of one in 13,800 and an increase in the mean

flow rate to 10,200 cum per second at Azamabad. Following this part lies the upper deltaic non-tidal plain

section, with a slope of one in 23,000 and a much-reduced mean flow rate of 1,300 cum per second near

Nabadwip. The final segment is the lower deltaic tidal plain section, with a slope of one in 24,000 and

varying flows due to influence of the tides.

50. The fairly large volume and high flow of the Ganga in the middle plain section (1,005 km) between

Prayagraj and Farakka render this stretch relatively less vulnerable to pollution, compared to the sections

on the upstream of Prayagraj and downstream of Farakka. For instance, the mean annual flow at the rate

of 7,626 cum per second at Patna, between Prayagraj and Farakka, is high enough to wash off significant

amounts of pollutants. However, above Prayagraj the mean annual flow is less than 1,700 cum per second

and, as a result, the upper plain course of the Ganga is liable to be polluted to some extent if adequate

precautionary measures are not taken; this fact is especially true during the lean months. This same

increased susceptibility to pollution also occurs downstream of Farakka, where the mean annual stream

flow again falls off drastically to a level of 1,300 cum per second at Nabadwip. Further down, especially in

the estuarine section near the outfall, the up-and-down movement of the water periodically causes

temporary suspension of the water current, as the tide shifts from ebb to flow and vise versa. As a result

of this stagnation, removal of pollutants in the tidal section can expected to be slow and difficult.

51. The flow of water in various streams of the Ganga basin varies enormously from year to year, sea-

son to season, month to month and even day to day. Accordingly, it is extremely essential to consider the

extreme low stage conditions of water flow in the streams in each month - instead of only the average

scenarios - when planning pollution monitoring and mitigation programs.


20

52. The Ganga is joined by a large number of tributaries both from the left as well as from the right.

Majority of them originate in the Himalayan ranges but some of them have their sources in the peninsular

plateau. Table 2.5 below shows the various tributaries of Ganga and their characteristics.

Table 2-5: Stream Characteristics of various tributaries of the Ganga

S. No.

Tributaries Source Length (Km)

Elevation above sea level (m)

1 Ramganga Doodhatoli ranges in the district of Pauri Garhwal,

Uttarakhand 542 3,110

2 Kali Doon valley in the western part of Uttarakhand 350 3,600

3 Yamuna Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand from the

Yamunotri glacier near Banderpoonch peaks 1,376 6,320

4 Hindon Upper Shivalik in lower Himalayan range of District

Saharanpur Uttar Pradesh (India)

256 -

5 Gomti Originates from Gomat Taal near Madho Tanda,

Pilibhit, flows through Uttar Pradesh and meets the Ganges near Saidpur, Kaithi

940 200

6 Betwa Bhopal District in Madhya Pradesh 789 470

7 Chambal Vindhyan range near Mhow in Indore District of

Madhya Pradesh 960 354

8 Sind Machoi Glacier 415 4800

9 Tons Rupin-Supin Glacier 186 3900

10 Sahibi/Sabi

Nadi Seasonal river, flows from Aravalli hills in Rajasthan

210 -

11 Damodar Hills of the Chottanagpur Plateau of the Palamau

district of Bihar 575 1366

12 Son Sonbhadra in the Maikala range of hills in Madhya

Pradesh and in the plains of Bihar near Arrah (west of the Patna)

780 600

13 Burhi

Gandak Chautarwa Chaur near Bisambharpur in the district of West Champaran in Bihar from the spring of Someshwar hills

320 300

14 Gandak Nhubine Himal Glacier 255 7620

15 Kiul Tisri Hill Range Giridih district, Chota Nagpur

Plateau, Jharkhand Chota Nagpur Plateau, Jharkhand

111 605

16 Kosi Dharpani Dhar 730 2500

17 Mahanand

a hills of the Himalayas in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal

268 2100

18 Ken Ahirgawab in Jabalpur District of Madhya Pradesh 357 550

19 Ghagra Mapchachungo Glacier, Tibet, China 1,080 3,962

(Source: Report on Ganga Basin, Ministry of Water Resources, March 2014)

53. The Yamuna is the largest and the most important tributary of the Ganga. Its main affluent in the

upper reaches is the Tons which rises from the Bandarpunch glacier and joins Yamuna below Kalsi before

the latter leaves the hills. At this site, the water carried by the Tons is twice the water carried by the

Yamuna. Chambal river raises south-west of Mhow in the highlands of Janapao Hills and takes a north-

westerly course through the Malwa Plateau. Betwa river joins the Yamuna near Hamirpur. The Son River

springs from the Amarkantak Plateau. Damodar River rises in the hills of the Chotanagpur plateau and flows

through a rift valley. More important tributaries of the Ganga are Ramganga, the Gomti, the Ghaghra, the

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauri_Garhwal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machoi_Glacier

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravalli_hills

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Champaran_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China


21

Gandak, the Burhi Gandak and the Kosi. They originate in the Himalayas and join river Ganga on its left

bank.

2.4. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF GANGA BASIN

54. Physiographically, India is divided into seven major sections: (1) Northern Mountains, (2) Great

Plains (3) Central Highlands (4) Peninsular Plateaus, (5) East Coast, (6) West Coast and (7) Islands. The Ganga

basin falls entirely within the first three divisions. The peninsular plateau of the Gangetic trough (with an

elevation of less than 300 metres) is filled with older (Pleistocene) and recent alluvia, forming nearly

4,000,000 SqKm in the states of Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, comprising 50% of

basin area. The Ganga basin can be divided into the following eight physiographic divisions, briefly

described below and shown in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2-4: Physiography and Groundwater flow of Ganga Basin, (Source: Mukherjee and Dasgupta, 1983)

a. Trans-Yamuna Plain

This sector constitutes the western end of the Ganga basin, covering the states of Haryana and Rajasthan.

The region is characterized by thick, unconsolidated material subtly sloping down from the western

watershed towards the Yamuna. On account of the flat topography, water logging and saline efflorescence

has been recorded in many areas, especially since the introduction of large-scale and intensive irrigation

practices through the Western Yamuna Canal.

Mukherjee K. N. Dasgupta S. P. 1983. Center for Study of Man and Environment, Graphic offset press (P) Ltd., Calcutta, India


22

b. Ganga-Yamuna Doab

East of Trans-Yamuna plain lies the Ganga-Yamuna interfluvial doab tract, which stands out as a large slab

of older alluvial (bangar) terrace sloping towards the south and southeast, falling off from a level of 283

metres at Haridwar to some 95 metres at Prayagraj. The twin rivers, Ganga and Yamuna, wind along the

low-lying (khadar) flood-plain belts built up by the younger alluvial sediments deposited during periodical

inundations. The bangar terraces, on the contrary, are thick deposits of older silts, rising high above the

khadar plain – up to 20 metres at times - measured from the present river beds. The bangar surface of the

Ganga-Yamuna Doab has a rather variegated topography interspersed by breaks of slope due to terrace

formations and sand belts (Bhur), which stand out like transverse sand dunes.

c. Rohilkhand

To the east of the Ganga-Yamuna doab lies the large plain of Rohilkhand, which extends from the Ganga to

near Lucknow, where the land steps down to the lower alluvial plain of Avadh. Rohilkhand comprises a

flight of several river terraces separated from each other by step-like breaks of slope. The highest terrace

is located at the Himalayan foothills and is built up of bouldery bhabar deposits.

d. Avadh Plain

Further east of Rohilkhand and lying at a lower elevation is the Avadh plain. The Avadh plain comprises the

extensive khadar belts of several mighty streams, the chief of which is the Ghaghara.

e. North Bihar Plain

Further east, the great riparian plain of North Bihar appears. The North Bihar plain is riddled with numerous

old river beds which have been deserted by the Kosi in the course of its movement from the eastern end

of Bihar to its present position as the main channel in the west. In addition to the depressions left by these

old river beds, there also lies large marshes and waterlogged areas, known as the chorus, along the Ganga.

f. North Bengal Plain

At the farthest end of the Ganga basin is the North Bengal plain, which contains Pleistocene deposits of the

Barind region, terraces of coarse-grained materials and tarai depressions in the piedmont plain below the

Darjeeling hills.

g. Bengal Basin

South of the Ganga (Padma), lies the Bengal basin, which comprises much of the Gangetic delta plain’s

recent alluvium and its western rim. The western rim is made up of Pleistocene alluvial formation (often

lateritic), as the land slopes up towards the rocky Chota Nagpur plateau.

2.5. SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

55. The Ganga basin is characterized by a wide variety of soils. The soils of the high Himalayas in the

north are subject to continued erosion and the Gangetic trough provides a huge receptacle into which

thousands of metres of thick sediment layers are deposited to form a wide valley plain. The plateau on the

south has a mantle of residual soils of varying thickness arising due to the weathering of the ancient rocks

of the peninsular shield. Ten classes of soils have developed in the Ganga basin under different Iithological,

climatic and pedogenetic conditions.

56. Some of the soils within the Ganga basin are highly susceptible to erosion. Such soils need adequate

conservation measures and appropriate land management interventions, with an eye towards preserving


23

the soil resource and keeping the turbidity levels of the surface water within tolerable limits. The

susceptibility of each of the soil groups to erosion and the areas covered in the different states within the

Ganga basin are indicated in Table 2-6. The soil classification map of Ganga basin is given in Figure 2-5.

Table 2-6: Soils Types in Ganga Basin and Their Susceptibility to Erosion (Area in Square Kilometres)

S. N

o.

Stat

e

Mo

un

tain

Soils

Sub

mo

nta

ne

so

ils

Allu

vial

So

ils

Re

d S

oils

Re

d a

nd

Y

ello

w s

oils

Mix

ed

Re

d

and

Bla

ck

soils

De

ep

Bla

ck

soils

Me

diu

m

Bla

ck s

oils

Shal

low

B

lack

so

ils

Late

rite

an

d

Late

riti

c so

ils

Tota

l Are

a

1 Haryana - - 33516 684 - - - - - - 34200

2 Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand

12428 32586 209491 16457 740 4438 10502 3621 3962 188 294413

3 Bihar and Jharkhand - - 91881 32338 19333 - - - - 858 144410

4 West Bengal - - 57323 704 7271 - - - - 6712 72010

5 Rajasthan - - 40768 12166 16827 9810 9332 9394 9085 - 107382

6 Madhya Pradesh - - 17272 39075 5990 11168 14251 79881 33470 598 201705

7 Himachal Pradesh 1296 4280 223 - - - - - - - 5799

8 Delhi - - 1225 260 - - - - - - 1485

Ganga Basin 13724 36866 451699 101684 50161 25416 34085 92896 46517 8356 861404

Per cent of Total Area 1.59 4.28 52.44 11.80 5.83 2.95 3.96 10.78 5.40 0.97 100

Susceptibility to Erosion Very High

Very High

Very High High Moderat

e Moderate Low Low Low Low

Source: National River Conservation Directorate (MoEF),2018.

57. Among the soil types within Ganga basin, the alluvial soil covers more than 52 per cent of the basin.

The alluvial deposits of the basin not only cover the great Gangetic trough, but also extend over a sizable

portion of the peninsular foreland in the form of a layer less than 3 metres thick. The entire alluvial

formation is endowed with rich soil nutrients. The alluvial deposits of the Ganga and its tributaries, coming

down the Himalaya and the peninsular foreland, have yielded annual harvests of crops for the past

thousands of years with little significant deterioration. Besides paddy, this tract produces a wide variety of

crops including wheat, jowar, bajra, small millets, pulses of different kinds, maize, cotton, jute and many

other food and commercial crops.

58. If managed properly, the alluvial soils are highly fertile soils, capable of producing the highest

possible yields of crops to feed the millions. However, these soils are sensitive to change and prone to rapid

degradation and pollution. In certain parts of the basin, the soils are already showing signs of salinity (as in

Haryana), alkalinity (as in western U.P.), calcareousness (as in north Bihar) and acidity (as in West Bengal)

due to overuse, long occupation and continued application of inputs like excessive irrigation water and

toxic agro-chemicals of various types. The land degradation status within Ganga basin is given in

subsequent sections.


24

Figure 2-5: Soil and Rainfall (Isohyetal) map of Ganga Basin (Source: Mukherjee and Dasgupta, 1983)

2.6. CLIMATIC FACTORS

a. Temperature

59. The Ganga basin forms an extensive bowl of warm air, especially during the day-time. The mean

maximum daily temperature even in the coldest month (January) does not fall below 21°C, except in the

higher hills, whereas the air temperature starts rapidly rising all over Ganga basin from March onwards,

beginning a hot season that prevails from April to June. Usually, May is the hottest month in most part of

the basin, except in lower Bengal. Daily mean maximum and mean minimum air temperatures, as recorded

at selected stations in the Ganga basin, are given in Table 2-7.

60. In the Gangetic plains, westwards of Gaya, the daily mean maximum temperature in May rises to

40°C and above. During May, the mean daily maximum air temperature shoots up as high as 42.3°C in Kota

in the Central Indian upland region. The maximum air temperature in other areas are; Prayagraj (41.8°C),

Agra (41.6°C), Hissar (41.1°), Gaya (40.7°C), Lucknow (40.5°C and Bareilly (40.5°C). Under this high

temperature regime, much of the pollutants become suspended in the air and remain aloft for a

considerable period of time in the atmosphere. Some of the pollutants are brought down by rain drops

where they eventually find their way into surface runoff systems.

61. Throughout the Ganga basin, the cold weather period extends from December to February. January

is the coldest month, with the temperature often falling below 10°C; this is especially true in the valley

plain west of Gaya, where the daily mean minimum air temperature in January reaches 10.03°C. In January,

the daily mean minimum temperature plummets as low as 5.8°C in Hissar, followed by Dehra Dun (5.96°C),

Delhi (7.7°C), Agra (7.7°C), Gonda (8.3°C), Bareilly (8.25°C), Lucknow (6.9°C),Prayagraj (8.9°C) and Patna

(9.2°C). In the lower Gangetic plain, the minimum temperature is usually higher: 10.03°C in Gaya and 12.3°C

Mukherjee K. N. Dasgupta S. P. 1983. Center for Study of Man and Environment, Graphic offset press (P) Ltd., Calcutta, India


25

in Kolkata. Low temperatures are often associated with the intrusion of cold air from across the Gangetic

plain in the months of December and January. In the cold of the winter months, the heavy cold layers of

the atmosphere act as blankets upon the land surface, not allowing the suspended pollutants in the air to

escape into the higher atmosphere.

b. Rainfall

62. The weather in the Ganga basin is characterized by a distinct wet season during the period of south

west monsoon (June to September). The air temperature in the Ganga basin starts falling with the onset of

the monsoon from June onwards, making the weather more humid and equable. The diurnal range

between the daily mean minimum and the daily mean maximum temperature becomes lower and lower

as the monsoon advances. Eventually, the lowest diurnal range of temperature occurs at the peak of the

monsoon, which is usually in August, though sometimes in July. As soon as the monsoon is over, the diurnal

range of temperature starts increasing rapidly to a maximum attained during the month of November.

63. Due to its proximity to the coast, Kolkata stands as an exception, with its highest diurnal range

(13.37°C) occurring during the coldest month (January). On account of high population density and a heavy

concentration of industrial units in the Kolkata Metropolitan District, the effect of this temperature is very

pronounced, with frequent episodes of smog in the winter evenings followed by mist in the colder morning

hours.

64. The southwest monsoon makes landfall at the mouth of the Ganga around the first week of June

and advances upstream. By the end of July, the monsoon reaches the western end of the Ganga basin. In

the majority of the basin, the rainy season spreads over three months (July, August and September) and

usually 70 to 80 per cent of the total annual rainfall occurs during this period. In the eastern part of the

basin, such as in West Bengal and Bihar, the wet season is longer, usually starting in June and continuing

until the end of September or early October.

65. The geographical distribution of the mean annual rainfall in the basin is shown by isohyetal lines

on Figure 2.5. The isohyetal lines indicate that the lowest precipitation in the Gangetic plain occurs in

Haryana (less than 500 mm per annum), with the rainfall increasing downstream until reaching lower

Bengal, where nearly 1,600 mm of rainfall occurs. Heavier rainfall continues in the upper Himalayan region,

such as in Dehra Dun, where the rainfall is as high as 2,209 millimeters per annum. The rainfall rates as

recorded at selected stations in Ganga basin is given in Table 2-7.

Table 2-7: Rainfall and Temperature details at Selected Stations in the Ganga Basin

S. No.

Station and Year Mean annual rainfall (mm)

Water surplus in wet

months: Jul-Sep (mm)

July to September rainfall expressed as percentage of annual rainfall

Mean Temperature (in 0C)

Maximum Minimum

1 Dehra Dun (1901-2000)

2209.0 1697.4 76.8 27.8 15.4

2 Delhi (Safdarjang) (1901-2000)

716.2 535.2 74.7 31.3 19.0

3 Hissar (1901-2000) 490.8 336.3 68.5 32.6 17.7

4 Agra (1901-2000) 724.8 576.2 79.5 32.5 18.9

5 Prayagraj (1901-2000)

962.7 762.0 79.1 32.5 19.6

6 Gaya (1901-2000) 1130.4 847.3 75.0 32.1 20.1


26

S. No.

Station and Year Mean annual rainfall (mm)

Water surplus in wet

months: Jul-Sep (mm)

July to September rainfall expressed as percentage of annual rainfall

Mean Temperature (in 0C)

Maximum Minimum

7 Kolkata (Alipore) (1901-2000)

1651.2 950.2 57.5 31.4 22.0

8 Bareilly (1901-2000)

1040.0 784.1 75.4 31.2 18.7

9 Patna (1901-2000) 1074.8 815.9 75.9 31.7 21.6

10 Kota (1901-2000) 807.9 676.5 83.7 34.3 21.8

11 Shimla (1901-2000)

1041.4 529.2 50.8 17.9 10.7

12 Ranchi (1901-2000)

1403.2 942.8 67.2 33.5 23.7

13 Bhopal (Bairagarh) (1901-2000)

1087.7 886.8 81.5 38.3 21.8

Source: Monthly mean data of important cities, India Meteorological Department

66. Within the Ganga basin, every square kilometer of land surface area receives an average of one

million cubic meters of water annually through rainfall. However, less than half of this total is actually

available, after accounting for water lost through evapo-transpiration (30 percent) and seepage into the

ground (20 percent). Rainfall distribution indicates that the greater part of the basin would be

hydrologically dry if the total annual rainfall were distributed evenly over the twelve months of the year.

Since the vast majority is concentrated in a three-month span in most of the basin, the water available

from rainfall usually exceeds what is lost through evaporation during this period, allowing some surplus

water to flow down the Ganga river and its tributaries

2.7. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES

67. The Ganga basin, by virtue of its alluvial makeup, is endowed with vast resources of ground water.

The yield rates of groundwater and major aquifer systems occurring within the basin are given in Figure

2.4. It can be seen that, except for some isolated patches, the greater part of the extensive Gangetic plain

(lying mainly on the north of the Ganga in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar) yields groundwater at an average rate

of more than 150 cum per hour. The lower part of the Ganga Yamuna doab in Uttar Pradesh and the

Bhagirathi-Hugli basin in West Bengal have equally high yields.

68. Aquifer zones of moderate yield [between 50 cum and 150 cum per hour] occur in several areas

such as the upper Ganga-Yamuna doab (Uttar Pradesh), the plains of Alwar and Jhunjhunun (Rajasthan),

the Ganga-Ghaghara doab in Uttar Pradesh, the Magadh plain (Bihar) and the Rarh plain (West Bengal).

69. Aquifers of still lower yield (less than 50 cum/hour) are scattered over different parts of the Ganga

basin, including the outer Himalayan range, the Jaipur-Bharatpur tract (Rajasthan), the lower Chambal

valley (Madhya Pradesh), the Bundelkhand upland (Uttar Pradesh), the south Bihar plains, the Baghelkhand

plateau (Madhya Pradesh) and the Rarh highlands (West Bengal).

70. In the remaining part of the Ganga basin, available aquifers with yield less than 20 cum/hour are

scattered in local pockets (areas are shown as unhatched on Figure 2.4. A special zone, yielding water under

artesian conditions at a high rate of more than 150 cum per hour, is marked by crossed hatchings along the

Himalayan foothills.


27

71. The other special zones, yielding saline water at varying rates, are indicated by a pattern of dots on

Figure 2.4. These aquifers are found, often in patches, throughout the Trans-Yamuna region of Haryana,

Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, as well as in the lower Ganga-Yamuna doab. The aquifers in the coastal areas

of West Bengal as shown on the figure yield brackish water at a rate of more than 150 cum per hour.

a. Groundwater Quality

72. The vast Gangetic alluvial trough is characterized by not only one of the most prolific aquifers in

quantitative terms, but also by the relatively high quality of the available water, though the quality

deteriorates as one proceeds down the river to the outfall. Along the Himalayan foothills (bhabar and tarai

belts), the water is of high quality, as these belts are under continuous recharge from the Himalayan

streams. In certain localized areas of the Ganga plain, the fluoride & arcenic content in the groundwater is

high enough to cause fluorosis and skin diseases when regularly consumed for long periods of time. In the

central alluvial trough, the groundwater has low mineral contents. The mineral content increases near the

southern fringe of the alluvial formation, especially in certain parts of Agra, Aligarh, Mathura, Mainpuri and

Ballia districts of Uttar Pradesh,. Near the delta area in West Bengal, the water in certain aquifers turns

saline due to incursion of sea water.

73. Ground water quality of the states falling under Ganga basin is given in Annex-Appendix 1. The

groundwater quality is monitored by the Central Ground Water Board once a year (April/May) through a

network of observation wells located all over the country. The hot spots for groundwater in districts coming

under basin states are identified on the basis of six main parameters: salinity (EC>3000 micro simen/cm),

chloride, fluoride (>1.5 mg/l), iron (>1.0 mg/l), arsenic (>0.05 mg/l) and nitrate (>45 mg/l). The states of

Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal is affected by arsenic (where the concentration is greater than the

permissible limit of 0.05 mg/l as per IS: 10500), fluoride, iron & nitrate. Salinity and chloride have been

identified in Haryana, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya

Pradesh.

b. Groundwater Potential and Use

74. The Ganga basin has a vast reservoir of groundwater, replenished every year at a very high rate.

The conjunctive use of groundwater for irrigation, even within the canal command areas, not only ensures

steady supply to the cultivated fields on time but also helps reduce water logging and salinization due to

consequent downward movement of subsurface moisture.

75. The groundwater usage for irrigation in the states falling under Ganga basin exceeded 120.41

billion cum per year as of 2013 and accounted for more than 50 per cent of the groundwater irrigated area

of the entire country. The net annual groundwater availability for irrigation, domestic and industrial usage

in the states of the Ganga basin has been assessed at 203.05 billion cum per year. Some 65 per cent of this

potential has already been utilized. The groundwater usage pattern in the basin states is given in Table 2.8.

The extent of groundwater utilization for irrigation is highest in Uttar Pradesh (48.35 BCM per year),

followed by Madhya Pradesh (17.95 BCM per year), Rajasthan (13.79 BCM per year), Haryana (13.32 BCM

per year), West Bengal (10.84 BCM per year) and Bihar (10.36 BCM per year).


28

Table 2-8: State wise Groundwater Usage Pattern in the Ganga basin states

S. No.

State

Annual Groundwater Draft (BCM per year)

Net annual Groundwater

availability (BCM/year)

Projected Demand for Domestic and

Industrial uses upto 2025 (BCM per Year)

Irrigation Domestic and Industrial uses

Total

1 Uttarakhand 0.84 0.15 0.99 1.97 0.30

2 Uttar Pradesh 48.35 4.41 52.76 71.58 6.44

3 Haryana 13.32 0.60 13.92 10.30 0.56

4 Himachal Pradesh 0.16 0.11 0.27 0.53 0.07

5 Delhi 0.41 0.25 0.39 0.31 0.25

6 Bihar 10.36 2.37 12.73 28.49 0.60

7 Jharkhand 0.63 0.72 1.35 5.99 0.17

8 Rajasthan 13.79 1.92 15.71 11.26 2.32

9 Madhya Pradesh 17.95 1.41 19.36 34.16 2.35

10 Chhattisgarh 3.76 0.64 4.40 11.90 0.76

11 West Bengal 10.84 1.00 11.84 26.56 1.53

Ganga Basin states 120.41 13.58 133.72 203.05 15.35

India as a whole 228.30 24.76 253.06 411.30 31.62 Source: Ground Water Year Book-India 2016-17, Central Ground Water Board, Govt. of India

76. Apart from irrigation, groundwater resources are also being heavily tapped for industrial and

domestic uses majoring both urban and rural areas. Throughout the alluvial area of the Ganga basin, the

major urban water supply schemes are dependent upon groundwater resources. Similarly, a large number

of industries also withdraw significant amounts of groundwater, especially from the easily accessible

aquifers in the alluvial zone. The demand for domestic and industrial uses are expected to increase to 15.35

BCM per year in the Ganga basin states by the year 2025, as shown in Table 2.8.

77. The mean annual replenishable groundwater in India as a whole has been assessed at 446.87 billion

cumec per year, of which about 219.09 billion cumec per year (49%) lies in the states of the Ganga basin.

The annual replenishable groundwater levels, annual groundwater draft and balance of groundwater

available for further exploitation for each state within the Ganga basin is given in Table 2.9.

Table 2-9: State-wise Ground Water Resources Availability, Utilisation and Stage of Development in the Ganga Basin states-(as on March, 2013)

S. No.

State Annual Replenishable

Groundwater (BCM per Year)

Annual Groundwater

Draft (BCM per Year)

Balance available (BCM per

year)

Stage of Groundwater

Development (%)

1 Uttarakhand 2.00 0.99 1.01 50

2 Uttar Pradesh 76.34 52.76 23.58 74

3 Haryana 11.36 13.92 -2.56 135

4 Himachal Pradesh 0.56 0.27 0.29 51

5 Delhi 0.34 0.39 -0.05 127

6 Bihar 31.31 12.73 18.58 45

7 Jharkhand 6.56 1.35 5.21 23

8 Rajasthan 12.51 15.71 -3.2 140

9 Madhya Pradesh 35.98 19.36 16.62 57

10 Chhattisgarh 12.80 4.40 8.4 37

11 West Bengal 29.33 11.84 17.49 45

Ganga basin states 219.09 133.72 85.37

India as a whole 446.87 253.06 Source: Ground Water Year Book-India 2016-17, Central Ground Water Board Govt. of India


29

78. Among the various states within the Ganga basin, Uttar Pradesh has the largest replenishable

groundwater potential, with 76.35 billion cumec per year of usable groundwater; of this total, about 48.78

billlion cumec per year is currently in use primarily for irrigation, although a large share is consumed in the

major cities for domestic and industrial purposes. Madhya Pradesh has the second highest replenishable

potential in the basin at around 37.19 billion cum per annum here. The stage of groundwater development

is highest in Delhi with 170 per cent followed by Rajasthan with 125 per cent and then Haryana with 109

per cent, followed by Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal and Bihar.

2.8. LAND USE

79. The states falling under Ganga basin are extensively cultivated, constituting approximately more

than 45 per cent of the total area of the India. About 14 per cent of land is not available for cultivation and

put to various non-agricultural uses. Although the net sown area constitutes 50 per cent of the Ganga basin

states area, the total cropped area & cultivable land constitutes 60 per cent & 65 percent of the basin states

area, respectively. The cropping intensity is highest in Delhi with 1897 sqkm followed by West Bengal,

Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand. The landuse pattern and cropping intensity of

landuse within the Ganga basin is given in Table 2-10.


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Table 2-10: State-wise Land Use Pattern and Cropping Intensity in Ganga Basin States (2014-2015) (Area in Square Kilometres)

S. No State Geographical

Area

Reporting Area for Land

Utilization Statistics

Forest Land not

available for cultivation

Total Fallow Land

Net Sown Area Total Cropped

Area

Agriculture Land/ Cultivable Land/ Culturable Land/

Arable Land

Cropping Intensity

1 Bihar 94,160 93,596 6,216 21,438 10,080 52,783 76,730 65,788 1,454

2 Chhatisgarh 135,190 137,898 63,155 10,296 5,254 46,807 57,279 55,579 1,224

3 Haryana 44,210 43,715 376 6,533 1,081 35,218 65,357 36,556 1,856

4 Himachal Pradesh

55,670 45,756 11,261 11,273 764 5,500 9,183 8,117 1,670

5 Jharkhand 79,720 79,700 22,394 12,738 25,073 13,845 15,537 43,430 1,122

6 Madhya Pradesh

308,250 307,563 86,942 35,064 8,173 153,512 238,101 172,524 1,551

7 Rajasthan 342,240 342,675 2,740 43,430 3,928 175,215 242,354 255,110 1,383

8 Uttarakhand 53,480 59,926 3,800 4,520 1,436 7,002 10,968 15,486 1,567

9 Uttar Pradesh

240,930 241,705 16,586 35,075 16,307 165,980 261,471 189,391 1,575

10 West Bengal 88,750 86,831 11,727 18,531 3,502 52,384 96,900 56,550 1,850

11 Delhi 1,480 1,470 15 932 198 219 354 528 1,615

Ganga Basin States

1,444,080 1,440,835 225,212 199,830 75,796 708,465 1,074,234 899,059 16,867

India 3,287,260 3,078,175 717,936 438,797 26,1825 1,401,300 1,983,599 1,818,861 1,416

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, 2014-15


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80. Land not available for cultivation and fallow land in the Ganga basin states covers a considerable

area of 199,830 & 75,796 Sqkm (Table 2.10). This category of land consists both of tracts which cannot be

put to agricultural or silvicultural uses at an economic level due to their unproductive nature, as well all

lands put to various other economic uses, such as mineral exploitation or construction of human

settlements, industrial structures, roads, railways, airports and other civil works needed for providing

transport, communication and similar infrastructural facilities for human habitation.

81. A large proportion of the non-arable land is also used in urbanization and in construction of home-

steads in rural areas all over the thickly populated basin of the Ganga.

82. The states falling under Ganga basin have only 15.60 per cent of their land areas covered by forest,

as compared to India as a whole which has 21.84 per cent of land under forest cover. In some states,

especially Haryana, Delhi, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan and West Bengal, the forest cover

is as low as 0.9 to 13.2 per cent of the geographical area. Most of forest tracts within the Ganga basin are

severely degraded on account of over exploitation. As a result, the forest ecosystem in the Ganga basin is

under severe stress. Even in the better forested states of Chhattisgarh (46.72 per cent), Madhya Pradesh

(28.21 per cent), Jarkhand (28.09 per cent) and Himachal Pradesh (20.23 per cent), the proportion of land

actually under dense tree cover within the government forest tracts is very low due to extensive clear

felling of trees carried out in recent decades.

2.8.1. NATURAL VEGETATION – GANGA BASIN

83. The type of vegetation depends on edaphic, climatic and biotic factors, among which the effect of

the climatic factor is most significant. The main climatic factors which control vegetative activity are

temperature, sunlight and precipitation. In India, four temperature zones are distinguishable: tropical, sub-

tropical, temperate and alpine. Among these, the tropical and subtropical temperature zones are most

predominant in the entire Ganga basin. The climatic details for these temperature zones are given below

in Table 2-11.

Table 2-11: Temperature Zones of India

Zone Mean Annual Temp (oC) Mean Temp Jan. (oC) Remarks

Tropical Over 24 Over 18 No frost

Sub-Tropical 17 to 24 10 to 18 Frost is rare

Source: Environmental Atlas of India, CPCB

84. The climatic diversities result into a number of vegetation zones. India’s major vegetation zones

can be classified into 16 major types, of which six are tropical, three are sub-tropical, three are temperate

and one each of alpine, littoral and swamp types. The vegetation type of the Ganga basin is largely

comprised of tropical moist and dry deciduous types, but also includes a few additional varaties. The

vegetation type of Ganga basin are described below and illustrated in Figure 2.6.


32

Figure 2-6: Vegetation types of Ganga basin

Source: Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India

a. Tropical Moist Deciduous Vegetation

85. This vegetation type thrives in areas having moderate rainfall of 1500-2000mm, a mean annual

temperature of 26oC to 27oC and an average relative humidity of 60 to 80 per cent. It is also known as the

monsoon forest as the trees shed their leaves during dry season. It is found on the Western Ghats, eastern

coastal plain, eastern plateau, Himalayan foothills and in some parts of Sutlej-Ganga plains. Common trees

are sal, teak, sandal wood, arjun, jarul, ebony mulberry, kusum siris, palas, mahua, simul and dhup.

b. Tropical Dry Deciduous Vegetation

86. The dry deciduous vegetation type grows in areas where rainfall is less than 150mm and the dry

period is relatively long. Trees grow shorter than in tropical moist deciduous category and the undergrowth

is shrubby and grassy. During the hot, dry phase (March to May months), the trees shed their leaves. This

type is found in eastern Rajasthan, Kathiawar, rainshadow area of the Deccan plateau, central India and

Punjab. Common plants are teak, sal, bijasal, laurel, palas, khair and kendu.

c. Sub-Tropical Coniferous Vegetation

87. This type is a pure association of chir pine without underwood and a few shrubs. It is found

throughout the whole length of the northwest Himalaya between elevations of 1000-1800m.


33

d. Himalayan Dry Temperature Vegetation

88. This type is found in the inner dry ranges of the Western Himalaya where precipitation is below

1000 mm. and is predominantly a coniferous forest with xerophytic shrubs. Epiphytes and climbers are

rare. Important species are chilgoza, deodar, oak, maple, ash, celtis, parrotia, olive, etc.

e. Himalayan Moist Temperate Vegetation

89. In the western Himalaya, between 1500m and 3000m elevation, forests of deodar, spruce, maple,

walnut, poplar, cedar, chestnut, birch, oak etc. occur. These are 30 to 50m high. Undergrowth is mostly

evergreen. Mosses and ferns grow freely on trees. The extent of forest cover among the various states

within Ganga basin is given in Table 2-12.

Table 2-12: State-wise Forest Cover in Ganga Basin states (2017)

State Geographical Area (Sqkm)

Forest Cover

% of Geographical

Area

Change in Forest

Cover v. 2015

Very Dense Forest (Sqkm)

Moderatly Dense Forest Cover (Sqkm)

Open Forest (Sqkm)

Total (Sqkm)

Bihar 94,163 332 3,260 3,707 7,299 7.75 45

Chhattisgarh 135,192 7,064 32,215 16,268 55,547 41.09 -12

Delhi 1,483 6.72 56.24 129.45 192.41 12.97 3.64

Haryana 44,212 28 452 1,108 1,588 3.59 8

Himachal Pradesh

55,673 3,110 6,705 5,285 15,100 27.12 393

Jharkhand 79,716 2,598 9,686 11,269 23,553 29.55 29

Madhya Pradesh

308,252 6,563 34,571 36,280 77,414 25.11 -12

Rajasthan 342,239 78 4,340 12,154 16,572 4.84 466

Uttar Pradesh

240,928 2,617 4,069 7,993 14,679 6.09 278

Uttarakhand 53,483 4,969 12,884 6,442 24,295 45.43 23

West Bengal 88,752 2,994 4,147 9,706 16,847 18.98 21

Ganga Basin states

1,444,093 30,360 112,385 110,341 253,086 17.53 1242.64

India 3,287,469 98,158 308,318 301,797 708,273 21.54 6778 Source: Forest Survey of India, 2017

90. The Ganga basin has gained significant forest cover in between the 2015 and 2017 surveys. Increase

of forest cover in Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh can be attributed to plantation,

regeration of fast growing species and conservation efforts. The decline in forest cover in Madhya Pradesh

and Chhattisgarh is due to expansion of agriculture, development activities, submergence, mining and

rotational felling.

2.8.2. Environmentally Sensitive Areas

91. The Environmentally sensitive areas comprise Biosphere Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries, National

Parks and Tiger Reserves among others. The environmentally sensitive areas within the Ganga basin are

briefly summarized hereunder.


34

a. Biosphere Reserves

92. The Government of India has established 18 Biosphere Reserves of India, (categories roughly

correspond to IUCN Category V protected areas), which protect larger areas of natural habitat (i.e. more

than a National Park or Animal Sanctuary) and often include one or more National Park and / or Reserves,

along buffer zones that are open to some economic uses. Protection is granted not only to the flora and

fauna of the protected region, but also to the human communities which inhabit these regions and their

ways of life.

93. The Ganga basin has four Biosphere reserves, namely the Nanda Devi Biosphere, the Sundarbans

National Park, the Achnakmar-Amarkantak biosphere and the Panna Biosphere. Three of these biospheres

(except the Panna Biosphere Reserve) are also a part of the World Network of Biosphere reserves. The

details of these biosphere reserves are given below in Table 2-13.The location of Biosphere reserves within

the Ganga basin are shown in Annex-Appendix 2.

Table 2-13: Biosphere Reserves coming under Ganga Basin

S. No.

Name Location (Distract) State Adjacent Tributary

Type Area (SqKm)

1 Sunderbans* North and South 24-Paraganas

West Bengal Ganga Gangetic Delta

9630

2 Nanda Devi* Pithoragarh Uttarakhand Ramganga West Himalayas

5860.69

3 Achanakmar - Amarkantak

Annupur, Dinodori districts of Madhya Pradesh and Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh

Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh

Narmada, Johilla and Son

Maikala Hills

3853.51

4 Panna Panna, Chhattarpur Madhya Pradesh

Son Catchment Area of the Ken River

2998.98

Source: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

b. National Parks

94. A National Park is a reserve of natural or semi-natural land, declared or owned by the Government

of India and set aside for human recreation and enjoyment, animal and environmental protection and is

restricted from most development. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and its

World Commission on Protected Areas has classified National Parks under its Category II type of protected

areas.

95. At present India has 104 National Parks, spread all across the country, out of which 34 National

Parks are within the Ganga basin. The total area cover of National Parks in the Ganga Basin is a little over

19374.69 sq.km., with about half coming from Uttarakhand. A list of national parks within the Ganga basin,

including district, adjacent tributary and settlement information is given below in Table 2.14. It should be

noted that the Ganga basin’s boundaries are not exact, and national parks were deemed to be part of the

basin if the districts in which they are located were determined to fall within the basin.

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maikala_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maikala_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_River

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_River


35

Table 2-14: National Parks within Ganga Basin

Name State Location (District)

Adjacent Tributary

Adjacent Settlement

Area (SqKm)

Valmiki National Park Bihar Paschim

Champaran Koshi Valmikinagar 335.65

Guru Ghasidas National Park

Chhattisgarh Koriya and

Surguja Banas Sidhi 1440.71

Kanger Valley National Park

Chhattisgarh Bastar Kanger Jagdalpur 200.00

Kalesar National Park Haryana Yamunanaga

r Yamuna Yamunanagar 46.82

Sultanpur National Park Haryana Gurgaon Yamuna Gurgaon 1.43

Betla National Park Jharkhand Palamu Koel Latehar 226.33

Sanjay National Park Madhya Pradesh

Sidhi/Sarguja Son Sidhi 1938.00

Panna National Park Madhya Pradesh

Panna, Chatarpur

Son Satna 543.00

Bandhavgarh National Park

Madhya Pradesh

Shandol Son Katni 105.40

Fossil National Park Madhya Pradesh

Mandla Son Dindori 0.27

Madhav National Park Madhya Pradesh

Shivpuri Chambal Shivpuri 337.00

Van Vihar National Park Madhya Pradesh

Bhopal Narmada Bhopal 4.45

Kanha National Park Madhya Pradesh

Mandla Narmada Mandla 940

Satpura National Park Madhya Pradesh

Hoshangabad

Narmada Pipariya 524

Indira Priyadarshini Pench National Park

Madhya Pradesh

Chhindwara and Seoni

Pench Seoni 292.85

Dinosaur National Park Madhya Pradesh

Dhar Dhar 0.89

Ranthambore National Park

Rajasthan Swai

Madhopur Chambal Sawai Madhopur 392.00

Sariska National Park Rajasthan Alwar Banas Alwar 273.80

Dessert National Park Rajasthan Jaisalmer Banas Jaisalmer, Barmer 3162

Keoladeo National Park Rajasthan Bharatpur Yamuna Agra 28.73

Mukundra Hills National Park

Rajasthan Kota and

Chittorgarh Kota Chambal 200.45

Gangotri National Park Uttarakhand Uttarkashi Ganga Gangi 1552.73

Govind Pashu Vihar National Park and Sanctuary

Uttarakhand Uttarkashi Tons Dharkadhi 958

Rajaji National Park Uttarakhand

Haridwar, Dehradun, and Pauri Garhwal

Ganga Rishikesh 820.42

Corbett National Park Uttarakhand Nainital and

Pauri Garhwal

Yamuna Yamunanagar 521.00

Valley of Flowers National Park

Uttarakhand Pithoragrh Ramganga Joshimath 87.50

Nanda Devi National Park Uttarakhand Chamoli Ramganga Chamoli 624.60


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Name State Location (District)

Adjacent Tributary

Adjacent Settlement

Area (SqKm)

Dudhwa National Park Uttar

Pradesh Lakhimpur-

Kheri Ganga, Sarda Palia Kalan 1270

Sundarbans National Park

West Bengal North and South 24-Paraganas

Ganga Haldia 1330.10

Buxa National Park West Bengal Jalpaiguri Torsa,

Brahmaputra

Malbazar, Jalpaiguri, Mainaguri

760

Jaldapara National Park West Bengal Jalpaiguri Torsa Uttar Madarihat 216.51

Gorumara National Park West Bengal Jalpaiguri Tista Mainaguri 73.45

Neora Valley National Park

West Bengal Darjeeling Brahmaputra Lava 88

Singalila National Park West Bengal Darjeeling Rammam

and Sirikhola Manebhanjang 78.60

Ganga Basin Total 34 National Parks 19374.69 Source: Wildlife Institute of India 2018, ENVIS Center on Wildlife and Protected Areas, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

c. Wildlife Sanctuaries

96. India has 543 animal sanctuaries, commonly referred to as Wildlife Sanctuaries (IUCN Category IV

protected area). Wildlife sanctuaries are designated as a National Wildlife Sanctuary when they are

deemed of national importance to conservation, usually due to some flagship faunal species.

97. Out of this 543, 119 are located in the Ganga basin, spread across Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,

Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West

Bengal. The total area set aside for these sanctuaries is 26,120 km2. An exhaustive list of wildlife sanctuaries

within the Ganga basin by state is given Annex-Appendix 3 and locations are shown in Annex-Appendix 2.

It should be noted wildlife sanctuaries were deemed to be part of the basin in the same manner as national

parks, namely based on whether the districts in which they are located were determined to fall within the

basin.

d. Tiger Reserves

98. Among the 543 wildlife sanctuaries across India, 50 have special significance for the conservation

of the Bengal Tiger and therefore designated as Tiger Reserves. Project Tiger, a wildlife conservation

program initiated in India in 1972 to protect the Bengal Tigers, governs these reserves, which are meant to

be representative of various regions throughout India. The programme strives to maintain a viable

population of this conservation-reliant species in their natural environment. The Bengal Tiger faces

extinction due largely to the threat of poaching for their pelts.

99. Out of the 50 designated tiger reserves, 13 are located near the project area in the Ganga Basin,

and comprise a total area of over 15419 km2. The list of tiger reserves in Ganga basin, with associated

district and adjacent tributary information, are given in Table 2-15. Tiger reserves were deemed to be part

of the basin in the same manner as national parks, namely based on whether the districts in which they are

located were determined to fall within the basin.


37

Table 2-15 : Tiger Reserves within Ganga Basin

Name State Location (District) Adjacent Tributary Area (Sq.Km)

Valmiki Bihar Paschim Champaran Gandak 899.38

Guru Haridas Chhattisgarh Koriya Banas 1440

Palamu Jharkhand Palamu Auranga 1130.00

Bandhavgarh Madhya Pradesh Shahdol and Jabalpur Johilla and Son 716.90

Panna Madhya Pradesh Ken Panna and Chhatarpur 576.13

Pench Madhya Pradesh Seoni and Chhindwara Pench 1179.63

Ranthambhore Rajasthan Sawai Madhopur and Karauli

Chambal and Banas 1113.36

Sariska Rajasthan Alwar Chambal and Banas 681.11

Mukundra Hills Rajasthan Kota Ranapratap Sagar 759.99

Dudhwa Uttar Pradesh Lakhimpur Kheri and Bahraich

Suheli 3326.00

Jim Corbett Uttarakhand Nainital and Pauri Garhwal

Yamuna 821.99

Rajajji Tiger Reserve

Uttarakhand Dehra Dun Ganga 1075.17

Sunderbans West Bengal North and South 24-Paraganas

Ganga 1699.92

Ganga Basin Total 13 Reserves 15419.58 Source: Wildlife Institute of India 2018, ENVIS Center on Wildlife and Protected Areas, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

e. Endangered Species in Ganga Basin

100. The names, species names and location of the various endangered species of the Ganga Basin are

given below in Table 2-16.

Table 2-16 : Endangered Species of Ganga Basin

Name Species Location

Vultures Gyps Bengalensis, Gyps Tenuirostris and Gyps Indicus

Basin-wide

Ganga Dolphin Platanista Gangetica Ganga River

Bengal Florican Houbaropis Bengalensis Uttar Pradesh

Bengal Tiger Panthera Tigris Thirs Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan and West Bengal

Gharial (Crocidile) Gavialis Gangeticus Ganga River (specifically Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh)

Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle (Bengal Roof Turtle)

Batagur Kachuga Ganga Basin

Ganga Shark Glyphis gangeticus Ganga River and Hoogly River

Large-Tooth Sawfish Pristis microdon Mahanadi River, estuaries of Ganga and Bramhaputra

Siberian Crane Grus leucogeranus Wetland Area of Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan

Spoon-Billed Sandpiper Eurynorhynchus pygmeus West Bengal Source: Critically Endangered Animal Species of India 2011, Ministry of Environment and Forest

101. Among these, the Ganga Dolphins warrant additional focus. Ganga Dolphins are one of only four

varieties of exclusively freshwater dolphins in the world, with the others residing in China, Pakistan and in

the Amazon river basin, which spans multiple countries in Latin America. Though scant, available studies

indicated that there were about 10,000 dolphins in the Ganga river during the late 19th century. Recent


38

findings estimated the current population at 3,2943. Recognizing the ecological role of the species in river

ecosystems and its need for protection, Gangetic dolphins was listed in the Schedule I of Wild Life ACT 1972

and was designated as the National Aquatic Animal in 2009. It is also considered as an endangered species

by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The distribution of Dolphins in River Ganga

is at Figure 2-7 and the factors which affect the dolphins is given in Figure 2-8.

Figure 2-7: Historic Distribution of Dolphins in Ganga River

3 Wildlife Institute of India, Conserving Gangetic Dolphin, Smart Strategy Implementation and Adaptive Management for the Ganga River (WII – GACMC, 2019)


39

Figure 2-8: Factors affecting dolphins

102. This reduction in population size is attributed to many factors amongst which reduced depths,

fishing, motorized boats, pollution from river bed agriculture and sewerage play significant role. NMCG

has been engaged in ‘biodiversity conservation and Ganga rejuvenation’ project which focuses on science-

based species restoration by involving multiple stakeholders. As part of this initiative survey on the

distribution of Gangetic Dolphin was conducted in 2018 and 2019 and some recommendation were provided

for protecting it. The survey indicate that the moratality rate of Gangetic Dolphin has been in the reducing

trend as compared to the previous years, one of the reason could improved water quality and water

availability in the river. As recommended by this study, Ganga 2 project will continue contributiong

positively for rejuvenation of Ganga Dolphins by reducing pollution to the river.

103. Gharial face similar threats as the Ganga dolphins, as they mostly share the same habitat. Bengal

Floricans are threatened by the continuous conversion of their grassland habitats to agricultural purposes.

The various vulture species throughout India face extinction due to a number of reasons, the most

significant of which is the use of diclofenac as a painkiller for animals. The vultures absorb the diclofenac

by consuming the carcasses of dead animals. The vultures are then unable to metabolize the drug, which

causes a gout-like illness and eventually, death. The threats and conditions of the Bengal Tigers have been

detailed above.

f. Mangrove Forests and the Sunderbans

Very High Risks

• Reduced Depths

• Fishing

High Risks

• Motorised Boats

• Riverbed Agriculture

• Drain

Medium Risk

• Sand Mining

• Solid Waste

• Open Cremation

Low Risk

• Cultural Offering

• Mass Bathing


40

104. Mangrove forests consist of salt-tolerant plant species and occur along the inter-tidal zones of

rivers and seas. The plants form narrow strips or extensive patches in the estuarine habitats and/or river

deltas of tropical and sub-tropical climates. Due to the fact that mangroves must survive the tidal

fluctuations and storms surges associated with the harsh environment between land and sea, they display

distinctive morphological and physiological adaptations that make them at once one of the more resilient

and more unique ecosystems on the planet. These extensive adaptations allow for mangrove forests to

become perhaps the most productive and diverse kind of wetland area in the world. However, mangroves

provide more than just a habitat for a diverse array of species and wildlife; their ecosystem also serves as

a plentiful source of firewood, timber, fodder, fruits, medicines, etc. for neighboring human settlements

while providing a critical buffer zone against cyclones, sea-level rise and other natural threats.

105. Mangroves are classified by the density of their canopy cover. The categories are “very dense”

(canopy cover of more than 70%), “moderately dense” (canopy cover of between 40-70%), and “open”

(canopy cover between 10-40%). Among the states within Ganga basin, only West Bengal has mangrove

forests cover, due to the fact that part of the Sunderbans mangrove forest falls within its boundaries. All

told, the Sunerbans is 10,000 km2, however only 40% falls in India, with the rest residing in Bangladesh.

Like most mangroves, the Sunderbans consist of a number of small, forested islands floating amidst tidal

streams. It is also home to a number of rare fauna, most notably, the Bengal Tiger. The details of West

Bengal’s mangrove cover are given below in Table 2-17.

Table 2-17: West Bengal Mangrove Cover Data (2017)

State Very Dense Mangrove

Moderately Dense Mangrove

Open Mangrove Total Change since

2015

West Bengal 999 692 423 2,114 8

India 1,481 1,480 1,960 4,921 181

Source: State of Forest Report 2017, Forest Survey of India

106. As this table makes clear, West Bengal’s mangroves are critical to India’s overall mangrove cover,

providing nearly half (43%) of the total. West Bengal also provides nearly 67% of India’s very dense

mangrove cover, and almost half (47%) of India’s moderately dense mangroves. It provides a much smaller

share (22%) of India’s open mangroves, as this type of cover is far less prevalent in this stretch of the

Sunderbans mangrove forest. Fortunately, India has increased its mangrove cover by 181 km2 since 2015,

with nearly 4.4% of that growth coming from West Bengal. While these numbers are encouraging, it seems

clear that for India to continue to have thriving mangrove ecosystems, those in West Bengal must be

nurtured and protected.

g. Irrigation

107. The Gangetic plain is one of the most extensively irrigated basins in the world. As of 2015, the net

irrigated area in the states falling under the Ganga basin was some 450,542 Sq. km., constituting more than

66 per cent of the net irrigated area of India as a whole. The net and gross irrigated areas are highest in

Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, which also the share major drainage area of the basin.

Throughout much of the basin, the fields are repeatedly irrigated for raising crops more than once within

a year. When considering all these multiple irrigated areas together, the gross irrigated area in all the basin

states is estimated to be of the order of 610,005 Sq. km. The intensity of irrigation within the Ganga basin

is given in Table 2-18.


41

Table 2-18 : State-wise intensity of Irrigation in the Ganga Basin (2014-2015)

S. No.

State Net Area Irrigated from all sources

(sq. km.)

Gross Area Irrigated from all the Sources

(sq. km.)

Net Sown Area (Sq. km.)

Net Irrigated to Net Sown

(%)

1 Bihar 29868.42 52675.21 52783.16 56.59

2 Chhattisgarh 14657.77 17869.37 4680.74 313.15

3 Delhi 218.89 290.38 218.89 100.00

4 Haryana 29735.71 58242.62 35217.51 84.43

5 Himachal Pradesh 1127.49 1929.12 5499.64 20.50

6 Jharkhand 2065.79 2214.67 13845.15 14.92

7 Madhya Pradesh 95840.93 103006.12 153512.51 62.43

8 Rajasthan 78817.1 101707.85 175214.96 44.98

9 Uttar Pradesh 143894.38 209647.65 165980.43 86.69

10 Uttarakhand 3299.64 5424.83 7001.71 47.13

11 West Bengal 31016.01 56997.79 52383.86 59.21

Ganga Basin States 430542.13 610005.61 666338.56 64.61

India as a whole 683834.52 964574.91 1401300.18 48.80 Source: Land Use Statistics at a Glance 2005-06 to 2014-15, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare

108. As per the data compiled by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and

Farmer’s Welfare (2015), nearly 430,542 sq.km. of land area is irrigated from all available water sources.

The most extensively used water source is the groundwater wells which irrigated nearly 283,159 sq.km of

land area during the year 2014-15 (Table 2-19). A large proportion of the water used eventually trickles

into the subsoil layers through the cultivated fields, recharging groundwater supplies. The entire quantity

of water used comes from the net balance of rain water received each year, after deducting losses through

evaporation and transpiration. On average, each Sq. Km of the Ganga Basin receives a million cubic meters

of water as rainfall. 30 per cent of this is lost as evaporation, while the remainder eventually exits the land

surface as run off and/or seeps down into the subsoil as groundwater recharge, a portion of which often

oozes out at lower levels into streams. In the course of the water’s movement either overland or below

the surface, various chemical compounds dissolve in it. Some of these extraneous chemical constituents

are derived from the residues of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, which are added to the soil every year

for better yield of crops.

Table 2-19: State / Source-wise net area irrigated (2014-2015) in the Ganga basin

Source: Land Use Statistics at a Glance 2005-06 to 2014-15, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare

S.No. Name of the

State/UT Canals

(Sq. Km.) Tank

(Sq. Km.) Wells

(Sq. Km.) Other Sources

(Sq. Km.) Total Area (All

Sources) (Sq. Km.)

1 Bihar 9338.38 572.78 18803.63 1153.63 29868.42

2 Chhattisgarh 9018.01 426 4480.05 733.71 14657.77

3 Delhi 22.41 0 185.42 11.06 218.89

4 Haryana 11511.27 0 18223.41 1.03 29735.71

5 Himachal Pradesh 40.36 0.62 252.11 834.40 1127.49

6 Jharkhand 67.47 485.14 1010.42 502.76 2065.79

7 Madhya Pradesh 16464.60 2730.67 64029.65 12616.01 95840.93

8 Rajasthan 19287.40 696.99 57332.78 1499.93 78817.10

9 Uttar Pradesh 24818.54 1836.47 116570.23 669.14 143894.38

10 Uttarakhand 787.43 0 2271.32 240.58 3299.64

11 West Bengal 0 0 0 31016.01 31016.01

Ganga Basin states 91355.87 6748.67 283159.02 49278.26 430542.13

India 161824.65 17228.14 429593.92 75187.81 683834.52


42

109. The total net irrigated area from all sources constitutes nearly 62.96 percent of India’s 683,835

Sq.Km. total net irrigated area. About 33.42 per cent of the net irrigated area is in Uttar Pradesh alone. In

fact, three Gangetic States – Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal – have between them

69.82 per cent of the basin total area irrigated.

Major/ Medium Water Resources Projects in the Ganga Basin

a. Irrigation Projects

110. In the Ganga basin, there are several major systems of canals. The upper Gangetic main canal,

taking off from Haridwar, is 230 km long and carries a discharge of about 300 cubic metres per second.

Further down, the lower Gangetic canal has a discharge of more than 150 cubic metres per second.

Including these projects, there are a total of 155 major irrigation projects in the Ganga basin. The number

of major, medium and Extension/Renovation/ Modernisation (E.R.M) irrigation projects in existence or

under construction in Ganga basin is given in Table 2-20. As the table shows, over half of the completed

major irrigation projects take place in Uttar Pradesh. Medium irrigation projects, however, appear far more

commonly than major ones, with nearly two-thirds falling in either Madhya Pradesh or Rajasthan. Future

development plans will place greater emphasis on major projects, with Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar

Pradesh receiving the largest number of projects. The emphasis on major projects in the future points to

aggressive efforts on continued agricultural development, likely aimed at addressing concerns over food

security. E.R.M. initiatives, which currently make up a small fraction of completed projects, will also make

up a greater proportion of future projects, suggesting an additional trend towards the improvement of

existing infrastructure.

Table 2-20: Irrigation Projects Completed/Ongoing for States in Ganga Basin (2017)

State Major Projects Medium Projects E.R.M.

Completed Ongoing Completed Ongoing Completed Ongoing

Haryana 14 - - - - 1

Uttar Pradesh 62 8 38 1 1 3

Delhi Not available

Not available

Not available

Not available Not available Not available

Uttarakhand 5 - 5 2 - -

Bihar 16 9 27 7 2 -

Chhattisgarh 10 2 34 2 - 2

Jharkhand 2 9 103 14 - -

West Bengal 5 2 21 5 1 -

Rajasthan 17 2 116 5 2 1

Madhya Pradesh 24 17 102 10 - -

Himachal Pradesh - 1 5 2 - -

Ganga Basin states

155 50 451 48 6 7

Source: Water Resources Information System, Central Water Commission, GoI

111. The total number of medium or major irrigation projects – 491 as of the latest published survey in

2016 – represents a command area of about 36.12% of the basin, or about 472,226 Sq.km. Nearly half of

this command area falls in Uttar Pradesh which, at 97.13% coverage, is almost entirely blanketed by 109

irrigation projects. Haryana achieves the second highest percentage of command area coverage with

87.5%, but its 38,683 Sq.km is bested by Bihar’s 59,392 Sq.km. On the low end, a mere 0.64% of Himachal

Pradesh’s total geographic area is covered by irrigation. Information on the number of major/medium

irrigation projects and their respective command areas as a percentage of total area in the Ganga Basin

states is given in Table 2-21.


43

Table 2-21: Information on Major/Medium Irrigation Projects and Catchment Area in Ganga Basin States (2016)

States Total

Geographical Area (Sq km)

Total Command

Area (Sq km)

% of Geographical

Area

Number of Irrigation Commands

Major Medium Total

Uttarakhand 53483 2517.1 4.71 5 7 12

Uttar Pradesh 240928 234007.63 97.13 70 39 109

Haryana 44212 38683.56 87.5 14 0 14

Himachal Pradesh 55673 358.3 0.64 0 1 1

Delhi 1,484 NA NA NA NA NA

Bihar 94163 59392.55 63.07 25 34 59

Jharkhand 79714 3994.77 5.01 9 71 80

Rajasthan 342239 50518.9 14.76 7 94 101

Madhya Pradesh 308245 48628.88 15.78 17 67 84

Chhattisgarh 135191 27038.2 20 NA NA NA

West Bengal 88752 34124.93 38.45 7 24 31

Ganga Basin States 1307409 472226.62 36.12 154 337 491 Source: India-WRIS WebGIS, 25 October 2016

112. These irrigation projects derive their water from a variety of sources. Canals cater to some 24 per

cent of the net irrigated area. Wells, however, provide the nearly twice that amount, especially in Uttar

Pradesh (81%), Madhya Pradesh (67%), Delhi (85%) and Rajasthan (73%), with net irrigated area served by

wells given in parentheses. The sources of water for irrigation in percentage of net irrigated area within

Ganga basin is given in Table 2-22.

Table 2-22: Sources of Water for Irrigation within Ganga Basin (2014-2015)

S.No. State Canals Tanks Wells Other sources

1 Uttarakhand 24% 0% 69% 7%

2 Uttar Pradesh 17% 1% 81% 0%

3 Haryana 39% 0% 61% 0%

4 Himachal Pradesh 4% 0% 22% 74%

5 Delhi 10% 0% 85% 5%

6 Bihar 31% 2% 63% 4%

7 Jharkhand 3% 23% 49% 24%

8 Rajasthan 24% 1% 73% 2%

9 Madhya Pradesh 17% 3% 67% 13%

10 Chhattisgarh 62% 3% 31% 5%

11 West Bengal 0% 0 0 100%

Ganga Basin states 21% 2% 66% 11%

India as a whole 24% 3% 63% 11% Note: All figures indicate % of net irrigated area; Source: Land Use Statistics at a Glance 2005-06 to 2014-15, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare

b. Projects for Consumptive Use

113. Major water diversion and storage projects in the Ganga basin date back at least to 1355, during

Ferozshah Tuglaq’s rule. It is these sorts of projects that allowed basin inhabitants to cultivate of the Ganga

basin’s plentiful soils and develop the intensive agricultural civilizations which exist today. While all of the

major projects ultimately function as conduits for irrigation water, they also provide a means of flood

control by diverting or storing excess water during the monsoon season. For example, the Agra Canal

located at the Okhla Barrage in Delhi sees an increase of from 30.8 m3/s to 56 m3/s during the monsoon

season. In all, there are 12 major diversion/storage projects in the Ganga basin for consumptive uses,

representing a total of between 2556.6 to 2581.8 m3/s water diverted and 6797 MCM stored annually. The

name, location, capacity and additional information on these projects are given in

Table 2-23.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_E%2B9_m%C2%B2

http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/


44

Table 2-23: Diversion /Storage Projects for Consumptive Use in Ganga Basin

Year of Completion/

Commissioning

Name and Location

Diversion/ Storage

Discharge(m3/s)/ storage in (MCM)

Purpose

1854 Upper Ganga Canal, Haridwar

Diversion 297 m3/s Irrigation (0.924

million Ha)

1874 Agra Canal, Okhla Barrage, Delhi Diversion

30.8 m3/s during Non-monsoon and

56 m3/s during monsoon

Irrigation

1880 Lower Ganga Canal, Narora

Diversion 157 m3/s Irrigation (0.5

million ha)

1960 Gandhisagar Dam/ M.P. Storage

6797 MCM Live Storage

Irrigation over 0.757 million ha. 115 MW

1990-91 East Ganga Canal Bhimgoda Haridwar

Diversion 237 m3/s Irrigation

during Kharif 0.233 million ha

In between 1719-1748 AD during Mughal

Dynasty

Eastern Yamuna Canal

Diversion

85 m3/s Irrigation

1355 AD During

Ferozshah Tuglaq rule

Western Yamuna Canal


2000 Sharda Sahayak Canal, Lakhimpur Kheri


(1.674 million ha)

1985 Gandak Canal


0.96 million ha)

1963 Kosi Canal


(0.44 million ha)

1960 Kota Barrage


(0.5 million ha)

1994 Madhya Ganga Canal, Bijnor


(0.306 million ha) Source Status Paper on Ganga River, NRCD, MoEF 2015

114. As this table makes clear, many of these storage projects are quite old, with nearly half having been

completed before the 20th century. Since the 1990s, only 3 additional projects have been created, although

the most recent project – the Sharda Sahayak Canal – represents by far the largest project in terms of water

diverted and area irrigated. Nevertheless, renovation of older works as well as the construction of newer

ones will likely be necessary for the Ganga basin to meet its future agricultural demands. The projected

increase of E.R.M. projects, mentioned above, suggests that this problem is being addressed.

c. Hydroelectric Storage Projects in the Ganga Basin

115. With extensive monotonous regions and a multitude of tributaries, the Ganga basin is rich in

hydroelectric potential. The 8 existing projects and 3 additional works under construction are a testament

to the regions importance to India’s overall hydroelectricity portfolio. The fact that almost half of the

existing projects have been completed in the past decade and 3 more projects are currently under

construction suggests that India will continue to look to the basin to meet the growing energy demands of

its rapidly developing economy. The list of hydroelectric storage projects in the Ganga basin, along with

name, location, storage and generation capacity are listed in Table 2-24.


45

Table 2-24: Storage Projects for Hydroelectricity Generation in Ganga Basin

Year of Completion/

Commissioning

Name and Location

Storage Storage (MCM) Purpose

1962

Rihand Dam/ Sonbhadra, UP

Storage


Hydro Electricity 300 MW + Water Supply to Thermal Plants

1970-71 Obra Dam Sonbhadra, UP

Storage 211 MCM Gross Storage

Hydro Electricity 99 MW

1973 Chambal Valley Project (Excluding Kota Barrage)

Storage 10500 MCM Live Storage

370 MW Hydro Electricity

1974

Ramganga Multipurpose Project at Kalagarh in Bijnor

Storage

2190 MCM-Gross Storage

Hydroelectric (198 MW) and Irrigation (.575 million Ha Flood Co ntrol

1991 Tons I at Bansagar Diversion Barrage Hydro Electricity

1997 Eastern Gandak Storage Barrage Hydroelectric (15 MW)

1999 Chambal Valley Project Diversion 2899MCM Dams

and Barrage 5 lakh ha. irrigation

2001-02 Tons II & III at Bansagar Storage 5410 MCM

Live Storage Hydro Electricity (90MW)

2002 Ganga Barrage at Kanpur Storage - For drinking and regulation purpose

2006 Tehri Dam

on Bhagirathi Storage 2615 MCM Live

2400 MW of Hydropower and Irrigation to 0.27 million ha Land. Drinking water supply to Delhi @ 10 m3/s

2006 Dhauliganga Pithoragarh

Storage - Hydro Electricity 280 MW

Under construction since 2005

Tapovan Vishnugarh Project, Joshimath

(Chamoli)

Run of the River

Dhauliganga Hydro Electricity 520 MW

Under construction

Lakhwar Phase I and Phase II on River Yamuna

Storage 580 MCM Live

Storage

Installed Capacity 540 MW

Under construction

Jamrani Multipurpose Dam

near Kathgodam Storage


Irrigation (0.15 Million Ha) + 30 MW Hydro + drinking

Under Construction

Vishnugarh-Pipalkoti HEP Storage

3.63 MCM Gross Storage

2.47 MCM Live Storage

444 MV

Under Construction

Sela Urthing HEP Storage

3.06 MCM Gross Storage


230 MV

Under Construction

Bokang Bailing HE Project at Pithoragarh District

Storage 50.67 MCM

Gross Storage 330 MW


46

Year of Completion/

Commissioning

Name and Location

Storage Storage (MCM) Purpose


Under Construction

Rupin Hydro Electric Project in Tehsil Dodra-

Kwar, Shimla District Storage

85200 cum live storage

45 MW

Under Construction

Hydroelectric Project over Madhu Ganga River, Uttarakhand

Storage 596 MCM 76 MW

Under Construction Completion:

Dec 2025

Bowlanand Prayag Hydroelectric Project,

Uttarakhand

- - 300 MW

Source Status Paper on Ganga River, NRCD, MOEF 2015

47

3. GANGA BASIN – POLLUTION ASPECTS

3.1. GENERAL

116. Increasing population, urbanization, industrialization, and the use of agricultural chemicals

continue to pose a significant threat to water quality in the Ganga basin today. As shown in Table 3-1, the

number of cities and towns in the Ganga basin has increased from 1873 in 1991 to 1949 in 2001, while the

urban population has increased from 88 million in 1991 to 128 million in 2001. Of this Uttar Pradesh and

Uttarakhand alone host more than one fourth of the total urban population in the basin and more than

one third of the cities and towns. The state-wise number of Ganga river front towns is preented in Table

3-2. Detailed information on population of class I and class II cities in the Ganga basin is given in Annex-

Appendix 4.

Table 3-1 : Distribution of towns and cities in Ganga basin

S.

No State

Total number of towns and cities

Total Population Per cent of

total

population

in basin

Number

of class

I cities

in year

2011

Class I City

population

in year

2011 1991 2001 2011 1991 2001 2011

1 Uttarakhand

702 670

74

27,544,233 34,539,582

2,560,404 1.805 74 2,560,404

2 Uttar

Pradesh 648 40,938,038 28.862 61 26,228,317

3 Haryana 90 97 80 4,054,744 6,115,304 7,928,280 5.590 20 6,014,739

4 Himachal Pradesh

55 56 56 449,196 595,581 670,493 0.473 1 169,578

5 Delhi 7 4 3 8,471 ,625 12,905,780 11,402,709 8.039 3 11,402,709

6 Bihar 211 215

139 6,715,096 14,675,541

11,266,945 7.943 26 6755370

7 Jharkhand 40 5,351,345 3.773 9 3,913,194

8 Rajasthan 215 216 185 10,077,371 13,214,375 15,807,765 11.145 29 10,480,755

9 Madhya Pradesh 433

368 364 12,152,967 20,152,892

18,963,873 13.370 32 11,162,693

10 Chhattisgarh 84 168 5,801,907 4.090 10 3,315,980

11 West Bengal 160 239 129 18,707,601 22,427,251 21,148,659 14.910 59 17,791,539

Ganga Basin 1873 1949 3897 88,172,833 90,086,724 141,840,418 100.00 324 99,795,278

Source: Census 2011

Table 3-2: Important Ganga river front towns identified in 2017

S. No. State Total number of cities/towns taken up in basin

1 Uttarakhand 16

2 Uttar Pradesh 21

3 Bihar 18

4 Jharkhand 2

5 West Bengal 40

Total 97 Source: NMCG, 2019

3.2. URBAN WATER SUPPLY

117. Water consumption in the basin for domestic and industrial purposes has a direct impact on the

river water quality, as a large proportion of the wastewaters from urban areas are discharged directly into


48

the Ganga River and its tributaries. As is seen from the water supply data given in Table 3-3, out of the 232

Class I cities and 149 Class II cities in Ganga basin, as many as 95 or more are served with less than 100 lpcd

of water, as against the CPHEEO norm of 135 lpcd for cities with piped water supply and sewerage system.

The percent population covered by organized water supply is also extremely low, with figures of only 2 to

3% coverage in Class I and II cities of Bihar and Jharkhand. As water supply per capita is improved and more

and more population is covered under the many ongoing urban infrastructure development programs of

the Government of India and the state and local governments, wastewater volumes will also increase over

time. Greater efforts is required in ensuring adequate wastewater disposal so as to curb the river pollution.

Out of the 97 Ganga river front towns, the city-wise water supply of Class I and Class II cities is given in

Table 3-4.

Table 3-3: Water supply in class I and class II cities in the Ganga basin states

State/UT

No of cities

Municipal Population in

Year 2008

Water supply (MLD)

No of cities in different categories of per capita water supply (lpcd)

Percent Population covered by organized

water supply <100

Between 100-200

Between 200-300

>300

Class I cities

Bihar & Jharkhand

37 10747725 2300.25 - 11 26 - 3%

Delhi 1 14701150 4346 - - 1 - 100%

Haryana 20 5494110 783.39 2 16 1 1 12%

Himachal Pradesh

1 163490 36.18 - - 1 - -

Madhya Pradesh

25 10795000 1560.91 10 14 1 - 41%

Rajasthan 24 9611490 1727.96 9 14 1 - 20%

Uttar Pradesh & Uttarakhand

65 26346330 4613.8 7 52 5 1 6%

West Bengal

59 19699751 3702.6 17 38 1 3 56%

Ganga Basin 232 97559046 19071.1

Class II cities

Bihar & Jharkhand

24 1940100 232.04 - 24 - - 2%

Haryana 7 544040 49.68 7 - - - 10%

Madhya Pradesh

23 1745050 163.64 18 4 1 - 31%

Rajasthan 21 1599260 184.76 18 2 - 1 47%

Uttar Pradesh & Uttarakhand

47 3451980 443.53 3 44 - 1 23%

West Bengal

27 2004440 225.56 4 21 2 - 35%

Ganga Basin 149 11284870 1299.21 Source: Status of water supply, wastewater generation and treatment in class-I cities and class-II towns of India, CPCB, 2010

Table 3-4: City-wise water supply levels for the 97 Ganga river front towns

S.NO Cities Population in

year 2011 Water supply (MLD)

Percapita water supply (lpcd)

Water Supply in Class I cities

Bihar


49




1 Patna 1684297 381.08 226.26

2 Bhagalpur (M.Corp) 400146 90.54 226.27

3 Begusarai 252008 28.99 115.04

4 Buxar 102861 11.83 114.99

5 Munger 213303 48.25 226.23

6 Jamalpur 105434 12.13 115.01

7 Chapra 202352 45.77 226.21

8 Danapur 182241 9.66 53.00

9 Hajipur 147688 33.42 226.29

Total 3290330 661.67

Uttar Pradesh

10 Prayagraj 1168385 211.03 180.61

11 Ballia 104424 1.23 11.77

12 Farrukhabad-cum-Fatehgarh 276581 46.33 167.51

13 Ghazipur 121020 15.39 127.19

14 Jhansi 505693 84.70 167.50

15 Kanpur 2768057 463.66 167.50

16 Mirzapur-cum-Vindhyachal 234871 39.34 167.51

17 Mughalsarai 109650 24.67 225.02

18 Varanasi 1198491 254.68 212.50

Total 6487172 1141.03

Uttarakhand

19 Rishikesh 119848 19.57 163.26

20 Haridwar 811338 239.72 295.46

Total 931186 259.29

West Bengal

21 Baidyabati 133221 22.48 168.72

22 Bally 293373 7.84 26.73

23 Bansberia 114179 15.40 134.87

24 Baranagar 245213 18.26 74.46

25 Barrackpore 154475 22.41 145.08

26 Behrampur 195224 38.16 195.45

27 Bhadreswar 111625 21.71 194.51

28 Bhatpara 383762 6.49 16.92

29 Champadani 122376 8.57 70.00

30 Chandannagar 183554 20.43 111.32

31 Haldia 200827 3.58 17.83

32 Halisahar 126893 21.42 168.77

33 Howrah 1077075 181.75 168.75

34 Hugli-Chinsurah 177259 35.84 202.17

35 Kalyani 100575 24.90 247.60

36 Kamarhati 347721 58.68 168.75

37 Kanchrapara 136055 22.96 168.78

38 Khardaha 113920 14.06 123.42

39 Kolkata 4787965 1477.03 308.49

40 Maheshtala 448317 9.01 20.11

41 Nabadwip 125528 21.19 168.80

42 Naihati 228795 23.67 103.45

43 Panihati 377347 36.17 95.85

44 Rishra 137035 17.78 129.75

45 Serampore 201673 18.89 93.65

46 Santipur 151777 25.60 168.70

47 Titagarh 122368 11.14 91.02

48 Uluberia 274846 5.32 19.36


50




49 Uttarpara Kotrung 159147 26.86 168.76

Total 11232125 2217.60

Water Supply in Class II cities

Bihar

50 Barauni 71660 2.76 33.64

51 Barh 61470 11.53 144.22

52 Fatuah 50961 9.67 135

53 Mokameh 60678 10.77 177.45

54 Sultanganj 52892 7.14 135

Total 297661 41.87

Jharkhand

55 Sahibganj 88214 10.15 115.03

Uttar Pradesh

56 Bijnor 93297 11.20 120.05

57 Gangaghat/Shuklaganj 84072 10.09 119.98

58 Kannauj 84862 10.18 119.99

Total 262231 31.47

West Bengal

59 Budge-Budge 76858 8.26 107.49

60 Chakdah 95203 11.43 120.06

61 Dhuliyan 95706 10.29 107.51

62 Diamond Harbour 50158 6.77 135.00

63 Garulia 89603 12.20 136.13

64 Gayespur 58998 6.62 112.27

65 Jangipur 88131 4.70 53.34

66 Jiyagunj/ Azimgunj 51790 6.99 135.00

67 Katwa 81966 2.76 33.64

68 Konnagar 79960 11.53 144.22

Total 768373 81.55

Water Supply in other Cities

Bihar

69 Barahiya 43032 5.81 135.00

70 Bhaktiyarpur 47897 6.47 135.00

71 Kahelgaon 35497 4.79 135.00

72 Sonepur 37776 5.10 135.00

73 Total 164202 22.17

Jharkhand

74 Rajmahal 27850 3.76 135.00

Uttar Pradesh

75 Anoopsahar 29087 3.93 135.00

76 Babrala 18108 2.44 135.00

77 Bithoor 11300 1.53 135.00

78 Chunar 37185 5.02 135.00

79 Garhmukteshwar 46077 6.22 135.00

80 Hastinapur 26452 3.57 135.00

81 Narora 22775 3.07 135.00

82 Ramnagar 49132 6.63 135.00

83 Saidpur 24338 3.29 135.00

Total 264454 35.7

Uttarakhand

84 Gangotri 4564 0.62 135.00

85 Badrinath 22307 3.01 135.00

86 Uttarkashi (Budkot) 17475 2.36 135.00

87 Joshimath 20111 2.71 135.00


51




88 Chamoli-Gopeshwar 24447 3.30 135.00

89 Nandprayag 1920 0.26 135.00

90 Karnaprayag 8801 1.19 135.00

91 Gaucher 10637 1.44 135.00

92 Rudraprayag 10612 1.43 135.00

93 Srinagar 24464 3.30 135.00

94 Kirtinagar 1722 0.23 135.00

95 Devprayag 4015 0.54 135.00

96 Tapovan 20000 2.70 135.00

Total 219362 23.09

West Bengal

97 Murshidabad 44024 5.94 135.00 Source: NMCG, 2019

3.3. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER GENERATION AND DISPOSAL

118. Out of the 232 class I cities and 149 class II cities, wastewater generation data is available for 179

class I cities and 147 class II cities and is presented in Table. As seen from the Table 3-5, 36 class I cities and

14 class II cities discharge their wastewater directly into the Ganga river, 113 class I cities and 18 class II

cities discharge the wastewater into the tributaries of the Ganga, while 30 class I cities and 115 class II cities

have land disposal. In terms of volume, the 179 class I cities generate about 11000 MLD of wastewater,

and the 147 class II cities generate about 1000 MLD of wastewater. Overall, nearly 2760 MLD of wastewater

are discharged directly into the river Ganga from various locations. The city-wise wastewater generation

data for class I and class II cities discharging into the Ganga River is given in Table 3-6. It is seen that West

Bangal and Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand have the highest number of cities discharging wastewater

directly into the Ganga. Although the number of cities is more in case of West Bengal, in terms of volume

Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand are contributing the maximum wastewater flow into the river Ganga.

Wastewater generation data for class I and class II cities discharging into the tributaries of the Ganga and

on land is given in Annex-Appendix 6.

Table 3-5: Municipal wastewater generation and mode of disposal in the Ganga basin

S.No. State/UT No. of cities Sewage

Generation in 2016 (MLD)

STP Capacity Sanctioned

(MLD)

Sewage Generation in

2035 (MLD)

1. Uttarakhand 16 84.60 98.61 32.30

2. Uttar Pradesh 21 967.50 1144.01 1220.90

3. Bihar 18 455.70 124.00 606.30

4. Jharkhand 2 13.00 12.00 16.00

5. West Bengal 40 1432.00 575.48 1638.10

Total 97 2952.8 1954.10 3513.6 Source: Data collected in year 2019 from NMCG, with basic source of report ‘based on Basin Condition Assessment & Feasibility Studies (CA & FS), NMCG 2011’

Table 3-6: Wastewater generation data for class I and class II cities (of 97 cities) discharging wastewater into the Ganga river

S. No Cities Population

in year 2011


2016 (MLD)


(MLD)


2035 (MLD)

Sewage Generation of Class I cities

Bihar

1 Patna 1684297 217.7 109 286.1

2 Bhagalpur (M.Corp) 400146 46.6 11 59.6

3 Begusarai 252008 21.6 0 33.2


52


in year 2011


2016 (MLD)


(MLD)


2035 (MLD)

4 Buxar 102861 12.0 2 16.1

5 Munger 213303 24.4 0 29.7

6 Jamalpur 105434 12.0 0 13.9

7 Chapra 202352 23.2 2 28.9

8 Danapur 182241 26.1 0 41.2

9 Hajipur 147688 17.7 0 24.1

Uttar Pradesh

10 Prayagraj 1168385 187.7 272 234

11 Ballia 104424 11.7 0 13.3

12 Farrukhabad-cum-Fatehgarh 276581 33.1 2.7 45.4

13 Ghazipur 121020 15.6 0 20.3

14 Jhansi 505693 4.2 1.5 6.2

15 Kanpur 2768057 375.2 457 456.8

16 Mirzapur-cum-Vindhyachal 234871 26.8 18 33.2

17 Mughalsarai 109650 15.1 0 19

18 Varanasi 1198491 235.8 362 310.3

Uttarakhand

19 Rishikesh 119848 14.6 23 19.6

20 Haridwar 811338 50.6 63 73.5

West Bengal

21 Baidyabati 133221 15.3 6 18.3

22 Bally 293373 33.7 3. 41.1

23 Bansberia 114179 12.9 0.3 14.1

24 Baranagar 245213 27.7 0 30.5

25 Barrackpore 154475 17.4 5.35 20.1

26 Behrampur 195224 23.6 3.7 33.2

27 Bhadreswar 111625 12.7 7.6 14.8

28 Bhatpara 383762 48.3 61 57.8

29 Champadani 122376 12.8 1 14.2

30 Chandannagar 183554 20.7 22.7 24.2

31 Haldia 200827 25.5 0 35.8

32 Halisahar 126893 15.5 13 17.0

33 Howrah 1077075 135.7 45 160.1

34 Hugli-Chinsurah 177259 20.4 0 23.0

35 Kalyani 100575 11.9 21 16.0

36 Kamarhati 347721 39.7 40 44.4

37 Kanchrapara 136055 14.2 0 16.5

38 Khardaha 113920 13.0 3 14.2

39 Kolkata 4787965 580.8 179 614.5

40 Maheshtala 448317 52.4 4.2 67.5

41 Nabadwip 125528 14.2 10.5 16.6

42 Naihati 228795 25.8 18 29.8

43 Panihati 377347 43.6 12 53.6

44 Rishra 137035 15.8 0 18.1

45 Serampore 201673 22.7 19 26.7

46 Santipur 151777 17.4 0 21.5

47 Titagarh 122368 13.6 23.1 15.2

48 Uluberia 274846 29.9 0 35.9

49 Uttarpara Kotrung 159147 18.2 0 21.6

Total 21940813 2707.1 1821.65 3280.7


53


in year 2011


2016 (MLD)


(MLD)


2035 (MLD)

Sewage Generation of Class II cities

Bihar

50 Barauni 71660 8.1 0 9.7

51 Barh 61470 7.1 0 9.3

52 Fatuah 50961 6.2 0 9.2

53 Mokameh 60678 6.9 0 8.1

54 Sultanganj 52892 6.7 0 9.8

Jharkhand

55 Sahibganj 88214 10.1 12 12.4

Uttar Pradesh

56 Bijnor 93297 11 0 14.7

57 Gangaghat/Shuklaganj 84072 9.9 0 11.7

58 Kannauj 84862 9.8 13 12.9

West Bengal

59 Budge-Budge 76858 8.7 4.25 10.2

60 Chakdah 95203 10.9 0 12.6

61 Dhuliyan 95706 11.7 0 18.4

62 Diamond Harbour 50158 5.8 2 7.1

63 Garulia 89603 10.2 7.9 12.3

64 Gayespur 58998 6.8 8.23 8.5

65 Jangipur 88131 11.3 0 14.4

66 Jiyagunj/ Azimgunj 51790 7.1 1.39 8.4

67 Katwa 81966 9.4 2.3 11.7

68 Konnagar 79960 9.1 22 10.7

Total 1416479 166.8 73.07 212.1

Sewage Generation of other Cities

Bihar

69 Barahiya 43032 4.9 0 5.9

70 Bhaktiyarpur 47897 6.0 0 9.9

71 Kahelgaon 35497 4.2 0 6.6

72 Sonepur 37776 4.3 0 5.0

Jharkhand

73 Rajmahal 27850 2.7 0 3.7

Uttar Pradesh

74 Anoopsahar 29087 3.4 2.56 4.8

75 Babrala 18108 2.2 0 3

76 Bithoor 11300 1.3 0 1.6

77 Chunar 37185 4.2 0 5

78 Garhmukteshwar 46077 5.9 9 9.4

79 Hastinapur 26452 3.2 0 4.4

80 Narora 22775 2.7 6.25 3.4

81 Ramnagar 49132 5.9 0 8.1

82 Saidpur 24338 2.8 0 3.4

Uttarakhand

83 Gangotri 4564 0.5 1 1.3

84 Badrinath 22307 1.7 0 2.4

85 Uttarkashi (Budkot) 17475 2.4 2 3.1

86 Joshimath 20111 2.5 0 3.9

87 Chamoli-Gopeshwar 24447 3.0 0 3.4

88 Nandprayag 1920 0.2 0.15 0.3

89 Karnaprayag 8801 1.0 0 1.3

90 Gaucher 10637 1.3 0 1.8

91 Rudraprayag 10612 1.6 0 4.2


54


in year 2011


2016 (MLD)


(MLD)


2035 (MLD)

92 Srinagar 24464 2.6 4.5 3.2

93 Kirtinagar 1722 0.2 0.06 0.3

94 Devprayag 4015 0.5 1.4 0.5

95 Tapovan 20000 0.0 3.5 0.0

96 Muni ki Reti 48287 1.9 0 3.0

West Bengal

97 Murshidabad 44024 5.6 1.96 7.5

Total 719892 78.7 32.38 110.4

GRAND TOTAL 24077184 2952.6 1927.1 3603.2 Source: Data collected in year 2019 from NMCG, with basic source of report ‘based on Basin Condition Assessment & Feasibility Studies (CA & FS), NMCG, 2011

3.4. INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER

Inspection of GPIs in 2019

► 1072 Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs) have been identified on main stem of river Ganga and its

tributaries. The state wise and sector wise data is given below:

Table 3-7 : Sector-wise and State-wise GPIs in 2019

Sector Bihar Jharkhand Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Total

Chemical 0 1 11 2 2 16

Distillery 10 0 52 4 3 69

Fertilizer 0 0 6 0 1 7

Food & Beverages 16 4 46 3 7 76

Oil & Refinery 1 0 0 0 1 2

Others 1 1 29 7 10 48

Pesticide 0 0 2 0 1 3

Petrochemical 0 0 0 0 3 3

Pharmaceuticals 0 0 2 1 1 4

Pulp & Paper 5 0 45 28 15 93

Slaughter House 4 0 24 0 0 28

Sugar 11 0 104 5 2 122

Tannery 5 0 399 0 0 404

Textile 3 0 188 4 2 197

Total 56 6 908 54 48 1072 Source: NMCG, 2019

► Inspection of 1072 GPIs has been commenced by 16 third party technical institutions in April 2019. As

on 11.12.2019, inspection of 726 GPIs (647 by TPIs + 79 by CPCB) has been completed except 346

tanneries connected with CETP, Jajmau which are closed by UPPCB. Out of 726 GPIs, 536 reports have

been processedThe state-wise compliance status as on 11.12.2019 is given as below:

Table 3-8: Compliance status of GPIs (2019) as on 11.12.2019

S.No

State

Action Completed

Complied Non-Complied Temporary

Closed

Permanent Closed SCN Closure

1 Bihar 54 41 4 0 9 0

2 Uttar Pradesh 376 203 62 5 89 17

3 Uttarakhand 52 46 1 0 5 0

4 Jharkhand 6 0 6 0 0 0

5 West Bengal 48 31 14 0 3 0


http://s.no/


55

Inspection of GPIs in 2018

► In 2018, 12 institutes were involved and completed inspection of 961 GPIs during April – July, 2018

along with concerned SPCBs and State Mission for Clean Ganga (SMCGs)/ District Ganga Committees

(DGCs).

► Out of 961 inspections carried out (952 by Third Party technical institutes + 9 by CPCB) in 2018, 636 are

complying and 110 are non-complying and 215 are self-closed. Action has been taken on 110 non-

complying industries in which 110 GPIs are issued closure directions under Section 5 of the E(P) Act.

Closure was ensured through District Administration.

Table 3-9 : State wise compliance status of GPIs

State Total Permanent

Closed Temporary

Closed Complying

Non-Complying

Show Cause Notice

Closure Issued

Bihar 48 2 5 41 0 0

Uttar Pradesh 812 24 172 508 0 108

Uttarakhand 57 4 4 49 0 0

West Bengal 44 0 4 38 0 2


Table 3-10 : Sector wise compliance status of GPIs

Sector Total Permanent

Closed Temporary

Closed Complying

Non-Complying

Show Cause Notice

Closure Issued

Chemical 15 0 1 14 0 0

Distillery 50 2 6 42 0 0

Fertilizer 6 0 0 6 0 0

Food, Dairy & Beverages

59 1 7 51 0 0

Oil & Refinery 2 0 0 2 0 0

Others 29 1 2 25 0 1

Pesticide 1 0 1 0 0 0

Petrochemical 3 0 0 3 0 0

Pharmaceuticals 3 0 0 3 0 0

Pulp & Paper 85 4 4 73 0 4

Slaughter House 21 0 7 14 0 0

Sugar 85 5 3 77 0 0

Tannery 409 5 107 197 0 100

Textile 193 12 47 129 0 5

Total 961 30 185 636 0 110

*Others include Automobile, Electroplating, Galvanized Iron structure, Hair Oil Manufacture, Liquid Bromine, Manufacturing & Repair of aircraft, Paint, Telephone sets, Diesel locomotive units.

Source: NMCG 2019

3.5. AGRICULTURAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION

119. Besides municipal and industrial wastewater, another source of pollution in the Ganga basin is the

application of agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers, and pesticides. As discussed in the previous chapter,

the Ganga basin states consume nearly 10 million tones of chemical fertilizers per year, which constitutes

45 percent of the total chemical fertilizer consumption in the country. Of this, Uttar Pradesh alone

consumes 38% of the fertilizer used. The problem with such intensive use of fertilizer is that agricultural


56

runoff into surface water bodies may carry high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. It has been estimated

that 10 to 15 per cent of the nutrients added to the soils through fertilizers eventually find their way to the

surface water systems. Runoff from arable lands may contain nitrogen up to 70 mg/l and phosphorus

ranging from 0.05 to 1.1 mg/l, with potential to raise the nutrient level to a considerable degree in stream

waters.

120. Similarly, pesticide consumption in the Ganga basin states is about 21,000 tonnes per year (47.6%

of the total pesticide consumption in the country). Although the quantity of pesticides used is much less

than the total amount of the chemical fertilizers used, pesticides are highly toxic and chemically more

stable than the fertilizer residues. Pesticide residues in water, even in trace(s), could potentiallty affect

human health adversely when used as a drinking water source. Even traces of pesticides in water are highly

toxic to aquatic fauna.

121. Unfortunately, the available data relating to the pesticide and nutrient levels in the Ganga water

are not sufficient to draw any definitive conclusions at present; however, given the extensive use of

agricultural chemicals in the region, a continued focus and further study in this area is warranted.

3.6. WATER QUALITY

122. Wastewater discharge into the river Ganga is reported to have significant impact on the water

quality along its huge catchment area. The water quality is calculated and presented as minimum,

maximum and mean value to assess the extent of water quality variation throughout the year.

123. According to bathing water quality standard (BOD less than 3mg/l), Figure 3-1 presents BOD level

less at several locations such as Rishikesh, Haridwar, Garmukteshwar, Prayagraj, Varanasi Khurji and

Rajmahal in year 2019. In comparison to the preceding year 2014, there has been drop in the average BOD

level in these six stations. Moreover, amongst the sixteen (16) locations identified for water quality

observation, it is observed that with functioning of sewage treatment capacity under the Ganga Action Plan

the BOD levels are quite acceptable from the stretch Rishikesh to Kannauj. But, there has been significant

escalation in BOD level from the stretch Kannuaj to Kanpur while slighty improving in Varanasi but

increasing at Varanasi at Malviya Bridge. Fuerhert from Bihar to Westbengal Pollution load is observed

increasd at ending point of Palta an Uluberia, which shows evidence of high pollution load, may be due to

direct discharge of untreated sewerage water into the river. Kanpur Downstream depicts the highest BOD

level above than the standard level marking at remaining stations.


57

Figure 3-1: BOD levels in river Ganga during year 2014 and 2019 (Source: CPCB)

► Figure 3-2 shows variation in past and present DO levels in the Ganga River at various locations from

2014 to 2019. Overall DO level shows acceptable performance i.e. more than 5 mg/L in sixteen (16). In

general, it can be witnessed that in comparison to 2014 the DO level has marginally increased in 2019

in most of the observation stations in the stretch from Rishikesh to Uluberia along the Ganges.

Figure 3-2: DO levels in river Ganga during year 2014 and 2019 (Source: CPCB)

http://moef.nic.in/

http://moef.nic.in/


58

► It is also observed that standards for coliforms are exceeded more frequently than for BOD and DO.

Figure 3-3, Figure 3-4, Figure 3-5 and Figure 3-6 shows that the standard for feacal coliform has

exceeded at almost all locations. The detail has been given below.

► In Rishikesh, there has been drop in the Feacal coliform almost by 50-60% from 2014 to 2019; Haridwar

has also witnessed decrease, but the total amount of coliform is almost ten times to that of Rishikesh.

Figure 3-3: Water quality of river Ganga (Uttarakhand segment) [Source: CPCB]

► The stretch from Kanpur onwards witnesses tremendous increase in amount of coliform. With

presence of major urban areas like Kanpur, Lucknow, Unnao, Rae Bareilly, and Fatehpur; there is huge

population to curtail in the catchment area.

Figure 3-4: Water quality of river Ganga (U.P upper segment) [Source: CPCB]

► In year 2019, total coliform content is showing significant reduction from 2014 record but still far above

than limit. The Namami Gange Sewerage sanitation work under cricual cities such Varanasi, Prayagraj

are showing improvement, however still target is far to achieve.


59

Figure 3-5: Water quality of river Ganga (U.P lower segment) [Source: CPCB]

► Escalation in Coliform content is observed in year 2019, around five location of middle Ganga Stretch

shows Faecal Coliform content greater than record of year 2014. Stations of Mokama D/S, Munger,

Ganga at Sultanganj Bhagalpur shows the significantly high coliform.

Figure 3-6: Water quality of river Ganga (Mid-Ganga segment) [Source: CPCB]

► This stretch of Ganga in West Bengal has witnessed decrease in the amount of Faecal coliform from

2014 to 2019. Although level of Coliform content is not complying anywhere with the stipulated

criterial limit.


60

Figure 3-7: Water quality of river Ganga (West Bengal segment) [Source: CPCB]

124. The compliance and trends for key water quality parameters for the river Ganga during 2018 to

2019 are summarized in Table 3-11.

Table 3-11: Biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, and faecal coliform compliance with the standard, and trends in the River Ganga

Location

BOD DO Faecal Coliform

Compliance with std

Trend Compliance

with std Trend

Compliance with std

Trend

Bhagirathi at Gangotri Alaknanda B/C

Yes Marg. decreasing

Yes Increasing Yes ----

Mandakini at Rudraprayag

Yes Marginally decreasing

Yes No trend Yes Decreasing

Alaknanda A/C Mandakini at Rudraprayag


Yes Increasing Yes No trend

Alaknanda b/C to Bhagirathi at Devprayag

Yes --- Yes Increasing Yes No trend

Bhagirathi B/C with Alaknanda at Devprayag

Yes Decreasing Yes Increasing Yes No trend


Yes No trend Yes Increasing No No trend

Alaknanda A/C with Bhagirathi at Devprayag

Yes Decreasing Yes Increasing Yes No trend

Ganga at Rishikesh U/S Yes Decreasing Yes Increasing Yes Decreasing

Ganga at Haridwar D/S Yes Decreasing Yes Increasing Yes Decreasing

Garhmukteshwar Yes Decreasing Yes Increasing Yes Decreasing

Narora (Bulandshar) Yes Decreasing Yes Marginally Increasing

Yes No trend

Kannauj u/s (Rajghat) Yes Decreasing Yes Increasing Yes Decreasing

Kannauj d/s No Decreasing Yes Increasing No Decreasing

Bithoor (Kanpur) No Decreasing Yes Increasing Yes Decreasing

Kanpur u/s (Ranighat) No Decreasing Yes Increasing No Decreasing


61

Location

BOD DO Faecal Coliform

Compliance with std

Trend Compliance

with std Trend

Compliance with std

Trend

Kanpur d/s (Jajmau pumping station)

No Decreasing Yes Increasing No Increasing

Dalmau (Rai Bareilly) No Marginally decreasing

Yes Increasing No Decreasing

Prayagraj (Rasoolabad) Yes Decreasing Yes Increasing No Increasing

Prayagraj d/s (Sangam) Yes Decreasing Yes Increasing No Increasing

Varanasi u/s (Assighat) Yes Marginally decreasing

Yes Marginally Increasing

Yes Decreasing

Varanasi d/s (Malviya Bridge)

No Marginally Increasing


No Decreasing

Trighat (West Ghazipur)

No Marginally Increasing


Yes Decreasing

Ganga at Buxar yes Marginally decreasing


No Decreasing

Ganga at Khurji, Patna u/s

Yes --- Yes ---- No No trend

Ganga at Patna d/s (Ganga Bridge)

Yes decreasing Yes Marginally decreasing

No Increasing

Ganga at Mokama (u/s)



No Increasing

Ganga at Mokama (d/s)

Yes Decreasing Yes Marginally decreasing

No Increasing

Ganga at Munger Yes Marginally Decreasing


No Increasing

Ganga at Bhagalpur Yes Marginally Decreasing

Yes Decreasing No Increasing

Rajmahal Yes ----- Yes No trend No ---

Ganga at Kahalgaon Yes Marginally Decreasing


No Increasing

Baharampore Yes Marginally Decreasing

Yes Decreasing No Increasing

Serampore No Increasing Yes Marginally decreasing

No Decreasing

Dakshineshwar No Marginally increasing


No Decreasing

Howrah-Shivpur No Marginally increasing

Yes Decreasing No Marginally Decreasing

Garden Reach No Increasing Yes Decreasing No Decreasing

Uluberia No Marginally Decreasing

Yes Marginally increasing

No Increasing

Palta Yes Marginally increasing

Yes Decreasing No Decreasing

Diamond Harbour Yes Marginally increased


Yes Decreased

Source: Analyis based on CPCB data 2018-19

Water quality levels at different monitoring locations on river Ganga between: 2014-2019 is presented in

the Table 3-12 and

Table 3-13. Similar trends for the Yamuna River are given in Annex-Appendix 7.


62

Table 3-12: Water Quality Data of River Ganga (Year 2014-2019)

Location

pH BOD (mg/l) DO (mg/l) FECAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml) TOTAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml)

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

WATER QUALITY CTITERIA

6.5 – 8.5 < 3 mg/l > 4 mg/l < 2500 MPN/100ml < 5000 MPN/100ml

Ganga at Buxar, Ramrekhaghat

8.3 8.2 8.3 8.1 7.8 7.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.3 7.6 8.6 5.5 8.0 8.2 7.3 5400 3000 3000 2112158 7655 4944 16000 11000 9000 2688133 15848 1604

Buxar, Bihar 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.03 7.7 8.0 2.8 2.6 2.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 7.8 8.5 6 8.3 8.6 8.3 1500 3100 2600 1545942 5555 8639 4600 9400 5000 2687858 11264 29956

Ganga at confluence of Sone river Doriganj, Chapra

8.3 8.3 8.4 7.8 7.5 7.9 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.1 1.9 2.1 7.6 8.2 7 8.1 8.4 8.0 3500 1500 2100 6373 4627 3075 9200 4200 4800 15927 10836 21000

Patna D/s (Ganga Bridge), Bihar

8.3 8.4 8.3 7.9 7.6 8.0 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.2 7 7.7 6.2 7.8 8.0 7.5 9000 3200 9000 116083 8942 99600 24000 10000 9000 197350 17000 31000

Ganga at Fatuha 8.3 8.5 8.2 7.9 7.3 7.8 2.5 2.3 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.4 7 7.8 6.8 7.9 7.8 7.0 3000 1700 2600 148217 3575 4670 9000 4700 5000 259117 7650 16560

Mokama (U/S) 8.2 7.8 8.6 7.9 7.6 7.9 2.5 2.5 2.8 1.9 2.1 1.9 7.4 7.6 7.6 8.2 8.1 7.4 2400 2500 2200 5100 4509 4520 5000 7200 5000 8720 10391 19370

Mokama (D/S) 8.1 7.7 8 7.7 7.7 7.9 2.8 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.3 7.2 8.1 7.5 7.6 7.9 7.0 5000 2200 2200 2467 12564 11669 16000 7600 5000 6000 22000 25571

Munger 8 7.8 7.9 7.7 7.7 8.0 2.6 2.4 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.0 7.4 7.8 6.9 7.6 8.1 7.4 3000 1800 3000 11933 12727 13060 9000 5300 8000 35358 22818 50600

Ganga at Sultanganj, Bhagalpur

7.9 7.8 8.1 7.7 7.7 8.0 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.4 1.9 7.5 7.8 7.1 7.5 7.9 7.4 2400 1500 3000 17458 13900 9548 5400 4400 9000 42142 24818 39090

Bhagalpur 8.1 7.8 8.1 7.69 7.5 8.0 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.6 1.9 1.8 7.5 7.7 6.9 7.8 8.4 7.6 5400 2900 2600 11764 9455 7628 24000 9600 5000 28890.9 16845 27060

Kahalgaon 8.2 7.9 8.1 7.9 7.6 8.0 - 2.6 2.8 2.2 2.1 1.7 7.6 7.9 7.2 7.8 8.0 7.9 5000 2300 2600 9940 7991 5170 16000 7300 5000 36330 16818 33700

Baharampore, West Bengal

8.1 8 8.3 7.9 8.1 8.1 8.7 4.1 5.3 2.5 2.6 2.9 4.4 7.1 5 7.5 7.2 7.5 900000 68000 220000 167000 91429 128455 1600000 100000 280000 285833 132143 2727

Tribeni on Ganga, Near Burning Ghat

8.4 8.1 8.5 7.8 7.9 8.1 5 4.2 4.9 3.2 3.1 3.4 5.3 6.5 5.1 6.6 7.0 6.5 110000 59000 170000 165455 90917 72200 240000 82000 220000 210833 121417 107000

Palta, West Bengal

8.1 8 8.3 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.5 3.4 5.5 2.4 3.6 3.7 4.5 6.4 4.7 6.2 6.5 6.0 500000 76000 220000 174167 150833 110176 900000 100000 280000 224167 233333 208832

Serampore, West Bengal

8.6 8 8.3 7.9 7.9 8.1 9.7 3.7 6.3 4.2 3.1 4.0 4.1 6.5 4.6 6.7 6.6 6.8 500000 97000 220000 185000 93000 7836 1600000 130000 280000 244167 126917 119636

Dakshineshwar, West Bengal

8.5 7.9 8.2 7.8 7.7 7.6 7 4.7 6.1 3.5 4.3 4.0 4.1 6.5 3.8 5.9 5.9 6.2 1100000 190000 240000 147818 248714 196300 2500000 350000 500000 241818 545000 408900

Howrah-Shivpur, West Bengal

8.6 7.9 8.2 7.8 7.4 7.7 5.7 3.2 9 2.9 3.7 3.5 5.1 5.9 3.7 5.3 5.8 5.8 250000 100000 80000 63363.6364 144750 130545 650000 210000 240000 96455 251667 192927

Garden Reach, West Bengal

8.9 7.8 8.3 7.9 7.4 7.7 4.8 3.6 9.7 4.0 3.6 3.6 5 5.7 3.1 5.4 5.2 5.8 1200000 150000 300000 102545 272357 173000 1500000 280000 500000 160000 474429 283636

Nabadip on Ganga, Ghoshpara near Monipurghat

8.2 8.1 8.5 7.9 7.9 8.1 4.8 2.7 3.8 2.5 3.0 3.1 5.1 7.1 4.7 7.0 7.5 6.8 1300000 73000 130000 122500 84417 65412 5000000 100000 170000 161667 116500 107824

Uluberia, West Bengal

8.8 7.9 8.2 7.9 7.3 7.7 5.8 3.1 6.5 2.7 3.1 3.1 4 5.5 2.5 5.4 5.6 5.6 130000 46000 110000 21727 38429 65545 300000 86000 220000 33909 55929 33736

Diamond Harbour, West Bengal

8.3 7.9 8.4 7.6 7.5 7.8 6.2 3.7 12 2.8 2.9 2.5 4.6 6.2 4.4 6.2 6.3 6.1 240000 22000 30000 16636 10357 2409 500000 59000 50000 28636.4 17357 8464

Source: Central Pollution Control Board, 2019


63

Table 3-13: Water Quality Data of River Ganga (Year 2014-2019)

Location


20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19



Bhagirathi at Gangotri

- - 7.6 7.1 7.1 7.2 - - - 1.0 1.0 1.1 - - 9.2 10.1 8.8 9.8 - - - 2 - 7 - - - 11 - 9

Alaknanda B/C Mandakini at Rudra Prayag

8.2 7.8 7.9 7.5 7.6 7.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.8 8.8 8.4 9.2 9.2 9.8 - - - 240 - 2 - - - 1841.6 - 2

Mandakini B/C Alaknanda at Rudra Prayag

8.2 7.9 7.9 7.5 7.6 7.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 8.6 9.1 8.6 9.2 9.3 9.6 - - - 240 - 2 - - - 3201.6 - 2

Alaknanda B/C to Bhagirathi at Devprayag

8.2 8.1 7.8 7.6 7.7 7.8 1 1 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.4 8.2 8.6 10.0 9.1 9.6 - - - 17000 - 2 - - - 320002 - 2


8.2 8.4 7.9 7.6 7.7 7.7 1.2 1 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.8 9.5 9 9.5 9.1 9.9 - - - - - 2 - - - 184002 - 2

Alaknanda A/C Mandakini at Rudra Prayag

8.2 8 8.1 7.7 7.7 7.7 1.2 1 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.4 7.8 8.2 9.3 9.2 9.7 - - - 94000 - 2 - - - 2 - 2

Alaknanda A/C with Bhagirathi at Devprayag

8.2 8 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.8 1.2 1 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.4 8.7 8.8 9.3 9.4 9.8 - - - - - 2 - - - 2 - 2

Rishikesh U/S 8 7.7 7.8 7.4 7.5 7.7 1.4 1 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.4 9.8 9.2 10.0 9.9 10.2 - - - - - 2 40 15 40 48.5 - 2

Haridwar D/S 7.7 7.7 7.8 7.6 7.9 7.6 7.2 1 6.4 1.0 1.1 1.2 4 9.8 4 8.8 9.2 8.9 - - - - 154 1600 358 1600 331 - 281

Garhmukteshwar, UP

7.8 7.4 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.3 3.5 2.8 3.5 2.3 2.6 2.0 7.2 7.8 7.1 8.0 7.9 8.6 840 785 710 255 320 669 1500 1200 1200 493 450 1443

Narora (Bulandsahar),UP

7.5 7.3 7.8 7.3 7.4 7.3 3.3 2.6 3.8 2.8 2.1 1.7 7.8 7.4 6.2 7.6 7.7 8.3 410 430 610 256 306 521 630 913 9000 583 543 1066

Kannauj U/S (Rajghat) UP

8.4 7.9 8.4 7.8 8.2 8.3 3.8 3.5 4.1 3.4 3.5 2.9 6.5 8.3 7.4 7.6 8.4 8.4 2600 2200 2700 2567 2300 2136 4900 3900 5400 4483 3817 3773

Kannauj D/S, UP 7.9 8 8.3 7.9 8.2 8.1 4.2 3.7 4.7 3.9 4.3 3.3 2.8 7.9 7.5 8.0 8.5 8.0 4000 2900 3900 3450 2833 2745 5800 5100 33000 6742 4675 4618

Bithoor (Kanpur), UP

8.7 8.2 8.4 8.02 8.3 8.3 3 2.8 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.1 6.4 8 7 8.5 8.4 7.9 3500 2500 2800 2320 2458 2327 4900 4300 5400 4110 4000 4100

Kanpur U/S (Ranighat) UP

8.9 8.1 8.4 7.9 8.1 8.3 4.2 2.9 4.8 3.5 3.7 3.2 6 8.2 6.6 8.0 7.9 7.8 2600 3200 3400 3175 2883 2664 5400 5200 6300 5892 4608 4473

Kanpur D/S (Jajmau Pumping Station) UP

8.2 7.8 8.2 7.6 7.9 8.1 5.5 5.4 8.8 4.9 6.9 4.4 4.4 6.5 4.6 6.3 6.0 6.9 24000 20000 58000 37250 37417 23818 79000 54000 120000 97917 79333 40364

Dalmau (Rai Bareilly) UP

7.9 8 8 7.9 7.9 8.3 4.5 4.2 4.9 4.2 3.9 3.6 6.5 8.2 6.1 7.5 9.1 8.5 6900 5000 6100 5264 5308 2936 9100 8000 8700 7842 7808 3609

Ganga at Kala Kankar, Raibarelly

7.9 7.9 8 7.9 7.9 8.3 4.3 4 4.8 4.1 3.8 3.6 6.6 8.3 6.3 7.6 9.2 8.5 6300 5000 5900 5280 5142 2900 8900 8000 8500 7609 7667 3582

Prayagraj (Rasoolabad) UP

8.4 7.9 8.4 7.9 8.1 8.2 4.4 3.9 4.5 4.3 3.6 2.8 8.1 8.2 6.8 8.2 8.9 8.5 26000 17000 26000 18545 10292 9145 47000 30000 58000 33364 21585 18545

Prayagraj D/S (Sangam) UP

8.4 7.9 8.4 7.9 8.0 8.1 9.2 3.8 4.8 4.4 3.6 2.8 8 8.1 7.2 8.0 8.5 8.1 34000 17000 33000 1650 9725 9691 48000 31000 63000 38300 19800 19364

Ganga at Kadaghat, Prayagraj

8.5 8.1 8.4 8.1 8.1 8.2 4.7 4 4.7 4.7 4.0 9.1 7.6 8 7 8.0 8.6 8.2 26000 21000 27000 20200 12492 10736 40000 33000 54000 38000 24533 21182

Varanasi U/S (Assighat) UP

8.4 8.1 8.5 8.3 8.3 8.3 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.7 7.3 8.2 7.4 8.2 8.2 8.1 3300 2000 2300 22200 1467 1000 4900 3300 3600 4617 2658 1982

Varanasi D/S (Malviya Bridge)

8.7 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.2 8.2 5 4.9 6.8 5.7 5.1 3.8 6.7 7.3 6.4 6.8 6.7 7.0 46000 30000 33000 30333 30917 19727 63000 44000 63000 53917 48583 34182

Trighat (Ghazipur) UP

8.7 8.4 8.7 8.5 8.2 8.2 4.4 4.1 5.4 5.1 4.5 3.8 6.8 7.5 6.7 7.3 7.2 7.3 22000 22000 31000 24500 25250 13182 46000 31000 46000 42667 41000 23818

Source: Central Pollution Control Board, 2019


64

3.7. POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES

125. Water quality management in India is carried out as per the provisions of the Water (Prevention

and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. The basic objective of this Act is to maintain and restore the purity of

national aquatic resources by prevention and control of pollution. The Act does not define the level of

purity to be maintained or restored in different water bodies of the country. The Central Pollution Control

Board (CPCB) has thus taken human use of water as a basis for the identification of water quality objectives

for different water bodies in the country.

126. It is an ambitious objective to maintain or restore all-natural water bodies to a pristine level.

Planning pollution control activities to attain such a goal is bound to be a deterrent to developmental

activities and cost prohibitive. Since the natural water bodies must be used for various competing as well

as conflicting demands, the objective is to restore and/or maintain natural water bodies or their parts to

such a quality as needed for their best uses. Thus, a concept of “designated best use” (DBU) was developed.

As per this concept, out of several uses a water body is put to, the use which demands highest quality of

water is termed as “designated best use”, and accordingly the water body is designated. Primary water

quality criteria for different uses have been identified. A summary of the use-based classification system is

given in Table 3-14.

Table 3-14: Designated Best Use Classification of Inland Surface Waters in India

S. No.

Designated Best Use Class of Water

Criteria

1 Drinking Water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection

A 1 2 3 4

Total Coliforms OrganismMPN/100ml shall be 50 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 2mg/l or less

2 Outdoor bathing (Organised)

B 1 2 3 4

Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3mg/l or less

3 Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection

C 1 2 3 4

Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less pH between 6 to 9 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3mg/l or less

4 Propagation of Wild life and Fisheries

D 1 2 3

pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less

5 Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled Waste disposal

E 1 2 3 4

pH between 6.0 to 8.5 Electrical Conductivity at 25oC micro mhos/cm Max.2250 Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 Boron Max. 2mg/l

Source: Central Pollution Control Board

127. When the pollution levels along different stretches of the Ganga and its tributaries are compared

with the designated best uses, it is observed that at several locations the BOD levels exceed the water

quality criteria, rendering the water unsuitable for its designated best use, that is, outdoor bathing. Recent

data on polluted river stretches in the Ganga basin is given in Table 3-15.

128. The water quality data under national water quality monitoring programme has been analysed

statistically and monitoring locations exceeding the water quality criteria are identified as polluted by


65

CPCB. The polluted locations in a continuous sequence are defined as polluted river stretches and

categorised in five priority classes based on BOD concentration exceeding to BOD levels >30 mg/l, BOD

between 20&30 mg/l, BOD between 10&20mg/l, BOD between 6-10 mg/l and BOD between 3& 6 mg/l.

Therefore Priority I and II are more polluted than III,IV, &V of different stretches of Ganga River basin.

129. It is seen from this data that in terms of BOD concentrations, several tributaries such as the

Yamuna, Ghaggar, Sukhana, Kshipra, Hindon, and Kosi etc are even more polluted than the Ganga and

prioritsed under category I &II. With respect to river Ganga, the most polluted stretch of the Ganga main

stream occurs between Tribeni to Diamond Harbour (Max. BOD 12 mg/L), followed by Kannauj to Varanasi

(Max.BOD 8.8 mg/L), Haridwar to Sultanpur (BOD 6.6 mg/L) and Buxar to Bhagalpur (Max.BOD 4.2 mg/L).

If the more critical parameter of total coliform concentration were to be considered, it may be found that

the number of polluted river stretches is much higher than what is observed based on BOD values alone.

Table 3-15: Polluted River stretches of Ganga

Polluted River Stretches- Priority4 I & Priority II

State River River Stretch BOD Range/ Max

Value (mg/l) Priority

Delhi Yamuna Wazirabad To Asgarpur 9 - 80 I

Haryana Ghaggar Rorki To Sirsa 6 - 482 I

Yamuna Panipat To Sonepat 4 - 55 I

Himachal Pradesh Sukhana Sukhna To Parwanoo 54.0 I

Markanda Kala AMB to Narayanpur 3.2 - 24 II

Madhya Pradesh

Chambal Nagda to Rampura 12 - 80 I

Khan Kabit Khedi to Khajrana 30.8 - 80 I

Kshipra Siddhawat to Trivenisangam 4 - 38 I

Betwa Mandideep to Vidisha 3.3 - 20.2 II

Uttar Pradesh

Hindon saharanpur to Ghaziabad 48-120 I

Kalinadi Muzaffar nagar to Gulaothi town 8 - 78 I

Varuna Rameshwar to conf with Ganga, Varanasi 4.5-45.2 I

Yamuna Asgarpur To Etawah Shahpur To Prayagraj (Balua Ghat)

12.0-55 I

Uttarakhand

Bhela Kashipur to RAJPURA ATNDA 6.0-76.0 I

Dhela Kashipur to Garhuwala, Thakurdwara 12 - 80 I

Suswa Mothrowala to Raiwala 37.0 I

Kichha Along Kichha 28.0 II

West Bengal Vindhadhari Haroa bridge to Malancha burning ghat 26.7-45.0 I

Mahananda Siliguri to Binaguri 6.5-25 II

Polluted River Stretches- Priority III, IV & V

State River name River Stretch BOD range/ Max


Bihar

Sirsia Ruxol To Koirea Tola (Raxaul) 20.0 III

Farmar Along Jogbani 3.6 V

Ganga Buxar To Bhagalpur 3.2 - 4.2 V

Poonpun Gaurichak To Fatuha 3.3 V

Ram rekha Harinagar To Ramnagar 5.0 V

Sikrahna Along Narkatiaganj 4.5 V

Himachal Pradesh Sirsa Nalagarh To Solan 8 - 16 III

4 As per CPCB methodology- Mesuring standard for BOD is 30mg/L, 20-30mg/l, 10-20mg/l,6-10mg/l, & 3-6mg/l for priority stretches I,II,III,IV & V respectively


66




Ashwani Along Yashwant Nagar 3.2 V

Beas Kullu TO Dehragopipur 6.0 V

Giri Along Sainj 4.4 - 6 V

Pabbar Along Rohru 3.6 - 4 V

Jharkhand

Garga Along Talmuchu 6.2 IV

Sankh Kongserabasar to Bolba 8.4 IV

Subarnarekha Hatia Dam To Jamshedpur 3.4 - 10 IV

Damodar Phusro Road BDG to Turio 3.9 V

Jumar Kanke Dam To Kadal 3.3 V

Konar Along Tilaya And Konar 3.4 - 3.6 V

Nalkari Along Patratu 3.8 V

Madhya Pradesh

Sone Along Amlai 12.4 III

Gohad Gohad Dam To Gormi 6.3 IV

Kolar Surajnagar To Shirdipuram 7.5 IV

Tapi Nepanagar to Burhanpur 4.6 - 8 IV

Bichia Silpari to Gadhawa 3.5 V

Chamla Along Badnagar, Ujjain 4.0 V

Choupan Along Vijaipur 3.4 V

Kalisot Mandideep to Samardha Village 4.1 V

Kanhan Kanhan In Chindwara District Boundry

3.2 V

Katni Along Katni 3.5 V

Kunda Khargone To Khedi Khurd 4.0 V

Malei Jaora To Barauda 3.5 V

Mandakini (MP) Along Chitrakut 5.8 V

Newaj Along Shujalpur 4.0 V

Parvati Batawada To Pilukhedi 3.2 V

Simrar Along Katni 3.9 V

Tons Chakghat To Chappar 3.5 V

Wainganga Chindwara To Balaghat 3.2 V

Rajasthan Banas

Along Bisalpur Dam, Swaroopganj, Newta Dam

13.2 III

Chambal Sawaimadhopur To Kota 3.2-4.8 V

Uttar Pradesh

Gomti Sitapur to Varanasi 3.1-18.0 III

Ganga Kannauj to Varanasi 3.5-8.8 IV

Ramganga Muradabad to Kannauj 6.6 IV

Betwa Hamirpur to Wagpura 3.5-4.2 V

Ghaghara Barhalganj to Deoria 4.0-4.5 V

Rapti Domingarh to Rajghat 4.7-5.9 V

Sai Unnao to Jaunpur 4.0-4.5 V

Saryu Ayodhya to Elafatganj 4.3 V

Uttarakhand

Kalyani D/S Pant Nagar 16.0 III

Ganga Haridwar to Sultanpur 6.6 IV

Kosi Sultanpur to Pattikalan 6.4 IV

Nandour Along Sitarganj 5.6-8.0 IV

Pilkhar In The Vicinity Of Rudrapur 10.0 IV

West Bengal

Churni Santipur Town To Majhadia 10.3-11.3 III

Dwarka Tarapith to Sadhak Bamdeb Ghat 5.6-17.0 III

Ganga Tribeni to Diamond Harbour 5.0-12.2 III

Damodar Durgachakm to Dishergarh 4.4-8.2 IV

Jalangi Laal Dighi to Krishna Nagar 8.3 IV


67




Kansi Midnapore to Ramnagar 9.9 IV

Mathabhanga Madhupur to Gobindapur 8.5 IV

Barakar Kulti to Asansol 5.7 V

Dwarakeshwar Along Bankura 1-5.6 V

Kaljani Bitala to Alipurdwar 6.0 V

Karola Jalpaiguri to Thakurer Kamat 3.9 V

Mayurkashi Suri to Durgapur 5.2 V

Rupnarayan Kolaghat to Benapur 3.1-5.8 V

Silabati Ghatal to Nischindipur 3.8 V

Teesta Siliguri to Paharpur 3.3 V

Source: Polluted River Stretches in India: Criteria and Status 2018, CPCB

3.8. WATER QUALITY MONITORING

130. Presented below, Figure 3-8 shows the location of water quality monitoring stations on river

Ganga.

Figure 3-8: Location of water quality monitoring stations

131. Water quality monitoring in the Ganga basin presently covers 765 rivers, 32 drains, 26 canals and

76 lakes. The waterbody-wise distribution of Water quality monitoring stations within Ganga basin is given

in Table 3-16.


68

Table 3-16: Distribution of Water Quality Monitoring Stations within Ganga Basin (updated as on 01.01.2020)

S. No.

Ganga Basin States

River Lake Tank Pond Canal Creek / Sea

Drain/ Ind.

Drain Well

Water Treat. Plant

STP Total

1 Bihar 96 3 - 2 - - - 70 - - 171

2 Chhattisgarh 29 1 - 1 - - - 8 - - 39

3 Delhi 10 4 - - 2 - 9 45 6 - 76

4 Haryana 20 3 - - 12 - - - 2 - 37

5 Himachal Pradesh

140

5 - - - - 23 49 - - 217

6 Jharkhand 65 4 - 4 - - - 3 - - 76

7 Madhya Pradesh

158 22 1 12 - - - 54 - - 247

8 Rajasthan 35 17 - 1 5 - - 141 - - 199

9 Uttar Pradesh

114 2 - 2 1 - - 40 2 -

161

10 Uttarakhand 39 2 - - 4 - - 19 - 3 67

11 West Bengal 59 13 - - 2 - - 68 - - 142

Total Ganga Basin

765 76 1 22 26 0 32 497 10 3 1432

Total India as a Whole

2017 341 138 105 58 73 77 1153 10 50 4022

Source: Source: Central Pollution Control Board (MoEF & CC), 2020

132. In accordance with the National Water Quality Monitoring Program, the water samples are

analyzed for 28 parameters consisting of physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters for ambient

water samples apart from the field observations. Besides this analysis, 9 trace metals and 15 pesticides are

analysed and bio-monitoring is carried out for selected samples. The list of parameters analysed is given in

Table 3-17.

Table 3-17: List of Water Quality Parameters Analyzed under National Water Quality Monitoring Programme

S. No.

Parameters S.

No. Parameters

Core Parameters (9) Field Observations (7)

1 PH 1 Weather

2 Temperature 2 Depth of main stream/depth of water table

3 Conductivity, μmhos/cm 3 Colour and intensity

4 Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L 4 Odour

5 BOD, mg/L 5 Visible effluent discharge

6 Nitrate – N, mg/L 6 Human activities around station

7 Nitrite – N, mg/L 7 Station detail

8 Fecal Coliform, MPN/100 ml Trace Metals (9)

9 Total Coliform, MPN/100 ml 1 Arsenic, μg/L

General Parameters (19) 2 Cadmium, μg/L

1 Turbidity, NTU 3 Copper, μg/L

2 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, as CaCO3 4 Lead, μg/L

3 Total Alkalinity, as CaCO3 5 Chromium (Total), μg/L

4 Chlorides, mg/L 6 Nickel, μg/L

5 COD, mg/L 7 Zinc, μg/L

6 Total Kjeldahl - N, as N mg/L 8 Mercury, μg/L

7 Ammonia - N, as N mg/L 9 Iron (Total), μg/L

8 Hardness, as CaCO3 Pesticides (15)

9 Calcium, as CaCO3 1 Alpha BHC, μg/L

10 Sulphate, mg/L 2 Beta BHC, μg/L

11 Sodium, mg/L 3 Gama BHC (Lindane), μg/L

12 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L 4 O P DDT, μg/L


69

S. No.

Parameters S.

No. Parameters

13 Total Fixed Dissolved Solids, mg/L 5 P P DDT, μg/L

14 Total suspended Solid, mg/L 6 Alpha Endosulphan, μg/L

15 Phosphate, mg/L 7 Beta Endosulphan, μg/L

16 Boron, mg/L 8 Aldrin, μg/L

17 Magnesium, as CaCO3 9 Dieldrin, μg/L

18 Potassium, mg/L 10 Carboryl (Carbamate), μg/L

19 Fluoride, mg/L 11 2-4 D, μg/L

Bio-Monitoring (3) 12 Malathian, μg/L

1 Saprobity Index 13 Methyl Parathian, μg/L

2 Diversity Index 14 Anilophos, μg/L

3 P/R Ratio 15 Chloropyriphos, μg/L Source: Central Pollution Control Board

133. The frequency of monitoring at the stations on surface water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds,

canals and creeks is either monthly or quarterly, whereas samples at the groundwater monitoring stations

are taken on a half yearly basis. The frequency of water quality monitoring at stations within Ganga basin

is given in Table 3-18.

Table 3-18: Frequency of Water Quality Monitoring Stations within Ganga Basin

S. No.

Ganga Basin States Monthly Half Yearly Quarterly Yearly Total

1 Bihar 8 20 8 – 36

2 Delhi 14 – 1 – 15

3 Haryana 5 – 18 – 23

4 Himachal Pradesh – 20 33 1 54

5 Jharkhand 1 – 8 – 9

6 Madhya Pradesh 50 18 37 – 105

7 Rajasthan 4 37 10 – 51

8 Uttar Pradesh 41 25 7 – 73

9 Uttarakhand 3 1 9 3 16

10 West Bengal 9 30 12 – 51

Total Ganga Basin 135 151 143 4 433

Total India as a Whole 362 382 497 4 1245 Source: Central Pollution Control Board,2019

3.9. GANGA ACTION PLAN (PHASE I & II)

134. The Govt. of India (GOI) launched the Ganga Action Plan (GAP) in the year 1985, with an ambitious

objective of abatement of pollution in River Ganga due to discharge of untreated sewage into the river

from point as well as non-point sources and thus to improve the water quality in River Ganga.

135. The approach of the GAP was to create sewage treatment plants in the cities along the Ganga so

that no untreated sewage is discharged into the river. This was expected to bring the quality of the river

water to a desired level. In addition, works were also undertaken to prevent pollution of the river from

industrial effluents and non-point sources, improving aesthetics, and promoting public participation.

136. The Ganga Action Plan and the subsequent National River Conservation program (NRCP, launched

in 1995), which included Ganga Action Plan Phase II, covered altogether 167 towns in 20 states and 38

rivers across India. Under the program, a total of 1085 schemes with an estimated project cost of Rs. 470

million, have been approved with the objective of pollution abatement of rivers and improvement of water

quality. Out of these, 802 schemes have been completed, with an expenditure of Rs. 352 million.


70

137. As shown in Table 3-19, under the Ganga Action Plan (Phase I & II), the target was to install a

cumulative sewage treatment plant capacity of 1098 MLD. Out of this, 1017 MLD has been installed in the

five GAP states, namely Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Uttarakhand.

138. The estimated sewage generation / projections, treatment capacity created and/or proposed to be

created under different schemes in the six major cities of GAP states are given in Table 3-20. It can be seen

from Table 3-20 that the STP capacity in these six cities is 694 MLD, which constitute only 52% of the total

needed capacity as of 2008 and therefore grossly inadequate to treat the sewage generated. Even if all the

projects considered under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) become

operational – a very unlikely prospect – the STP capacity created would still be inadequate to meet the

needs of these cities beyond 2010 and therefore these cities will continue to discharge untreated sewage

in River Ganga.

Table 3-19: Target and STP Capacities installed under Ganga Action Plan

S. No. State Phase STP Created (MLD) Cost (Rs. Lakh)

Target Actuals Actual Completion

Cost

1 Bihar GAP I 111 111 1467.18 1420.38

GAP II 24.5 11 434.44 184.7

2 Jharkhand GAP I – – – –

GAP II – – 62.11 61.56

3 Uttar Pradesh GAP I 349.5 349.5 9367.6 9701.35

GAP II 80.74 35.63 65161.29 77593.1

4 West Bengal GAP I 376.6 372.6 7179.99 6913.79

GAP II 144.07 120.01 37739.48 22398.46

5 Uttarakhand GAP I 24.33 24.33 857.6 921.88

GAP II 83.60 73.67 11486.04 3947.42

6 Delhi GAP I - - - -

GAP II 165 30 64999.53 27164.5

7 Haryana GAP I - - - -

GAP II 322 322 34609.47 29775.62

Total

Source:NMCG; MoEF 2014

Table 3-20: Sewage Generation for Various Years, Treatment Capacity Created / Proposed to be created in Six Selected Towns of Namami Gange

S. No.

State City / Town

Sewage Generation (MLD)

Treatment Capacity

Created so far Under GAP I & II

(MLD)

Treatment Capacity

Being Created

Under GAP II

(MLD)

Current Status of Treatment

Capacity (MLD) 1985 2008 2010 2020*

1 Uttarakhand Rishikesh, Haridwar

24.33 65 75 94 28.5 43

229MLD sanctioned of which 99 MLD

existing and 130.67 MLD to

be created

2 Uttar

Pradesh Kanpur 205 400 411 555 171 –

9 MLD (CETP sanctioned)

and 457 MLD (existing STP)


71

S. No.

State City / Town

Sewage Generation (MLD)

Treatment Capacity

Created so far Under GAP I & II

(MLD)

Treatment Capacity

Being Created

Under GAP II

(MLD)

Current Status of Treatment

Capacity (MLD) 1985 2008 2010 2020*

3 Uttar

Pradesh Prayagraj 110 210 213 242 89 –

340MLD Sanctioned of which 72 MLD are New STPs.

4 Uttar

Pradesh Varanasi 147 292 317 350 101.8 37

242 MLD sanctioned of

which 102 MLD existing and 140 MLD

created

5 Bihar Patna 100 210 236 316 109 –

246 (under JnNURM).

Later 350 MLD capacity

sanctioned under Namami

Gange.

6 West Bengal Howrah 75 111 121 142 85 – 65 MLD

sanctioned

Total 661.33 1288 1373 1699 584.3 80 1808

* Projected

Source: NMCG 2019

3.10. EXISTING SEWAGE TREATMENT CAPACITY

139. The estimated sewage generation from Class I and Class II cities within Ganga basin is given in Table

3-21. The city-wise data on wastewater generation is given in Annex-Appendix 8.

Table 3-21: State wise wastewater generation and treatment in class I &II towns in Ganga river basin

S. No.

State/UT Sewage generation

(in MLD) Sewage treatment capacity (in MLD)

Capacity gap (MLD)

Percent treatment capacity

1 Bihar 1879 124.55 1754.45 7%

2 Chattisgarh 951 0 0 0%

3 Delhi 4155 2693.7 1461.3 65%

4 Haryana 1413 852.7 560.3 60%

5 Himachal Pradesh 110 114.72 0 104%

6 Jharkhand 1270 117.24 1152.76 9%

7 Madhya Pradesh 3214 482.23 2731.77 15%

8 Rajasthan 2736 865.92 1870.08 32%

9 Uttar Pradesh 7124 2646.84 4477.16 37%

10 Uttarakhand 495 152.9 342.1 31%

11 West Bengal 4667 416.9 4250.1 9%

11 Ganga Basin 28014 8467.7 19546.3 30% Source: Inventorization of Sewage Treatment Plant, 2015, & Government of India Ministry of Environment, Forest &Climate Change Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No.2541, Updated on 28th May, 2018

140. Detailed information on sewage treatment in towns along river Ganga given in the Table 3-22 and

Table 3-23 below and information about other towns in Ganga Basin is given in Annex-Appendix 8.

http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Discharge%20of%20Untreated%20Sewage%20into%20Rivers.pdf

http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Discharge%20of%20Untreated%20Sewage%20into%20Rivers.pdf


72

Table 3-22: Sewage generation and treatment of Class I cities out of the 97 Towns along the river Ganga


year 2011


2016 (MLD)

Treatment Capacity ( in MLD)

Percentage covered (%)

Bihar

1 Patna 1684297 217.7 109 50

2 Bhagalpur (M.Corp) 400146 46.6 11 24

3 Begusarai 252008 21.6 0 0

4 Buxar 102861 12.0 2 17

5 Munger 213303 24.4 0 0

6 Jamalpur 105434 12.0 0 0

7 Chapra 202352 23.2 2 9

8 Danapur 182241 26.1 0 0

9 Hajipur 147688 17.7 0 0

Uttar Pradesh

10 Prayagraj 1168385 187.7 272 145

11 Ballia 104424 11.7 0 0

12 Farrukhabad-cum-Fatehgarh 276581 33.1 2.7 8

13 Ghazipur 121020 15.6 0 0

14 Jhansi 505693 4.2 1.5 36

15 Kanpur 2768057 375.2 457 122

16 Mirzapur-cum-Vindhyachal 234871 26.8 18 67

17 Mughalsarai 109650 15.1 0 0

18 Varanasi 1198491 235.8 362 154

Uttarakhand

19 Rishikesh 119848 14.6 23 158

20 Haridwar 811338 50.6 63 125

West Bengal

21 Baidyabati 133221 15.3 6 39

22 Bally 293373 33.7 3. 9

23 Bansberia 114179 12.9 0.3 2

24 Baranagar 245213 27.7 0 0

25 Barrackpore 154475 17.4 5.35 31

26 Behrampur 195224 23.6 3.7 16

27 Bhadreswar 111625 12.7 7.6 60

28 Bhatpara 383762 48.3 61 126

29 Champadani 122376 12.8 1 8

30 Chandannagar 183554 20.7 22.7 110

31 Haldia 200827 25.5 0 0

32 Halisahar 126893 15.5 13 84

33 Howrah 1077075 135.7 45 33

34 Hugli-Chinsurah 177259 20.4 0 0

35 Kalyani 100575 11.9 21 176

36 Kamarhati 347721 39.7 40 101

37 Kanchrapara 136055 14.2 0 0

38 Khardaha 113920 13.0 3 23

39 Kolkata 4787965 580.8 179 31

40 Maheshtala 448317 52.4 4.2 8

41 Nabadwip 125528 14.2 10.5 74

42 Naihati 228795 25.8 18 70

43 Panihati 377347 43.6 12 28

44 Rishra 137035 15.8 0 0

45 Serampore 201673 22.7 19 84

46 Santipur 151777 17.4 0 0

47 Titagarh 122368 13.6 23.1 170

48 Uluberia 274846 29.9 0 0

49 Uttarpara Kotrung 159147 18.2 0 0

Total 21940813 2707.1 1821.65

Source: Data collected in year 2019 from NMCG, with basic source of report ‘based on Basin Condition Assessment & Feasibility

Studies (CA & FS), NMCG, 2011


73

Table 3-23: Sewage generation and treatment of Class II and other cities out of the 97 Towns along the river Ganga

S.NO Cities Population

in year 2011


2016 (MLD)


(MLD)


Sewage Generation of Class II cities

Bihar

50 Barauni 71660 8.1 0 0

51 Barh 61470 7.1 0 0

52 Fatuah 50961 6.2 0 0

53 Mokameh 60678 6.9 0 0

54 Sultanganj 52892 6.7 0 0

Jharkhand

55 Sahibganj 88214 10.1 12 118.81

Uttar Pradesh

56 Bijnor 93297 11 0 0

57 Gangaghat/Shuklaganj 84072 9.9 0 0

58 Kannauj 84862 9.8 13 132.65

West Bengal

59 Budge-Budge 76858 8.7 4.25 48.85

60 Chakdah 95203 10.9 0 0.00

61 Dhuliyan 95706 11.7 0 0.00

62 Diamond Harbour 50158 5.8 2 34.48

63 Garulia 89603 10.2 7.9 77.45

64 Gayespur 58998 6.8 8.23 121.03

65 Jangipur 88131 11.3 0 0.00

66 Jiyagunj/ Azimgunj 51790 7.1 1.39 19.58

67 Katwa 81966 9.4 2.3 24.47

68 Konnagar 79960 9.1 22 241.76

Total 1416479 166.8 73.07

Sewage Generation of other Cities

Bihar

69 Barahiya 43032 4.9 0 0.00

70 Bhaktiyarpur 47897 6.0 0 0.00

71 Kahelgaon 35497 4.2 0 0.00

72 Sonepur 37776 4.3 0 0.00

Jharkhand

73 Rajmahal 27850 2.7 0 0.00

Uttar Pradesh

74 Anoopsahar 29087 3.4 2.56 75.29

75 Babrala 18108 2.2 0 0.00

76 Bithoor 11300 1.3 0 0.00

77 Chunar 37185 4.2 0 0.00

78 Garhmukteshwar 46077 5.9 9 152.54

79 Hastinapur 26452 3.2 0 0.00

80 Narora 22775 2.7 6.25 231.48

81 Ramnagar 49132 5.9 0 0.00

82 Saidpur 24338 2.8 0 0.00

Uttarakhand

83 Gangotri 4564 0.5 1 200.00

84 Badrinath 22307 1.7 0 0.00

85 Uttarkashi (Budkot) 17475 2.4 2 83.33

86 Joshimath 20111 2.5 0 0.00

87 Chamoli-Gopeshwar 24447 3.0 0 0.00

88 Nandprayag 1920 0.2 0.15 75.00

89 Karnaprayag 8801 1.0 0 0.00


74

S.NO Cities Population

in year 2011


2016 (MLD)


(MLD)


90 Gaucher 10637 1.3 0 0.00

91 Rudraprayag 10612 1.6 0 0.00

92 Srinagar 24464 2.6 4.5 173.08

93 Kirtinagar 1722 0.2 0.06 30.00

94 Devprayag 4015 0.5 1.4 280.00

95 Tapovan 20000 0.0 3.5 0.00

96 Muni ki Reti 48287 1.9 0 0.00

West Bengal

97 Murshidabad 44024 5.6 1.96 35.00

Total 719892 78.7 32.38

Source: Data collected in year 2019 from NMCG, with basic source of report ‘based on Basin Condition Assessment & Feasibility Studies (CA & FS), NMCG, 2011

3.11. CONCLUSION

141. The Ganga in Uttar Pradesh evidently demands treatment of sewage and minimum ecological flow

for its survival as a river. Since a river is a living eco-system and therefore ultimate goal should be to protect

the functioning of the river eco-system. The increasing trend of fecal coliforms in Uttarakhand in

Alakananda, Mandakini and Bhagirathi downstream of Gangotri is observed. In Uttar Pradesh, increasing

trend of BOD and faecal coliforms is observed from Garhmukteshwar to Tarighat reflecting entire length in

the state. In Bihar stretch of the river, although level of BOD is confirming to the standard but increasing

trend is clearly seen, whereas fecal coliform is not confirming to standard and showing an increasing trend.

In West Bengal, although a decreasing trend is observed with respect to fecal coliforms, it is exceeding the

standard at all locations. The water quality needs improvement in Uttrakhand from downstream of

Rudrapryag, in Uttar Pradesh from Garhmukteshwar to Tarighat, in Bihar from Buxar to Kahalgaon, and in

West Bengal from Behrampore to Diamond Harbour on priority basis. An assessment of flow and

wastewater is necessary.

142. The sewage generated in the cities like Patna (279.14 MLD), Kanpur (417.35 MLD), Prayagraj (176

MLD), Varanasi (230.17 MLD) and Kolkata (705.86 MLD), is much more than the existing capacity for sewage

treatment plants in these major cities — Patna (44%), Kanpur (50%), Prayagraj (43%), Varanasi (75%) and

Kolkata (28%). It is pertinent to mention that waste water in Kolkata is discharged into the estuarine part

of the river. About 1023.9 MLD of wastewater is generated in Class II cities, and treatment capacity

available is only 79.28 MLD, which is 8% of the total wastewater generated. The contribution of Class II

cities to sewage generation, though, is as low as 9% to sewage generated by Class I cities.

143. As the population increase and urbanization continues, more treatment capacity will need to be

added along with more effective O& M of existing facilities. The water quality data need to be better

assessed and used for undertaking future actions. For example, according to available water quality data,

fecal coliforms rather than DO-BOD emerge as the most critical parameter of water quality and the polluted

river stretches need to be identified on this basis. Also, although much focus is on urban wastewater

generation, there are other sources of pollution which need to be equally considered and assessed such as

pollution from agricultural chemicals and rural animal and human waste.

75

4. SOCIAL ANALYSIS

“The Ganga, especially, is the river of India, beloved of her people, round which are intertwined her memories, her hopes and fears, her songs of triumph, her victories and her defeats. She has been a symbol of India's age long culture and civilization, ever changing, ever flowing, and yet ever the same Ganga."

- Jawaharlal Nehru, First Prime Minister of India

4.1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF GANGA BASIN

144. Ganges mainly flows though eleven Indian states namely, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana,

Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, andWest Bengal.

Each of the state has distinct socio-economic profile.

145. The Ganga basin is one of the most densely populated and fertile river basins in the world. The

basin supports about 600 million people over an area of approximately 860, 000 sq. km of which some 100

million are directly dependent on the river and its tributaries. The Ganges Basin supports one of the world's

highest densities of humans.

146. The state of the river Ganga is significantly affected by the population living within the basin. The

Ganga Basin has 2014 cities and towns, with an estimated population of 165 million. Average population

density in the Ganga basin is 550 persons per sq.km. as compared to 382 for India (2011 census).


76

State-wise socio-economic profile of Ganga Basin

Bihar

147. The total population of Bihar is 10,40,99,452. In this State, out of a total 38 districts, 31 districts fall

within the Ganga basin namely, Araria, Aurangabad, Begusarai, Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Buxar, Darbhanga,

Gaya, Gopalganj, Jamui, Jehanabad, Katihar, Kishanganj, Lakhisarai, Madhubani, Munger, Muzaffarpur,

Nalanda, Nawada, Patna, Paschim Champaran, Purba Champaran, Purnia, Rohtas, Saharsa, Samastipur,

Saran, Sitamarhi, Siwan, Supaul, and Vaishali. The population of these 31 districts is about 9,47,76,226.

Figure 4-1: Map showing districts of Bihar state which falls in the Ganga basin


77

Chhattisgarh

148. In India, the total area of Ganga Basin is 862,769 sq. km. of the total Ganga Basin area, 5.85%, about

17,907 sq. km., falls under the state. The districts which lies within the basin are Bastar, Bilaspur, Dhamtari,

Durg, Korba, Koriya, Raigarh, Raipur, Rajnandgaon, and Surguja with an estimated population of

1,95,40,913 people. The total population of the state is 2,55,45,198.

Figure 4-2: Map showing districts of Chhattisgarh state which falls in the Ganga basin


78

Delhi

149. The total population of Delhi is 1,67,87,941. All the 9 districts of Delhi – Central, East, New Delhi,

North, North East, North West, South, South West and West districts lies within the Ganga Basin.

Figure 4-3: Map showing districts of NCT of Delhi which falls in the Ganga basin


79

Haryana

150. The total population of Haryana is 2,53,51,462. Out of 21 districts, 20 of the districts lies in the

Ganga Basin. The districts are Ambala, Bhiwani, Faridabad, Fatehabad, Gurgaon, Hisar, Jhajjar, Jind, Kaithal,

Karnal, Kurukshetra, Mahendragarh, Palwal, Panchkula, Panipat, Rewari, Rohtak, Sirsa, Sonipat and

Yamunanagar. The total population in the basin districts is approximately 2,42,62,199.

Figure 4-4: Map showing district of Haryana state which falls in the Ganga basin


80

Himachal Pradesh

151. Himachal Pradesh is a northern Indian state in the Himalayas with a population of 68,64,602. There

is only one district in the Ganga Basin in the state i.e. Shimla having a population of 8,14,010.

Figure 4-5: Map showing districts of Himachal Pradesh state which falls in the Ganga basin


81

Jharkhand

152. The total population of the Jharkhand state is 3,29,88,134. Out of the total 24 districts in the state,

12 districts, namely, Bokaro, Deoghar, Dhanbad, Giridih, Hazaribagh, Kodarma, Palamu, Paschim

Singhbhum, Purbi Singhbhum, Ramgarh, Ranchi, and Sahibganj lie within the Ganga Basin The population

of the districts in the Ganga Basin is 2,18,85,507.

Figure 4-6: Map showing districts of Jharkhand state which falls in the Ganga basin


82

Madhya Pradesh

153. The total population of the Madhya Pradesh State is 7,26,26,809. The state has 50 districts, of

which 41 districts lies in the Ganga Basin. These districts are Ashoknagar, Balaghat, Betul, Bhind, Bhopal,

Burhanpur, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Damoh, Datia, Dewas, Dhar, Guna, Gwalior, Harda, Hoshangabad,

Indore, Jabalpur, Katni, Khandwa, Khargone, Mandla, Mandsaur, Morena, Narsimhapur, Neemuch, Panna,

Ratlam, Rewa, Sagar, Satna, Sehore, Seoni, Shahol, Shajapur, Sheopur, Shivpuri, Singrauli, Tikamgarh,

Ujjain, and Vidisha. The population in these districts is 6,33,83,918.

Figure 4-7: Map showing districts of Madhya Pradesh state which falls in the Ganga basin


83

Rajasthan

154. The total population of Rajasthan state is 6,85,48,437. Out of 33 districts in the state, 28 districts

lies within the Ganga Basin. These districts are Ajmer, Alwar, Banswara, Baran, Barmer, Bharatpur,

Bhilwara, Bikaner, Bundi, Chittaurgarh, Churu, Dausa, Dhaulpur, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Jaipur,

Jaisalmer, Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Karauli, Kota, Nagaur, Pali, Rajsamand, Sawai Madhopur, Sikar, Tonk and

Udaipur. The population of these districts is 6,20,15,832.

Figure 4-8: Map showing districts of Rajasthan state which falls in the Ganga basin


84

Uttar Pradesh

155. The total population of Uttar Pradesh state is 3,45,39,582. Out of 70 districts in the State, 61 lies in

the Ganga Basin. These districts are Agra, Aligarh, Prayagraj, Amroha, Auraiya, Azamgarh, Bahraich, Ballia,

Balrampur, Banda, Barbanki, Baraut, Bareilly, Basti, Badohi, Bijnor, Budaun, Bulandshahr, Chandauli, Etah,

Etawah, Faizabad, Farrukhabad, Fatehpur, Firozabad, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghazipur, Gonda,

Gorakhpur, Hamirpur, Hardoi, Hathras, Jalaun, Jaunpur, Jhansi, Kannauj, Kanpur Nagar, Kheri, Kushinagar,

Lalitpur, Lucknow, Mahoba, Mainpuri, Mathura, Mau, Meerut, Mirzapur, Moradabad, Muzaffarnagar,

Pilibhit, Pratapgarh, Rae Bareli, Rampur, Sahranpur, Shahjahanpur, Sitapur, Sonbhadra, Sultanpur, Unnao

and Varanasi. The total population of the Ganga Basin districts is 33,348,040.

Figure 4-9: Map showing districts of Uttar Pradesh state which falls in the Ganga basin


85

Uttarakhand

156. The total population of Uttarakhand State is 1,00,86,292. Out of 13 districts in the state, 7 lies in

the Ganga Basin. The districts are Chamoli, Dehra Dun, Garhwal, Hardwar, Rudraprayag, Tehri Garhwal,

and Uttarkashi. The population of the districts lyin in the Ganga Basin are 54,65,689 persons. persons.

Figure 4-10: Map showing districts of Uttarakhand state which falls in the Ganga basin


86

West Bengal

157. The total population of West Bengal state is 9,12,76,115. Out of 19 districts in the state, 17 districts

lies within the Ganga Basin. These districts are Banjura, Barddhaman, Birbhum, Dakshin Dinajpur, Darjiling,

Hugli, Jalpaiguri, Koch Bihar, Kolkata, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, Paschim Medinipur,

Purba Medinipur, Puruliya, and Uttar Dinajpur. The total population of these districts is 7,82,64,125.

Figure 4-11: Map showing districts of West Bengal state which falls in the Ganga basin

Demographic profile of Ganga basin

158. Basic demographic characteristics of the states are described in the table below:

Table 4-1: Distribution of population by location and caste

States Total

Population % urban

population % rural

population Number of households

Household size

% SC Population

% ST Population

% Population

below poverty

line

Bihar 104,099,452 11.29 88.71 18,913,565 5.5 15.91 1.28 33.74

Chhattisgarh 25,545,198 23.24 76.76 5,650,724 4.5 12.82 30.62 39.93

Delhi 16,787,941 97.50 2.50 3,435,999 4.9 16.75 0.00 9.91

Haryana 25,351,462 34.88 65.12 4,857,524 5.2 20.17 0.00 11.16

Himachal Pradesh

6,864,602 10.03 89.97 1,483,280 4.6 25.19 5.71 8.06

Jharkhand 32,988,134 24.05 75.95 6,254,781 5.3 12.08 26.21 36.96

Madhya Pradesh

72,626,809 27.63 72.37 15,093,256 4.8 15.62 21.09 31.65

Rajasthan 68,548,437 24.87 75.13 12,711,146 5.4 17.83 13.48 14.71


87

States Total

Population % urban

population % rural

population Number of households

Household size

% SC Population

% ST Population

% Population

below poverty

line

Uttar Pradesh

199,812,341 22.27 77.73 33,448,035 6.0 20.70 0.57 29.43

Uttarakhand 10,086,292 30.23 69.77 2,056,975 4.9 18.76 2.89 11.26

West Bengal 91,276,115 31.87 68.13 20,380,315 4.5 23.51 5.80 19.98

India 1,210,569,573 31.15 68.85 249,454,252 4.8 16.63 8.61 21.92

Source: Census of India 2011 & BPL population (Tendulkar methodology) 2011-12, Niti Aayog- poverty press note 2013

159. Majority of the population in ten states (except Delhi) falls in rural category. Out of the eleven

states, Chhattisgarh has the maximum population of Scheduled Tribes, the indigenous people. In most of

the states (except Delhi and Haryana), tribes are present in all the districts along the river Ganga except for

two districts in Uttar Pradesh, though the spatial distribution varies from state to state.

Table 4-2: Distribution of population by sex

States Total Population % male % female Sex Ratio Sex ratio

(0-6 years)

Bihar 104,099,452 52.14 47.86 918 935

Chhattisgarh 25,545,198 50.24 49.76 991 969

Delhi 16,787,941 53.53 46.47 868 871

Haryana 25,351,462 53.23 46.77 879 834

Himachal Pradesh 6,864,602 50.72 49.28 972 909

Jharkhand 32,988,134 51.32 48.68 948 948

Madhya Pradesh 72,626,809 51.79 48.21 931 918

Rajasthan 68,548,437 51.86 48.14 928 888

Uttar Pradesh 199,812,341 52.29 47.71 912 902

Uttarakhand 10,086,292 50.94 49.06 963 890

West Bengal 91,276,115 51.28 48.72 950 956

India 1,210,569,573 51.47 48.53 943 919 Source: Census of India 2011

160. All the eleven states have comparable sex ratio. Out of these eleven States, Uttar Pradesh has the

lowest sex ratio. The state of Chhattisgarh is the best amongst the eleven states in sex ratio and even better

than the national average of 943 females per 1000 males. While in sex ratio categorization for the age

group of 0-6 years, state of Chhattisgarh fares well and has sex ratio even more than national average.

Table 4-3: Educational Level

States Literacy Rate Education Level among literates

Total Male Female Below primary Primary Middle Secondary Sr. Secondary Graduate and above

Bihar 63.82 73.39 53.33 13,701,980.00 13,154,969 7,969,599 7,266,128 3,839,395 3,061,676

Chhattisgarh 71.04 81.45 60.59 3,687,369.00 4,192,144 3,202,404 1,628,487 1,172,386 1,018,853

Delhi 86.34 91.03 80.93 1,458,061.00 2,230,894 1,931,411 2,186,314 1,598,435 2,757,844

Haryana 76.64 85.38 66.77 2,473,145.00 3,772,022 2,705,282 3,225,936 1,892,113 1,877,085

Himachal Pradesh 83.78 90.83 76.6 611,475.00 1,162,995 826,611 1,127,997 662,457 446,609

Jharkhand 67.63 78.45 56.21 4,293,415.00 4,808,604 3,091,107 2,473,825 1,459,686 1,328,477

Madhya Pradesh 70.63 80.53 60.02 9,582,214.00 11,878,241 8,431,000 4,441,266 3,193,222 3,222,802

Rajasthan 67.06 80.51 52.66 8,083,827.00 10,524,424 7,319,223 4,610,185 2,515,863 3,063,282

Uttar Pradesh 69.72 79.24 59.26 21,424,480.00 27,798,792 23,122,728 15,137,315 10,807,005 9,919,838

Uttarakhand 79.63 87.4 70.7 1,034,583.00 1,550,574 1,406,871 1,019,490 755,008 910,288

West Bengal 77.08 82.67 71.16 15,902,612.00 14,954,591 12,474,301 5,430,854 5,599,953 4,827,817

India 74.04 82.14 65.46 146,897,597.00 184,170,833 133,903,266 105,939,743 77,942,593 68,288,971

Source: Census of India 2011


88

161. Delhi shows highest literacy rate while Bihar shows the lowest literacy rate amongst the eleven

states in terms of both male and female literacy rate. Literacy rate of Bihar is lower than the National

literacy rate while literacy rate of Delhi followed by Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal and

Haryana is much higher than the national literacy rate of 74.04%. Literacy rate is an indicator of

development and the level of awareness about the cleanliness, hygiene and healthy lifestyle amongst the

natives. Women in all the eleven states have lesser rate of literacy as compared to males, reflecting the

poor importance given to the education of women.

Table 4-4: Distribution of population by age group

States 0-9 years 10 – 14 years 15-59 years 60 years and above

Bihar 27,801,306 13,919,882 5,467,617 7,707,145

Chhattisgarh 5,299,823 2,884,013 15,334,338 2,003,909

Delhi 2,917,172 1,648,147 11,058,475 1,147,445

Haryana 4861276 2,668,678 15,596,219 2,193,755

Himachal Pradesh 1,136,161 639,224 4,376,045 703,009

Jharkhand 7,786,722 4,104,396 18,623,604 2,356,678

Madhya Pradesh 15,737,741 8,564,501 42,528,389 5,713,316

Rajasthan 15,344,908 8,380,518 39,441,271 5,112,138

Uttar Pradesh 45,438,385 2,569,881 111,442,109 15,439,904

Uttarakhand 1,983,665 1,145,343 6,039,867 900,809

West Bengal 15,580,952 9,156,523 58,683,807 7,742,382

India 239,734,904 132,709,212 730,072,019 103,849,040 Source: Census of India 2011

162. All the states witness the maximum number of population in the age group ranging from 15-59

years. In the age group of 0-9 years, maximum population is present in Uttar Pradesh and the minimum is

in Himachal Pradesh. In the age group from 60 years and above the same trend is seen that is maximum

population in Uttar Pradesh and minimum in Himachal Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh is a very populous state.

Table 4-5: Gender Status

Bih

ar

Ch

hat

tisg

arh

De

lhi

Har

yan

a

Him

ach

al

Pra

de

sh

Jhar

khan

d

Mad

hya

Pra

de

sh

Raj

asth

an

Utt

ar P

rad

esh

Utt

arak

han

d

We

st B

en

gal

Ind

ia

% women married by the

age of 18 years

40.62 20.09 13.59 24.09 11.89 39.51 32.46 42.37 13.57 23.24 42.16 28.58

% men married by the

age of 21 years

34.42 24.67 13.66 24.28 12.02 30.49 32.83 42.42 14.43 28.82 22.73 23.62

Total fertility

rate

3.3 2.5 1.6 2.3 1.7 2.6 2.8 2.7 3.1 1.9 1.6 2.3


163. Rajasthan clearly shows that most of the females get married by the age of 18, and for males also

the rate of getting married by the eligible age of 21 is high. The fertility is higer than the national fertility

rate in the States of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh whereas it is lowest in the States of Chhattisgarh and West

Bengal.


89

4.1.1. Health

164. Health is an important indicator of human well being. Life expectancy, IMR, maternal mortality rate

are some of the important indicators of the health status.

Table 4-6: Life Expectancy at birth by sex in India 2000-2014

States/India 2000-04 2001-05 2002-06* 2010-14

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Bihar 61.8 59.9 62 60.1 62.2 60.4 68.1 67.8

Chattisgarh _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Delhi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Haryana 65.3 65.8 65.6 66 65.9 66.3 68.6 66.3

Himachal Pradesh

66.1 66.8 66.3 67.1 66.5 67.3 71.6 69.3

Jharkhand _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Madhya Pradesh

57.5 57.2 57.8 57.5 58.1 57.9 64.2 62.5

Rajasthan 60.9 62 61.2 62.2 61.5 62.3 67.7 65.5

Uttar Pradesh 59.9 59 60.1 59.3 60.3 59.5 64.1 62.9

Uttarakhand _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

West Bengal 63.7 65.2 63.9 65.5 64.1 65.8 70.2 68.9

India 62.1 63.7 62.3 63.9 62.6 64.2 67.9 66.4 Sources: SRS, Registrar General of India, based Abridge Life Tables, 2002-06; * Bihar, MP & UP includes Jharkhand, Chhatisgarh & Uttarakhand resp.; National Health Profile 2008: MoHFW.

165. Life Expectancy of India for 2005-10 period: Overall (64.7); Male (63.2) & Female (66.4) as per

United Nations World, Fact Book; (September 17, 2009)

166. Average life expectancy has shown increasing trend from year 2002 to 2014 in all the eleven states

as with the trend shown by the country. Out of the all basin states, Himachal Pradesh has the highest life

expectancy at birth for both sexes (males, females).

Table 4-7: Infant Mortality Rates - 2006-2011 (State-wise and rural / urban wise) (per 1000 live births)

State

Rural Urban Combined

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

Bihar 58 57 53 52 46 44 63 58 58 52 50 45 60 58 56 52 48 44

Chhattisgarh 59 58 57 50 48 47 62 61 58 57 54 50 61 59 57 54 51 48

Delhi 36 36 34 31 29 25 39 36 37 34 31 31 37 36 35 33 30 28

Haryana 57 55 51 48 46 41 58 56 57 53 49 48 57 55 54 51 48 44

Himachal Pradesh

45 45 43 44 35 36 55 49 45 45 47 39 50 47 44 45 40 38

Jharkhand 46 47 45 42 41 36 52 49 48 46 44 43 49 48 46 44 42 39

Madhya Pradesh

72 72 68 66 62 57 77 72 72 68 63 62 74 72 70 67 62 59

Rajasthan 65 63 60 58 52 50 69 67 65 61 57 53 67 65 63 59 55 52

Uttarakhand _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Uttar Pradesh

70 67 64 62 58 55 73 70 70 65 63 59 71 69 67 63 61 57

West Bengal 37 36 34 33 29 30 40 37 37 33 32 34 38 37 35 33 31 32

India 56 55 52 49 46 43 59 56 55 52 49 46 57 55 53 50 47 44

Sources: Data book for DCH, 28 October 2011, Planning Commission of India


90

167. Infant Mortality rates have shown decreasing trends in all the states and Ganga basin as general

from 2006 to 2011. Highest IMR is found in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The same trend is seen in both

rural and urban areas that the state of Madhya Pradesh has the maximum cases of IMR. On an average in

2011 the cases of IMR reported in Madhya Pradesh was 59 per 1000 live births.

Table 4-8: State wise data on Health infrastructure

State Required PHCs In place PHCs

Bihar 3099 1899

Chhattisgarh 774 785

Delhi 5 8

Haryana 550 366

Himachal Pradesh 212 538

Jharkhand 966 297

Madhya Pradesh 1989 1171

Rajasthan 1861 2079

Uttar Pradesh 5194 3621

Uttarakhand 238 257

West Bengal 914 1239 Source: RHS Bulletin, October 2017, M/O Health & F.W., GOI

168. Bihar and Jharkhand state clearly reflects the poor health facility available in the states, the

required number of primary health centers is far behind the present number of primary health centers in

the state. Primary health centre is an important health infrastructure and should be accessible to all the

residents.

Table 4-9: State / UT wise Cases and Deaths due to Dengue in India 2015-2018 (provisional)

S. No. State 2015 2016 2017 (Provisional)

2018 (Provisional till 22 July, 2018)

Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths

1 Bihar 1771 0 1912 0 1854 0 8 0

2 Chhattisgarh 384 1 356 0 444 0 31 0

3 Delhi 15867 60 4431 10 9271 10 90 0

4 Haryana 9921 13 2493 0 4550 0 17 0

5 Himachal Pradesh 19 1 322 0 452 0 220 0

6 Jharkhand 102 0 414 1 710 5 23 0

7 Madhya Pradesh 2108 8 3150 12 2666 6 80 0

8 Rajasthan 4043 7 5292 16 8427 14 1912 3

9 Uttar Pradesh 2892 9 15033 42 3092 28 164 0

10 Uttarakhand 1655 1 2146 4 849 0 6 0

11 West Bengal 8516 14 22865 45 37746 46 NA NA Source: Dengue/DHF situation in India 2015-18. Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme

169. State of West Bengal shows the maximum number of cases due to dengue and hence the cases of

deaths due to dengue are also reported high in the State. While in the latest available data of year 2018

three cases of deaths have been reported in the state of Rajasthan.

Table 4-10: State/UT wise Cases and Deaths Due to Cholera in India 2017(Provisional)

S. No. State 2016 2017 (Provisional)

Cases Deaths Cases Deaths

1 Bihar 0 0 0 0

2 Chhattisgarh 12 0 0 0

3 Delhi 228 0 137 2

4 Haryana 0 0 2 0


91

S. No. State 2016 2017 (Provisional)

Cases Deaths Cases Deaths

5 Himachal Pradesh 0 0 0 0

6 Jharkhand 5 0 0 0

7 Madhya Pradesh 42 1 0 0

8 Rajasthan 2 0 17 0

9 Uttar Pradesh 0 0 1 0

10 Uttarakhand 0 0 0 0

11 West Bengal 157 0 89 0 Source: National Health Profile 2018, Central Bureau of Health Intelligence, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

170. Highest number of cases (137 nos.) was reported in the state of Delhi, with 2 cases of reported

deaths. West Bengal also reported 89 cases of cholera in the year 2017.

Table 4-11: State/UT wise Cases and Deaths Due to Acute Diarrheal Disease in India 2017 (Provisional)

S. No. State Male Female Total Reference Period

up to Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths

1 Bihar 167,525 8 141,764 11 309,289 19 December 2017

2 Chhattisgarh 94,864 12 85,534 13 180,398 25 December 2017

3 Delhi 72,613 62 55,972 55 128,585 117 December 2017

4 Haryana 122,654 13 114,098 7 236,752 20 December 2017

5 Himachal Pradesh 149,684 17 164,779 9 314,463 26 December 2017

6 Jharkhand 49,654 0 41,672 0 91,326 0 December 2017

7 Madhya Pradesh 383,192 56 315,204 46 698,396 102 December 2017

8 Rajasthan 546,515 1 424,598 0 971,113 1 December 2017

9 Uttar Pradesh 684,387 148 534,624 154 1,219,071 302 December 2017

10 Uttarakhand 48,880 3 49,900 3 98,780 6 December 2017

11 West Bengal 965,726 61 923,068 54 1,888,794 115 December 2017 Source: National Health Profile 2018, Central Bureau of Health Intelligence, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

171. Acute diarrheal disease is manly attributed to poor sanitation and drinking untreated polluted

water. West Bengal shows the maximum number of cases of diarrhea disease. While Uttar Pradesh bags

the second rank among the eleven states. In West Bengal, males are more prone to diarrhea as compared

to females as indicated by the data. And hence the number of deaths due to diarrhea is higher in males of

Bengal as compared to females. This clearly reflects the vulnerable and poor status in the society.

Table 4-12: State/UT wise Cases and Deaths Due to Enteric Fever (Typhyoid) in India 2017 (Provisional)

S. No. State Male Female Total Reference

Period up to Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths

1 Bihar 88907 1 82326 1 171233 2 December 2017

2 Chhattisgarh 39916 1 35311 2 75227 3 December 2017

3 Delhi 10068 16 8300 1 18368 17 December 2017

4 Haryana 25464 3 23117 1 48581 4 December 2017

5 Himachal Pradesh 18636 9 21056 3 39692 12 December 2017

6 Jharkhand 21782 0 19362 0 41144 0 December 2017

7 Madhya Pradesh 58420 4 48037 5 106457 9 December 2017

8 Rajasthan 43905 0 35112 0 79017 0 December 2017

9 Uttar Pradesh 359757 136 280921 112 640678 248 December 2017

10 Uttarakhand 16504 5 15863 2 32367 7 December 2017

11 West Bengal 122130 6 112883 0 235013 3 December 2017 Source: National Health Profile 2018, Central Bureau of Health Intelligence, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

172. High cases of water borne diseases are reported in the states, but they are averted by treatment

and fewer numbers of deaths happen due to water borne diseases. High number of water borne diseases


92

could be attributed to inaccessibility to safe drinking water and poor sanitation and hygiene surroundings.

Moreover the use of untreated water is also one of the important reason for such diseases.

4.1.2. Economic Profile

Economic Importance

173. The Ganges Basin with its fertile soil is instrumental to the agricultural economies of India and

Bangladesh. The Ganga basin is one of the most populous regions on Earth, home to 450 million people at

an average density of over 550 individuals per square kilometre. In the delta zone this rises to over 900 per

square kilometre. As a result, there is strong demand and competition for natural resources, especially

water for domestic use and irrigation, and most of the basin tributaries are regulated by barrages.

Hydroelectric Power

174. The hydroelectric potential of the Ganges and its tributaries has been estimated at 13 million

kilowatts, of which about two-fifths lies within India and the rest in Nepal. Some of this potential has been

exploited in India with such hydroelectric developments as those along the Chambal and Rihand rivers.

Occupation Profile

175. The maximum numbers of workers are based in Uttar Pradesh, while minimum number is in

Uttarakhand. But Uttar Pradesh also leads the group by having maximum number of people categorized as

non-workers. It forms substantial part of the non workers population of the country. Uttar Pradesh has the

highest number of main workers followed by the West Bengal and in the last is Himachal Pradesh.

Table 4-13: Distribution of population by Occupation

States Total Workers Main workers Marginal workers

Non workers

Bihar 34,724,987 21,359,611 13,365,376 69,374,465

Chhattisgarh 12,180,225 8,241,714 3,938,511 13,364,973

Delhi 5,587,049 5,307,329 279,720 11,200,892

Haryana 8,916,508 7,015,283 1,901,225 16,434,954

Himachal Pradesh 3,559,422 2,062,501 1,496,921 3,305,180

Jharkhand 13,098,274 6,818,595 6,279,679 19,889,860

Madhya Pradesh 31,574,133 22,702,119 8,872,014 41,052,676

Rajasthan 29,886,255 21,057,968 8,828,287 38,662,182

Uttar Pradesh 65,814,715 44,635,492 21,179,223 133,997,626

Uttarakhand 3,872,275 2,870,624 1,001,651 6,214,017

West Bengal 34,756,355 25,686,630 9,069,725 56,519,760

India 481,743,311 362,446,420 119,296,891 728,826,262 Source: Census of India 2011

4.1.3. Housing profile

176. The table below provides housing profile of the eleven states of Ganga basin:


93

Table 4-14: Type of Fuel Used

Type of Fuel B

ihar

Ch

hat

tisg

arh

De

lhi

Har

yan

a

Him

ach

al P

rad

esh

Jhar

khan

d

Mad

hya

Pra

des

h

Raj

asth

an

Utt

arak

han

d

Utt

ar P

rad

esh

We

st B

enga

l

Fire wood 6,578,605 4,545,101 112,291 1,228,813 849,684 3,557,421 9,939,187 7,776,685 972,074 15,707,246 6,637,341

Crop residue

6,153,363 49,865 9,094 665,018 15,753 249,098 841,994 1,381,767 25,430 2,863,975 5,127,815

Cow dung 4,106,831 209,150 19,487 670,240 2,355 443,552 1,147,848 372,720 63,188 7,613,010 2,010,585

Coal 190,559 129,170 4,476 5,021 363 1,121,179 33,391 13,739 1,211 82,508

1,585,448

Kerosene 50,777 28,469 175,443 47,290 30,792 14,578 194,357 112,100 35,676 238,467 429,309

LPG 1,528,380 628,600

3,003,996

2,075,925

569,556 720,832

2,717,504

2,873,314 883,286 6,226,793

3,603,293

Electricity 22,389 6,092 1,335 1,384 2,184 21,076 6,876 3,794 806 28,374 15,128

Biogas 47,335 10,520 3,017 11,722 1,266 6,595 52,252 12,145 9,460 52,033 51,275

Any other 228,163 4,823 1,866 2,986 325 39,173 6,916 7,599 699 40,493 550,252


177. Table indicates that fire wood is the most common type of fuel used by the households indicating

low economic development in the society. All eleven states reflect the same point of excess usage of fuel

wood by the households. Substantial number of households in Uttar Pradesh still uses cow dung as a fuel.

It is the second most preferred fuel after fire wood in the state. While limited number of household sin all

the eleven states use electricity as fuel.

178. Sanitation infrastructure, is depicted through the data described in the tables below indicating the

overall status of sanitation and hygiene in the states.

Table 4-15: Distribution of households by availability of Bathrooms and toilets

Distribution of

households Bih

ar

Ch

hat

tisg

arh

De

lhi

Har

yan

a

Him

ach

al

Pra

de

sh

Jhar

khan

d

Mad

hya

Pra

de

sh

Raj

asth

an

Utt

arak

han

d

Utt

ar

Pra

de

sh

We

st B

en

gal

% households

having Bathrooms

42.03 11.26 14.76 87.02 68.11 67.46 16.48 25.80 36.81 60.50 29.05

% urban 45.73 54.43 87.32 86.13 90.26 55.34 69.94 79.28 87.68 69.72 59.97

% rural 7.16 3.55 74.84 57.47 64.57 4.07 10.54 22.98 49.04 17.15 11.94

% households

having toilets

23.1 24.6 89.5 68.6 69.1 22.0 28.8 35.0 65.8 35.5 58.8

Pit latrine 2.5 3.5 1.8 17.4 8.1 1.4 2.3 6.5 11.9 4.2 25.6

Water closet

20.1 21.0 85.7 50.4 60.7 20.4 26.1 27.6 53.2 29.8 31.9

Other latrines

0.5 0.2 2.1 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.7 1.7 1.4

No latrines 76.9 75.4 10.5 31.4 30.9 78.0 71.2 65.0 34.2 64.4 41.2 Source: Census of India 2011


94

179. It is observed from the table above that, among the states of Ganga basin, Haryana has the

maximum number of households having bathrooms (i.e. 87.02%) whereas, Chhattisgarh has the least

number of households having bathroom facilities (i.e. 11.26%). The availability of toilets in the households

is maximum in Delhi (89.5%) whereas minimum in Jharkhand (22%). However the figures above also shows

that Jharkhand have the maximum number of households (78%) having no toilet facility followed by Bihar

and Chhattisgarh. Poor sanitation coverage is a cause of serious concern for the quality of River Ganga.

Poor sanitation coverage is a cause of serious concern for the quality of River Ganga.

180. However, over 40,000,000 toilets have been constructed across rural India since the start of the

Swachh Bharat Mission in 2014. It would be right to say that the picture of these states in terms of

bathrooms and toilets is changing slowly.

Table 4-16: Distribution of households connected by drainage system

States Closed drains Open drains No drains

Uttarakhand 379,849 840,819 776,400

Uttar Pradesh 4,238,765 18,459,627 10,225,874

Bihar 1,266,306 6,749,588 10,924,735

Jharkhand 445,272 1,377,951 4,358,384

West Bengal 1,853,782 4,489,442 13,724,075

Madhya Pradesh 1,463,346 4,511,473 8,992,778

Chhattisgarh 295,895 1,062,386 4,264,569

Delhi 1,977,793 1,223,935 138,810

Rajasthan 1,346,514 3,879,171 7,355,618

Haryana 996,566 3,076,288 645,100

Himachal Pradesh 366,748 596,042 513,791

India 44,745,321 81,442,213 120,552,694 Source: Census of India 2011

181. Drainage system is another indicative factor of poor sanitation coverage and all the states are

setting a clear example of it. West Bengal has maximum number of households having no drainage facility

followed by Uttar Pradesh. This shows that all the waste water is drained into open areas, which may run

into nearby water bodies, causing pollution and inviting health implications.

Table 4-17: Distribution of households by availability of kitchen

States Number of households having separate kitchen Not available Cooking in Open

Uttarakhand 14,00,688 5,91,142 2,34,784

Uttar Pradesh 133,92,578 194,60,321 29,14,445

Bihar 63,38,590 125,67,812 34,81,309

Jharkhand 24,36,894 37,36,610 3,66,028

West Bengal 122,29,812 77,80,634 24,87,577

Madhya Pradesh 70,03,760 79,36,565 6,01,616

Chattisgarh 31,56,571 24,55,219 2,80,521

Delhi 26,43,099 6,87,906 46,518

Rajasthan 63,94,308 61,59,555 16,90,987

Haryana 31,35,763 15,72,636 4,21,663

Himachal Pradesh 13,02,713 1,69,565 1,77,451 Source: Census of India 2011

182. Uttar Pradesh has the maximum number of households having separate kitchen and also takes the

lead in having the maximum number of households where kitchen is not available. Whereas in Bihar there

are maximum number of households where cooking is done in open. Kitchen availability is an indication of

better hygiene practice.


95

Table 4-18: Distribution of households by availability of electricity and toilets (in percentage)

States Electricity and toilets both

available Electricity available but

no toilet Toilet but no

electricity Both not available

Bihar 10.87 5.49 12.19 71.45

Chhattisgarh 22.56 52.70 2.03 22.71

Delhi 89.21 9.90 0.32 0.57

Haryana 66.10 24.41 2.53 6.96

Himachal Pradesh

68.09 28.67 1.02 2.21

Jharkhand 19.57 26.21 2.46 51.76

Madhya Pradesh

27.04 40.07 1.77 31.12

Rajasthan 32.55 34.45 2.42 30.58

Uttarakhand 62.90 24.14 2.88 10.09

Uttar Pradesh 24.78 12.03 10.87 52.32

West Bengal 43.01 11.49 15.84 29.67

India 41.02 26.23 5.90 26.85 Source: Census of India 2011

183. Electricity and toilets are indicative of the economic status of the households, all the states show

low coverage in terms of availability of both essential infrastructure. Bihar and Jharkhand shows the worst

coverage with only 11% of households in Bihar and 20% of households in Jharkhand have access to both

toilets and electricity.

Table 4-19: Distribution of households by availability of drinking water sources

States %Within premises % Near premises % Away from premises

Bihar 50.11 37.92 11.97

Chhattisgarh 19.00 54.51 26.49

Delhi 78.43 15.40 6.17

Haryana 66.53 21.40 12.07

Himachal Pradesh 55.54 34.97 9.48

Jharkhand 23.18 44.94 31.87

Madhya Pradesh 23.90 45.58 30.52

Rajasthan 35.04 39.02 25.94

Uttar Pradesh 51.92 36.01 12.06

Uttarakhand 58.25 26.59 15.15

West Bengal 38.64 34.72 26.64 Source: Census of India 2011

184. Chhattisgarh has very low percentage of households (19%) which have drinking water facility within

their premises. While the majority of the households in the state have water facilities near the premises.

While compared to all eleven states, Delhi indicates best of statistics in terms of percentage coverage of

households having drinking water facility within the premises.

Table 4-20: Sources of safe drinking water

% housholds B

ihar

Ch

hat

tis

garh

De

lhi

Har

yan

a

Him

ach

al

Pra

de

sh

Jhar

kha

nd

Mad

hya

Pra

de

sh

Raj

asth

an

Utt

arak

han

d

Utt

ar

Pra

de

sh

We

st

Be

nga

l

Tap 15.09 44.21 75.81 70.20 93.30 34.65 50.55 75.40 72.72 44.68 49.97

Hand pump

64.37 18.18 5.11 8.42 1.34 27.16 14.62 6.13 17.14 36.75 22.60

Tube well 10.37 13.24 8.24 10.81 0.95 9.71 15.32 5.58 3.11 9.59 15.69

Well 0.09 0.54 0.98 1.52 0.18

Tank / Pond

0.16 0.25 1.19 0.55 0.20 0.21 0.74 1.63 0.16 0.23 0.21


96

% housholds B

ihar

Ch

hat

tis

garh

De

lhi

Har

yan

a

Him

ach

al

Pra

de

sh

Jhar

kha

nd

Mad

hya

Pra

de

sh

Raj

asth

an

Utt

arak

han

d

Utt

ar

Pra

de

sh

We

st

Be

nga

l

River / Canal

0.12 0.14 0.01 0.14 0.05 0.63 0.13 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.13

Spring 0.05 0.11 0.01 0.03 0.41 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.38

Others 1.72 0.49 3.48 2.03 0.56 1.31 1.47 2.43 0.85 0.97 0.82 Source: Census of India 2011

185. The importance of safe drinking water for health and development has been reflected in the

outcomes of many international policy forums. States of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal have

majority of households having access to safe drinking water from handpump, while Himachal Pradesh

followed by Uttarakhand has tap as the major source for drinking water. Very few households in all the

eleven states rely on the river/ spring water for drinking purpose.

Table 4-21: Distribution of households by Banking services and Asset ownership

States % households

availing banking services

% households owning following assets

Radio Television Telephone Bicycle Scooter /

Motorbike/ Moped

Car / Jeep

Bihar 44 26 15 2 49 8 2

Chhattisgarh 49 11 31 2 61 16 2

Delhi 78 33 88 17 31 39 21

Haryana 68 17 68 8 45 33 11

Himachal Pradesh

89 29 74 13 9 16 8

Jharkhand 54 17 27 2 59 16 3

Madhya Pradesh

47 15 32 3 40 19 3

Rajasthan 68 16 38 6 29 24 5

Uttar Pradesh 72 25 33 2 68 20 4

Uttarakhand 81 15 62 7 31 23 6

West Bengal 49 18 35 4 57 9 2 Source: Census of India 2011

186. Asset ownership and banking services of the households in the states indicate the basic socio-

economic status of the households in the states. Bihar has low percentage of households having access to

banking services whereas Himachal Pradesh has the highest percentage in the same among all the states.

Delhi has the highest percentage in asset ownership by the households, whereas Bihar and Chhattisgarh

has the lowest percentage.

Table 4-22: Land use pattern

State Total Land

Area (in Ha)

% cultivable

area

Net Sown Area (in Ha)

Fallow Land (in

Ha)

% forested

Area

Permanent pasture

and grazing land (in

Ha)

Land under miscellaneous

use (in Ha)

Bihar 9,416,000 69.87 5,278,316 1,007,997 6.60 15,326 2478.13

Chhattisgarh 13,519,000 41.11 468,074 525,394 46.72 886,890 9.83

Delhi 148,000 35.65 21,889 19,798 1.00 61 11.77

Haryana 4,421,000 82.69 3,521,751 108,102 0.85 24,919 87

Himachal Pradesh 5,567,000 1.46 549,964 76,419 20.23 1,510,434 636.7

Jharkhand 7,972,000 54.48 1,384,515 2,507,342 28.09 113,809 982.6

Madhya Pradesh 30,825,000 55.97 15,351,251 871,304 28.21 1,303,170 195.58


97

State Total Land

Area (in Ha)

% cultivable

area

Net Sown Area (in Ha)

Fallow Land (in

Ha)

% forested

Area

Permanent pasture

and grazing land (in

Ha)

Land under miscellaneous

use (in Ha)

Rajasthan 34,224,000 74.54 17,521,496 3,924,829 8.01 1,673,671 264.85

Uttar Pradesh 24,093,000 78.61 16,598,043 1,630,742 6.88 65,198 3878.17

Uttarakhand 5,348,000 28.96 700,171 143,610 71.05 192,077 3050.12

West Bengal 8,875,000 63.72 5,238,386 350,179 13.21 2,366 494.65

India 328,726,000 55.33 140,130,018 26,182,461 21.84 10,258,121 31401.07 Source: Land Use Statistics at a Glance 2005-06 to 2014-15, Department of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare

187. Rajasthan has the maximum land coverage amongst the eleven states. It is being followed by

Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkahnd, Himachal Pradesh,

Uttarakhand, Haryana and Delhi, the smallest state area wise in the group. Uttarakhand and Chhattisgarh

have maximum area under forest area, even more than average area for the country under forest cover.

Rajasthan also has the maximum land categorized as fallow land.

Table 4-23: Brief economic profile of Ganga Basin

State Economic Profile

Bihar ▪ Bihar is located in the eastern part of India, surrounded by Uttar Pradesh on the West, Jharkhand on the south, and West Bengal on the east. Bihar shares the international border with Nepal. Ganga flows through the plains of Bihar from west to east. Lying on the foothills of Himalayas, Bihar has rich natural resources. The topography of Bihar can be easily described as a fertile alluvial plain occupying the Gangetic Valley. Agriculture and mining sector contribute 18% each to the Gross State Domestic Product, the remaining 54% being tertiary sector contribution.

▪ Bihar has very fertile farm land and flourishing orchards. The major crops grown in the state are: paddy, wheat, lentils, sugarcane, and jute. The marsh in the West Champaran district also grows cane.

▪ Bihar is one of the only regions outside China which produces litchi. Other major fruits grown in the state include mangoes, bananas, and jack fruit.

▪ Bihar has dence forest throughout the state. These include the moist deciduous forests in Champaran district, Sal, Shisham, Cedrela, Toona, Khair and Seemal forest in Saharsa and Poornia districts. Bihar is also richly endowed with water resources- both ground water and surface water. Mineral production in the state includes Steatite, Pyrites, Quartzite, Crude Mica and Limestone.

Chhattisgarh ▪ Chhattisgarh is located in Central India sharing borders with Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. The main economic activity of the state is mining and industries.

▪ Chhattisgarh contributes to 16% of the country’s total mineral production. The state produces 38% of the total steel produced in India, expected to grow to 50% by 2020.

▪ The state also produces 11% of the total cement in the country. ▪ 44% of the area of the state is enriched with precious forests. The state is identified as

one of the richest bio-diversity habitats. ▪ The state has over 200 non-timber forest products, with a potential for value addition

Delhi ▪ Delhi is the national capital of India. It is situated between the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Delhi stands between a triangle formed by the River Yamuna on the east, and Aravalli range from the west and south.

▪ Over the past decade, Delhi has constantly been expanding. Being one of the most important cities in the global economic network, Delhi attracts people from all over the world.

▪ The prominent economic activity in Delhi is the service sector. It contributes to 86% in the Gross State Domestic Product, with only 2% contribution from the primary sector.


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The major industries of the city are IT sector, Handloom, Fashion, Textile and the electronic industry.

▪ Delhi is the largest commercial center in the Northern India and the largest hub of small industries.

▪ Delhi, being the national capital, is the hub of administrative and political activities and offices. Delhi also is the center for education and research.

Haryana ▪ Haryana is located in the northern part of India, surrounded by Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan and adjacent to Himachal Pradesh and Delhi.

▪ Haryana shares the capital Chandigarh with the state of Punjab. ▪ Haryana, though one of the smallest states in terms of size, it is one of the highest

contributors to the National GDP. ▪ At the time of formation of Haryana, agriculture was the highest contributor (60% to the

GSDP) to the economy of the state. But due to recent developments and the rise of tertiary and services, the profile of economy has changed. According to the the Government of Haryana, service sector and industries contribute to almost 82% of the economy of the state.

▪ The rich gangetic plains in Haryana still make agriculture one of the most important livelihoods in the rural areas.

Himachal Pradesh ▪ Himachal Pradesh is a small state located in the northern part of India in the Western Himalayas, surrounded by Punjab, Haryana and Uttarakhand. The state shares a border with Tibet.

▪ The state has a mountainous terrain, spread across valleys. About 90% of the state’s population lives in rural areas. Despite this, the state has become a pioneer in development in the field of Education, Health, Social Welfare and Inclusive Growth.

▪ The numerous perennial rivers flowing in the state, along with the terrain, allow the state to produce hydropower energy and surplus electricity, which is then further sold to other states such as Delhi, Punjab, and West Bengal.

▪ Though the economic growth of the state has been dependent upon agriculture, in the recent times there has been a shift in the economic activities. The share of agriculture has declined from 55.5% in 1950-51 to 9.4% in 2015-16. The major dominant sector in 2015-16 in GSDP was the service industry and tertiary sector.

▪ Tourism plays an important role in the economic profile of the state. Approximately 18 million tourists arrived in Himachal Pradesh in the year 2015-16, of which 0.5 million were foreign tourists.

Jharkhand

▪ Jharkhand is a state in the eastern India. It was carved out in November 2000 from the state of Bihar. The state is surrounded by Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Odisha and Chhattisgarh.

▪ Large area of the state is hidden in hills and dense forests, making it inaccessible to most people. The state is inhabited by numerous tribes living in the region for thousands of years.

▪ The tertiary sector contributes to 40% of the GSDP, followed by secondary sector (33%) and primary sector (27%). Jharkhand is the leading producer of mineral wealth in the country. The total value of mineral production is amounted to over Rs. 3000crores.

▪ The state of Jharkhand is endowed with wide range of minerals ranging from Iron Ore, Coal, Copper Ore, Mica, Bauxite, Fire Clay, Graphite, Kyanite, Sillimanite, Lime Stone, and Uranium etc.

▪ Ganga of Jharkhand is intrinsically linked to the economy of the state. It provides the necessary silt in much of the land around it, increasing its fertility. Paddy is the greatest crop of the region. Therefore, the significance of Ganga in the state increases manifold. Many towns in Jharkhand are primarily industrial. Ganga provides the necessary infrastructure for the factories to perform. Thus, the importance of Ganga at Jharkhand cannot be fathomed. It is not surprising that the inhabitants consider Ganga as the reigning deity and worship it with all devotion and faith.

Madhya Pradesh ▪ Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state in Central India, surrounded by Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh.


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▪ Madhya Pradesh has an agricultural and pastoral economy. Industrial and service sectors are concentrated in districts like Indore, Bhopal, Gwalior and Jabalpur.

▪ Madhya Pradesh is also the second richest state in minerals. Manganese reserves are located in Balaghat and Chhindwara districts.

▪ The state produces 45% of the total Bauxite in India. Bauxite producing centers are found in Jabalpur, Mandla, Shahdol, Satna and Rewa.

▪ Coal reserves can be found in Satpura and northeastern parts of Madhya Pradesh. The state is the only other state in India, along with Chhattisgarh, which produces diamond.

▪ More than 30% of the state’s area is encompassed by forest. The eastern region comprised of Balaghat, Mandla, Shahdol and Sidhi districts have dense deciduous forest cover. The major trees found are Teak, Sal, Bamboo and Tendu.

▪ Due to the rich alluvial soil in the Ganga basin, agriculture plays an important role in the state. Major crops grown in the state are wheat, soybean, jowar, paddy, coarse millets, pulses, cereals and groundnut. Cotton, sugarcane and Oil seeds are also grown in the state. Irrigation of the land is dependent on Narmada, Chambal, Tapti, Betwa, Sone, Shipra, Kali Sindh and Tava.

▪ Mandsaur district is also the largest opium producing district in the country. ▪ The Chambal valley and Narmada valley have a huge potential of hydroelectric power

generation. The state also has numerous conventional and non-conventional power projects under progress.

Rajasthan ▪ Rajasthan state is the largest state in the country. It is also known as the ‘Land of Kingdoms’ or the ‘Land of Kings’. It is surrounded by Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi and Gujarat. It shares the international border with Pakistan.

▪ The Aravalli hills range runs from south-west to north-east through the heart of the State. The west and the north-west part of the State, is either desert or semi-desert and known as the Great Indian Desert "The Thar".

▪ The main activities in Rajasthan are agriculture and service sector. The secondary and tertiary sector contributes 30.5% and 50% to the state’s GDP respectively. Simultaneously, agriculture and service sector employ 44% and 47% of the labor force respectively.

▪ Tourism is one of the biggest sector in the state. The imprint of the state on the world tourist map is everlasting. The state offers heritage tourism, and rural and eco-tourism among various other attractions.

▪ Rajasthan is a mineral-rich state. Some of the minerals produced in the state are gold, silver, sandstone, limestone, marble, rock, phosphate, copper and lignite. Rajasthan is also the second largest producer of cement.

▪ Rajasthan contributes to one-tenth production of salt in India. Uttar Pradesh ▪ Uttar Pradesh is a state in the northern India surrounded by Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi,

Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. Uttar Pradesh shares the international border with Nepal.

▪ Service sector contributes to 51% of the State GDP, followed by agriculture (25%) and industry (24%).

▪ The major minerals found in the state are limestone, dolomite, glass-sand, marble, bauxite, non-plastic fireclay and uranium. Barytes, edalusite, sand-stone, pebbles, reh, salt, punter, maurang, sand and other minor minerals are also found in the state.

Uttarakhand

▪ Uttarakhand is located in the northern India, surrounded by Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The state shares international borders with Nepal and China. The state is bestowed with rich wealth of natural resources like in the form of: snowy mountains, rivers and dense forests. The renowned pilgrim shrines of various communities also lie in the state.

▪ Agriculture is one of the most significant sectors of economy of the state. Major crops grown include Basmati rice, wheat, soybeans, groundnuts, coarse cereals, pulses and oil seeds. Fruits like apples, oranges, pears, peaches, litchis, and plums are widely grown and important to the large food processing industry. The state has promoted agricultural export zones for litchi, horticulture, herbs, medicinal plants and rice production.


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▪ The tertiary sector also plays an important role in the economy. The state depends on tourism and hydropower with a growing potential in IT, ITES, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and automobile industries.

▪ West Bengal ▪ West Bengal is located in the Eastern India on the Bay of Bengal. It is the 4th most populous state in India. It is surrounded by Odisha, Bihar, Sikkim, Assam and Jharkhand. It shares an international border with Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan Hill Region,, the Ganges Delta, the Rarh region, and the coastal Sundarbans.

▪ Service sector is the leading economic contributor in the state, with 56% contribution. The primary and secondary sector contribution is equivalent to 19% and 25% respectively.

▪ The major crop grown in the state is rice, potato, jute, sugarcane and wheat. Tea is produced for commercial purposes in the northern districts. Darjeeling region is well known for the high quality of tea.

▪ The main industrial regions include the industrial sites in Kolkata region, mineral rich western highlands and the Haldia port region. The Durgapur-Asansol colliery belt houses a number of steel plants.

▪ Important manufacturing industries are engineering products, electronics, electrical equipment, cables, steel, leather, textiles, jewelry, frigates, automobiles, railway coaches, and wagons. The Durgapur center has established a number of industries in the areas of tea, sugar, chemicals, and fertilizers. Natural resources like tea and jute in and nearby parts has made West Bengal a major center for the jute and tea industries.

▪ The Ganga River provides perennial supply of water to the plain of West Bengal for irrigation and human & industry consumption. The river is navigable and the major transport system in the region with a huge traffic flow. For a long time, the Calcutta Port was the biggest port of India. Though in the past its significance had gone down, but recently it had again came up to the 3rd position in the list of Indian Ports. The fish from the river are important to the local economy.

▪ The modern container port of Haldia, on the intersection of lower Hooghly and Haldi River, now carries much of the region's maritime trade. One new port will be built in the deep sea to reduce load on Calcutta port.

▪ Hooghly river valley was the most important industrial area of erstwhile state of Bengal. Due to declining jute industry, the prime industry of this region, it lost its glory and partitioning of Bengal. But still it is one of the biggest industrial areas of India. Except Kolkata and Howrah it has number of small cities which forms the Greater Kolkata Agglomeration, the second biggest Indian city and former capital.

Source: Respective State Department Websites, Respective State Economic Surveys

4.2. CULTURAL PRACTICES OF COMMUNITIES

188. The river Ganga is also mentioned in the Rig-Veda, the earliest of the Hindu scriptures. Hindus treat

Ganga like a Goddess rather than a river and it is considered highly sacred. It is worshipped in India and

holds an important place in the Hindu religion. Hindu belief holds that bathing in the river on certain

occasions causes the forgiveness of sins and helps attain salvation. People travel from distant places to

immerse the ashes of their kin in the waters of the Ganga; this immersion also is believed to send the ashes

to heaven. Several places which lie along the banks of the river Ganga are considered sacred for Hindus,

including Haridwar and Kashi.

189. The religious importance of the Ganges may exceed that of any other river in the world. It has been

revered from the earliest times and today is regarded as the holiest of rivers by Hindus. While places of

Hindu pilgrimage, called tirthas, are located throughout the subcontinent, those that are situated on the

Ganges have particular significance.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596892/tirtha


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190. Table below describes in brief for each state the social, cultural and economic issues related to the

river Ganga. It presents significance as well as the issue related to the contamination of the pious river.

Table 4-24: Cultural profile of the states

State Cultural Profile

Bihar ▪ Bihar has a rich cultural heritage. The predominant themes are from the myths and legends of Hinduism. Sita, from the Indian epic Ramayana, is believed to be born in Bihar. Gautam Buddha also attained enlightenment in the city of Gaya.

▪ The languages spoken in the state include Hindi, Urdu, Maithili, Bhojpuri, Angika and Magahi.

▪ Mithila paintings, or Madhubani art, is world famous for its intricate designs. ▪ Bihar has a network of rivers. This is the most striking feature about the geography of

Bihar. ▪ Among the rivers flowing through Bihar, the Ganges river is most dominant and is joined

by the three mighty rivers, Ghagra, Gandak, and Sone. ▪ One of the most striking feature of the river system of Bihar is the dominant role of Ganga.

The important rivers that join the Ganga from the north are, from west to east, Ghaghra, the Gandak, the Burhi Gandak, the Kosi, the Mahananda and its tributaries. River Kosi also called the sorrow of Bihar is one of the largest tributaries of river Ganga. After flowing 58 km in Nepal, it enters the north Bihar plains near Bhimnagar and after another 260 km, flows into the Ganges near Kursela

▪ Chhath is an ancient Hindu festival dedicated to the worship of the Lord Sun and is mainly celebrated in the northeast region of India chiefly in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, some parts of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand on the banks of Ganga. It goes without mention that the river Ganges is one of the most important rivers of Jharkhand: the other rivers in Jharkhand flow as tributaries to the river Ganga.

▪ Sonpur, which is situated along Ganga's bank in Bihar, is famous for the great bathing festival which is the occasion for the greatest cattle and elephant fair in the world.

Chhattisgarh ▪ Cultural life of Chhattisgarh comprises varied forms of traditional art and crafts, tribal dances, folk songs, regional festivals and fairs and amusing cultural fests. Being a tribal dotted region, Chhattisgarh has a multihued tribal culture reflecting vibrant colors of tribal life.

▪ Handicrafts of Chhattisgarh are fine example of artistic perfection of the local artisans and brilliant use of the natural resources in making of the beautiful home decor items. Tribal culture also resembles in these local art and handicrafts of Chhattisgarh. Wood carvings, bell metal (Dhokra) handicraft, terracotta figurines, tribal jewellery, paintings, clay pieces and cotton fabrics are much adorned local handicrafts of the region. Some of the handicrafts include Shokra, tribal jewelry, Terracotta figures, Loha Shilp, wall paintings, Godna, wood carvings, Bamboo work, etc.

▪ Folk dances of Chhattisgarh are mainly tribal dances that purely showcase tribal culture of the state. The main dances in the state are Saila, Suwa, Karma, and Rawat Nach.

▪ The festivals in Chhattisgarh include Goncha Festival, Bastar Festival, Kajari Festival, Madai Festival, Phagun Madai, Bhoramdeo Festival, Hareli Festival, Navakhana Festival, and Chhath Puja among various others.

▪ Bastar is known for its unique and distinct tribal heritage. The Bastar Dassera is the traditional festival of the Gaiety of our tribals. All of Chhattisgarh has many virgin, unexplored tourism destinations.

Haryana ▪ Haryana is known as the “Home of Gods”. Haryana has a rich history dating back to the Vedic period. It is in this region that the Vedic Civilization began along the banks of River Saraswati. The Vedas were written in the state, and the Aryans chanted their sacred Mantras in this site. Haryana, specifically Krukshetra is the site for the epic battle of Mahabharata and where Lord Krishna preached Bhagvada Gita to Arjun. Haryana has been the scene of many wars because of it being “The Gateway of North India”.

▪ It was on this soil that saint Ved Vyas wrote Mahabharat in Sanskrit.Excavations of various archeological sites in Haryana, like Naurangabad and Mittathal in Bhiwani, Kunal in Fatehabad, Agroha near Hissar, Rakhi Garhi (Rakhigarhi) in Jind, Sites in Rukhi (Rohtak) and Banawali in Sirsa have evidence of pre-Harappan and Harappan culture. Findings of pottery, sculpture, and jewelry in sites at Pehowa, Kurukshetra, Tilpat, and Panipat have


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proved the historicity of the Mahabharat war. These places are mentioned in the Mahabharat as Prithudaka, Tilprastha, Panprastha and Sonprastha.

▪ Festivals and fairs of Haryana include Lohri, Baisakhi, Gugga Naumi, Surajkund, Karthik Fair etc.

Himachal Pradesh ▪ Himachal Pradesh, also known as “Devabhoom”, or the land of Gods, has a unique cultural profile. There are over 2000 temples in the state. The state is not only a site for Hindu Pilgrimage, but also, Buddhist, Sikh and Christian sites of importance.

▪ The general set up of Himachal Pradesh is the picturesque dense forests, fast flowing rivers, terraced fields, snow clad mountains, small fairy tale villages and friendly hill folk besides its centuries- old rich culture.

▪ Colorful and vibrant dresses, buoyant celebrations, festivals and fairs mark the culture of Himachal Pradesh.

▪ Some of the fairs and festivals celebrated in Himachal Pradesh are the Kullu Dussehra, Shivratri Fair(Mandi), Shoolini Mela(Solan), Minjar Fair(Chamba), Mani Mahesh Chhari Yatra(Chamba), Renuka Fair(Sirmaur), Vrajeshwari Fair(Kangra), Cattle Fair, Chhat Festival and Navratri festival.

Delhi ▪ Delhi is an amalgamation of cultures, with a rich and lush history. It is a symbol of ancient values and aspirations.

▪ Delhi is a cosmopolitan city where people from all over India embrace a modern lifestyle. People from varied ethnicities and background call Delhi home. All major festivals of India are celebrated in the city, giving a new meaning to Unity in Diversity.

▪ Various festivals such as Holi, Diwali, Guru Purab, Durga Pujo, Buddha Purnima, Christmas, Eid etc. are celebrated with vigor and pomp.

▪ Delhi also has deep history engrained within the city. With heritage monuments and old city charm, Delhi offers a rich cultural experience to people. From morning walks along Yamuna Ghats, navigating the gullys of Chandni Chowk, to enjoying a historical monument, Delhi offers a range of cultural activities. Delhi also is the home of important religion and worshipping places such as ISKON Temple, Lotus Temple, Jama Masjid, Bangla Sahib Gurudwara etc.

Jharkhand ▪ There are various tribes living in the state of Jharkhand. The lifestyle and culture of these tribes has barely altered over the years. Scholars of anthropology and archaeology believe that the language used by the tribes in the state is identical to the language of Harappan people. This has led to the deciphering of Harappan inscriptions using rock paintings and language used by these tribes.

▪ History and archeology plays an important part in the profile of Jharkhand. Pre-Hrappa civilization pottery, cave paintings and rock-art have been discovered in Jharkhand. Evidence from ancient civilizations such as intricate woodwork, pitkar paintings, tribal ornaments, stone carvings, dolls and figurines, masks and baskets etc. are found in the state.

▪ Kohvar and Sohrai paintings are practiced by women in Jharkhand. These paintings are culturally significant for married women, especially during weddings and at harvest time. It is a tradition passed on to younger girls, over generations. Elaborate design motifs, animal and plant forms, fertility motifs are abundant and often echo ancient cave art found in the surrounding.The colours used are all natural shades, red oxide from stone, red ochre, kaolin white, manganese black earth etc.

▪ Jharkhand is also famous for tribal handicrafts and handloom such as ‘sabal ghaas’ (peepal leaves) made into plates, bowls, and decoration pieces etc., unusual wooden toys made in Toupadana, Dokra the metal craft, tribal jewelry, clay work etc.

▪ The festivals celebrated in Jharkhand are equally vibrant. Sarhul is celebrated during spring season and the Saal trees get new flowers on their branches. The Karam festival is a worship of Karam devta, the god of power, youth and youthfulness. The unmarried tribal girls celebrate the Jawa festival, which has its own kind of songs and dance. Other festivals include Hal Punhya, Bhagta Parab, Rohini, Bandna, Jani-Shikaar, and Chhath Pooja.

Madhya Pradesh ▪ Madhya Pradesh is known as the ‘Heart of India’. The population in the state is a blend of different religions, caste and ethnicities. Madhya Pradesh is home to numerous tribes living in the region for thousands of years.


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▪ There are references in Vedas and epics like Ramayana about the people of Madhya Pradesh. Tribal music, dance, craft and textile are a major attraction of the state. Bagh printing, Madana art, durrie weaving, and tribal painting, are indigenous to the state.

▪ The Kumbh in Ujjain, known as Simhasta, is one of the most important festivals in the state. It is held once in every 12 years, on the banks of Kshipra river. The Ujjain districts hosts about 227 fairs every year.

▪ Khajuraho Dance Festival, held in the UNESCO World Heritage site of Khajuraho, attracts people from all over the world to a culturally enriched show of classical dances.

▪ Other major festivals include Aalami Tableegi Ijtima, fairs of Ramlila, Hira Bhumia, Pir Budhan, Nagaji, Tetaji, Jageshwari Devi, Amarkantak Shivratri, Mahamrityunjay, Lokrang and Lokranjan Festival.

Rajasthan ▪ Rajasthan is a unique, colorful and vibrant state. It has a rich and long historical past. The state is known for its folk dances, folk music and the traditional cuisine. Being a princely state, Rajasthan exudes royal grandeur and royal lifestyle. “Rangeelo Rajasthan” is abundant with historic cities, rustic forts, bustling markets and rich culture.

▪ Forts, palaces, havelis, fairs and festivals, handicrafts, heritage hotels, adventure tourism, temple architecture, luxury trains etc. are some of the attractions for tourists in Rajasthan.

▪ One of the biggest factor in the maintenance of traditions and rituals is the beliefs of Rajasthani people. Rajasthani people are very strict in observing traditions and rituals, and prefer to adhere to traditions and customs of their ancestor which are being followed since ages.

▪ The major festivals and fairs of Rajasthan include Desert Festival, Pushkar Camel Fair, Teej festival, Nagaur Fair, Mewar Festival, Brij Holi, Abhaneri Festival, Kolayat Fair, Kumbalgarh Festival etc. among numerous others.

Uttar Pradesh ▪ Uttar Pradesh is also known as holy land. Various holy shrines and pilgrim places, festivals, etc. play an important role in the cultural importance of the state. Uttar Pradesh has been the site for historical epics like Ramayana, Krishna, Buddha, Ashoka, Harsha, Akbar, Shahjahan and Mahataman Gandhi. The rivers Yamuna and Ganga flow through the state.

▪ Uttar Pradesh is known for its rich culture and tradition. Historic cities such as Ayodhya and Mathura attract large number of tourists. Agra, the city of Taj Mahal, also receives a large number of tourists. Other cities of historical importance include Gokul, Vrindavan, Sarnath, Kushinar etc.

▪ Nestled along the banks of Yamuna and Ganga, cities such as Kanpur, Prayagraj, Varanasi, Mirzapur, etc. are major attractors of pilgrims and tourists. Sangam at Prayagraj is the confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and the mythical Saraswati.

▪ Mahakumbh, inscribed in the UNESCO’s Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity is held once every 12 years. It is one of the biggest festivals in India. The Kumbh Mela is a mass Hindu Pilgrimage of faith in which believers gather to bathe in the sacred river of Ganga. In 2007, about 70 million people attended the Kumbh Mela in Prayag, Prayagraj.

Uttarakhand ▪ Uttarakhand has a rich and vibrant culture. The state is the site where the famous sage Vyas composed the Indian epic Mahabharata. Evidence of practice of Shaivism, Buddhism and Folk Shamanic religion can be traced.

▪ People are divided into regions and are thus better recognized as Kumaoni (Inhabitants of Kumaon Region) and Garhwali (Inhabitants of Garhwal Region). Uttarakhand also inhabits ethnic groups such as Bhotias, Jaunsaries, Tharus, Bokshas, and Rajis.

▪ Languages like Kumaoni and Garhwali, Hindi, Urdu, and Punjabi are also widely spoken.Various tribal communities are both nomadic and those hailing from the Indo-Aryan descent are part of the ethnicity of Uttarakhand.

▪ Important religious cities and pilgrimage sites such as Hardwar, Rishikesh, Kedarnath, Gangothri, Badrinath, Rudraprayag etc. are major attractions in the state.

▪ The city is associated as the Gateway to both Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu, as ‘Haridwar’ and ‘Haridwar’ respectively. Haridwar is also rightfully called ‘Gangadwar’, as the holy river Ganga which flows down the Himalayas, enters the plains at Haridwar and spreads over the northern plains. Haridwar is among the seven sacred cities of Hindu culture in


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India. Haridwar is also one of the four venues in the country for the Kumbh Mela and Ardh Kumbh Mela, held every twelve and six years respectively.

West Bengal ▪ The culture of West Bengal is extremely diverse in nature. West Bengal is famous for Bengali literature, music, fine arts, drama and cinema. The state is the birth place of Rabindranath Tagore and many more eminent personalities.

▪ Different geographic regions of West Bengal have different languages such as Hindi, Bengali, Nepali etc. Some of the major festivals in the state include Durga Puja, Diwali, Saraswati Puja, Dolyatra, Rath Yatra, Jagaddhatri Puja, Eid, Muharram, Christmas etc.

▪ Like the rest of the Ganges, the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly is considered sacred to Hindus, and its water is considered holy.

▪ Ganga Sagar Mela, also known as Ganga Dussehra Mela is held in the month of January, on the occasion of Makar Sankranti at Sagardwip, about 105 km. south of Kolkata. Sagardwip is the island situated at the mouth of Ganga where the Hooghly river joins the sea. This is the largest fair of the West Bengal and celebrated for three days. On this day, a large number of Hindu pilgrims collect here and take bath in the holy waters and visit the Kapil Muni Temple.

▪ The river Ganga was an important transportation channel in the early history of Bengal, and later with the colonial trading ports. The river's presence is one of the reasons chosen by the British to settle there at Calcutta. The Dutch/French colony at Chandannagar on the Hooghly was once the rival of British Calcutta, but was eclipsed by Calcutta in the colonial wars of the 18th century. The river banks hosted several battles and skirmishes towards the start of the colonial era, including the Battle of Plassey Palashi, as well as earlier wars against Maratha raiders. On eastern bank lie many historic and wealthy towns like Murshidabad, Jangipur and Ziaganj.

4.2.1. Fest and Festivals

191. Fest and Festivals happening at the ghats and river basin at different time periods of the year

attracts millions of tourist and pilgrimages. With improper sanitation facilities and poor river front

management, these activities add to the load of contamination in the river thus degrading the river water

quality. The pious refuses and the customs of disposing unburnt and partially burnt increase the woes of

water quality of the Ganga basin.

192. Special provision of sanitation facilities should be arranged during the festivals when thousands of

pilgrims visit holy places along the banks to take dip in sacred river. At present the facility of sanitation for

pilgrims is not up to the mark. Better management of the basin with proper facilities should happen in

coordination with the local communities. The beliefs of people are tied with the sacredness of the Ganges,

and over the years it is growing in terms of the people coming during these festivals. The Prayagraj

witnessed around 13 million pilgrims in 1977, over 18 million in 1989, 60 million in 2001 and then 120

million was estimated in 2013 during Mahakumbh.

4.2.2. Sanitation

193. Less than 50% of households in all the states have bathrooms in their households; especially the

scenario is very poor in rural areas. Majority of the households in all the states have no access to the toilets.

The figures presents that rural areas in the states have lack of basic amenities and infrastructure related to

sanitation. Poor sanitation, open defecation are important factors contributing to the pollution of water.

Some of the cultural beliefs in people don’t permit them to use toilet, they prefer going out for defecation

generally near the drains. Table 15 and 16 in the previous section reflects on the status of households

having access to bathrooms, toilets and connection to drains. The results are not promising and it is

severely affecting the water quality of Holy Ganges.


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194. With the rising awareness communities have started understanding the importance of river water

quality and how poor quality can affect their health also. But still, large section of society needs to be

trained about the environmental and economical significance of the river water, besides social and cultural

significance.

4.3. VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES AND GENDER

195. Society is witness of the poor development and indiscrimination cause against the marginalized

sections of the society generally classified as ‘Scheduled Tribes’. As identified by the demographic tables,

out of eleven States only 9 states have tribal population, which are regarded as the indigenous group.

Chhattisgarh has the maximum number of ST natives living in the state. Table below describes the number

of different scheduled castes and scheduled tribes residing in all the eleven states of Ganga Basin.

Table 4-25: Table describing the SC and ST population

Site Scheduled Castes (SC) Scheduled Tribes (ST)

Bihar Total: 16,567,325 Dusadh etc.: 4,945,165 Chamar etc.: 4,900,048 Pasi: 880,738

Total: 1,336,573 Gond: 256,738 Oraon: 144,472 Munda: 14,028

Chhattisgarh Total: 3,274,269 Chamar etc.: 2,318,964 Ganda etc.: 381,459 Pasi: 4,628

Total: 7,822,902 Gond: 4,298,404 Oraon: 748,789 Munda: 15,095

Delhi Total: 2,812,309 Chamar etc.: 1,075,569 Dhanak, Dhobi etc.: 257,745 Pasi: 59,400

-

Haryana Total: 5,113,615 Chamar etc.: 2,429,137 Dhogri etc.: 632,655 Pasi: 51,350

-

Himachal Pradesh Total: 1,729,252 Doomna etc.: 83,757 Chamar etc.: 458,838 Pasi: 1,496

Total: 392,126 Gaddi: 92,547 Kanaura: 50,994 Jad etc.: 1 ,974

Jharkhand

Total : 3,985,644 Chamar etc : 1,008,507 Dusadh etc : 424,330 Rajwar: 196,320

Total : 8,645,042 Santhal : 2,754,723 Mal Pahariya : 135,797 Sauria Paharia : 46,222

Madhya Pradesh Total : 11,342,320 Chamar etc : 5,368,217 Balahi etc : 1,331,098 Pasi: 51,582

Total : 15,316,784 Bhil : 5,993,921 Gond : 5,093,124 Kol : 1,167,694

Rajasthan Total : 11342 Chamar etc : 2,491,551 Balmiki etc : 466,313 Pasi: 4,025

Total : 9,238,534 Mina : 4,345,528 Bhil etc. :4,100,264 Koli Dhor : 1,535

Uttarakhand Total: 1,892,516 Chamar etc.: 548,813 Balmiki: 112,383 Pasi: 19,432

Total: 291,903 Tharu: 91,342 Buksa: 54,037 Bhotia: 39,106

Uttar Pradesh Total: 41,357,608 Pasi etc.: 6,522,166 Chamar etc.: 22,496,047 Kol: 422,042

Total: 1,134,273 Gond etc.: 569,035 Tharu: 105,291 Jaunsari: 3,720


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Site Scheduled Castes (SC) Scheduled Tribes (ST)

West Bengal Total: 21,463,270 Namasudra: 3,504,642 Pod etc.: 2,450,260 Chamar etc. 1,039,591

Total: 5,296,953 Santal: 2,512,331 Oraon: 643,510 Gond: 13,535

Source: Census 2011

196. Gender wise also, females are the poor and backward section of the society in terms of various

parameters like sex ratio, health, literacy rate. As reflected in many tables above, women are given lesser

importance. For instance the literacy rate in the table below shows that lesser numbers of females are

literate as compared to males in all the eleven states and even at the national level.

Table 4-26: Table showing variation in literacy rate of males and females

States % male % Female

Bihar 73.39 53.33

Chhattisgarh 81.45 60.59

Delhi 91.03 80.93

Haryana 85.38 66.77

Himachal Pradesh 90.83 76.60

Jharkhand 78.45 56.21

Madhya Pradesh 80.53 60.02

Rajasthan 80.51 52.66

Uttar Pradesh 79.24 59.26

Uttarakhand 88.33 70.70

West Bengal 82.67 71.16

India 82.14 65.46 Source: Census of India 2011

4.3.1. Health indicators in eleven states

► Health indicators of West Bengal show that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 1.6. The Infant

Mortality Rate is 25 and Maternal Mortality Ratio is 101 (SRS 2016-2017) which are lower than the

National average.

► Health indicators of Uttar Pradesh indicate that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 3.1. The Infant

Mortality Rate is 43 and Maternal Mortality Ratio is 201 (SRS 2016-2017) which are higher than the

National average.

► Health indicators of Uttarakhand depicts that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 1.9. The Infant


National average.

► Health indicators of Bihar reflect that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 3.3. The Infant Mortality

Rate is 38 and Maternal Mortality Ratio is 165 (SRS 2016-2017) which are higher than the National

average.

► Health indicators of Jharkhand infer that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 2.6. The Infant


National average.

► Health indicators of Chhattisgarh infer that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 2.5. The Infant


National average.


107

► Health indicators of Delhi infer that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 1.6. The Infant Mortality

Rate is 18 and Maternal Mortality Ratio is NA (SRS 2016-2017).

► Health indicators of Himachal Pradesh infer that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 1.7. The Infant

Mortality Rate is 25 and Maternal Mortality Ratio is NA (SRS 2016-2017).

► Health indicators of Madhya Pradesh infer that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 2.8. The Infant


National average.

► Health indicators of Rajasthan infer that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 2.7. The Infant


National average.

Source: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

197. Maternal mortality ratio also indicates that women are not given proper care and their chances of

development are also very poor.

198. Table 4-11 in the previous section also indicates that in Bihar and Chattisgarh more number of

females are getting diarrhea as compared to males and hence more females are dying because of diarrhea

as compared to men. This could be attributed to poor sanitation facilities available to women in the society.

199. Thus, women and indigenous people are the most vulnerable groups who are deprived of

education, proper health facility and basic needs like access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation.

200. Moreover, proper education to these groups can help in better community sensitization for the

issues related to maintaining river health and water quality. Educated mothers help in educating children

better, and educated children are the torch bearers of the future, who can bring significant changes. Health

and educated females and indigenous group is important to bring about any change in the river basin.

4.4. KEY STAKEHOLDERS

Table 4-27: Identified key stakeholders

S No State Key stakeholders identified

1 Uttar Pradesh Government officials including representatives from Ganga Pollution Control Unit, U.P Jal Nigam, U.P Jal Nigam, PHED

Research institutes like IIT Kanpur, WWF-India

NGOs and CSOs like Ganga Sewak Samaj - Prayagraj, Maa Shakuntla Devi Shikhsha evam Vikas Samiti, Kanpur, Eco Friends Kanpur,

2 Uttarakhand Government officials including representatives from Uttarakhand Payjal Nigam, PHED, ward members Forest Research Institute (FRI), Dehradun

Research institutes like IIT Roorkee, WWF-India, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development

NGOs and CSOs like People’s Science Institute, Dehradun, Disha Foundation, Shree Hari Ganga Samiti, Samaj Sewa Sansthan, Dharam Gramin Uthan Sansthan, Himalayan Orginasation For Progress And empowerment

3 West Bengal Government officials including representatives from Urban Development Department, PHED, ward members,

http://www.uttar-pradesh.ngosindia.com/ganga-sewak-samaj-allahabad.html

http://www.fri.res.in/


108

S No State Key stakeholders identified

Research institutes like IIT Kharagpur, WWF-India, Calcutta University, Indian Institute of Bio-Social Research and Development, Central Inland Fishries Research Institute, Indian Institute of Environmental Studies and Wetland Management

NGOs and CSOs like Peoples Green Society, Ramakrishna Mission

4 Bihar Government officials including representatives from Urban Development Department, PHED, ward members

Research institutes like IIT Patna, NIT Patna, WWF-India, Centre for Flood Management Studies (National Institute of Hydrology)

NGOs and CSOs like Institute of Environment and Eco Development, Centre for Environment Education

5 Jharkhand Government officials including representatives from Urban Development Department, PHED, ward members

Research institutes like WWF-India

NGOs and CSOs like Krishi Gram Vikas Kendra

6 Delhi Government officials including representatives from Urban Development Department, PHED, ward members Research institutes like IIT, Delhi

7 Madhya Pradesh

Government officials including representatives from Urban Development Department, PHED, ward members University of Madhya Pradesh

8 Others National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD), Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, Centre for Environment Education (CEE), ), Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India

201. The key stakeholders insisted on the important fact of coordination amongst all the important

stakeholders at different levels to ensure proper and sustainable implementation of various projects.

Management of the river is a joint and coordinated responsibility; hence transparency and proper

coordination is necessary.

4.5. KEY SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ISSUES

202. Ganga is an issue of national importance it is a national heritage and all the concerned stakeholder

should work jointly to make Ganges pollution free. All the states should coordinate their activity. Upstream

states should be responsible in their activities which might impact the water received by downstream

states through the river flow.

203. Some of the key issues identified by the stakeholders are:

► Involvement of community in all the projects related to River Ganga.

► Making Ganga pollution free and maintaining minimum environment flows in the river.

► Environment benign cultural rituals and practices on banks of Ganga

► Maintaining minimum water quality and quantity of the river for meeting community requirements

► Provision of basic amenities like safe drinking water and proper sanitation facilities to the communities especially women and children.

► Inclusion of social development plan with the emphasis on vulnerable group in the portfolio of projects.

► Planning project by taking future socio-economic scenarios well into consideration


109

► Community monitoring of disposal of any kind of refuse into the river water

► Creating mass awareness through different media like street plays, advertisements etc and using school children as a vehicle of change.

APPENDICES TO ANNEX-I


1

ANNEX-APPENDIX 1: GROUND WATER QUALITY OF THE DISTRICTS OF THE STATES UNDER GANGA BASIN Sl. No

States

Effected districts

Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Arsenic (>0.05

mg/l ) Salinity (EC > 3000

µS/cm at 25 ° C) Chloride (> 1000 mg/l)

1 Bihar Aurangabad, Banka, Buxar, Bhabua(Kaimur), Jamui, Munger, Nawada, Rohtas, Supaul, Gaya, Gopalganj, Paschim Champaran

Aurangabad, Begusarai, Bhojpur, Buxar, East Champaran, Gopalganj, Katihar, Khagaria, Kishanganj, Lakhiserai, Madhepura, Muzafferpur, Nawada, Rohtas, Saharsa, Samastipur, Siwan, Supaul, West Champaran

Aurangabad, Banka, Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Bhabua, Darbhanga, Patna, Rohtas, Saran, Siwan

Begusarai, Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Buxar, Darbhanga, Katihar, Khagaria, Kishanganj, Lakhiserai,Munger, Patna, Purnea, Samastipur, Saran, Vaishali

2 Jharkhand

Bokaro, Giridih, Godda, Gumla, Palamu, Ramgarh, Ranchi

Chatra, Deoghar, East Singhbhum, Giridih, Ranchi, West Singhbhum

Chatra, Garhwa, Godda, Gumla, Lohardega, Pakur, Palamu, Paschimi Singhbhum, Purbi Singhbhum, Ranchi, Sahibganj

Sahibganj

3 Delhi

North West Delhi, South West Delhi, West Delhi

East Delhi, New Delhi, North West Delhi, South West Delhi, West Delhi

North West, West, South West

North West, West, South West

4 Haryana Bhiwani, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Hissar, Jhajjar, Jind, Kaithal, Kurushetra, Karnal, Mahendergarh, Panipat, Rewari, Rohtak, Sirsa, Sonepat

Ambala, Bhiwani, Faridabad, Fatehabad, Gurgaon, Hissar, Jhajjar, Jind, Kaithal, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Mahendergarh, Panipat, Rohtak, Sirsa, Sonepat, Yamuna Nagar

Ambala, Bhiwani, Faridabad, Fatehabad, Gurgaon, Hissar, Jhajjar, Jind, Kaithal, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Mahendergarh, Panchkula, Panipat,

Ambala, Fatehabad, Karnal, Sonepat, Mewat

Bhiwani,Faridabad, Fatehabad, Gurgaon, Hissar, Jhajjar, Kaithal, Mahendergarh,Panipat, Rewari, Rohtak, Sirsa, Sonepat

Rohtak, Bhiwani, Gurgaon,Jhajjar,Mahendragarh,sirsa, Sonipat.


2

Sl. No

States

Effected districts




Rewari, Rohtak, Sirsa, Sonepat, Yamuna Nagar

5 Himachal Pradesh

Una, Solan, Hamirpur, Kangra, Mandi, Kullu

Mandi

6 Uttarakhand

Dehradun, Hardwar, Udhamsinghnagar

Dehradun, Hardwar, Udhamsinghnagar

7 West Bengal

Bankura, Bardhaman, Birbhum, Dakhindinajpur, Malda, Purulia, Uttardinajpur

Bankura, Bardhaman, Birbhum, Dakhindinajpur, E. Midnapur, Howrah, Hugli, Jalpaiguri, Kolkata, Murshidabad, N-24praganna, Nadia, S-24pragannas, Uttardinajpur, West Midnapur

Bankura, Bardhaman

Bardhaman, Hooghly, Howrah, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, North 24 Praganas, South 24 Pragannas

Howrah, Purba Medinipur,N-24 pargana, S- 24 Parganas

N-24 pargana, S-24 Parganas, Howrah.

8 Uttar Pradesh

Agra, Aligarh, Etah, Kashiram Nagar, Firozabad, Jaunpur, Mahamaya Nagar, Mainpuri, Mathura, Meerut, Mau, Sonbhadra, Varanasi, Unnao

Azamgarh, Balia, Balrampur, Etawah, Fatehpur, Gazipur, Gonda, Hardoi, Kanpur Dehat, Kanpur Nagar, Lakhimpur, Lalitpur, Mau, Siddartnagar, Unnao

Agra, Aligarh, Allahbad, Ambedkar Nagar, Auraiyya, Azamgarh, Badaun, Baghpat, Balrampur, Banda, Barabanki, Bareilly, Basti, Bijnour, Bulandsahar, Chitrakoot, Etah, Etawa, Fatehpur, Firozabad, GB Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghazipur,

Bahraich,Balia, Balrampur, Bareilly, Basti, Bijnor, Chandauli, Ghazipur,Gonda, Gorakhpur, Lakhimpur Kheri*, Mathura, Mirzapur, Muradabad, Rai Bareilly, SantKabir Nagar, Shajahanpur, Siddarthnagar, SantRavidasNagar, Unnao

Agra, Aligarh, Firozabad, Hamirpur, Kashganj,Kanpur Nagar,Mathura, Rae Bareli,Unnao.

Aligarh,Hathras,Mathura, Agra


3

Sl. No

States

Effected districts




Hamirpur, Hardoi, Jaunpur, Jhansi, Kannauj, Kanpur Dehat, Lakhimpur, Mahoba, Mathura, Meerut, Mau, Moradabad, Muzaffarnagar, Raibarelli, Rampur, Sant Ravidas Nagar, Shajahanpur, Sitapur, Sonbhadra, Sultanpur, Shravasti, Siddarth Nagar,Unnao


4

Sl. No

States

Effected districts




9 Rajasthan Ajmer, Alwar, Banaswara, Baran, Barmer, Bharatpur, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Churu, Dausa, Dhaulpur, Dungarpur, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jalor, Jodhpur, Karauli, Kota, Nagaur, Pali, Pratapgarh, Rajasamand, Sirohi, Sikar, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Udaipur

Ajmer, Alwar, Banswara, Baran, Bharatpur, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Bundi,Chittaurgarh, Churu, Dausa, Dhaulpur, Dungarpur, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jhalawar, Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Karauli, Kota, Nagaur, Pali, Rajasamand, Sikar, Sawai Madhopur, Sirohi,Tonk, Udaipur

Ajmer, Alwar, Banaswara, Baran, Barmer, Bharatpur, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Bundi,Chittaurgarh, Churu, Dausa, Dhaulpur, Dungarpur, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jalor, Jhalawar, Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Karauli, Kota, Nagaur, Pali, Partapgarh, Rajasamand, Sirohi, Sikar, Swai Madhopur, Tonk, Udaipur

Ajmer, Alwar, Baran, Barmer, Bharatpur, Bhilwara, Bundi, Bikaner, Churu, Chittaurgarh, Dhaulpur, Dausa, Dungerpur, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jalor,Jhunjhunun, Karoli, Kota, Nagaur, Pali, Raja Samand, Sirohi, Sikar, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Udaipur

Barmer, Bharatpur, Bikaner, Bundi,Churu, Chittaurgarh, dausa, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jalor, Jhunjhunun, Jodhpur ,Karauli, Nagaur,Pali, Sirohi, Sawai Madhopur, Nagaur, Sikar, Tonk, Udaipur

10 Madhya Pradesh

Alirajpur, Balaghat, Barwani, Betul, Bhind, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Datia, Dewas, Dhar, Dindori, Guna, Gwalior, Harda, Jabalpur, Jhabua, Khargaon, Mandla, Mandsaur, Morena, Narsinhpur, Rajgarh, Satna, Sehore, Seoni, Shahdol, Shajapur, Sheopur, Sidhi, Singrauli, Ujjain, Vidhisha

Balaghat, Barwani, Betul, Bhind, Bhopal, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Damoh, Datia, Dewas, Dhar, Dindori, Guna, Gwalior, Hoshangabad, Indore, Jabalpur, Jhabua, Khandwa, Katni, Mandla, Mandsaur, Narsinghpur, Neemuch, Panna, Raisen, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Rewa, Sagar,

Alirajpur, Anuppur, Ashok Nagar, Balaghat, Barwani, Betul, Bhind, Bhopal, Burhanpur, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Damoh, Datia, Dewas, Dhar, Dindori, Guna, Gwalior, Harda, Hoshangabad, Indore, Jabalpur, Jhabua, Katni,

Balaghat, Bhind, Chhatarpur, Gwalior, Indore, Jhabua, Khargone, Morena, Neemuch, Ratlam, Rewa, Satna, Sehore, Sheopur, Shivpuri, Ujjain

Bhind, Ujjain


5

Sl. No

States

Effected districts




Satna, Sehore, Seoni, Shahdol, Shajapur, Sidhi, Tikamgarh, Ujjain, Umaria, Vidisha, East Nimar

Khandwa, Khargaon, Mandla, Mandsaur, Morena,Narsimhapur, Neemuch, Panna, Raisen, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Rewa, Sagar, Satna, Sehore, Seoni, Shahdol, Shajapur, Sheopur,Shivpuri, Sidhi, Singrauli, Tikamgarh, Ujjain, Umaria, Vidisha

11 Chhattisgarh

Bastar, Bilaspur, Dantewada, Dhamtari, Janjgir-Champa, Jashpur, Kanker, Korba, Koriya, Mahasamund, Raipur, Rajnandgaon, Surguja

Bastar, Dantewada, Kanker, Koriya

Bastar, Bilaspur, Dantewada, Dhamtari, Jashpur, Kanker, Kawardha, Korba, Mahasamund, Raigarh, Raipur, Rajnandgaon

Rajnandgaon


6

ANNEX-APPENDIX 2: ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS IN GANGA BASIN


7

ANNEX-APPENDIX 3: COMPELTE LIST OF WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES IN GANGA BASIN

State Wildlife Sanctuary District Area (Sq. Km.)

Bihar Barela S.A.Z.S. Vaishali 1.96

Bihar Bhimbandh Munger 681.99

Bihar Kanwarjheel Begusarai 63.11

Bihar Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Bhagalpur 0.5

Bihar Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary

Gaya 138.34

Bihar Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary Rohtas 1342

Bihar Kushweshwar Asthan Bird Wildlife Sanctuary

Darbhanga 29.17

Bihar Nagi Dam Wildlife Sanctuary Jamui 1.92

Bihar Nakti Dam Wildlife Sanctuary Jamui 3.33

Bihar Udaipur Wildlife Sanctuary Paschim Champaran 8.87

Bihar Valmiki Wildlife Sanctuary Paschim Champaran 545.15

Chhattisgarh Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary

Bilaspur 551.55

Chhattisgarh Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary

Raipur 244.66

Chhattisgarh Udanti Wild Buffalo Wildlife Sanctuary

Raipur 237.27

Chhattisgarh Sarangarh-Gomardha Wildlife Sanctuary

Raigarh 277.82

Chhattisgarh Semarsot Wildlife Sanctuary Surguja 430.35

Chhattisgarh Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary

Surguja 608.51

Delhi Indira Priyadarshani (Asola) Delhi 13.2

Haryana Abubshehar Sirsa 115.3

Haryana Bhindawas Rohtak 4.12

Haryana Bir Bara Ban Jind 4.19

Haryana Chhilchila Kaithal 0.29

Haryana Kalesar Yamuna Nagar 100.28

Haryana Khaparwas Jhajjar 0.83

Haryana Nahar Rewari 2.11

Haryana Morni Hills (Khol-Hi-Ratan) Wildlife Sanctuary

Panchkula 48.83

Haryana Saraswati Plantation Kurukshetra, Kaithal 44.53

Himachal Pradesh Chail Solan 108.54

Himachal Pradesh Churdhar Sirmaur 56.15

Himachal Pradesh Daranghati Shimla 167

Himachal Pradesh Darlaghat Solan 140

Himachal Pradesh Majathal Solan 40

Himachal Pradesh Renuka Sirmour 4.02

Himachal Pradesh Shilli Solan 2.13

Himachal Pradesh Shimla Water Catchment Shimla 10.25

Himachal Pradesh Simbalbara Sirmour 19.03

Himachal Pradesh Talra Shimla 26

Jharkhand Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary Purbi Singhbhum and Saraikela

193.22

Jharkhand Gautam Budha Koderma and Hazaribagh 121.14

Jharkhand Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary Hazaribagh 186.25

Jharkhand Kodarma Wildlife Sanctuary Koderma 177.35

Jharkhand Parasnath Wildlife Sanctuary Giridh 49.33

Jharkhand Udhwa Lake Bird Wildlife Sanctuary

Sahibganj 5.65


8


Jharkhand Topchanchi Dhanbad 12.82

Jharkhand Udhwa Lake Sahebganj 0.57

Madhya Pradesh Bagdara Sidhi 478

Madhya Pradesh Bori Hosahangabad 485.72

Madhya Pradesh Gandhi Sagar Mandsaur 368.62

Madhya Pradesh Ghatigaon Gwalior 511

Madhya Pradesh Karera Shivpuri 202.21

Madhya Pradesh Ken Gharial Panna, Chhatarpur 45.2

Madhya Pradesh Kheoni Wildlife Sanctuary Dewas and Sehore 122.7

Madhya Pradesh National Chambal Morena, Bhind 435

Madhya Pradesh Narsinhgarh Raigarh 59.19

Madhya Pradesh Nora Dehi Damoh, Sagar, Narsimhapur 1194.67

Madhya Pradesh Orcha Tikamgarh 44.91

Madhya Pradesh Panchmarhi Hoshangabad 417.78

Madhya Pradesh Palpur-Kund Morena 344.68

Madhya Pradesh Panna (Gangau) Panna 68.14

Madhya Pradesh Panpatha Shahdol 245.84

Madhya Pradesh Pench Seoni and Chhindwara 118.47

Madhya Pradesh Phen Mandla 110.74

Madhya Pradesh Ralamandal Indore 2.34

Madhya Pradesh Sailana Ratlam 12.96

Madhya Pradesh Sanjay Dubri Sidhi 364.59

Madhya Pradesh Sardarpur Dhar 348.12

Madhya Pradesh Son Gharial Sidhi, Shahdol, Satna 41.8

Madhya Pradesh Veerangna Durgawati Damoh 23.97

Rajasthan Bandh Baratha Bharatpur 192.76

Rajasthan Bassi Chittaurgarh 152.9

Rajasthan Bhensrodgarh Chittaurgarh 229.14

Rajasthan Darrah Kota 265.8

Rajasthan Jaisamand Rajsamand 52

Rajasthan Jamwa Ramgarh Kaipur 300

Rajasthan Jawahar Sagar Kota 100

Rajasthan Kailadevi Sawai Madhopur 676.38

Rajasthan Kesarbagh Dholpur 14.76

Rajasthan Kumbhalgarh Udaipur, Plai 578.25

Rajasthan Mount Abu Sirohi 326.1

Rajasthan Nahargarh Jaipur 50

Rajasthan National Gharial Kota 280

Rajasthan Phulwari Ki Nal Udaipur, Plai 511.41

Rajasthan Ramgarh Vishdhari Bundi 301

Rajasthan Ramsagar Dholpur 34.4

Rajasthan Sajjangarh Udaipur 5.19

Rajasthan Sariska Alwar 492

Rajasthan Sawai Man Singh Sawai Madhopur 103.25

Rajasthan Shergarh Kota 98.71

Rajasthan Sitamata Chittaurgarh, Udaipur 422.94

Rajasthan Tadgarh Raoli Ajmer, Rajsaman, Plai 495.27

Rajasthan Van Vihar Dhaulpur 59.93

Uttar Pradesh Chandprabha Chandauli 78

Uttar Pradesh Hastinapur Muzzafarnagar, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Bijnore, and

Jyotibaphule Nagar

2073

Uttar Pradesh Kaimur Mirzapur, Sonbhadra 500.73

Uttar Pradesh Katerniaghat Bahraich 400.09


9


Uttar Pradesh Kishanpur Lakhimpur-Kheri and Shahjahanpur

227

Uttar Pradesh Lakh Bahosi Farrukhabad 80.24

Uttar Pradesh National Chambal Agra and Etawah 635

Uttar Pradesh Okhla Bird Sanctuary Gautam Buddha Nagar 4

Uttar Pradesh Ranipur Banda and Chitrakoot 230.31

Uttar Pradesh Samaspur Rae Bareli 7.99

Uttar Pradesh Sur Sarovar Bird Agra 4.03

Uttar Pradesh Jai Prakash Narayan (Surhatal) Bird

Ballia 34.32

Uttar Pradesh Turtle Varanasi 7

Uttarakhand Ascot Pithoragarh 600

Uttarakhand Govind Pashu Vihar Uttarkashi 481

Uttarakhand Kedarnath Chamoli and Rudraprayag 975.2

Uttarakhand Mussoorie Dehradun 10.82

West Bengal Ballavpur Birbhum 2.02

West Bengal Bethuadahari Nadia 0.67

West Bengal Bihutibhusan North 24-Paraganas 0.64

West Bengal Haliday Island South 24-Paraganas 5.95

West Bengal Lothian Island South 24-Paraganas 38

West Bengal Mahanada Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri 158.04

West Bengal Narendrapur South 24-Paraganas 0.1

West Bengal Ramnabagan Burdwan 0.14

West Bengal Sajnekhali South 24-Paraganas 362.4

West Bengal Senchal Darjeeling 38.88

West Bengal West Sunderban South 24-Paraganas 556.45

Ganga Basin Total 119 Wildlife Sanctuaries

26120.49

(Source: Ganga Basin Report 2014, Ministry of Water Resources; Wildlife Institute of India 2017, ENVIS Center on Wildlife and Protected Areas, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.


10

ANNEX-APPENDIX 4: POPULATION OF CITIES/ TOWNS (2011)

Table Population of cities/towns identified along Ganga Main Stream

S.No. State City/ Town Population Rivers

1 Uttarakhand Gangotri 4564 Ganga

2 Badrinath 22307 Ganga

3 Uttarkashi (Budkot) 17475 Ganga

4 Joshimath 20111 Ganga

5 Chamoli-Gopeshwar 24447 Ganga

6 Nandprayag 1920 Ganga

7 Karnaprayag 8801 Ganga

8 Gaucher 10637 Ganga

9 Rudraprayag 10612 Ganga

10 Srinagar 24464 Ganga

11 Kirtinagar 1722 Ganga

12 Devprayag 4015 Ganga

13 Tapovan 20000 Ganga

14 Muni ki Reti 48287 Ganga

15 Rishikesh 119848 Ganga

16 Haridwar 811338 Ganga Total 1150548

17 Uttar Pradesh Prayagraj 1168385 Ganga

18 Anoopsahar 29087 Ganga

19 Babrala 18108 Ganga

20 Ballia 104424 Ganga

21 Bijnor 93297 Ganga

22 Bithoor 11300 Ganga

23 Chunar 37185 Ganga

24 Farrukhabad-cum-Fatehgarh 276581 Ganga

25 Gangaghat/Shuklaganj 84072 Ganga

26 Garhmukteshwar 46077 Ganga

27 Ghazipur 121020 Ganga

28 Hastinapur 26452 Ganga

29 Jhansi 505693 Ganga

30 Kanpur 2768057 Ganga

31 Kannauj 84862 Ganga

32 Mirzapur-cum-Vindhyachal 234871 Ganga

33 Mughalsarai 109650 Ganga

34 Narora 22775 Ganga

35 Ramnagar 49132 Ganga

36 Saidpur 24338 Ganga

37 Varanasi 1198491 Ganga Total 7013857

38 Bihar Barahiya 43032 Ganga

39 Barauni 71660 Ganga

40 Barh 61470 Ganga

41 Begusarai 252008 Ganga

42 Bhagalpur 400146 Ganga

43 Bhaktiyarpur 47897 Ganga

44 Buxar 102861 Ganga

45 Chapra 202352 Ganga

46 Danapur 182241 Ganga

47 Fatuah 50961 Ganga

48 Hajipur 147688 Ganga

49 Jamalpur 105434 Ganga


11


50 Kahelgaon 35497 Ganga

51 Mokameh 60678 Ganga

52 Munger 213303 Ganga

53 Patna 1684297 Ganga

54 Sonepur 37776 Ganga

55 Sultanganj 52892 Ganga Total 3752193

56 Jharkhand Rajmahal 27850 Ganga

57 Sahibganj 88214 Ganga Total 116064

58 West Bengal Baidyabati 133221 Ganga

59 Bally 293373 Ganga

60 Bansberia 114179 Ganga

61 Baranagar 245213 Ganga

62 Barrackpore 154475 Ganga

63 Behrampur 195224 Ganga

64 Bhadreshwar 111625 Ganga

65 Bhatpara 383762 Ganga

66 Budge-Budge 76858 Ganga

67 Chakdah 95203 Ganga

68 Champadani 122376 Ganga

69 Chandan Nagar 183554 Ganga

70 Dhuliyan 95706 Ganga

71 Diamond Harbour 50158 Ganga

72 Garulia 89603 Ganga

73 Gayespur 58998 Ganga

74 Haldia 200827 Ganga

75 Halishahar 126893 Ganga

76 Howrah 1077075 Ganga

77 Hugli- Chinsurah 177259 Ganga

78 Jangipur 88131 Ganga

79 Jiyagunj/ Azimgunj 51790 Ganga

80 Kalyani 100575 Ganga

81 Kamarhati 347721 Ganga

82 Kanchrapara 136054.8 Ganga

83 Katwa 81966 Ganga

84 Khardhah 113920 Ganga

85 Kolkata 4787965 Ganga

86 Konnagar 79960 Ganga

87 Maheshtala 448317 Ganga

88 Murshidabad 44024 Ganga

89 Nabadwip 125528 Ganga

90 Naihati 228795 Ganga

91 Panihati 377347 Ganga

92 Rishra 137035 Ganga

93 Serampore 201673 Ganga

94 Shantipur 151777 Ganga

95 Titagarh 122368.05 Ganga

96 Uluberia 274846 Ganga

97 Uttarpara 159147 Ganga Total 12044520

Grand Total 24077182


12

Table Population of cities/towns identified along the Ganga Major Tributaries


1 Uttarakhand Kashipur 121623 Ramganga

2 Uttar Pradesh Bareilly 904797 Ramganga

3 Moradabad 887871 Ramganga

4 Seohara 53296 Ramganga

5 Meerut 1305429 Kali

6 Muzaffarnagar 392768 Kali

7 Hapur 262983 Kali

8 Bulandshahr 230024 Kali

9 Modinagar 130325 Kali

10 Kasganj 101277 Kali

11 Deoband 97037 Kali

12 Budhana 53722 Kali

13 Atrauli 50412 Kali

14 Loni 516082 Yamuna

15 Etawah 256838 Yamuna

16 Kairana 89000 Yamuna

17 Auriya 87736 Yamuna

18 Kalpi 51670 Yamuna

19 Tundla 64906 Yamuna

20 Bhagpat 50310 Yamuna

21 Saharanpur 705478 Hindon

22 Khora 190005 Hindon

23 Muradnagar 95208 Hindon

24 Lucknow 2817105 Gomti

25 Jaunpur 180362 Gomti

26 Sultanpur 107640 Gomti

27 Hardoi 197029 Gomti

28 Rae Bareli 191316 Gomti

29 Bela Pratapgarh 76133 Gomti

30 Firozabad 604214 Yamuna

Total 10750973

Table Population of cities/towns identified along the Other Tributaries of Ganga (2011)


1 Madhya Pradesh Basoda 71353 Betwa

2 Bhopal 1798218 Betwa

3 Jhansi 505693 Betwa

4 Vidisha 155951 Betwa

5 Ashta 53184 Chambal/Parbati

6 Dewas 289550 Chambal/Kshipra

7 Nagda 100039 Chambal

8 Raghogarh-Vijaypur 62163 Chambal

9 Ujjain 515215 Chambal/Kshipra

10 Dabra 61277 Sind

11 Satna 282977 Tons

12 Sidhi 54331 Son

Total 3949951 13 Rajasthan Kota 1001694 Chambal

14 Dhaulpur 125989 Chambal

15 Jhalawar 66919 Chambal

16 Bhiwadi 104921 Sahibi/Sabi Nadi

Total 1299523 17 Jharkhand Bokaro 39305 Damodar

18 Bokaro Steel City 414820 Damodar


13


19 Dhanbad 1162472 Damodar

20 Phusro 89178 Damodar

21 Medininagar 78396 Son

22 Jamtara 29415 Ajay

Total 1813586 23 Bihar

Muzaffarpur 354462 Burhi Gandak

24 Motihari 126158 Burhi Gandak

25 Samastipur 62935 Burhi Gandak

26 Daudnagar 52364 Son

27 Arwal 51849 Son

28 Dehri 137231 Son

29 Bagaha 112634 Gandak

30 Gopalganj 67339 Gandak

31 Lakhisarai 99979 Kiul

32 Jamui 87357 Kiul

33 Saharsa 156540 Kosi

34 Supaul 65437 Kosi

35 Madhepura 54472 Kosi

36 Darbhanga 296039 Kosi

37 Kishanganj 105782 Mahananda

Total 1830578 38 Uttar Pradesh Banda 160473 Ken

39 Faizabad 165228 Ghagra

40 Gorakhpur 673446 Ghagra

41 Tanda 95516 Ghagra

42 Balrampur 82488 Ghagra

Total 1177151 43 West Bengal Durgapur 566517 Damodar

44 Asansol 563917 Damodar

45 Barddhaman 314265 Damodar

46 Tarkeshwar 30947 Ajay

Total 1444699 Grand Total 10195118

Source: Census 2011


14

ANNEX-APPENDIX 5: WATER SUPPLY IN CLASS II CITIES S.NO Population Water Supply (MLD) Per Capita water supply (lpcd)

Bihar

1 Araria 72710 8.36 114.9773071

2 Aurangabad 95220 10.95 114.9968494

3 Buxar 99570 11.45 114.9944762

4 Gopalganj 65300 7.51 115.007657

5 Jamui 80100 9.21 114.9812734

6 Jehanabad 98070 11.28 115.0198838

7 Lakhisarai 93410 10.74 114.9769832

8 Madhubani 79540 9.15 115.0364596

9 Nawada 98750 11.36 115.0379747

10 Phulwari Sharif 63800 7.34 115.0470219

11 Mokameh 67680 12.01 177.4527187

12 Samastipur 66710 7.68 115.1251686

13 Sitamarhi 68120 9.79 143.7169701

14 Supaul 64820 7.45 114.9336624

Total 1113800 134.28

Haryana

1 Ambala Cantt. 80730 7.26 89.92939428

2 Tohana 67490 6.08 90.08742036

3 Fatehabad 78420 7.5 95.63886764

4 Hansi 99210 9.18 92.53099486

5 Narwana 66360 5.98 90.11452682

6 Narnaul 81340 7.33 90.1155643

7 Mandi Dabwali 70490 6.35 90.08369982

Total 544040 49.68

Jharkhand

1 Katras 61420 7.06 114.9462716

2 Tisra 64260 7.39 115.0015562

3 Sindri 92190 10.6 114.9799327

4 Jharia 98370 11.31 114.9740775

5 Ramgarh Cantonment 88150 10.8 122.5184345

6 Jhumri Tilaiya 83330 11.66 139.925597

7 Daltonganj 85570 9.84 114.9935725

8 Chaibasa 76340 8.78 115.0117894

9 Bagbera 80520 9.26 115.0024839

10 Sahibganj 96150 11.06 115.0286011

Total 826300 97.76

Madhya Pradesh

1 Balaghat 77310 10 129.3493727

2 Betul 85790 3.39 39.515095

3 Sarni 97870 8.81 90.01736998

4 Datia 85220 7.68 90.11969021

5 Pithampur 70090 6.31 90.027108

6 Dhar 77740 7 90.04373553

7 Ashok Nagar 59410 5.35 90.05217977

8 Dabra 58360 2.02 34.61274846

9 Harda 63560 4.14 65.13530522

10 Itarsi 96600 8.7 90.0621118

11 Mhow Cantt. 87570 17.74 202.5807925

12 Jabalpur Cantt. 68480 2.01 29.35163551

13 Jaora 65650 4.4 67.02208682

14 Bina Etawa 52720 9.23 175.0758725


15

S.NO Population Water Supply (MLD) Per Capita water supply (lpcd)

15 Sehore 93660 7.2 76.87379885

16 Seoni 92490 12 129.7437561

17 Shahdol 80940 7.13 88.08994317

18 Shajapur 51590 4.5 87.22620663

19 Sheopur 56680 5.1 89.97882851

20 Tikamgarh 70630 6.36 90.04672236

21 Nagda 99420 4.65 46.77127339

22 Basoda 64230 5.78 89.98910167

23 Khargone 89040 14.14 158.8050314

Total 1745050 163.64

Rajasthan

1 Banswara 97630 8.05 82.45416368

2 Baran 89340 7 78.35236176

3 Balotra 70370 5.8 82.42148643

4 Barmer 95210 18 189.0557715

5 Nimbahera 60790 5.01 82.41487087

6 Ratangarh 72350 5.98 82.65376641

7 Sardarshahar 92770 7.65 82.4620028

8 Sujangarh 95540 7.89 82.58321122

9 Dausa 70210 12.5 178.0373166

10 Bari 57540 4.75 82.55126868

11 Suratgarh 66210 6.55 98.92765443

12 Chomu 57820 40 691.8021446

13 Jaisalmer 66450 5.49 82.61851016

14 Nawalgarh 64390 5.31 82.46622146

15 Karauli 75440 6.23 82.58218452

16 Hindaun 96650 7.98 82.56595965

17 Kuchaman City 57650 4.75 82.39375542

18 Ladnu 65030 5.36 82.42349685

19 Makrana 94950 7.84 82.56977357

20 Rajsamand 63460 5.24 82.57169871

21 Fatehpur 89460 7.38 82.49496982

Total 1599260 184.76

Uttar Pradesh

1 Agra 65410 7.85 120.0122305

2 Tanda 96700 11.6 119.958635

3 Auraiya 75190 15.03 199.8936029

4 Mubarakpur 59460 9.14 153.7167844

5 Baraut 99900 11.99 120.02002

6 Balrampur 84060 5.3 63.05020224

7 Nawabganj 87400 10.89 124.5995423

8 Baheri 68180 8.19 120.1232033

9 Faridpur 71030 8.53 120.0901028

10 Sherkot 61540 7.39 120.0844979

11 Kiratpur 64380 7.73 120.0683442

12 Chandpur 79570 1.66 20.86213397

13 Nagina 83000 9.96 120

14 Najibabad 92060 11.05 120.0304149

15 Bijnor 92380 11.09 120.0476294

16 Ujhani 59420 45 757.3207674

17 Sahaswan 67740 8.13 120.0177148

18 Jahangirabad 59790 7.18 120.0869711

19 Sikandrabad 81370 9.76 119.945926


16


20 Dadri 66880 8.03 120.0657895

21 Pilkhuwa 78210 9.39 120.0613732

22 Muradnagar 86230 1.26 14.61208396

23 Rath 65110 7.81 119.9508524

24 Shahabad 78760 9.45 119.9847638

25 Jalaun 58240 6.99 120.0206044

26 Konch 59050 7.09 120.0677392

27 Mauranipur 59230 7.11 120.04052

28 Hasanpur 62090 7.45 119.9871155

29 Chhibramau 58520 7.03 120.1298701

30 Kannauj 83260 9.99 119.9855873

31 Gola Gokarannath 62660 7.53 120.1723588

32 Mahoba 91730 11.01 120.0261637

33 Vrindavan 65900 7.91 120.030349

34 Mawana 80550 9.66 119.9255121

35 Khatauli 68090 8.18 120.1351153

36 Kairana 85030 10.2 119.957662

37 Bisalpur 70630 8.48 120.0622965

38 Bela Pratapgarh 83620 11.71 140.0382684

39 Gangoh 62790 7.54 120.0828157

40 Deoband 95110 11.41 119.9663547

41 Bhadohi 86650 10.4 120.0230814

42 Tilhar 61590 7.39 119.9870109

43 Laharpur 58290 7 120.0892091

44 Obra 60990 7.33 120.1836367

45 Renukoot 62300 7.48 120.0642055

46 Gangaghat 82430 9.89 119.9805896

Total 3382520 432.19

Uttarakhand

1 Rishikesh 69460 11.34 163.2594299

Total 69460 11.34

West Bengal

1 Bishnupur 70180 7.55 107.5805073

2 Kalna 59120 6.35 107.4086604

3 Katwa 81090 2.728 33.64163275

4 Rampurhat 57340 6.16 107.4293687

5 Suri 70040 8.4 119.9314677

6 Bolpur 74390 8 107.5413362

7 Gangarampur 60670 12.5 206.0326356

8 Arambag 63590 6.84 107.5640824

9 Konnagar 81820 11.8 144.2190174

10 Alipurduar 82760 8.9 107.5398743

11 Koch Bihar 87030 12 137.8834885

12 Old Maldah 71320 2.8 39.25967471

13 Ghatal 58450 6.29 107.6133447

14 Jhargram 60230 6.48 107.5875809

15 Contai 87800 9.44 107.5170843

16 Kandi 57040 0.454 7.959326788

17 Dhulian 82600 8.88 107.5060533

18 Jangipur 84370 4.5 53.33649401

19 Phulia 56940 6.13 107.657183

20 Gayespur 62350 7 112.2694467

21 Ranaghat 77900 10 128.3697047


17


22 Kalyani 92890 23 247.6046937

23 Chakdaha 98530 11.83 120.0649548

24 Garulia 86460 11.77 136.1323155

25 New Barrackpur 94250 10.14 107.5862069

26 Budge Budge 85500 9.19 107.4853801

27 Islampur 59780 6.43 107.5610572

Total 2004440 225.56

Source: Status of water supply, waste water generation and treatment in class-I cities and class-II towns of India, CPCB, 2010


18

ANNEX-APPENDIX 6: SEWAGE GENERATION OF CLASS I CITIES IN GANGA BASIN (DISPOSAL IN TRIBUTARIES)

S. No

City/Town State/UT Population Total Sewage

( in MLD) Treated sewage

Disposal

1 Muzaffarpur Bihar 342120 55.3 Budhi Gandak

2 Bihar Sharif Bihar 259810 42 Phalgun

3 Gaya Bihar 429180 69.4 Phalgun

4 Bettiah Bihar 130700 21.1 Budhi Gandak

5 Motihari Bihar 113690 18.4 Budhi Gandak

6 Hajipur Bihar 133590 21.6 Gandak

7 Darbhanga Bihar 298850 48.3 Ghughri

8 Chapra Bihar 200300 32.4 Ghaghara

9 Sasaram Bihar 146770 23.7 Chandrabhaga

10 Siwan Bihar 121150 19.6 Daha

11 Arrah Bihar 227800 36.8 Son

12 Dehri Bihar 133290 21.5 Son

13 Saharsa Bihar 138900 22.4 Simrahi Stream

14 Yamunanagar Haryana 250250 18.6 WJC

15 Bokaro Jharkhand 484830 71.3 Damodar

16 Dhanbad Jharkhand 1064357 36 Damodar

17 Hazaribagh Jharkhand 156510 23 Damodar

18 Morena Madhya Pradesh 197670 17.4 Kunwari

19 Indore Madhya Pradesh 1885510 212.5 Khan, Shipra

20 Sagar Madhya Pradesh 304340 26.7 Dhasan

21 Bhind Madhya Pradesh 201440 17.7 Chambal

22 Neemuch Madhya Pradesh 140820 12.4 Chambal

23 Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh 152590 15.8 Chambal

24 Dewas Madhya Pradesh 302160 26.5 Chhoti Kali Sindh

25 Vidisha Madhya Pradesh 164350 14.4 Betwa

26 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 1878380 255.2 Betwa

27 Rewa Madhya Pradesh 240030 21.1 Baichaiya

28 Guna Madhya Pradesh 179640 15.8 Sindh

29 Damoh Madhya Pradesh 146930 14.1 Sonar, Bearma

30 Satna Madhya Pradesh 295360 26 Tons

31 Shivpuri Madhya Pradesh 192390 17 Sindh

32 Singrauli Madhya Pradesh 243110 21.3 Gopad,Sone

33 Gwalior Madhya Pradesh 1083260 114.1 Vaishali

34 Ujjain Madhya Pradesh 563210 49.4 Shipra

35 Tonk Rajasthan 166870 21.4 Banas

36 Kota Rajasthan 855960 145 Chambal

37 Udaipur Rajasthan 478860 61.5 Banas/Berach

38 Bhilwara Rajasthan 344630 44.3 Banas

39 Alwar Rajasthan 320100 41.1 Arvari

40 Moradabad Uttar Pradesh 788730 86 Ramganga

41 Deoria Uttar Pradesh 128190 14 Lttle Gandak

42 Rampur Uttar Pradesh 346310 37.7 Kosi

43 Banda Uttar Pradesh 165830 18.1 Ken

44 Aligarh Uttar Pradesh 821310 89.5 Karwan

45 Meerut Uttar Pradesh 1321300 144 Kali

46 Muzaffarnagar Uttar Pradesh 389040 58 Kali

47 Gonda Uttar Pradesh 150260 16.4 Ghaghara

48 Hapur Uttar Pradesh 260740 28.4 Kali

49 Bulandshahr Uttar Pradesh 216790 23.6 Kali

50 Modinagar Uttar Pradesh 148300 15.1 Kali

51 Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 1191280 129.8 Hindon River

52 Saharanpur Uttar Pradesh 557100 60.7 Hindon River


19

S. No



Disposal

53 Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh 768220 83.7 Haldi, Rapti

54 Sultanpur Uttar Pradesh 123100 13.4 Gomti River

55 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 2715030 295.8 Gomti River

56 Jaunpur Uttar Pradesh 196800 21.4 Gomti

57 Bahraich Uttar Pradesh 207100 22.6 Ghaghara

58 Faizabad Uttar Pradesh 178260 19.4 Ghaghara

59 Basti Uttar Pradesh 131590 14.3 Ghaghara

60 Lakhimpur Uttar Pradesh 148300 16.2 Ghaghara

61 Shahjahanpur Uttar Pradesh 366460 40 Deoha

62 Pilibhit Uttar Pradesh 152620 16.6 Deoha

63 Maunath Bhanjan Uttar Pradesh 258390 28.2 Chhoti Saryu

64 Azamgarh Uttar Pradesh 129080 14.1 Chhoti Saryu

65 Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 471400 51.4 Betwa

66 Lalitpur Uttar Pradesh 137530 15 Betwa

67 Chandausi Uttar Pradesh 127620 14 Badaun Streatm

68 Sambhal Uttar Pradesh 225000 24.5 Badaun Stream

69 Amroha Uttar Pradesh 202810 22.1 Badaun Stream

70 Budaun Uttar Pradesh 182210 20 Badaun Stream

71 Sitapur Uttar Pradesh 186750 20.3 Sarangan

72 Bareily Uttar Pradesh 860800 93.8 Ramganga

73 Rae Bareli Uttar Pradesh 208220 22.7 Sai

74 Etah Uttar Pradesh 131730 15.8 Sirsa

75 Hardoi Uttar Pradesh 138340 15.1 Sai

76 Kathgodam-

Haldwani Uttarakhand 158840 17.3 Ramganga

77 Kharagpur West Bengal 239180 28.1 Kosai

78 Medinipur West Bengal 176350 20.7 Kosai

79 Krishnanagar West Bengal 159930 18.8 Jalangi

80 Puruliya West Bengal 130830 15.4 Haldi

81 Asansol West Bengal 1090171 65.7 Damodar

82 Durgapur West Bengal 566950 66.6 Damodar

83 Raniganj West Bengal 190010 16.6 Damodar

84 Baharampur West Bengal 184190 21.6 Beel

85 Bankura West Bengal 148130 17.4 Roopnarayan

86 Barasat West Bengal 266240 31.3 Bidyadhari

87 Kulti West Bengal 333570 39.2 Damodar

88 Jamuria West Bengal 148870 17.5 Damodar

89 Bardhaman West Bengal 328750 38.6 Damodar

90 Panihati West Bengal 400640 47 Irrigation , Pissic,Canal

91 Bally West Bengal 300810 35.3 Irrigation, Pissic,Canal

92 Titagarh West Bengal 142830 16.8 Irrigation, Pissicult, Khal

93 Siliguri West Bengal 540820 63.5 Mahananda

94 Hugli-Chinsurah West Bengal 195730 23 Mahananda

95 Raiganj West Bengal 190010 22.3 Mahananda

96 Balurghat West Bengal 155840 18.3 Padma

97 Madhyamgram West Bengal 178830 21 Sunti

98 Delhi Delhi 14858800 2948 Yamuna

99 Palwal Haryana 132700 10 Yamuna

100 Faridabad Haryana 1392570 118.2 Yamuna

101 Panipat Haryana 345400 26.7 Yamuna

102 Sonipat Haryana 285400 21.2 Yamuna

103 Karnal Haryana 277830 28.6 Yamuna

104 Gurgaon Haryana 229080 17 Yamuna


20

S. No



Disposal

105 Jagadhri Haryana 133720 10 Yamuna

106 Agra Uttar Pradesh 1549770 211.7 Yamuna

107 Mathura Uttar Pradesh 367560 40 Yamuna

108 Noida Uttar Pradesh 361510 39.4 Yamuna

109 Firozabad Uttar Pradesh 242930 37.4 Yamuna

110 Etawah Uttar Pradesh 260100 28.3 Yamuna

111 Fatehpur Uttar Pradesh 186660 20.3 Yamuna

112 Hathras Uttar Pradesh 151590 16.5 Yamuna

113 Orai Uttar Pradesh 171520 18.7 Yamuna

Total 7841.5

Sewage Generation of Class I cities in Ganga Basin (Disposal In Land)

1 Purnia Bihar 191780 31.0 Land

2 Dinapur Nizamat Bihar 145980 23.6 Land

3 Rohtak Haryana 378540 28.1 Land

4 Hisar Haryana 338990 25.2 Land

5 Bhiwani Haryana 223640 17.6 Land

6 Hansi Haryana 99210 5.6 Land

7 Narnaul Haryana 81340 4.5 Land

8 Thanesar Haryana 158500 11.8 Land

9 Jind Haryana 179640 13.3 Land

10 Bahadurgarh Haryana 158190 11.7 Land

11 Rewari Haryana 133250 10.0 Land

12 Kaithal Haryana 154740 11.5 Land

13 Mango Jharkhand 204290 30.1 Land

14 Adityapur Jharkhand 146640 21.6 Land

15 Murwara (Katni) Madhya Pradesh 244630 21.5 Land

16 Jaipur Rajasthan 2858910 367.2 Land

17 Jhunjhunun Rajasthan 123590 16 Land

18 Loni Uttar Pradesh 148410 16.2 Land

19 Baranagar West Bengal 288210 33.8 Land

20 Rajarhat Gopalpur West Bengal 312550 36.7 Land

21 Bidhan Nagar West Bengal 193030 22.7 Land

22 English Bazar West Bengal 185670 21.8 Land

23 Uttarpara Kotrung West Bengal 172730 20.3 Land

24 Dumdum West Bengal 116520 13.7 Land

25 Barrackpur West Bengal 165980 19.5 Land

26 Khardaha West Bengal 133690 15.7 Land

27 Baidyabati West Bengal 124470 14.6 Land

28 Bhadreswar West Bengal 121840 14.3 Land

29 Bansberia West Bengal 120120 14.1 Land

30 Champdani West Bengal 118720 14 Land

Total 907.4


Sewage Generation of Class II cities in Ganga Basin (Disposal In tributaries)

S.NO City/Town State/UT Population Total Sewage

( in MLD) Treated sewage Disposal

1 Jehanabad Bihar 98070 7.5 Punpun

2 Aurangabad Bihar 95220 7.3 Punpun

3 Dhar Madhya Pradesh 77740 5.4 Chambal

4 Nagda Madhya Pradesh 99420 7 Chambal

5 Sehore Madhya Pradesh 93660 7 Kali Sindh


21



6 Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh 102500 7.2 Ken

7 Mhow Cantt. Madhya Pradesh 87570 13.8 Khan River

8 Chittaurgarh Rajasthan 109470 6.4 Berach

9 Baran Rajasthan 89340 5.3 Chambal

10 Gangapur City Rajasthan 110350 6.4 Chambal

11 Bundi Rajasthan 100680 6.2 Chambal

12 Dhaulpur Rajasthan 105040 6.8 Chambal

13 Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan 111140 6.4 Chambal

14 Khurja Uttar Pradesh 114550 9.4 Kali

15 Kasganj Uttar Pradesh 107650 9.2 Kali

16 Kashipur Uttarakhand 108230 9.4 Kosi

17 Rudrapur Uttarakhand 103270 8.5 Yamuna

18 Bishnupur West Bengal 70180 5.3 Damodar

Total 1592206 134.6

Sewage Generation of Class II cities in Ganga Basin (Disposal In Land)

1 Lakhisarai Bihar 93410 7.2 Land

2 Madhubani Bihar 79540 6.1 Land

3 Jamalpur Bihar 115990 9 Land

4 Nawada Bihar 98750 7.6 Land

5 Bagaha Bihar 109660 8.4 Land

6 Samastipur Bihar 66710 5.1 Land

7 Araria Bihar 72710 5.6 Land

8 Gopalganj Bihar 65300 5 Land

9 Jamui Bihar 80100 6.1 Land

10 Kishanganj Bihar 102590 9.6 Land

11 Phulwari Sharif Bihar 63800 5 Land

12 Supaul Bihar 64820 5 Land

13 Ambikapur Bihar 74580 4.8 Land

14 Hansi Haryana 99210 5.6 Land

15 Narnaul Haryana 81340 4.5 Land

16 Phusro Jharkhand 100160 7.7 Land

17 Daltonganj Jharkhand 85570 6.6 Land

18 Ramgarh Cantt. Jharkhand 88150 7.2 Land

19 Juumri Tilaiya Jharkhand 83330 7.3 Land

20 Giridih Jharkhand 118280 9.1 Land

21 Deoghar Jharkhand 118050 9.1 Land

22 Sindri Jharkhand 92190 7.1 Land

23 Jharia Jharkhand 98370 7.5 Land

24 Bina Etawa Madhya Pradesh 52720 7.2 Land

25 Datia Madhya Pradesh 85220 6 Land

26 Shahdol Madhya Pradesh 80940 5.7 Land

27 Tikamgarh Madhya Pradesh 70630 4.9 Land

28 Murwara (Katni) Madhya Pradesh 244630 21.5 Land

29 Pithampur Madhya Pradesh 70090 5 Land

30 Ashok Nagar Madhya Pradesh 59410 4.2 Land

31 Dabra Madhya Pradesh 58360 4.1 Land

32 Jaora Madhya Pradesh 65650 4.6 Land

33 Seoni Madhya Pradesh 92490 8.4 Land

34 Shajapur Madhya Pradesh 51590 3.6 Land

35 Sheopur Madhya Pradesh 56680 4 Land

36 Basoda Madhya Pradesh 64230 4.5 Land

37 Jhunjhunun Rajasthan 123590 16 Land

38 Kishangarh Rajasthan 142870 18.4 Land

39 Bharatpur Rajasthan 251480 32.3 Land


22



40 Makrana Rajasthan 94950 5.5 Land

41 Nawalgarh Rajasthan 64390 3.7 Land

42 Hindaun Rajasthan 96650 5.6 Land

43 Nimbahera Rajasthan 60790 3.5 Land

44 Tanda Uttar Pradesh 96700 8 Land

45 Baraut Uttar Pradesh 99900 8.2 Land

46 Balrampur Uttar Pradesh 84060 7 Land

47 Shahabad Uttar Pradesh 78760 6.5 Land

48 Chandpur Uttar Pradesh 79570 6.6 Land

49 Nagina Uttar Pradesh 83000 6.8 Land

50 Sahaswan Uttar Pradesh 67740 5.6 Land

51 Sikandrabad Uttar Pradesh 81370 6.7 Land

52 Shikohabad Uttar Pradesh 102520 8.5 Land

53 Mubarkpur Uttar Pradesh 59460 6.3 Land

54 Pilkhua Uttar Pradesh 78210 6.5 Land

55 Mahoba Uttar Pradesh 91730 7.6 Land

56 Mainpuri Uttar Pradesh 104220 10 Land

57 Mawana Uttar Pradesh 80550 6.6 Land

58 Kairana Uttar Pradesh 85030 7 Land

59 Shamli Uttar Pradesh 104600 8.6 Land

60 Tanda Uttar Pradesh 96700 8 Land

61 Bela Pratapgarh Uttar Pradesh 83620 8 Land

62 Bhadohi Uttar Pradesh 86650 7.1 Land

63 Agga Cantt. Uttar Pradesh 65410 5.4 Land

64 Auraiya Uttar Pradesh 75190 6.2 Land

65 Nawabganj Uttar Pradesh 87400 7.2 Land

66 Baheri Uttar Pradesh 68180 5.6 Land

67 Faridpur Uttar Pradesh 71030 6 Land

68 Sherkot Uttar Pradesh 61540 5.1 Land

69 Kiratpur Uttar Pradesh 64380 5.3 Land

70 Ujhani Uttar Pradesh 59420 5 Land

71 Jahangirabad Uttar Pradesh 59790 5 Land

72 Dadri Uttar Pradesh 66880 5.5 Land

73 Muradnagar Uttar Pradesh 86230 7.1 Land

74 Behta Hajipur Uttar Pradesh 119900 9.1 Land

75 Rath Uttar Pradesh 65110 5.4 Land

76 Jalaun Uttar Pradesh 58240 4.8 Land

77 Konch Uttar Pradesh 59050 5 Land

78 Mauranipur Uttar Pradesh 59230 5 Land

79 Hasanpur Uttar Pradesh 62090 5.1 Land

80 Chhibramau Uttar Pradesh 58520 4.8 Land

81 Gola Gokarannath Uttar Pradesh 62660 5.2 Land

82 Khatauli Uttar Pradesh 68090 5.6 Land

83 Bisalpur Uttar Pradesh 70630 5.8 Land

84 Gangoh Uttar Pradesh 62790 5.2 Land

85 Tilhar Uttar Pradesh 61590 5.1 Land

86 Laharpur Uttar Pradesh 58290 4.8 Land

87 Obra Uttar Pradesh 60990 5 Land

88 Renukoot Uttar Pradesh 62300 5.1 Land

89 Vrindavan Uttar Pradesh 65900 5.4 Land

90 Katwa West Bengal 81090 6.2 Land

91 Suri West Bengal 70040 6 Land

92 Contai West Bengal 87800 6.7 Land

93 Bolpur West Bengal 74390 5.6 Land


23



94 Arambag West Bengal 63590 4.8 Land

95 Jangipur West Bengal 84370 6.4 Land

96 Chakdaha West Bengal 98530 8.3 Land

97 Kalna West Bengal 59120 4.5 Land

98 Rampurhat West Bengal 57340 4.4 Land

99 Gangarampur West Bengal 60670 4.6 Land

100 Alipurduar West Bengal 82760 6.3 Land

101 Koch Bihar West Bengal 87030 9.5 Land

102 Old Maldah West Bengal 71320 5.4 Land

103 Ghatal West Bengal 58450 4.4 Land

104 Jhargram West Bengal 60230 4.6 Land

105 Kharagpur Rly. Settlement West Bengal 100090 7.6 Land

106 Kandi West Bengal 57040 4.3 Land

107 Dhulian West Bengal 82600 6.3 Land

108 Phulia West Bengal 56940 4.3 Land

109 New Barrackpur West Bengal 94250 7.2 Land

110 Islampur West Bengal 59780 4.5 Land

111 Konnagar West Bengal 81820 6.2 Land

112 Gayespur West Bengal 62350 4.7 Land

113 Kalyani West Bengal 92890 7.1 Land

114 Garulia West Bengal 86460 6.6 Land

115 Budge Budge West Bengal 85500 6.5 Land

Total 767.3



24

ANNEX-APPENDIX 7: WATER QUALITY DATA OF RIVER YAMUNA (2012-2016)

Location


20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

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20

12

20

13

20

14

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20

12

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13

20

14

20

15

20

16



Yamuna at Yamunotri 7.2 8.4 - - 7.5 - - - 0.0 8.6 7.9 - 8.8 - 220 - - - - 220 - - 0

Yamuna at U/S of Lakhwar Dam. UT

8.8 8.5 8.3 - 8.2 2.2 2.4 1.4 - - 7.6 5.2 4.2 - 8.6 92000 7000 7900 - - 200000 9400 35000 - 0

Yamuna at U/S of Dak Patthar UT

8.4 8.3 8.3 - 7.9 2.6 2.6 1.4 - 1 8 6 6.6 - 8.0 11000 35000 1100 - - 54000 35000 13000 - 60

River Yamuna, U/S Paonta Sahib, HP

8.1 8.2 8.4 - 8.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 - 1 6.1 6.8 6.4 - 6.2 7800 16 11 - 11 23000 29 21 - 26

River Yamuna, D/S, Paonta Sahib, HP

8 8.2 8.8 - 8.6 1.6 4.2 1.8 - 2 6.2 6 5.8 - 6.2 16 15 16 - 14 28 28 24 - 39

Yamuna at Hathinikund Haryana

- - - - 7.8 2 - - - 2 6.8 - - - 8.2 18000 - - - 13000 68000 - - - 24000

Yamuna at Kalanaur, Yamunanagar

- - - - 7.8 3 - - - 2 6.6 - - - 7.6 18000 - - - 17000 55000 - - - 54000

Yamuna at Sonipat - 7.4 - - 7.9 2 1.6 - - 12 6.4 8.1 - - 6.4 18000 - - - 24000 49000 - - - 35000

Yamuna at Wazirabad, Delhi

8.5 8.5 8.3 - 8.0 3 4 5.0 - 9.0 6.1 9.5 6.4 - 5.1 1000000 - - - 24000 4000000 3300 43000 - 54000

Yamuna at Nizamuddin, Delhi

8.5 8.2 7.6 - 7.9 39 17 36.0 45 0 0.6 0.3 - 0.4 2000000 - - - 5400000 20000000000 9200000 54000000 - 9200000

Yamuna at Okhla Bridge (inlet of Agra canal), Delhi

8.5 8.1 8.1 - 7.8 40 19 37.0 - 49.0 0 0.7 0.4 - 0.4 2000000 - - - 5400000 20000000000 3500000 160000000 - 9200000

Yamuna at Okhla after meeting of Shahdara Drain

8.6 8 7.9 - 7.9 113 43 79.0 - 67.0 0 0.6 0.8 - 0.1 2000000 - - - 92000000 20000000000 9200000 160000000 - 160000000

Yamuna at Mazawali - - - - 8.2 24 - - 27.0 0 - - - 0.0 2000000 - - - 1600000 800000000 - - 35000000

Yamuna at Mathura U/S UP

- - - - 7.9 14 - - - 27.0 0.8 - - - 0.9 700000 - 23000 - 540000 3000000 - 33000 - 920000

Yamuna at Mathura D/S UP

- - - - 8.0 13 - - - 18.0 1.5 - - - 2.8 1000000 - 150000 - 350000 8000000 - 240000 - 920000

Yamuna at Agra U/S - - - - 8.2 10 - - - 27.0 2.6 - - - 4.1 300000 - 4900 - 110000 5000000 - 13000 - 350000

Yamuna at D/S of Agra, UP

- - - - 8.1 15 - - - 26.0 1.6 - - - 2.8 900000 - 540000 - 20000 2000000 - 920000 - 160000

Yamuna at Bateswar - - - - 7.9 15 - - - 24.0 2.1 - - - 6.2 1000000 - 2200 - 16000 9000000 - 3200 - 43000

Yamuna at Etawah, UP

- - - - 7.9 14 - - - 18.0 4.3 - - - 6.4 - - 4900 - 79000 100000 - 11000 - 79000

Yamuna at Juhika D/C with Chambal, Etawah, UP

- - - - 7.8 7 - - - 11 4.1 - - - 5.4 100000 - 2300 - 24000 2000000 - 7000 - 24000

Yamuna at Prayagraj D/S (Balua Ghat), UP

8.3 8.3 8.4 - 8.3 2.8 2.8 2.5 - 2.8 6.3 - 7.8 - 7.4 1700 - 11000 - 7800 4000 - 21000 - 14000


25

ANNEX-APPENDIX 8: SEWAGE GENERATION AND TREATMENT OF CLASS I CITIES IN THE GANGA BASIN

Sewage generation and treatment of Class I cities in the Ganga basin

S.NO City/Town State/UT Population Total Sewage ( in MLD) Treatment

Capacity ( in MLD)

Percentage covered

1 Yamunanagar Haryana 250250 18.6 35 100%

2 Morena Madhya Pradesh 197670 17.4 - 0%

3 Indore Madhya Pradesh 1885510 212.5 90 42%

4 Sagar Madhya Pradesh 304340 26.7 - 0%

5 Bhind Madhya Pradesh 201440 17.7 - 0%

6 Neemuch Madhya Pradesh 140820 12.4 - 0%

7 Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh 152590 15.8 - 0%

8 Dewas Madhya Pradesh 302160 26.5 - 0%

9 Vidisha Madhya Pradesh 164350 14.4 9 63%

10 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 1878380 255.2 17.64 7%

11 Rewa Madhya Pradesh 240030 21.1 - 0%

12 Guna Madhya Pradesh 179640 15.8 - 0%

13 Damoh Madhya Pradesh 146930 14.1 - 0%

14 Satna Madhya Pradesh 295360 26 - 0%

15 Shivpuri Madhya Pradesh 192390 17 - 0%

16 Singrauli Madhya Pradesh 243110 21.3 - 0%

17 Gwalior Madhya Pradesh 1083260 114.1 - 0%

18 Ujjain Madhya Pradesh 563210 49.4 - 0%

19 Tonk Rajasthan 166870 21.4 - 0%

20 Kota Rajasthan 855960 145 - 0%

21 Udaipur Rajasthan 478860 61.5 - 0%

22 Bhilwara Rajasthan 344630 44.3 - 0%

23 Alwar Rajasthan 320100 41.1 - 0%

24 Delhi Delhi 14858800 2948 2330 79%

25 Palwal Haryana 132700 10 9 90%

26 Faridabad Haryana 1392570 118.2 115 97%

27 Panipat Haryana 345400 26.7 45 100%

28 Sonipat Haryana 285400 21.2 30 100%

29 Karnal Haryana 277830 28.6 48 100%

30 Gurgaon Haryana 229080 17 30 100%

31 Jagadhri Haryana 133720 10 - 0%

32 Hisar Haryana 378540 28.1 - 0%

33 Bhiwani Haryana 338990 25.2 - 0%

34 Hansi Haryana 223640 17.6 - 0%

35 Narnaul Haryana 99210 5.6 - 0%

36 Thanesar Haryana 81340 4.5 - 0%

37 Jind Haryana 158500 11.8 - 0%

38 Bahadurgarh Haryana 179640 13.3 - 0%

39 Rewari Haryana 158190 11.7 - 0%

40 Kaithal Haryana 133250 10 - 0%

41 Mango Haryana 154740 11.5 - 0%

42 Katni) Madhya Pradesh 244630 21.5 - 0%

43 Jaipur Rajasthan 2858910 367.2 54 15%

44 Jhunjhunun Rajasthan 123590 16 - 0%



26

Sewage generation and treatment of Class II cities in the Ganga basin


( in MLD)

Treatment Capacity ( in MLD)

Percentage covered

1 Dhar Madhya Pradesh 77740 5.4 - 0%

2 Nagda Madhya Pradesh 99420 7 9 100%

3 Sehore Madhya Pradesh 93660 7 - 0%

4 Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh 102500 7.2 - 0%

5 Mhow Cantt. Madhya Pradesh 87570 13.8 - 0%

6 Chittaurgarh Rajasthan 109470 6.4 - 0%

7 Baran Rajasthan 89340 5.3 - 0%

8 Gangapur City Rajasthan 110350 6.4 - 0%

9 Bundi Rajasthan 100680 6.2 - 0%

10 Dhaulpur Rajasthan 105040 6.8 - 0%

11 Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan 111140 6.4 - 0%

12 Hansi Haryana 99210 5.6 - 0%

13 Narnaul Haryana 81340 4.5 - 0%

14 Bina Etawa Madhya Pradesh 52720 7.2 - 0%

15 Datia Madhya Pradesh 85220 6 - 0%

16 Shahdol Madhya Pradesh 80940 5.7 - 0%

17 Tikamgarh Madhya Pradesh 70630 4.9 - 0%

18 Murwara (Katni) Madhya Pradesh 244630 21.5 - 0%

19 Pithampur Madhya Pradesh 70090 5 - 0%

20 Ashok Nagar Madhya Pradesh 59410 4.2 - 0%

21 Dabra Madhya Pradesh 58360 4.1 - 0%

22 Jaora Madhya Pradesh 65650 4.6 - 0%

23 Seoni Madhya Pradesh 92490 8.4 - 0%

24 Shajapur Madhya Pradesh 51590 3.6 - 0%

25 Sheopur Madhya Pradesh 56680 4 - 0%

26 Basoda Madhya Pradesh 64230 4.5 - 0%

27 Jhunjhunun Rajasthan 123590 16 - 0%

28 Kishangarh Rajasthan 142870 18.4 - 0%

29 Bharatpur Rajasthan 251480 32.3 - 0%

30 Makrana Rajasthan 94950 5.5 - 0%

31 Nawalgarh Rajasthan 64390 3.7 - 0%

32 Hindaun Rajasthan 96650 5.6 - 0%

33 Nimbahera Rajasthan 60790 3.5 - 0%



27

ANNEX-APPENDIX 9: GANGA BASIN MAP


28

ANNEX-APPENDIX 10: DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE RIVER GANGA AND ITS TRIBUTARIES

environmental and social management framework (esmf) … · nmcg projects ... table 2-20:...

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