enum theory, implementation, voip and routing solutionsgary richenaker
DESCRIPTION
Gary Richenaker, Interconnection SolutionsTRANSCRIPT
ENUM Theory, Implementation, VoIPand Routing Solutions
Copyright © 2007 Telcordia Technologies. All Rights Reserved.
Contact:Gary RichenakerChief ArchitectTelcordia TechnologiesInterconnection Solutions732 [email protected]
Prepared for:
TELCORDIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. RESTRICTED ACCESSThis document contains proprietary information that shall be distributed, routed or made available only within Telcordia Technologies, except with written permission of Telcordia Technologies.
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ENUM Theory and Implementation
§ Operator Business Challenges§ ENUM Overview§ ENUM Sample Use Cases§ How Does ENUM Work?§ ENUM Architecture§ Implementation Considerations§ Implementation Approaches &
Worldwide Deployment Status
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Challenges of Converged Services on User Identification
§ Telephone numbers remain a key identification mechanism for users to find each other§ With convergence, there are more ways to
identify a user – email address, URL, IM buddy name
• Can a user reaching another user with a Telephone Numberfor these converged services?
• How can an Operator find an IP route to the destination user served by another Operator using a Telephone Number?
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E.164 Numbers: One number
mapped to many applications or
services
ENUM = Electronic Telephone Number Mapping - Key to Deliver Converged Services
Internet
ENUMDirectory
TelephonyNetworks
Internet domain name addresses
Domain Name Service (DNS)Enabled Applications• VoIP• Unified messaging• Instant messaging• IP fax• Personal web pages
5
What Is ENUM?§ENUM is one of the enablers of circuit-switched &
packet network convergence§ Defined by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)§ Translates an E.164 number into Internet domain names
§ENUM is about new service creation§ Allows use of telephone numbers in various communication media,
e.g., e-mail, VoIP§ Can easily facilitate penetration of applications into mass market
§Defines use of DNS resource records to find optional: § E-mail addresses§ Voice over IP SIP / H.323 servers§ Voice mail servers§ Fax machines
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ENUM - Sample Use Case IP-IP Service Interconnection (e.g., VoIP)
DNS/ENUM
SoftswitchA
SoftswitchB
IP PSTN
A
C
TN A calls TN C
1
2
3
4
TN = TelephoneNumber
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ENUM - Sample Use Case IP-PSTN Service Interconnection
SoftswitchA
SoftswitchB
IP PSTN
DNS/ENUM
A
D
TN A calls TN D
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ENUM - Sample Use Case PSTN-IP Service Interconnection
SoftswitchA
SoftswitchB
IP
PSTN
DNS/ENUM
A
D
TN D calls TN A
A
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ENUM – Sample Use CaseWAP Application Access using Telephone Numbers
DNS/ENUM
IPWAP
GatewayWAP
Application
1
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Example: Verisign’s WebNum Trial
catalyst.2roam.com/www.ebay.com14085587400Ebay
www.etrade.com1800ETRADE1E*Trade
mobile.msn.com/hdml/sports.asp18004269400MSN Entertainment
pb.schwab.com18775238434Charles Schwab
wireless.nwa.com18002252525Northwest Airlines
www.delta-air.com/servlet/wireless18002211212Delta Airlines
WAP = WirelessApplication Protocol
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ENUM – Sample Use Case Directory Assistance for Other Identifiers Using TN
DNS/ENUM
IP
PSTN
1 2
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How Does ENUM Work?Simple ENUM Example
1) Takes a phone number +1 732 699 3264
2) Turns into a domain name 4.6.2.3.9.9.6.2.3.7.1.e164.arpa.
4) Returns a list of URIs sip:[email protected]
3) Ask the DNS
mailto:[email protected]
URI: Uniform Resource Identifier
12
How Does ENUM Work?Simple ENUM Example
Call Setupsip:[email protected]
Query4.6.2.3.9.9.6.2.3.7.1.e164.arpa.
Dial+17326993264
DNS Server
SIP ServerGateway
Response sip:[email protected]
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How to Implement ENUM?Architectural Considerations
§ ITU & ISOC working on global-tree ENUM implementation§Why is a unique top-level domain used in ENUM?§ I have phone number: +1 973 829 4305§ I can choose between a.com and b.com§ I select b.com and get the DNS domain
5.0.3.4.9.2.8.3.7.9.1.b.com.§ If someone who only knows my phone number wants to contact me
how will he/she know I have my data in b.com & not a.com?
§ ITU/ISOC global-tree is a top rooted, global DNS ENUM implementation
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How to Implement ENUM?Tiered Architecture Approach
Tier-0
Tier-1
Tier-2
Directs DNS query to country’s Tier-1 registry(ies). NS record* provided for each Tier-1 registry
Tier-1
Directs DNS query to customer’s Tier-2 providers. NS record provided for each subscriber’s telephone number
*An NS record is an authoritative name server DNS record used to delegate to subordinates
Stores list of service-specific internet addresses in of URI’s in a DNS resource record called NAPTR for each subscriber. Returns the full list of Internet addresses associated with the E.164 number being queried.
Registry
Registry
Provider
International-RIPE-NCC & ITU-TSB
NationalCC 1 CC 44Registry
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Sample ENUM Architecture
Tier 1Registry
Tier 0
Root
Tier 2Registry
Registrars1 … n
e164.arpae164.arpa
1.e164.arpa (country code)1.e164.arpa (country code)
4.6.2.3.9.2.8.3.7.9.1.e164.arpa4.6.2.3.9.2.8.3.7.9.1.e164.arpaNAPTR RecordNAPTR Recordsip:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]
users
arpa, com, edu, org, netarpa, com, edu, org, net
International
National
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Tier 0 Public ENUMDelegations as of October 1, 2007
1 NANP246 Diego Garcia247 Ascension290 Saint Helena30 Greece31 Netherlands33 France350 Gilbraltar353 Ireland354 Iceland358 Finland359 Bulgaria36 Hungary374 Armenia39 Italy
40 Romania41 Switzerland420 Czech Republic421 Slovak Republic423 Liechtenstein43 Austria44 UK46 Sweden47 Norway48 Poland49 Germany55 Brazil61 Australia62 Indonesia63 Philippines65 Singapore
66 Thailand81 Japan82 Korea84 Vietnam86 China971 UAE
878 10 VISIONng882 34 Global Networks
Switzerland AG
French Territories262, 508, 590, 594, 596
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Sample Flow to Provision ENUM Records
Legend:Provisioning flow steps 1, 2, 3Resolution flow steps 4, 5, 6
Service application
ENUMRegistrar
ENUM Tier-1 pointers to name servers w/ ENUM record for
telephone number X
LDAPdatabase if needed
ENUM Tier-2NAPTR record for
Telephone Number XEnd-userregistrant
Validation of telephone number X
Domain Name System
TelephoneNumber X
1
2
3
4
5
6
CallingParty?
ENUM Record
tel:+18005551234TEL
http://telcordia.comHTTP
tel:+17326993264TEL
smtp:[email protected]
Service AddressProtocol
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ENUM Implementation Considerations: Privacy
§ Registrant opt-in choice is central to ENUM operation§ Optional participation in ENUM § Registrants choose exact information included in naming
authority pointer records (NAPTR) & preferences for how information is used
§ Registrants choosing ENUM should choose how information disclosed is used
§ Key for privacy protection is using personally identifiable information only how it was intended
§ Do existing regulations protect privacy rights relative to ENUM?
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ENUM Implementation Approaches and Worldwide Deployment Status
Three ENUM Implementation Approaches:§ Public ENUM (End User ENUM)§ Carrier ENUM (Infrastructure ENUM)§ Private ENUM
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Public ENUM
§ Also known as End User ENUM§ Records entered by end users to associate
Telephone Numbers with the URIs of their devices§ Implementation architecture widely discussed
in standards bodies and industry forums§ Key concerns on data availability, validity and
privacy
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Public ENUM Status
Countries that have trialed Public ENUM
§ Austria § Finland§ France§ Germany § Ireland§ Japan
§ Netherlands§ Poland§ Sweden§ South Korea§ Switzerland§ UK§ US
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Public ENUM Observations§ Based on the trials the following observations can be made
§ ENUM is viewed as a potential enabler for future services and therefore has general regulatory support§ Privacy and data security issues are viewed as critical§ The approach towards validation/authentication varies widely,
from very secure to almost non-existent
§ The implementation approach and interface requirements also vary widely§ There is currently no killer application for the initial launch, but
there is a strong focus on VoIP
§ There are differing views on the importance and potential role of incumbent telco
§ Regulatory issues are important but are not THE key factor in the rollout of ENUM services
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Making Public ENUM Actually Work § How will carriers and enterprises provision ENUM?
§ In order for ENUM to work, Carriers and Enterprises will have to exchange data on their TN-to-URI translations
§ Carrier Customer Management Systems will have to learn how to provision ENUM
§ What is the business model?
§ What will be the model for how much the Registrar, Tier 1, and Tier 2 ENUM providers get paid?
§ What is the end user willingness to pay?
§ Will there be Regulatory policies relating to security and privacy?
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ENUM Implementation Approaches
Public(ENUM DNS entries may exist only if the
number assignee opts in)
Data Accessibility
Country-wide trials e.g., CC1 ENUM LLC, with limited
commercial offerings
Deployment Status
Private ENUM
Carrier/Infra
ENUM
Full end-user TN to end-user URI
End user (opt-in)Public
ENUM
TN-URI Mapping
Party to control data
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Carrier ENUM: Database in the Sky
CSCF
Local RoutesLocal
Routes
RoutesRoutes
MGW
CSCF
Local RoutesLocal
Routes
MGW
AccessNetwork
DNS ENUMQuery
SIP Invite
SP2 createsDNS records inCarrier ENUM
1
4
Administrator
SP1 SP26
SP1 createsDNS records inCarrier ENUM
Administrator
RoutesRoutesRoutesRoutes
5
DNS ENUMQuery
2 3
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Status of Carrier ENUM
§ Requirements work on draft RFCs & other related standards are still progressing
§ No trial using a Carrier/Infrastructure ENUM approach
§ Not clear carriers or operators would place their numbers & entry points to their network in publicly accessible DNS tree
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ENUM Implementation Approaches
Public
Public(ENUM DNS entries may exist only if the
number assignee opts in)
Data Accessibility
Still being defined by Industry
Country-wide trials e.g., CC1 ENUM LLC, with limited
commercial offerings
Deployment Status
Private ENUM
Full End User TN - Operator Gateway URI(End user info not disclosed)
OperatorCarrier/Infra
ENUM
Full end-user TN to end-user URI
End user (opt-in)Public
ENUM
TN-URI Mapping
Party to control data
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Private ENUM§ Private ENUM is one or more technologies (including
DNS) permitting service providers to exchange TN to URI data privately & securely
§ Use any mutually agreed upon domain
§ Private ENUM is assumed authoritative for all endpoints for which service providers choose to exchange data (no need to opt out)
§ Private ENUM actually means private; data not accessible via general Internet. Current uses include:§ Wireless carriers for MMS SMS routing
§ Federations, e.g., X-Connect and Stealth
§ MSO interconnection (Cable Labs RFI)
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Private ENUM: Federation
§ Carriers optimize VoIP sessions by routing directly between carriers
§ Private, secure shared database within “Federation”
ENUMDatabase
Carrier 1
Carrier 2 Carrier 4
Carrier 3
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Service Interconnection Registry:Example Private ENUM Implementation
SIP Proxies
PSTNNetwork
STP
PSTNNetwork
PSTNGateways
PSTNGateways
IP Device IP Device
SIP Proxies
Service Provider A
Service Provider B
AnyIP Network
LDC PSTNNetwork
Associates TNs or number blocks with Internet addresses (URIs)
IP Network
IP Network
STP
ServiceInterconnection
Registry
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ENUM Implementation Approaches
Authorized Parties
Public
Public(ENUM DNS
entries may exist only if the number assignee opts in)
Data Accessibility
Deployed
Still being defined by Industry
Country-wide trials e.g., CC1 ENUM LLC, with limited
commercial offerings
Deployment Status
Full End User TN - Operator Gateway URI
OperatorPrivate ENUM
Full End User TN - Operator Gateway URI(End user info not disclosed)
OperatorCarrier/Infra
ENUM
Full end-user TN to end-user
URI
End user (opt-in)Public
ENUM
TN-URI Mapping
Party to control data
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Reality: Multiple Registries Will Co-Exist
CSCF
Administrator
RegistryProvider 1
SP1Routing
Data
SP1Routing
Data
SP1
Other SPRouting
Data
Other SPRouting
Data
SP2
RegistryRegistry
SP3
SP4
AdministratorRegistryRegistry
RegistryProvider N
PublicENUM
RegistryRegistry
End User
Administrator
SP5
RegistryRegistry
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However, ENUM Does NOT Solve Address All Service Interconnection Challenges…
§ ENUM is a protocol§ Simple concept: use DNS to resolve address based on telephone
number§ ENUM provides destination domain
§ BUT it does not address end-to-end service delivery issues§ What QoS rules apply?
§ SLA with the terminating carrier?§ What protocol/variations are used
§ SIP vs. H323§ G711?
§ What route to take?§ Least cost route?§ Different rates depending on the carrier selected?
§ What security policy/keys are needed?
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Summary§ ENUM is here now – start planning how to deploy as
part of VoIP interconnection planning§ Different flavors of ENUM will co-exist and inter-work,
but traditional carriers will likely gravitate to Carrier and Private ENUM implementations
§ Key ENUM Success Requirements Include:§ Carrier-grade, secure system§ Standards Compliance (e.g., ENUM, SIP, etc.)§ Interoperability with other registries§ Portability, PSTN integration§ Extensible to other IP services§ IMS compatibility and interoperability
§ Select a solution architecture that is robust and flexible enough to support your VoIP/IP services strategy
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When I’m online,
and
I want text to my mobile to come up
That’d be cool.
in Messenger …I want to click to reply.
36
Or store on my music library..
I want to purchase music from the television, and send it to my mobile.
37
on the television.
When we’re watching a movie, see who is calling when the phone rings.
we want to
38
I’ll send that
Great goal!as a message to my friends
39
Ah, What a match.
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Joe Gonzales732-699-5555Are you watchingthe game?
Joe Gonzales732-699-5555Are you watchingthe game?
Joe, that was a great goal, I’ll send it to your cell phone
Joe, Hi,I sure am watching the match!
I’m on the train.I saw the score change?Was it a good goal?
41
ReplayReplay
Pretty neat.How’s our fantasyteam doing?
Let me check.
LiveLive
42
Final StandingsRk
Manager TSNP1 Team
Woodersen1855
02 Bicycle kickers 177503 Basso F.C. 176804 Ginas Guys 172805 MaxMOJO 172206 blind luck 171607 Valderrama 171608 Soccer10 170359 Crew Brew 169701
0Richton Park Fire
169501
1Marshall Plan 1688
012
Section One 168451
3Wazirds 1682
514
Etcheverry 168001
5McBride 1677
016
Pele is here!!! 16750
With that goal, theymoved up one spot.
That’s great. Seeyou tomorrow atour match. Bye.
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Now, back to this game!
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What will it take to achieve the vision?§ A Broadband, IP Infrastructure§ Convergent Services and Customer Bundles§ Good Marketing and Communications§ Rapid Introduction of Innovative New Services§ Network and Service Quality and Security§ Cost Efficient Operation§ Business Transformation to a Service-Centric
Operation and Customer-Centric Organization
45
The Market Wants . . . AVAILABILITY§ … of services§ In-building§ At home§ On the road
USER EXPERIENCE§ Quality§ Consistency§ Personalized
INTERWORKING§ Circuit - Packet§ Hand-offs§ Virtual Home Environment§ Fast & Easy Authorization§ Flexible Charging / Billing
EASE-OF-USE § Transparent to Users§ Same Services / Same User Experience
§ Network-Resident User Profile –ensures seamless services across devices
AFFORDABILITY§ Best Price / Performance (for
consumers)§ Best Cost / Performance (for operators)
§ Take Advantage of Embedded Home / Enterprise Networks
DISTRIBUTED . . .§ Networks§ Operations (ownership)§ Services§ Data
For the last 100 years it was all about the network For the last 100 years it was all about the network ……Now itNow it’’s all about the s all about the Customer ExperienceCustomer Experience enabled by the network.enabled by the network.
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Put All This Together and You Get Converged Communications
Convergence means Convergence means ““IntegrationIntegration”” & & ““SimplicitySimplicity””::• Integrating Services: voice, data, video • Integrating Networks: fixed, Fixed Wireless and mobile• Unifying services across networks and enterprises • Universal devices that are network-independent
The Power of Convergence:The Power of Convergence:• Convergence will allow operators to cross traditional boundaries and
leverage their entire business and infrastructure to gain an “unfair advantage”.
• Convergence will reduce operational and capital expenditures• Convergence allows sharing of service enablers and applications that will
open their networks and allow others to pay for and provide services that will differentiate your business !
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Data Points on Sample Services –Growing Subscription on Converged Services
Worldwide VoIP Services Revenues
$7.0B
$24.2B
2004 2008
Worldwide Mobile Data Revenues
$61.0B
$190.0B
2004 2009
Source: In-Stat 2005
$39.1M
$101.4M
2004 2009
Worldwide Push To Talk Users
Source: Gartner Group 2004-2005 Source: Strategy Analytics 2005
More converged and bundled services are being introduced and adopted…..
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Fast Response to Market Requires Operators to be Agile – Silo Approach No Longer Works
PastPast
CPE
Transport
Video DataWireline
VoiceOperator Services
Directory
Vertical Features
Transport
Virus Scanning
Transport
Content
Guide
CPE
Routing
Wireless Voice
Transport
Operator Services
Directory
Vertical Features
CPE
FutureFuture
Broadband Connection
Vid
eoVid
eo
En
tert
ain
men
t A
pp
licat
ion
s
Gu
ides
/ D
irec
tori
es
Op
erat
or
Ser
vice
s
Inte
rnet
Acc
ess
Wir
eles
s/W
irel
ine
Vo
ice
Internet Protocol (IP)
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) (Middle Layer)
49
§ Emergence of VoIP and Converged Services§ Impacts on Operator Infrastructure§ Regulatory Implications§ Impacts on Numbering and Number
Portability§ Impacts on Interconnection
Impacts of VoIP and Converged Services on Numbering
50
Further Impacts on Operator Infrastructure
• Mandated services (E911, CALEA, LNP)
• Advanced service offerings• Feature interactions• Service integration and reuse
• Work center of the future• Service fulfillment• Service assurance• Network traffic management• Training
Testing and interoperability• Conformance testing• Interoperable across technologies• Across supplier implementations
• Security• Service quality and QoS• Reliability• Traffic engineering• Customer experience
• Interconnection architecture• Addressing & routing• Interconnection agreements• Billing and settlements
Advanced
Services
and
Interactions
Sup
port
ing
the
Wid
e D
eplo
ymen
t
Service Quality Support
Interconnection and
InteroperabilityO
SS/BSS
Infrastructure
• Scalability• Evolution• CO consolidation• Backbone IP
network planning
IPIP IPIP
Databases
Applications
Call Agent
51
Converged Services Also Change the Game on Regulatory Mandates
§ Emergency services – location information§ Calling Line Identity presentation (and
restriction)§ Legal interception§ Number portability§ Quality of Service§ Carrier selection and pre-selection§ Directory services§ Tariff legal requirements§ Net Neutrality§ Emerging mandates on selected converged
services; IP TV
52
Other Regulatory Concerns On VoIP
§ PC-to-PC VoIP services (e.g., basic Skype) are generally not considered telecom services as no national resources (numbers) are used
§ Regulators are more concerned with substitution of traditional PSTN services like PC-to-Phone or Phone-to-PC VoIP applications (e.g., Skype-Out and Skype-In services, Vonage, Yahoo!BB, etc)
§ Regulators are looking at the economic and social issues surrounding VoIP
§ In numerous countries incumbents have significant influence over regulatory agency.
53
Impacts of Converged Services on Numbering§ Numbering should be technology neutral
§ Choice of number ranges interacts with operators commercial objectives
§ Possible number ranges:§ Geographic§ Mobile§ Personal § Corporate§ New
§ Shared cost & premium rate services excluded from formal discussion at this time
54
Converged Services and Number Allocation
§ Numbering assignments for converged services (e.g., VoIP)§ Assess the implications of the choice of different
numbering schemes for interoperability and interconnection between PSTN and IP networks
§ Understanding the legislative and regulatory issues around VoIP and the implications for number portability
§ Nomadicity as it relates to number portability
55
Impacts of Converged Services On Interconnection
§ Converged Services mostly likely require end-to-end IP transport to enable value-added features
§ Today, most IP-enabled services are routed over PSTN when the session needs to be terminated in another Operator’s network
§ Implications§ Inability to deliver enhanced services
§ Use telephony settlement model which has evolved over a century and has a much difficult structure and traffic pattern
§ The US has models based on interstate, intrastate, and local
§ The European model is more straightforward
§ Strong need for direct service interconnection over IP
56
The new “Peering Model” and theImpact on Interconnection
$
Transit ProviderLEC LEC
$ $Termination Earnings Long Distance Costs Termination Costs
$
LEC LEC
Routing Registries
Settlement Free or low Termination Cost $
57
IP Service Interconnection or “Peering” Impacts
§ Traditional carriers are moving to VoIP and other IP-enabled services to met competition and customer demand
§ With IP service interconnection, carriers can more efficiently interconnect an settle traffic directly among themselves§ Consequently, IP transport will drive the cost of transport
out of termination rates
§ Minute and distance sensitive pricing will give way to port and signaling transport fees
58
How are IP Service Sessions Routed?
§ ENUM will become the global standard to enable IP service interconnection§ Address-of-record URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)§ Identity for user§ Address easily remembered. § Used in To and From headers of SIP messages. § Not associated with any endpoint. § Hostname is usually a domain.
§ e.g. sip:[email protected] (just like ‘mailto:user@host’)§ Routed by DNS lookup on example.org
§ Contact address URI§ A URI specific to a particular device rather than a user. § Hostname is an IP address, or refers to a particular device. § Appears in contact header & sometimes request-URI of SIP messages.
§ e.g. sip:[email protected];transport=tcp§ Routed to 192.168.3.6 directly
59
IP Network
SIP-Based VoIP Example
IP Device
Router
Intra-network IP Routing(e.g. OSPF, RIP, etc)- Finds path between two IP
addresses in same sub-network
68.38.159.98
68.38.176.213
Gateway/Border Controller
OtherNetwork
Inter-network IP Routing(e.g. BGP, etc)- Finds path between two IP
addresses in different networks
68.38.159.98
74.16.189.202
IP Device
SIP Proxies
Domain Name Service(e.g. DNS)- Converts URI/URL into IP
address
DNS
sip:[email protected] => 74.16.189.202
E.164 Routing (e.g. ENUM)- Converts E.164 to URI
ENUM
4.6.2.3.9.9.6.2.3.7.e164.arpa => sip:[email protected]
SIP Proxies
60
Example Implementation: Service Interconnection Registry
SIP Proxies
PSTNNetwork
STP
PSTNNetwork
PSTNGateways
PSTNGateways
IP Device IP Device
SIP Proxies
Operator A Operator B
AnyIP Network
LDC PSTNNetwork
LDC
Associates E.164 TNs with Internet addresses (URIs) based on Operator-
defined business relationships
IP Network IP Network
STP
ServiceInterconnection
Registry
61
Impacts of Converged Services on Number Portability
Since Converged Services will likely leverage ENUM to use Telephone Numbers as the key user identifier, what is the impact on Number Portability?
§ Will ENUM replace portability?
§ Is ENUM the ultimate technical solution to portability?
§ Does ENUM signify the end of portability?
62
Fixed Mobile Convergence and theFuture of Porting
§ Number Portability not an issue when numbering plan does not distinguish between landline and mobile telephone numbers
§ In countries where numbers are specially allocated to distinguish the difference between mobile and landline traffic does the FMC require:§ Numbering Plans to be changed?
§ Tariffs restructured
§ Customer education
63
Number Portability Challenges in an IPEnvironment
§ PSTN/TDM & IP networks will co-exist§ Synchronization of ported information is required§ Push vs. pull§ Push – number portability database drives deletion of old
registration & creation of new registration§ Pull - ported to carrier responsible for change in number
portability environment§ In some countries no central number portability
database exists
64
Number Portability Clearinghouse
Number Portability in a PSTN and IP Environment – Sample Architecture
ENUMMasterServer
ENUM/Edge
PSTN Network
STP
PSTNGateway
PSTN Network
STP
ENUMEdge
ENUM/Edge
ENUMEdge
PSTNGateway
VoIP/IPDevice
VoIP/IPDevice
IP MasterRoutingServer
PSTNDevice
PSTNDevice
OperatorA
OperatorB
ReferenceDatabase
65
§ Converged services are here now§ Regulators need to re-examine existing mandates in
face of these innovative services§ Operators require a flexible infrastructure such as
IMS to quickly adapt to market conditions§ Converged Services require IP interconnection
among Operators – calling for a new approach to consider architecture implementation and settlement model
§ Number portability is here to stay – implementation will need to adapt to converged services needs
Summary